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This article is a summary of the 10th International Conference on Inverse Problems in Engineering (ICIPE 22), which took place in May 2022 in Francavilla al Mare, Italy. The conference brought together applied mathematicians and engineers from various disciplines to collaborate and discuss the use of inverse analysis tools in fields such as manufacturing, medical imaging, and space applications. The event also honored Professor James V. Beck, who made significant contributions to parameter estimation and inverse heat transfer problems. The conference featured keynote addresses, lectures, and a tribute to Prof. Beck. The article expresses gratitude to the organizers, sponsors, reviewers, and the editor-in-chief of the Heat Transfer Engineering Journal. The 11th ICIPE conference will be held in Brazil in 2024. [Extracted from the article]

Prospective authors are requested to submit new, unpublished manuscripts for inclusion in the upcoming event described in this call for papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New technologies usually have potential, but their mode of action and long-term consequences are not always immediately apparent. This challenge can be met in an interdisciplinary way with approaches that integrate different perspectives. Young scientists have come together to work on meeting this challenge from an interdisciplinary perspective in the Young Forum of Technical Sciences: Technology that people really want. The aim is to support user-centred technology development based on interdisciplinary methods. Engineering, law, social sciences and the humanities can work together to shape technical developments in a way that leads to a form of technology that is adapted to the needs of society. Interdisciplinarity in research and development means mutual permeation of disciplines instead of mere coexistence. The aim is to promote interdisciplinary research groups and projects and to develop common methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this framework, experimental tests on different battery technologies, BMS and cooling systems are extremely important to extend the battery life and BEV performance (Sehil et al. [[13]]). Electrical machines and magnetic components, high-voltage voltage power converters, and battery storage systems are some basic bricks to build an effective and efficient energy conversion environment. Electrical Machines and Power Converters The electrical power conversion from renewable energy sources plays a crucial role in the development of a sustainable society. Finally, the fil rouge of every contribution in this section is oriented to investigate the power converters, electrical machines, magnetic components, and battery storage systems in actual energy conversion applications for renewable energy sources integration by a modelling approach. [Extracted from the article]

Endo-1,4-β-xylanases belonging to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) 11 family hydrolyze the β-1,4-glycosidic linkages in the xylan backbone to convert polymeric xylan into xylooligosaccharides. GH11 xylanases play an essential role in sugar metabolism and are one of the most widely used enzymes in various industries, such as pulp and paper, food and feed, biorefinery, textile, and pharmaceutical industries. pH is a crucial factor influencing the biochemical properties of GH11 xylanase and its application in bioprocessing. For the optimal pH shifting of GH11 xylanase in industrial applications, various protein engineering studies using directed evolution, rational engineering, and in silico approaches have been adopted. Here, we review the functions, structures, and engineering methods developed for the optimal pH shifting of GH11 xylanases. The various GH11 engineering techniques and key residues involved in pH shifting are discussed based on their crystal and modeled structure. This review provides an overview of recent advancements in the characterization and engineering of GH11 xylanases, providing a guide for future research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses ways to teach engineering fundamentals with simple materials. Topics discussed include tips and tricks to use paper effectively to teach engineering principles to children, thousands of STEM/STEAM challenges available in books and online and working of Marina Bernasuli, Technology Coordinator at the Browning School, by using engineering with paper projects throughout the 2020-21 school year.

The concept of digital twins in bridge engineering is still vague and even confused with the Bridge Information Model (BrIM). Therefore, this study provides a detailed review of 42 papers related to digital twins in bridge engineering, focusing on a proper definition, key features and creation techniques for bridge digital twin (BDT). The paper also compares BDT and BrIM from the perspectives of their elements, features, fidelity, services provided, and degree of development. The applications of BDT at different life cycle stages are identified, and the related technologies are analyzed in detail. The results show that the research clusters of BDT are divided into geometric model generation, finite element model updating, and management and are focused on the operation and maintenance phase while lacking attention in the design and construction phase. Besides, a reference framework of BDT based on the life cycle of bridges is proposed, and directions for future research are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It gives me great pleasure to explore and synthesize the unique and synergistic contributions of 14 articles for this important special issue, as well as to set future directions for the field of engineering education. Given that evidence‐based syntheses help shape key research advances in the medical, psychological, and educational fields, we sought papers that used state‐of‐the‐art methods for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses to explore fundamental topics in engineering education. We received many excellent manuscripts, and eventually accepted 14 for this special issue. They cover a range of topics, including reading and writing in engineering, the use of concept maps for assessment in engineering, and other key topics. Most papers used systematic review methods, while three used scoping reviews and bibliometric methods. However, none used meta‐analysis. Although this is surprising, it presents an opportunity to call for more rigorous experimental and quantitative research on key topics in engineering education. Experimental studies can uncover cause and effect relationships and enable researchers to draw inferences more easily. While I advocate for all traditions of rigorous research, the collection of reviews in this special issue points to a pressing need for more experimental studies in the field of engineering education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the unconventional light‐matter interactions between giant atoms and structured baths (i.e., lattices) are studied with either Hermitian or non‐Hermitian next‐nearest‐neighbor coupling terms. Essentially different dynamics of the atoms and the propagating field in the Hermitian and non‐Hermitian cases is revealed, which can be further engineered by tuning parameters such as the atomic transition frequency and the (synthetic) magnetic field associated to the coupling terms. The next‐nearest‐neighbor couplings play an important role in controlling the emission direction and the field distribution in the lattice, thus providing opportunities for tailoring exotic dipole–dipole interactions. The results in this paper have potential applications in, e.g., engineering unconventional quantum networks and simulating quantum many‐body systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to evaluate Gauss quadrature rules arises in many applications in science and engineering. It often is important to be able to estimate the quadrature error when applying an ℓ -point Gauss rule, G ℓ (f) , where f is an integrand of interest. Such an estimate often is furnished by applying another quadrature rule, Q k (f) , with k > ℓ nodes, and using the difference Q k (f) − G ℓ (f) or its magnitude as an estimate for the quadrature error in G ℓ (f) or its magnitude. The classical approach to estimate the error in G ℓ (f) is to let Q k (f) , with k = 2 ℓ + 1 , be the Gauss-Kronrod quadrature rule associated with G ℓ (f). However, it is well known that the Gauss-Kronrod rule associated with a Gauss rule G ℓ (f) might not exist for certain measures that determine the Gauss rule and for certain numbers of nodes. This prompted M. M. Spalević [1] to develop generalized averaged Gauss rules, G ˆ 2 ℓ + 1 , with 2 ℓ + 1 nodes for estimating the error in G ℓ (f). Similarly as for (2 ℓ + 1) -node Gauss-Kronrod rules, ℓ nodes of the rule G ˆ 2 ℓ + 1 agree with the nodes of G ℓ. However, generalized averaged Gauss rules are not internal for some measures. They therefore may not be applicable when the integrand only is defined on the convex hull of the support of the measure. This paper describes a new kind of quadrature rules that may be internal also when generalized averaged quadrature rules are not. The construction of the new quadrature rules is based on theory developed by Peherstorfer [2]. Their application is particularly attractive when the rule G ˆ 2 ℓ + 1 is not internal, the integrand cannot be evaluated at all its nodes, and the integrand is inexpensive to evaluate at the quadrature points. Computed examples that illustrate the performance of the new quadrature rules introduced in this paper are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kirigami, the ancient art of paper cutting, has evolved into a design and fabrication framework to engineer multi‐functional materials and structures at vastly different scales. By slit cutting with carefully designed geometries, desirable mechanical behaviors—such as accurate shape morphing, tunable auxetics, super‐stretchability, buckling, and multistability—can be imparted to otherwise inflexible sheet materials. In addition, the kirigami sheet provides a versatile platform for embedding different electronic and responsive components, opening up avenues for building the next generations of metamaterials, sensors, and soft robotics. These promising potentials of kirigami‐based engineering have inspired vigorous research activities over the past few years, generating many academic publications. Therefore, this review aims to provide insights into the recent advance in this vibrant field. In particular, this paper offers the first comprehensive survey of unique mechanical properties induced by kirigami cutting, their underlying physical principles, and their corresponding applications. The synergies between design methodologies, mechanics modeling, advanced fabrication, and material science will continue to mature this promising discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage (STIRAP) and its variants, such as M-type chainwise-STIRAP, allow for efficiently transferring the populations in a multilevel system and have widely been used to prepare molecules in their rovibrational ground state. However, their transfer efficiencies are generally imperfect. The main obstacle is the presence of losses and the requirement to make the dynamics adiabatic. To this end, in the present paper, a new theoretical method is proposed for the efficient and robust creation and detection of deeply bound molecules in three-level Λ-type and five-level M-type systems via "Invariant-based shortcut-to-adiabaticity." In the regime of large detunings, we first reduce the dynamics of three- and five-level molecular systems to those of effective two- and three-level counterparts. By doing so, the major molecular losses from the excited states can be well suppressed. Consequently, the effective two-level counterpart can be directly compatible with two different "Invariant-based Inverse Engineering" protocols; the results show that both protocols give a comparable performance and have a good experimental feasibility. For the effective three-level counterpart, by considering a relation among the four incident pulses, we show that this model can be further generalized to an effective Λ-type one with the simplest resonant coupling. This generalized model permits us to borrow the "Invariant-based Inverse Engineering" protocol from a standard three-level Λ-type system to a five-level M-type system. Numerical calculations show that the weakly bound molecules can be efficiently transferred to their deeply bound states without strong laser pulses, and the stability against parameter variations is well preserved. Finally, the detection of ultracold deeply bound molecules is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Sustainable recyclable paper and composite materials can be ideal choices for the construction of temporary structures for both exhibition spaces or for rapid-recovery shelters in emergency operations. The unique engineering and sustainable features of these structures need to be considered as an integral part of the design process from the conceptual phase. Engineering studies to analyze these structures should be as important as the overall artistic and architectural vision. This paper examines the use of environmentally creep-formed paper tubes for the design, construction, and exhibition of, “Portals to an Architecture”, a large temporary outdoor sculpture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Research papers published by Chinese and Indian researchers during 1998-2007 and cited at least 100 times by end of 2009 are analysed. There were 776 papers with at least one author from India (amounting to 0.32% of all papers from India) and 2260 papers with at least one author from China (0.4% of all papers from China) that have gone on to be cited at least 100 times. We have identified prominent authors and institutions, journals used and fields of research. Although highly cited Chinese papers were cited on average less often than the highly cited papers from India, Chinese authors have been able to place their papers in high impact journals such as Nature and Science far more often than Indian authors. The Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai and Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore are the prominent Indian institutions, whereas universities in Hong Kong, Peking University, Tshing Hua University and several institutions under the Chinese Academy of Science dominate in China. In terms of citations, Chinese National Human Genome Centre Shanghai, Shanghai, tops the list. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the list of reviewers focused on recognition of 2017 transactions and magazine paper.

The paper explores the relationship between conceptual engineering and the methodology of the Lvov-Warsaw School. While conceptual engineering is commonly seen as rooted in Rudolf Carnap's works and his method of explication, this paper argues that LWS predates and informs contemporary understanding of this methodology. The paper establishes that LWS not only engaged in but also systematically developed a method of conceptual revision aimed at enhancing clarity, precision, and coherence with specific theoretical frameworks. The analysis shows that LWS's approach to concepts combined both descriptive and normative methodologies to improve and adapt philosophical concepts to better address actual phenomena and certain theoretical or practical needs. This method, described by LWS members as ‘analysis and construction’, parallels contemporary conceptual engineering practices, particularly its so-called ‘narrow’ understanding focused on revising existing concepts rather than on merely introducing new ones. By tracing the historical trajectory of conceptual engineering back to LWS, this paper provides a deeper understanding of its foundational strategies and suggesting that LWS's methodology could serve as a guide for current and future philosophical projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stress of surrounding rock and supporting structure is very complicated during the construction of a loose rock tunnel. The characteristics analysis of collapse arch is very important for the construction safety. This paper compares and analyzes the applicability of the full section method and the three-step method under shallow buried loose surrounding rock, reveals the influence law of tunnel excavation height span ratio on the stability of a pseudo-collapse arch of surrounding rock under shallow buried loose surrounding rock, and rationally chooses the three-step method as the dominant construction method of tunnel construction under this geological condition. For the three-step construction method, the optimization study of the excavation height of the upper step is carried out, the relationship between the excavation height of the tunnel and the stress concentration area under the condition of shallow buried loose surrounding rock is revealed, the influence of surrounding rock stress release on the stability of the tunnel surrounding rock is explored, and the damage of tunnel rock mass caused by the stress concentration phenomenon is analyzed. It is determined that the optimal excavation height of the upper step is 0.4H under the geological conditions of the DS project in Sichuan province, China, under construction. This paper analyzes the influence of structural plane spacing on the stability of a tunnel collapse arch under shallow buried loose conditions and reveals the law that the smaller the structural plane spacing, the worse the self-bearing capacity of the collapse arch, and the higher the risk of engineering accidents such as rock collapse or even collapse in the tunnel, which effectively guides the safe construction of the tunnel under shallow buried loose geological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have increasingly been used in a wide variety of missions that range from surveillance to delivery. Unlike aircraft that always carry goods and passengers from an airport to another, UAVs do not systematically implement the same type of mission. UAVs are indeed multi‐mission during their time in operation, and the systems engineering approaches developed for one mission aircraft must be adapted to the multi‐mission context. Therefore, UAV design requires application of mission engineering upstream systems engineering, either to assess there is a UAV system that may accomplish a new mission, or to specify a new UAV system according to a given mission. To achieve that goal, the authors of the paper support the use of Model‐Based Mission Engineering. A three‐layer architecture ‐ purpose, operation, functions or capabilities ‐ is proposed as a design framework for missions. The Goal‐Oriented Requirements Language (GRL) serves as mission description language. The paper extends GRL to better address mission‐based design of UAVs. It is proposed to distinguish between internal and external resources. A goal detailing mechanism is introduced. A degraded mode evaluation becomes possible. GRL tools make it possible to evaluate how much a UAV system ‐ at least, an operator, a ground station, and a UAV ‐ may satisfy every stakeholder in both nominal and degraded modes. The proposed approach is applied to a high voltage surveillance UAV. The case study enables the introduction of four actors—Authority, Client, UAV and MissionSupervisor—that turn out to be generic and can be reused for other missions and UAV designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: As a growing number of instructional units have been developed to promote young children's scientific and engineering practices (SEPs), understanding how to evaluate and assess children's SEPs is imperative. However, paper-and-pencil assessments would not be suitable for young children because of their limited reading and writing skills. To explore the assessments for SEPs available for young children aged 3–8 years, this study reviewed assessments of young children's SEPs reported in empirical studies, and analysed the characteristics of these assessments to delineate how young children's SEPs have been measured. Methods: We followed the procedures of a systematic review proposed by Zawacki-Richter et al. (2020). The EBSCOhost database was used to gather empirical studies in education and psychology. A total of 46 articles published from 2003 to 2020 met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Findings: The findings indicated that of the eight SEPs suggested by the National Research Council (2012), Analysing and interpreting data was assessed the most, followed by Using mathematics and computational thinking, Constructing explanations and designing solutions, and Planning and carrying out investigations. A majority of assessments were designed for children of 4, 5, and 6 years old and used paper-based visualizations and real objects to present the tasks and items. Additionally, due to the verbal or performance nature of the SEPs, the assessments collected different types of data as evidence to evaluate children's SEPs. Performance-based assessments were the most common, followed by multiple-choice, ranking, and oral responses. Conclusion: The findings of the reviewed assessments revealed a variety of performance expectations of SEPs and suggested that some SEPs are measurable and developmentally appropriate for young children. Also, the availability of assessments is uneven in different types of SEPs, and more assessments for information communication and modelling practices are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Training both pre – and in-service teachers who are capable of planning and enacting engineering design–based science instruction are critical for integrating engineering into K-12 science curricula. Purpose: This study investigates pre-service teachers' efforts to integrate engineering into their lesson plans. Sample: 13 pre-service chemistry teachers, enrolled in a 13-week engineering-infused integrated STEM course, were the participants of the study. Design and Method: Considering the purpose of the study, qualitative design was deemed to be the best fit including qualitative data collected through lesson plans and reflection papers. To assist pre-service teachers' learning, 13-week engineering-infused integrated STEM was started with the information about the engineering profession and how engineers work. Additionally, pre-service teachers engaged in six integrated STEM activities including engineering design cycle. After each activity, the participants were asked to write a reflection paper on what they learned about engineering, the engineering design process, and integrated STEM. Finally, the participants had three chances for analyzing strong and weak integrated STEM lesson plans and planning integrated STEM lesson planning experience with mentors. The pre-and post-course lesson plans (n=26) were analyzed using existing codes from the related literature, which is a deductive coding process. Later, an inductive approach was used to determine the categories of engineering integration into the lesson plans. Four categories (ranging from a complete engineering lesson to a science lesson with no engineering link) were formed. Reflection papers were used to support the findings. Result: The results showed that none of the pre-plans included engineering. However, after participated in a 13-week integrated STEM course, all post-course lesson plans integrated engineering through the use of engineering design processes to some extent. Conclusion: The training with different experiences seems promising for pre-service teachers to learn engineering integration into STEM lesson plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper documents the results of the PIM.3 (Process Improvement Management) working group in INTACS (International Assessor Certification Schema) supported by the VDA‐QMC (Verband der Deutschen Automobilindustrie/German Automotive Association–Quality Management Center). INTACS promotes Automotive SPICE, which is an international standard that allows process capability assessment of projects, which implement systems that integrate mechanics, electronics, and software including optionally cybersecurity, functional safety, and machine learning. The paper outlines that for the first time since more than 20 years, the INTACS and VDA‐QMC included a process like PIM.3 Process Improvement Management in the scope for the assessor training. Before that, the assessments focused on the management, engineering, and support processes of series projects, while the improvement management has not been trained or assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIt is known that skilled immigrants learn to integrate professionally. This paper complexifies this image. By following the experiences of ‘successful’ immigrants working in the engineering profession in Canada, it argues that immigrants engage in not only learning but also knowledge ‘transfer’. Their learning at work often starts as legitimate peripheral participation, and evolves through expansive participation in work activities. Meanwhile, they also ‘transfer’ knowledge and practices, a role that could be amplified given their transnational experiences. Immigrants’ learning and knowledge practices can also be understood as a sociomaterial process of translation, through which they knot together people and objects, while negotating power, position, and positionality at the same time. Through continuous learning and knowledge practices, the paper further highlights that immigrant engineers necessarily articulate themselves into, and to some extent, reticulate the epistemic ‘machineries’ or ‘culture’ of the profession, which is constituted through a nexus of professional associations, societies, institutions, and practice communities that are bounded by professional domains and interests, and lifeworld exigencies. Conceptually, this paper draws on practice-based theories and views continuous learning and knowing as an effect of the sociocultural and sociomaterial organization of professional practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the modeling and design work of the sluice gate project, this paper proposes an automatic generation template of the sluice gate project with customized semantics and project layout scheme, aiming at realizing the rapid assembling of all kinds of components of the sluice gate project. In the construction process, this paper first starts from basic parametric modeling and proposes constraints as the basis of modeling. Subsequently, a template library framework is developed based on the constraints to ensure that the generated templates have a high degree of standardization and consistency. Finally, an efficient and flexible template library is successfully constructed by using the customized classes and functions of Revit API, which provides powerful technical support for the modeling and design work of sluice gate engineering. This achievement helps to promote the informationization and intelligent development of the water conservancy engineering industry, and its versatility and scalability also make it have a wide range of application prospects in other water conservancy engineering fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homomorphic encryption (HE) is an emerging technology that enables computing on data while the data is encrypted. It has advantages, but it also has a significant difficulty. Programmers that use General-Purpose Programming Languages (GPPLs) may find it difficult to handwrite the script code for the HE correctly. This paper presents the front-end compiler design for the first graphical modelling language (DSML) to implement HE schemas, called HomoLang. It is providing a graphical environment with graphical building nodes that represent the HE concepts to enable the building of HE schemas. A high degree of abstraction and a decrease in grammatical and runtime errors improved the expressiveness and efficiency of implementation. Six security tests for security analysis were provided. The efficiency of the submitted language was evaluated using four subjective metrics. This paper provides a detailed explanation of the attributes, evaluation details, and design of the submitted HomoLang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of the current research status on the physical, chemical, and engineering characteristics of saline-alkali soils, focusing on issues such as dilatation, collapsibility, and freeze-thaw damage in the soil materials of saline-alkali soil regions. To mitigate the adverse effects of saline-alkali soils on engineering projects, common stabilization methods are summarized and their respective solidification mechanisms are analyzed. Furthermore, this paper reviews the physical and mechanical properties of saline-alkali soils after solidification through various approaches, particularly in cold regions. The prospects for the future development of solidifying saline-alkali soils are discussed, along with potential directions for engineering research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper revisits Wittgenstein’s heavily criticized claims about the admissibility of inconsistencies in mathematics. It argues from the perspective of mathematics as a tool and combines material from the history and practice of engineering that makes Wittgenstein’s claims about contradiction and inconsistency look much more plausible. Against this background, the paper interprets passages from Wittgenstein, including his exchange with Alan Turing where he highlights that basic laws of thought are at issue and that reflecting on them would be “the most important thing” he has talked about. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study that explores the genres, tasks, and the relationship between them in the context of undergraduate engineering education. We build upon previous research on the information behaviors of engineers, by focusing on undergraduates' self‐reported information use in order to understand how they interact with genres and perform tasks. We compiled and validated genre and task repertoires using an online questionnaire with 103 undergraduates. To analyze the responses, we employed exploratory data analysis techniques, including correspondence analysis and cluster analysis. We interpreted three latent dimensions of the genre–task relationship: disciplinary versus education (Dimension 1); classroom versus independent coursework (Dimension 2); and conceptual versus procedural knowledge (Dimension 3). The distinction between the educational function of genres and tasks that support teaching and learning and those that support the socialization of students into the discipline and profession accounted for the majority of the variance in the dataset. The use of genres across tasks revealed that respondents prefer proximal and accessible information, and that personal and less formal genres are central to the learning experience. Findings provide insights into how undergraduates navigate complex information environments and interact with genres and tasks in their coursework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semi-supervised learning approaches have been successfully applied in a wide range of engineering and scientific fields. This paper investigates the generative model framework with a missingness mechanism for unclassified observations, as introduced by Ahfock and McLachlan (Stat Comput 30:1–12, 2020). We show that in a partially classified sample, a classifier using Bayes' rule of allocation with a missing-data mechanism can surpass a fully supervised classifier in a two-class normal homoscedastic model, especially with moderate to low overlap and proportion of missing class labels, or with large overlap but few missing labels. It also outperforms a classifier with no missing-data mechanism regardless of the overlap region or the proportion of missing class labels. Our exploration of two- and three-component normal mixture models with unequal covariances through simulations further corroborates our findings. Finally, we illustrate the use of the proposed classifier with a missing-data mechanism on interneuronal and skin lesion datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Society requires individuals to have the ability to synthesise knowledge from diverse sources, typically acquired through science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. Objectives and Methods: We utilised a moderately rigorous design to investigate the effects of combining a hands‐on STEM activity with active learning approaches of knowledge building (KB) and flipped learning on the learning performance of 188 senior students. Students needed to work in groups to construct a remote‐controlled car using a remote‐control module and electrical circuit, followed by the task of putting balls into a basket. Results: After the activity, all participants' STEM knowledge, learning motivation, and creativity improved. For STEM knowledge, students who received the integrated KB and flipped learning approach (E2 group) outscored those who received only KB (E1 group), whereas the E1 group outperformed those who received lectures (control group). For learning motivation, the E1 group outperformed the control group. The E2 group outperformed the control group on the post‐test only when the students' learning motivation pre‐test scores were lower, suggesting the effectiveness of both active learning approaches. For creativity, both E1 and E2 groups performed better than the control group. Conclusions: The potential benefits of combining active learning approaches with hands‐on STEM activities were revealed in terms of STEM knowledge, learning motivation, and creativity. Surprisingly, the combination method was the most effective in energising unmotivated students for STEM education. Lay Description: What is currently known about this topic?: Science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) hands‐on activities have been prioritised worldwide to cultivate students' abilities to integrate disparate bits of information obtained from multiple sources into coherent knowledge.Two active learning approaches—knowledge building (KB) and flipped learning—are especially well‐suited for STEM hands‐on activities.Prior research on KB has frequently examined only a subset of student performance by using a somewhat less rigorous experimental design.The impact of flipped learning and classroom on student performance is still debatable, and more constructivist teaching methodologies, such as KB, are required. What does this paper add?: Students' performance improved after participating in a hands‐on STEM project that involved building a remote‐controlled car and completing a ball‐in‐the‐basket task.KB and flipped learning helped to foster students' STEM knowledge and creativity.Students who lacked learning motivation benefited the most from the combination of KB and flipped learning. Implications for practice and/or policy: The potential benefits of combining active learning approaches with hands‐on STEM activities in STEM knowledge, learning motivation, and creativity have been revealed.The combination of KB and flipped learning was most effective in energising unmotivated students for STEM education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Both learning and problem solving are major goals of complex problem solving in engineering education. The order of knowledge construction and problem solving in learning through problem solving, however, has not been explained in current literature. Objectives: To understand their relationships, this study compared the effects of different goal type orders on collaborative simulation‐based inquiry in engineering problem solving. Methods: In the study, 24 engineering undergraduate students worked in pairs to solve a wind tunnel problem using a computer simulation application. Process mining and epistemic network analysis were used to model the inquiry process and identify inquiry patterns based on the log data and discussion discourse. Results and Conclusions: The results showed the goal type of first assigned subtask influenced the inquiry strategies of medium‐performance learners most. In addition, the goal type of first assigned subtask had influence on learners' inquiry process. The learners assigned with a problem‐solving goal subtask first (Problem solving goal‐Learning goal condition) had more simulation trials and centered their inquiry discourse around clarification while the learners assigned with a learning goal subtask first (Learning goal‐Problem solving goal condition) connected reflection with other inquiry phases more often. The findings of this study suggested assigning a learning goal subtask first in simulated‐based complex engineering problem solving could be used as an idea‐centered scaffolding, especially for medium‐performance learners. However, low‐performance learners would experience a "situate knowledge paradox" and needs extra guidance. It is important to monitor the knowledge construction process in complex problem solving, even when seeking a solution is the major task. Lay Description: What is currently known about this topic: Simulation‐based environment is effective in supporting inquiry problem solving with proper guidance.Goal type is an important instructional element that affects students' achievements and motivation.Dividing a complex problem‐solving task into subtasks is a way to guide the inquiry. What this paper adds: The goal type of first assigned subtask influenced the inquiry strategies of medium‐performance learners the most in simulated inquiry‐based engineering problem solving.Learners assigned with a problem‐solving goal subtask first had more simulation trials and centered their inquiry discourse around clarificationLearners assigned with a learning goal subtask first connected reflection with other inquiry phases more often in their inquiry process. Implications for practice and/or policy: Assigning a learning goal subtask first in simulated‐based complex engineering problem solving could be used as "idea‐centered" scaffolding, especially for medium‐performance learners.Low‐performance learners low‐performance learners would experience a "situate knowledge paradox" and needs extra guidance in complex problem solving.It is important to monitor the knowledge construction process in complex problem solving, even when seeking a solution is the major task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although gender inequality in education is gaining increasing attention, female underrepresentation remains pervasive in STEM fields. Many studies have applied various interventions to narrow the gender gap in STEM education. Objectives: In this study, we conducted a systematic meta‐analysis to examine the effectiveness of various interventions for gender equality in STEM education and tested the influence of moderator variables. Methods: Ten databases—ERIC, IEEE, JSTOR, ProQuest‐Education, SAGE Journals, Scopus, Springer Link, Taylor & Francis, Web of Science, and Wiley Online Library—and seven high‐quality journals in related fields were selected as literature resources. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses (PRISMA) process was used to identify eligible articles for the random‐effects meta‐analysis. Results and Conclusions: The overall effect size (Hedges' g) was 0.434, indicating that the interventions promoting gender equality in STEM education had a near‐medium positive effect. There were significant differences by the type of intervention, but not by the type of intervention outcome. The results of the moderator analysis showed a significant difference in moderator variables, including country, educational level, form of experiment, intervention level, and different measurement methods, whereas there was no significant difference in the moderator variables, including economic development level and sample size. Implications: This study examined the effectiveness of gender equality interventions and the impact on it of different types of intervention, intervention outcomes, and moderator variables. These results have implications for the design of gender equality interventions in STEM education. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Gender equality in STEM education is valuable in reducing barriers and underrepresentation of female students.Different interventions have been applied to promote gender equality, but their effectiveness varies. What this paper adds: In STEM education, there were significant differences among the different types of interventions, but not among the different types of intervention outcomes.This study tested the significance of the moderating effect of the moderator variables in the gender equality intervention on the effectiveness of the intervention, including economic development level (developed or developing country), country, educational level, sample size, form of experiment, intervention level, and measurement method. Implications of study findings: Among the different types of interventions, those by different teachers and interpersonal interactions were the most effective.The results of the moderator analysis at the intervention level showed that the effectiveness of the interventions at the environmental level was significantly greater than that at the individual level.The study holds specific implications for the design of interventions for gender equality in STEM education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warnings about the risks of literal-minded automation—a system that can't tell if its model of the world is the world it is actually in—have been sounded for over 70 years. The risk is that a system will do the "right" thing—its actions are appropriate given its model of the world, but it is actually in a different world—producing unexpected/unintended behavior and potentially harmful effects. This risk—wrong, strong, and silent automation—looms larger today as our ability to deploy increasingly autonomous systems and delegate greater authority to such systems expands. It already produces incidents, outages of valued services, financial losses, and fatal accidents across different settings. This paper explores this general and out-of-control risk by examining a pair of fatal aviation accidents which revolved around wrong, strong and silent automation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two trajectories underway transform human systems. Processes of growth/complexification have accelerated as stakeholders seek advantage from advances in connectivity/autonomy/sensing. Surprising empirical patterns also arise—puzzling collapses of critical valued services occur against a background of growth. In parallel, new scientific foundations have arisen from diverse directions explaining the observed anomalies and breakdowns, highlighting basic weaknesses of automata regardless of technology. Conceptual growth provides laws, theorems, and comprehensive theories that encompass the interplay of autonomy/people and complexity/adaptation across scales. One danger for synchronizing the trajectories is conceptual lag as researchers remain stuck in stale frames unable to keep pace with transformative change. Any approach that does not either build on the new conceptual advances—or provide alternative foundations—is no longer credible to match the scale and stakes of modern distributed layered systems and overcome the limits of automata. The paper examines longstanding challenges by contrasting progress then as the trajectories gathered steam, to situation now as change has accelerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum alloy lattice structures have important application prospects in modern engineering, construction, and lightweight manufacturing of key industrial components. The current "dot-by-dot" manufacturing method, using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) with Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) as the heat source is an important way to achieve integrated manufacturing of large-sized and complex aluminum alloy lattice structure. In this paper, a detailed study is conducted on the design and prototype manufacturing of aluminum alloy dot-by-dot deposition process. Single strut design, "X lattice unit" design and geometric parameter design are explored through characterization of both microstructural and mechanical properties. The porosity, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the lattice strut in different areas were studied. The majority of pores were present between each layer deposition and accumulated in the line bridge area. A detailed discussion was then conducted on the formation mechanism of pores in aluminum alloy struts and the deposition strategy of the so-called X lattice unit. Finally, the manufacturing of a circular lattice structure composed of X lattice unit was achieved through deposition strategies control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the application of the HAM-Padé technique for solving a system of differential equations is investigated. This method is a combination of the homotopy analysis method (HAM) and Padé approximation. The equations under consideration are the governing equations of an important physical problem that is also widely used in engineering. This study is a comparative research so that after solving the equations, the solutions obtained from the HAM-Padé method will be compared with the outcomes of the three previous studies. The comparison showed that the HAM-Padé solutions have an interesting agreement with the previous works and have good accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, new analytic solutions for the free vibration analysis of passive constrained layer damping (PCLD) beams, which are widely used in engineering to suppress vibrations and noise, are shown based on the symplectic method. The Hamiltonian-based governing equations and the new boundary condition expressions of PCLD beams are established by the original vector and its dual vector obtained by variation of the quasi Lagrangian function. The explicit solutions are obtained in the symplectic space in a direct, rigorous way without any trail functions under various boundary conditions. To verify the accuracy of the present method, the frequency parameters and loss factors of PCLD beams are compared with the results available in the literature. Comprehensive results under various boundary conditions are also tabulated for further benchmark use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical performance of joints for any engineering applications requires accurate characterization of joint interfaces. This paper presents a simplified experimental procedure to estimate the cohesive zone model (CZM) parameters for predicting the interface failure of adhesively bonded joints subjected to mode I (opening) and mode II (shear) loading. The novelty of this procedure lies in predicting all CZM parameters—cohesive stiffness, strength, and cohesive energy (fracture toughness), of the bonded interface using one common experimental setup. It is observed that the cohesive strength and cohesive energy in shear loading are approximately 3.8 and 11.6 times, respectively, compared to the opening loading condition. Employing a triangular cohesive law, the CZM parameters are combined with appropriate damage initiation (quadratic stress) and evolution (power law) criteria. The proposed methodology is verified against experimental load–displacement responses of the bonded interface under mixed‐mode I/II (opening/shear) loading across a wide range of mode mixity (α = 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90°). The maximum error between the experimental and the numerical peak load is 5.11%. The acceptable agreement between the numerical and experimental results confirms the effectiveness of this method in investigating interface fracture in adhesively bonded joints under different loading conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conceptual engineering is the process of assessing and improving our conceptual repertoire. Some authors have claimed that introducing or revising concepts through conceptual engineering can go as far as expanding the realm of thinkable thoughts and thus enable us to form beliefs, hypotheses, wishes, or desires that we are currently unable to form. If true, this would allow conceptual engineers to contribute to solving stubborn problems – problems that cannot be solved with our current ways of thinking. We call this kind of conceptual engineering heavy‐duty conceptual engineering. As exciting as the idea of heavy‐duty conceptual engineering sounds, it has never been developed or defended. In this paper, we pursue a two‐fold goal. First, to offer a theory of heavy‐duty conceptual engineering that distinguishes it from other kinds of conceptual engineering; second, to show that heavy‐duty conceptual engineering is possible, both in theory and in practice, and to explain how it can be applied in the service of solving stubborn problems. The central idea is that heavy‐duty conceptual engineering can enhance the semantic expressive power of a conceptual system by the use of bootstrapping processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is essential to solve nonlinear equations in engineering, where accuracy and precision are critical. In this paper, a novel family of iterative methods for finding the simple roots of nonlinear equations based on multiplicative calculus is introduced. Based on theoretical research, a novel family of simple root-finding schemes based on multiplicative calculus has been devised, with a convergence order of seven. The symmetry in the pie graph of the convergence–divergence areas demonstrates that the method is stable and consistent when dealing with nonlinear engineering problems. An extensive examination of the numerical results of the engineering applications is presented in order to assess the effectiveness, stability, and consistency of the recently established method in comparison to current methods. The analysis includes the total number of functions and derivative evaluations per iteration, elapsed time, residual errors, local computational order of convergence, and error graphs, which demonstrate our method's better convergence behavior when compared to other approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic analysis of high-speed train–track–bridge (TTB) system presents engineering challenges, particularly under complex conditions like track irregularity and crosswinds. Achieving a balance between computational efficiency and accuracy using the traditional substructure method, i.e. modeling the train and track–bridge separately and possibly performing iterations between them, can be difficult. In this paper, a practical unified three-dimensional (3D) TTB model is presented by using two coordinate systems: a stationary system for the track–bridge, and a moving system for the high-speed train. A wheel–rail interaction (WRI) element model is further extended such that the wheel and rail nodes in WRI element belong to moving and stationary systems, respectively, so as to make the train and track–bridge models consistently combined into one unified model. The unified modeling method simplifies computations and improves efficiency and stability. The modeling method has been implemented into an open source finite element platform, i.e. OpenSees, and applied for dynamic response analysis of a train traveling at 50m/s over a seven-span simply supported bridge. Running safety assessments are performed using three criteria, i.e. the Nadal criterion, Prud’homme criterion and unloading criterion, considering track irregularities and crosswind loads. The analysis results provide practically useful references for engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents new approximate formulas for evaluating the maximum displacements of an elastic layer loaded on a circular or square area. The approximate formulas are based on the exact solutions of the theory of elasticity for a half-space and the elastic layer and offer a simple and quick way to obtain the values of displacements. The novelty of these formulas lies in their ease of application while maintaining high accuracy with respect to the exact solution of the theory of elasticity, which can make them useful in engineering practice and allows for the quick and efficient estimation of displacement values without the need for complex numerical methods—merely a pocket calculator is enough. This is beneficial from an engineering point of view, where time and resources may be limited. This article also provides an analysis of the maximum displacements of different elastic layers—slipping on a non-deformable base (a load on a circular or square area) or fixed on a non-deformable base (a load on a circular area). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]