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This paper discusses how Brazilian and Angolan national-popular songs were related in a space of cultural circulation on a transnational scale. For this goal, it takes as its object a tour of Brazilian musicians to Angola, in 1980, called Kalunga Project. It proposes an analytical path which apprehends the musical event as a heuristic object while it aims to investigate how the two national musical formations were confronted in their nationalization and internationalization strategies. It is an attempt to compare two musical realities, prioritizing an examination of the development of the Angolan national and popular music in the post-independence period, based on field study in Angola as well as an analysis of documentary and bibliographic sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies analyzing the impact of globalization and post-Fordism in Latin American cities have shown significant transformations to the shape and content of urban spaces. These phenomena have been referred to as socio-spatial fragmentation. The fragmentation of Brazil's socio-spatial environment has manifested itself through multiple events, which have been analyzed in several studies. Considering that debate, this paper aims to investigate some of the aspects, i.e. the emergence of new centralities on the outskirts of cities, the expansion of "fortified" housing on the suburbs aimed at people from the middle and upper classes in conjunction with affordable housing such as the PMCMV, and new segmented consumption practices such as shopping centres. This is why the idea is to characterize these changes in medium-sized Brazilian cities, as represented here by the cities of Marabá-PA and Mossoró-RN, using trade, service, consumer space and housing data and locations as well as fieldwork to obtain an analytical understanding of said phenomena. As such, this study is one of the initial results of a contemporary analysis into social and spatial fragmentation processes and the social division of urban space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universities across the globe are implementing internationalization programs. These programs often focus on language development, study abroad programs, and developing the international reputations of professors. In this paper, we present data from interviews and ethnographic observations of university internationalization trainings in Brazil. We asked: How (do) professors in Brazil make sense of the national/organizational internationalization initiative? Drawing on decolonial theories and scholarship about organizational paradoxes, we found two primary paradoxes arise in internationalization directives: the paradox of relying on the English language and the paradox of mobility. Ultimately, we argue that university internationalization is a highly political communicative act, which perpetuates systems of oppression and dominance and can cultivate discursive and material violence. We suggest that internationalization projects must take perspectives from a variety of global locations into account in order to roll out decolonized programs that are more equitable and attainable across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to explain the Bolsa Familia Plan and interpret its meaning in Brazilian capitalism. First, it maintains that its emergence was result of the pauperism associated with the increase of the overpopulation, the incremental adjustment with respect to the trajectory of the Brazilian assistance policy and of the internationalization of that policy. Second, it argues that its deployment was explained by the succession of its incremental adjustments from the trial-and-error process, and by its own internationalization. Third, it maintains that, as a result of his deployment, the program modified his initial management mode, which was expressed at a higher level of institutionality, massiveness and technification, which in turn resulted in his greater legitimacy and political gravitation. The PBF strengthened the capacity of the Brazilian state to articulate consensual domination and, with it, to mediate the subordination of labor to capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Law and globalization studies have documented how Global South lawyers compete over the adaptation of international norms. Yet, little is known about how this adaptation legitimates worldviews beyond the law. To advance this literature, this paper proposes a discourse‐centered field analysis of the legal globalization of anti‐corruption ideas in Brazil. It examines Brazilian lawyers' disputes over a 2016 anti‐corruption bill. The bill supporters mobilize global anti‐corruption discourses that are exogenous to the legal field to defend harsher criminal law. Their critics counter the reform by mobilizing endogenous legal ideas against criminal law expansion. In so doing, they do not challenge reformers' ideas about corruption. I show how this discursive mismatch leads to a form of globalization by stealth, whereby local dynamics allow global ideas to remain unchallenged in local fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This article investigates and classifies firm resources for the internationalization of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) from emerging countries. Originality/value: SMEs from emerging countries in global markets evidence their more restricted access to resources for internationalization. The mainstream international business literature classifies firm’s resources identified in large companies from developed economies. This research classifies firms’ internationalization resources located in different emerging countries based on a systematic literature review (SLR) and interviews. This paper contributes to the theoretical development about the internationalization of SMEs from emerging countries, indicating the importance of organizational resources in this process. Design/methodology/approach: This paper presents an exploratory research developed in two stages: a SLR on emerging countries and interviews with experts, institutions, and SMEs about the Brazilian context. Bibliographic research and an interview with semi-structured script were adopted as data collection techniques. Interviews were analyzed with NVivo software using content analysis technique and providing categorization of resources. Findings: Up to 2016, 15 works mentioned resources for the internationalization of SMEs from emerging countries and seven were done in Asia. We identified 72 resources in ten emerging countries. Organizational resources predominate. The use of financial resources in Brazil contradicts the trend in other emerging countries. More tangible resources seem less strategic for SMEs’ internationalization from emerging countries when compared to more intangible resources, as organizational ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering that several diseases/infections have plagued the Brazilian population since the arrival of the Portuguese to the "new continent", this paper aims to demonstrate the strong correlation between the acceleration of the globalization process and the beginning of several pandemics in Brazil, particularly HIV/AIDS, a disease that in the 1980s was called "gay plague" and was responsible for stigmatizing male homosexuality. Over time, many achievements have been obtained by social movements, such as HIV treatment and the dissemination of legitimate information about HIV/AIDS, as the infection/disease impacts the society as a whole. Despite this, difficult days take over the country, threatening the existence of the Unified Health System (SUS) and the free access to pre- and post-exposure medication to the virus. Regarding materials and methods, we highlight the literature review employing triangulation of methods, observing the views of researchers about the phenomenon from multiple angles, the systematic literature review method, collecting data and highlighting evidence about the scenario of HIV/AIDS in Brazil and, finally, we draw a documentary analysis of historiographic nature that supports this research and contributes substantially to the theoretical and methodological framework of this article. The results demonstrate that since colonial Brazil the globalization of diseases has affected thousands of people, and that even today, 40 years after the first case of HIV/AIDS, the blame continues to directed at certain social groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how local culture may curb the homogenizing forces of globalization in the diffusion of planning ideas. Given that the built environment is constructed both physically and culturally, this paper draws a comparative case study of territorial planning and the creation of new towns in Israel and Brazil in the mid-twentieth century. The private colonization scheme in northern Paraná state, in Brazil, and the Physical Planning in Israel were both based on widely influential ideas collected in the Greater London Plan 1944. Although the resulting regional strategies were similar, their urban forms differed largely due to their unique modes of being-in-the-world. While the Israeli new towns acclimatized the physical aspects of garden cities for ideological reasons, the Brazilian new cities stuck to a more practical gridiron layout. As a conclusion, this study illustrates how culturally sensitive projects gave local form to ideas and models that had been diffused through global interconnectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether localized trade shocks from China influence Brazilians' views on integration with the country. We test the following hypotheses: (1) as trade shocks are localized, views on trade should form at the local, rather than at the individual level, and (2) as localized trade shocks affect both workers and companies in a same region, they should also influence legislators' views on China. Our analyses find support for both claims, but only among losers from Chinese trade. Residents and legislators from localities hurt by import shocks tend to hold negative views about economic ties with China, whereas neither residents nor legislators from localities benefitted by export shocks exhibit more positive views about the country. Our paper contributes to the literature on the politics of trade by incorporating meso-level theories of trade preference formation and by establishing the conditions under which the interests of constituencies should shape legislators' views on international trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this article was to analyze the scientific production in brazilian journals in born globals. Method: A bibliometric analysis of the entire scientific production in Brazil up to October 2019 was carried out in journals ranked with Qualis A1 to B3 and papers published in the ANPAD Conference (ENANPAD) Main results: On this field of research, there is a predominance of articles discussing the internationalization process of born globals and the evolution of the concept of internationalization. The largest amount of papers published on the theme are from institutions from the south and southeast of Brazil. Relevance/originality: An analysis of the brazilian scientific production on born globals is useful for researchers in their future studies about internationalization. Theoretical/methodological contributions: This paper contributes to the theoretical evolution of the theme, presenting the development of the research in born globals in Brazil over the years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article is built as a cut-off from the research project "Robotics, Computational Thinking and Digital Technologies in Basic Schooling: Strengthening Learnings and Competences in the Resignification of Science Teaching", which is being developed since November 2019, with funding from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq and the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations and Communications - MCTI, based on the Universal Call for Projects - MCTIC/CNPq - Public Notice n° 05/2019 - Science in School Program - Science Education in Basic Schooling, with support from Nove de Julho University-Uninove/SP-Brazil. Presented in this article are examples from gathered experiences and obtained results, from the perspective of the young participants of this project in the second half of 2021, aiming at clarifying the possible contributions of an "Interschool Science Club" for campaigns of internationalization, stemming from the partnership between universities and school institutions from multiple countries (Brasil y Ecuador) involved in this research. This paper is developed based on qualitative methodology, via intervention-research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper performs Fourier cointegration and causality tests to analyze the effect of renewable energy generation, globalization, and agricultural activities on ecological footprint and carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions in BRIC countries for the period 1971–2016. The Fourier ADL cointegration test supports a long-run relationship between the considered variables in Brazil and China. The long-term elasticities indicate that globalization increases the pollution indicators, while renewable energy generation significantly reduces environmental pressure in China. Moreover, globalization increases CO 2 emissions, while renewable energy generation improves environmental quality in Brazil. The causality results show the existence of bidirectional causality between agriculture and environmental degradation; unidirectional relationships from globalization to the ecological footprint and CO 2 emissions; and renewable energy generation to the ecological indicators. Overall, these findings reveal the importance of renewable energy in combating environmental degradation. Based on the above results, renewable energy generation can significantly reduce environmental pollution in Brazil and China. However, renewable energy does not affect environmental pressure in Russia and India. Therefore, these countries should differentiate the current renewable energy generation policies to achieve their sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precision medicine (PM) is emerging as a scientific bandwagon within the contemporary biomedical sciences in the United States. PM brings together concepts and tools from genomics and bioinformatics to develop better diagnostics and therapies based on individualized information. Developing countries like China and Brazil have also begun pursuing PM projects, motivated by a desire to claim genomic sovereignty over its population. In spite of commonalities, institutional arrangements produced by the history of genomics research in China and Brazil are ushering PM along different trajectories. In the Chinese case, we identify a strong state-backed push for PM combined with a dynamic network of international academic and private actors along the lines of networked technonationalism that has made large-scale, speculative PM projects possible. The Brazilian case is characterized by an institutional void at the federal level in which PM is driven by domestic academic actors in universities in the regional level, resulting in smaller scale, needs-driven PM projects. Through these cases, this paper shows how a scientific bandwagon adapts to national histories and institutions. Through this peripheral translation of the scientific bandwagon, the global infrastructure of biomedical knowledge has the potential to be transformed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the recent changes in financial practices and relations in emerging capitalist economies (ECEs) using the example of Brazil. It argues that in ECEs these financial transformations, akin to the financialisation phenomena observed in Core Capitalist Economies (CCEs), are fundamentally shaped by their subordinated integration into a financialised and structured world economy. To analyse this subordinated financialisation, the paper draws on the framework of international currency hierarchies. It shows by means of two specific processes how the existence of a hierarchic international monetary system has changed the financial behaviour of domestic economic agents, and with it the structure of the financial system. The first process highlights the phenomenon of reserve accumulation and the changing behaviour of domestic banks. The second points to ECEs' sustained external vulnerability and its impact on the operations of Brazilian nonfinancial corporations. The paper also shows that not only were these financial transformations shaped by ECEs' subordinated financial integration, but also that it was these financialisation tendencies themselves which contributed to cementing existing hierarchies and further deepened existing asymmetries between ECEs and CCEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores some features of the development paths taken by Brazil and China (two member countries of the BRICS grouping) in the current context of the crisis of neoliberal globalization and transformation of the political and economic world order. The authors use Polanyi’s ‘double movement’ thesis to argue that newly emerging rural development (RD) dynamics in China and Brazil are part of a protective ‘countermovement’, driven by actors and institutions responding to the contradictions of the concentration and internationalization of agrifood systems. However, thedirectionand scope of these countermovements are still open; their transformative potential should be viewed in Gramsci’s terms as a struggle for hegemony the outcome of which depends on the concrete ‘balance of social forces’. First, the paper characterizes the impacts of China’s rise on Brazil’s development, which subsequently found its economy under threat of reprimarization and deindustrialization. The paper then sketches some stylized facts of production and consumption within the Brazil–China soy–meat complex, a key element of the current global food regime, with a focus on corporate control of the soy–meat value chain, and its negative consequences. Finally, the paper identifies the key roles that actors and institutions linked to peasants and family farmers are playing in the RD dynamics of each country. Although China and Brazil represent two very different realities, the comparison shows that critical rural and agrifood issues are indeed moving onto the centre stage of the contemporary ‘double movement’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose - This case study aims to understand the motivations for the expansion of the French multinational JCDecaux to Brazil, in the light of relevant theories about the internationalization of companies. JCDecaux is the world's largest outdoor media company (out of home), a fast-growing industry of the advertising market in Brazil. Design/methodology - This study explain the case based on the internationalization of companies theories, in the economic (Eclectic Paradigm of International Production) and behavioral (Uppsala School and Business Networks Model) strands. In addition to secondary sources, the research was supported by interviews with experts and executives from the outdoor media industry in Brazil. Findings - The main determining drivers for the entry of JCDecaux in the Brazilian market were identified. The analysis based on the theoretical models of internationalization concluded that the economic approach determined in a more significant way the company's entry into the Brazilian media out of home market. Economic advantages outweighed the costs and risks of Brazil's business environment, making the country attractive to the company's foreign investment. Research limitations - The scarcity of data about the media outdoor was reported by a professional interviewed as a negative feature. Another important limitation is the lack of scientific production about the out-of-home media in Brazil. Originality - This paper contributed to generate important information about the Brazilian outdoor media industry, especially on the phenomenon of internationalization of companies in this industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focused on public funding to private providers of compulsory education in the context of globalisations. It analyses the differences and the common points between Brazil and Portugal (from 2014 to 2017) regarding the type of private providers in education, the mechanics and the reasons linked to the public funding to compulsory education private providers. Data collection was based on content analysis of a corpus of documents and interviews. The article shows that in the case of Brazil, the philanthropists are the main promoters of public funding to private providers of compulsory education while, in Portugal the main promoters are the large educational private providers. It also identifies that the public funding to private providers of compulsory basic education is increasing in Brazil and decreasing in Portugal due to governments political and ideological options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this paper is to verify the effects of triggering stimuli on internationalization and whether, according to the target population, ambidexterity and mental models (MM) increase the predisposition to exports, as well as whether the country of origin causes differences in terms of cognition. Method: Data collection consisted of applying a questionnaire to a sample of 285 students from Business Administration programs in Brazil and Spain. ANOVA Welsh was used to verify the heterogeneity of variations, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to assess normality, and nonparametric Kruskal- Wallis tests were used to verify the results of the previous tests. Main outcomes: The results showed that the strategic MM facilitates internationalization. In the sample studied, it was possible to verify that Brazilians show an operational tendency, with decisions based on logic and an improvised lifestyle, which denotes lower possibility of engaging in internationalization. This differs from what was found in the Spanish sample, which showed tendency to a strategic approach, denoting greater possibility of engagement in an internationalization process. These results may also be used to improve internationalization stimulus programs, considering cognitive aspects. Relevance: There is a low number of references relating the subject of ambidexterity to the internationalization process. This study is relevant for proposing the creation of indexes to obtain data on the MM and ambidexterity regarding the identification of personal motivation factors influencing the entrepreneur's insertion in international markets. Theoretical/methodological contributions: Proposition of a formula for standardizing and rescaling the instruments' value, as the differences between scales may contribute to the inclusion of a hidden dimension of the internationalization process: the analysis of cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze the role of CAPES in the quality assessment in postgraduate studies (stricto sensu) and its internationalization policy, considering mainly the Institutionalization Program of Internationalization (CAPES-PrInt), without neglecting elements that indicate the existence of a process of commodification and transnationalization of higher education, with trends for the formation of a global higher education market. To illustrate this discussion, we bring some elements of this process in Brazil and the United Kingdom. We understand that there are tensions and challenges that need to be considered when adopting internationalization as a fundamental criterion that distinguishes academic quality and excellence in stricto sensu postgraduate studies, as it may imply the shaping of new Postgraduate models and the restructuring of academic work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the interface between internationalization and language policies in general in Brazil by looking for evidence and traces of evidence in a local context. More specifically, Brazilian national programs such as the Science without Borders (SwB), the Languages without Borders (LwB) and the Capes PrInt call are analysed in the national context, as evidence of national policies. Then, the analysis and discussion zooms in a local context to find evidence of these policies in the recently approved internationalization and language policies of the Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES) located in the Southeast of Brazil. Overall the analysis concludes that UFES internationalization and language policies are related and aligned with national policies having been induced by them in a reactive way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State and international entities can have profound effects on the development of a country's nursing profession. Through a global health governance lens, this paper explores the development of nursing in Brazil during the early twentieth century, and its intersections with national and international interests. Accordingly, we will show how state policies established an environment that fostered the institutionalization of nursing as a profession in Brazil and supported it as a means to increase the presence of females in nation building processes. The State focused on recruiting elite women for nursing, in part due to the Rockefeller Foundation's involvement in the country. Nurses who worked for Rockefeller came from well-educated classes within US society with specific ideas about who should be a nurse and the roles of nurses in a healthcare system. These women served as the primary vehicles for interacting with Brazilian health authorities responsible for health system development. Their early efforts did not, however, ensure a system capable of producing nursing human resources at a rate that, in present day Brazil, could meet the health needs of the country. Findings from this paper offer new avenues for historians to explore the early roots of professional nursing through a global health governance lens, improve the understanding of the intersection between international politics and professionalization, and highlight how these factors may impact nursing human resources production in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Awá-Guajá are one of the last groups of foragers in the world. They came into permanent contact with Brazilian mainstream society in 1973 and have since been settled into four semi-nucleated communities by Brazil's Indian Service, FUNAI. Since contact was established, the Awá-Guajá have transitioned quickly into a settled agricultural life and are engaged with elements of Brazil's rapidly expanding Amazonian frontier. Brazil's stepped-up engagement with the world economy has impinged on the indigenous peoples of this region, and in this paper I explore how mining interests and other largescale projects have impacted the Awá-Guajá community. While the Awá-Guajá have received more visibility from the national and international media, the impacts of contact from outside economic interests have been set in motion and transformed their lives in significant ways. The Awa- Guaja have relied on both internal mechanisms to cope with change and also articulate with different interlocutors from mainstream Brazilian society and the international community to reshape their future. In this paper I argue that the cross-currents in globalization present a nuanced set of alternatives for indigenous peoples and show that these forces both assist and compromise the Awá-Guajá and other indigenous actors in the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss reading habits in relation to printed books and eBooks. Design/methodology/approach – The study was structured in two steps: first, an online survey was used to trace a general profile of a group of Brazilian readers who had had previous contact with digital books. Second, a subset of respondents was invited to participate in open-ended interviews. Interviewees were chosen according to their responses to the profiling questionnaire. All interviews were semi-structured. Findings – The results indicate the existence of a synergy between digital and paper books. The decision between reading one or the other depends on several factors, amongst which the authors emphasise online accessibility, reading motivation (for work or for leisure), intended modes of use and appropriation, circumstances of use and emotional factors. Other elements of importance are the corporeality of the readers and the materiality of the devices used for reading. Originality/value – The departure point of the study was the perception that, in Brazil, the arrival of digital books was accompanied by an increase in the sales of printed books. This contradicts the idea that digital books and printed books are concurrent, and the growth of the eBooks market will inevitably lead to a decrease in the revenue from printed books. The initial hypothesis was that digital and printed books could be complementary. Addressing this question required knowledge of readers’ experience with and opinion of printed and digital books. The results of the qualitative study suggest that the relation between these two types of publication is not one of alternatives, but instead is one of synergy. Specific aspects of this synergy are highlighted in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the territory of the southeastern mesoregion of the Pará State, as one of the preferential locus of conflicts that involves different social actors and the mining companies, besides contesting analytically the form of the economic and social development adopted by the Brazilian government in the Amazon of the Pará State at the dawn of the 21st century. The southeastern mesoregion of the Pará State is the most affected by the mining activities of the principal mineral company of the State, the Valle Company. These social and territorial impacts have brought into debate if the mining is the only way of regional development. The conflicts of interests among the populations directly affected and the mineral policy in the Amazon region, have raised a broad debate in the affected societies in the last 30 years of the mineral exploration in the region, confronting the richness and poverty as a remarkable regional landscape, and proposing to reflect about the effects of the mining activities in the mining towns of the Pará State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effect of defining the country of destination of the international debt of Brazilian multinationals, based on the Upstream-Downstream hypothesis. To deepen the discussion of stability suggested by the theory, this paper inserted institutional variables of the target countries of internationalization in econometric models used by previous studies, testing whether the hypothesis Upstream-Downstream remains valid. Starting from a sample involving Brazilian publicly traded multinational and domestic companies between the years 2007 to 2011 and as a statistical method, we performed a regression with panel data. The results show that Brazilian companies when defining the destination countries of internationalization, regardless of these countries presenting higher or lower stability in relation to Brazil, increase their indebtedness. The results showed that among the characteristics present in countries considered as more stable, only the Corruption Perception Index was positively associated with the level of indebtedness of multinationals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Operating through a coherent and instrumental logic, networks form systems that, allowing the circulation of capital, preside over the geographical space's reproduction and evolution, fracturing to each country in quick and slow men, in luminous and lethargic areas. Finances don't avoid this general law. In this paper, the reorganization of the financial network and bank system in Argentina during the period 1991-2008 is studied to characterize the current rationalization and fragmentation's process of national territory. The analysis of objects, actions and norms that compose that peculiar division of labor and the interpretation of external (international crisis, global regulations, foreign capital accumulation strategies) and internal factors (paper of national State, circuit's technical and political development, relationships with other spatial forms and structures) that govern it -through indicators as bank system's globalization and economic concentration, territorial densities bank tissue, their automation level and money-capital movements- will reveal, to provincial and departmental scale, the fully integrated luminous and excluded lethargic areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper debates the main reasons why Chinese and Brazilian energy policies have not focused on Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) deployment until now. Like most emerging economies, China and Brazil have registered large increases in energy demand, as well as considerable growth of energy-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. On the other hand, both countries have played an important role on the expansion of renewable energy infrastructure and - considering that large portions of their territories present high levels of "Direct Normal Irradiation" (DNI) - CSP technologies might have figured as an important strategy for the mitigation of atmosphere pollution and global warming. Since large scale deployment of CSP technologies still implies high "Levelized Costs Of Electricity" (LCOE) that could affect the competitiveness of national industry in global markets, we argue that a comprehensive answer for this question must place national energy policies in the context of a "world-system" analysis. CSP has not benefited from the international demand that has boosted wind turbines and photovoltaic cells with their subsequent price reductions. Furthermore, we will discuss the "elective affinities" between thermal solar investments and the development of those regions that present the lowest performances in the Chinese and Brazilian socioeconomic realities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neo-institutional theory has been used to explain inter-organizational networks related phenomena from the economic and sociological perspectives. The political perspective has not been often used to study institutional contexts of networks. We aim to analyze the decision-making of the formal institutions in the internationalization process of firms in an emerging economy from a political bias. For the empirical field of study, we considered the Brazilian wine industry. Starting from a case study with twentythree interviews with representatives of wineries and entities of this industry, our paper furthers the understanding of how institutions influence the internationalization of firms in an emerging economy. Based on the political perspective of the neo-institutional theory, our study describes how institutions, mainly the government, can influence an industry. Government cannot afford resources to benefit or protect all the industries, as well as cannot provide incentives to all firms and those that are supported will lose competitiveness. For the firms, the choices are based on trying to achieve economic advantages through political influences. For the institutions, the choices are based on political influences considering institutional strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of biotechnology is part of a global process of structural change in agriculture characterized by an increased integration of world agriculture with high corporate control. However, as the legal competence to allow the planting and trade of genetically modified (GM) crops commonly lies at the level of the nation state, this remains strategic in the politics of GM crops, both for actors promoting the technology and for social movements struggling against it. This paper illustrates this argument with an analysis of the struggles over GM crops in Brazil. It shows how the implementation of a food regime based on biotechnology, corporate control and neoliberal globalism depended on the state and was a contested process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to study changes in the fruit and vegetable distribution system in Brazil in previous years and the role that could be played by Public Supply Centres. Food supply is essential for securing access to and availability of food in cities. The paper will consider problems concerning the CEASA since the disruption of the National Supply Centres System (SINAC), and those regarding globalisation in the food industry. The paper was written in 2010 based on gathered secondary data and semi-structured interviews conducted on important actors in the distribution of fruits and vegetables. As one of the conclusions, it states that there is still room for a public role in food supply focused on supply centres and based on the principles of Food Security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopharmaceutical innovation has had a profound health and economic impact globally. Developed countries have traditionally been the source of most innovations as well as the destination for the resulting economic and health benefits. As a result, most prior research on this sector has focused on developed countries. This paper seeks to fill the gap in research on emerging markets by analyzing factors that influence innovative activity in the indigenous biopharmaceutical sectors of China, India, Brazil, and South Africa. Using qualitative research methodologies, this paper a) shows how biopharmaceutical innovation is taking place within the entrepreneurial sectors of these emerging markets, b) identifies common challenges that indigenous entrepreneurs face, c) highlights the key role played by the state, and d) reveals that the transition to innovation by companies in the emerging markets is characterized by increased global integration. It suggests that biopharmaceutical innovators in emerging markets are capitalizing on opportunities to participate in the drug development value chain and thus developing capabilities and relationships for competing globally both with and against established companies headquartered in developed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to construct a possible future scenario for South Africa in Africa using the backcast approach. Design/methodology/approach - The methodology followed is to present a brief political and economic history of African colonization and de-colonization, globalisation and the rise of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICs). Strengths and weaknesses are discussed and used to sketch a desired future scenario from which the backcast is constructed. Findings - It is suggested that the optimal future is one involving SADC-MERCOSUR alliance with South Africa and Brazil as the respective leaders Research limitations/implications - A study of this kind is necessarily speculative. Practical implications - The paper alerts policy makers to the threats and opportunities inherent in south-south dialogue. Social implications - The prospect of collaboration holds promise of social upliftment in the region. Originality/value - The arguments are original to the author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the case of Porto Alegre, Brazil as a counter-hegemonic global city. Porto Alegre is a city with no particular relevance to neoliberal globalization that, nevertheless, was launched to a global scale by transformations in local governance. New mechanisms of deliberative democracy captured the attention of social actors constructing a movement of globalization from below, making Porto Alegre the de facto capital of the World Social Forum. In this paper I focus on the educational policies created in the city, which expanded the social imaginary in education and are a key component of Porto Alegre's 'globalization'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the impact of innovative financial instruments on the relationship between states and financial markets. Using the example of Brazil in the period after 2000, this paper argues that growth in credits default swaps and inflation-linked bond markets have had a tangible impact on this relationship. Growth in these markets has afforded the Brazilian state more autonomy and lessened the normative power of financial markets. This paper shows that developments in global financial markets do not always result in a diminution of state power. Este articulo examina el impacto de los instrumentos financieros innovadores en la relacion entre los estados y los mercados financieros. Tomando el ejemplo del Brasil en el periodo despues del 2000, este articulo sostiene que el crecimiento en los swaps en el incumplimiento crediticio y el mercado de bonos estructurados vinculados a la inflacion, han tenido un impacto tangible en esta relacion. La habilidad de pasar el riesgo de impago a mercados financieros mas amplios, ha significado que mas instituciones esten dispuestas a prestarle al Brasil y como consecuencia, la relacion del pais con la comunidad financiera ha cambiado. El crecimiento en estos mercados ha provisto al estado brasileno de mas autonomia y reducido el poder normativo de los mercados financieros. Este articulo indica que los desarrollos en los mercados financieros globales, no siempre resultan en una disminucion del poder estatal. [image omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the emergence of a global public sphere becomes a possibility, growing out of denser economic, political and communicative networks as well as demanded by increasingly complex international problems, questions arise about the capacity and willingness of various national publics to engage in the global debate. This paper shows the results of a news reception analysis with the public of the city of São Paulo, Brazil during the months of July–November 2006, when the Lebanon conflict was broadly covered by the Brazilian media. The paper identifies the modes of engagement with the news about the international conflict, the types of reasoning used by these publics in interpreting the news, and the types of debates and conversations they have or don’t have about the conflict. Special attention is given to the personal experience of learning about conflicts abroad and to the relationship between this experience and the construction of a new civic identity where participation in global affairs is an important element. The research shows that São Paulo residents are informed and care about international events, but to a large extent lack the resources and the spaces where they could reflect upon them. It also shows that young people tend to experience global events more intensely as part of their world than the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses aspects of the U.S. and Brazilian foreign policy. Some events relate actions linked to the political realism school and others embraced in the interdependence and globalization views. This paper explores the historical environment where the United States and Brazil followed different paradigmatic political approaches to gain access to the hemispheric market. Defence policies evolved gradually from realism into interdependence and gradually into the globalization approach. This last view gained momentum in American, while Brazil encouraged other IR views like militarisms and the sphere of influence to gain pre-eminence in the neighbour trading countries, favouring market access to multinational corporations and increasing direct foreign investment within the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simultaneity of globalisation and the rise of powers such as China, India, Brazil and South Africa are raising fundamental questions about the aptness of the contemporary global governance architecture. A few years ago, former Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin proposed a "Leaders' 20" or "L20" as an apex body for global governance. After having put the L20 proposal in theoretical and historical perspective, the paper investigates structural trends in favour of the L20 proposal as well as obstacles to it. Taking into account the challenges the world's powerful states are facing, an enlargement of the G8 looks inevitable. But thus far the obstacles appear to be even stronger. The paper concludes by elaborating on the idea that neither conducing elements nor obstacles are deterministically given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monsanto’s request to commercialize its genetically-modified (GM) herbicide-resistant soybean technology in Brazil sparked heated debate and protest. This paper explores the conflict and illustrates how biosafety politics and policy outcomes are highly contested and situated, rather than controlled by external forces within the ever-expanding global economy. This paper argues that GM crops are not inherently artifacts of economic globalization and trade liberalization. What makes GM crops ‘global’ and part of a new iterative and uneven globalization process are the new and unanticipated sites of contradiction and contestation and the multi-scaled conflict over biotechnology governance. Political strategies taken by the state government in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazilian consumer protection activists, and Greenpeace exploit the new ‘nature’ of GM crops as a means to expand the debate, change the rules governing the genetic commons, and consequently, rescale biotechnology governance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The objective of this study is to determine whether the internationalization of a company's operations has an impact on its management control systems. Using the case study methodology, the paper analyzes eight cases of Brazilian companies with international activities. The research was guided by the premise that, as the geographical scope of a company's operations enlarges, its administrative complexity also grows--demanding the adoption of new and more sophisticated controls systems. The literature on management control (see Anthony & Govindarajan, 1998; Dyment, 1987; Gomes and Amat, 2001; Merchant, 1998; among others) provides a relatively similar treatment to the subject of management control of internationalized companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The city of Salvador da Bahia, Brazil attracts considerable numbers of visitors who spend time there in order to participate in local cultural practices, particularly percussion music, capoeira and African–Brazilian dance. This paper investigates the extent of their engagement with those practices and with the wider cultural context. It was found that such participatory cross-cultural learning, adoption and travel can be split into categories and differs markedly from conventional tourism. Theorisations of cultural interaction have frequently concentrated on colonialism or migration, where acculturation is a by-product of political, economic and even military shifts. The concept of “mimicry” as used in postcolonial theory is evoked here and considered in relation to the processes studied. One of the main differences is that the subjects voluntarily expose themselves to a measure of culture shock. Furthermore, the adoption takes place against the predominant global flow of cultural influence from the “West” to the rest. Apart from certain factors which make Bahian culture accessible and attractive, motivating factors for this voluntary movement and orientation are the perception of particular aspects of that culture as “authentic other”, as well as a weakened attachment to place, specifically to Western community and cultural origins. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

According to Brazilian Franchising Association, the number of Brazilian franchises has grown 300% in the last ten years, but only 3% of Brazilian franchises operate in foreign markets, so the opportunity to internationalization is strong. Aiming to get a better understanding of possible distinctive features of Brazilian retail internationalization, this paper explores the determinants of franchising as the choice of internationalization entry mode by Brazilian's firms in the fashion apparel sector. The multiple-case study was the approach used. The study resulted in eleven research propositions. Results show that government or trade organizations support, geographic distance, political and economic risk may not be determinant to internationalization. However cultural proximity and relationship with local partners can be determinant to internationalization. Moreover, brands that cater to a very specific segment and that their value proposition is closely linked to intangible factors may face problems in expanding to culturally distant international environments. Keywords: Retail internationalization. International franchising. Fashion retail. Multiple-case study. Emerging countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been medicalized in the United States since the 1960s. Primarily used in North America until the 1990s, ADHD diagnosis and treatment have increasingly been applied internationally. After documenting the expansion of ADHD in a global context, this paper presents five brief international examples examining ADHD usage and expansion: the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy and Brazil. We then identify and describe several vehicles that facilitate the migration of the ADHD diagnosis: the transnational pharmaceutical industry; the influence of western psychiatry; moving from ICD to DSM diagnostic criteria; the role of the Internet including the related advent of easily accessible online screening checklists; and advocacy groups. Finally, we discuss what this globalization of a diagnosis reflects about the potential global medicalization of other conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I argue that global urbanism produces peripherality in ways that cannot be adequately problematized without taking into account its actual extent and geographically uneven development. Therefore, planetary urbanization needs to engage scholarly traditions attuned to regional urbanization if the discourse is to move past limitations in the urban globalization canon and its narrow focus on cities. To that end, I examine research on extensive urbanization in the Amazon region. Illustrative case studies show how attempts to globalize Manaus precipitated territorial restructuring and sociospatial change far beyond the city's boundaries. Manaus is now a more unequal city. Selective metropolitan expansion to the Rio Negro's south bank has led to the simultaneous upgrading and peripheralization of Iranduba. Yet, the building of a city-centric regional network of roadways also shaped Roraima State's transformation from isolated borderland to bypassed periphery. Moreover, financial and symbolic appropriations of standing rainforests by metropolitan conservationism marginalize remote communities even in the absence of exploitative deforestation and resource extraction. Final remarks emphasize the need for further research on the hybrid (urban-rural) conditions and functional articulations of distant-yet-impacted peripheries. Such efforts may broaden the political horizons of planetary urbanization by informing extensive contestations of entrepreneurial urbanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper problematizes labor relationships coupled with trade union practice of workers in the Trade Union of Metal Workers of Jundiaí, Várzea Paulista and Campo Limpo Paulista linked by labor contract with the firm ThyssenKrupp Metalúrgica Campo Limpo in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, between 1990 and 2012. Within the context of the reorganization of labor and production, the Program in the Participation of Results contributed towards the formation of a class culture committed with productivity and capitalist logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expression traveling policies is coined by Lindblad and Popkewitz to refer to concepts that circulate internationally in educational reforms as a result of processes of globalization. The objective of this paper is to present some of these concepts in many different countries, analyze how, in Brazil, the National Guidelines for Language and Literature Programs are equally in agreement with these policies and what their implications for the language teacher education are. Meanwhile, it will be argued that these traveling policies are ambivalent and can be seen as processes of deregulation and privatization of tasks and duties due to times of liquid modernity.` [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing international economic order has been heavily shaped by US power and the US has been a key driver of globalisation and neoliberal economic restructuring, prompting speculation about whether the rise of new developing country powers could rupture the current trajectory of neoliberal globalisation. This paper analyses the case of Brazil at the World Trade Organization (WTO), a core institution in global economic governance. In the last decade, Brazil successfully waged two landmark trade disputes against the US and EU and created a coalition of developing countries – the G20 – which brought an end to the dominance of the US and EU at the WTO and made their trade policies a central target of the Doha Round. Brazil's activism has been widely hailed as a major victory for developing countries. However, I argue that rather than challenging the neoliberal agenda of the WTO, Brazil has emerged as one of the most vocal advocates of free market globalisation and the push to expand and liberalise global markets. I show that Brazil's stance has been driven by the rise of its export-oriented agribusiness sector. This case demonstrates that business actors from the Global South are becoming significant new protagonists in global economic governance; they are taking the tools created by the states and corporations of the Global North – in this case, the WTO and its neoliberal discourse – and turning them against their originators. At the same time, their interests are being wrapped in and advanced through a discourse of development and social justice and a strategic mobilisation of the politics of the North-South divide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The born global phenomenon has been made apparent, mainly in high technology sectors, which requires new theoretical understandings about the role of nascent and small international companies. This article analyzes the relationship between a company's external environment in its country of origin, internal organizational factors and the factors relating to how some technology-based firms (TBFs) internationalize. A survey was applied to Brazilian TBFs. At the end of the data collection period, the first database generated 214 responses. Out of these, 85 (39.7%) were obtained from companies involved in some kind of business abroad. However, only 54 questionnaires were considered valid for this research. The data were analyzed using logistic regression statistical techniques. The results show that external factors influence the internationalization of TBFs more as compared to internal factors. Integration in the value chain and an entrepreneur's ability to manage internationally are the factors that best distinguish the internationalization of born-global TBFs. Thus, this paper contributes to the discussion of the internationalization process of born-globals and TBFs, filling the gap regarding the importance of external, internal and entrepreneurial factors in these companies' internationalization processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]