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Examines the clauses of the Constitution relating to money. Description of the specifications of the power which is given to the Congress of the United States in the Constitution relating to money; Analysis of the clauses of the Constitution about the emission of bills and making paper a legal tender; Explanation of the power of Congress in making a paper currency.

The article presents notes from lectures delivered as part of the regular course of instruction in the Law School. To incorporate in a will a document, which is not duly attested, the latter must be so described in the will as to be capable of identification. This identification, as is pointed out in Allen v. Maddock, will always be to some extent a question of parol evidence; but the document must be referred to as one then existing; if there is not such a reference, it is immaterial that there is already in existence a paper which satisfies the description.

Discusses the legal issue of donatio mortis causa of negotiable instruments in the United States. Distinction between the case of a bill of exchange and that of a check payable to bearer; Case of "Rolls v. Pearce"; Ruling in "Clemen v. Cheesman" that the gift of two checks of a third person, owned by the donor, is a valid donatio mortis causa; Ruling that promissory notes made or the bills of exchange drawn by the donor himself are not valid donatio mortis causa.

The article focuses on a paper on the relation of the reports of cases in the Year Books to the records of the same cases found among the Public Records. The report was intended for the use of the legal profession, including the judges. It was designed to show general principles of law, pleading, or practice. They were not the facts which the lawyer wished to know, and would not help to guide him in his pleading, except in cases in which an argument turned upon a description or a misdescription. There are in the reports innumerable matters of interest, legal, historical, constitutional and social which have no counterpart in the rolls. In the reports are living men, dealing with the facts in their own language, in the spirit of their own age, in tones which reveal what manner of men they were.

Presents the author's reply to comments on his paper on the Rule against Perpetuities published in the sixth volume of the "Harvard Law Review" periodical. Criticism citing that the true object of the Rule against Perpetuities is to restrain the creation of future conditional interests that is not aimed directly at preventing the non-alienation of property; Remoteness of charitable gifts; Implications on law.

Comments on the paper by Judge Seymour D. Thompson entitled "The Doctrine of Ultra Vires in Relation to Private Corporations". Review of the ancient doctrine of ultra vires; Outline of the modern doctrine; Arguments against some views of Thompson; Observation that there it is not clear than any tribunal ever gave a consistent adherence to the doctrine which Thompson calls the "ancient doctrine"; Argument against Thompson's assertion that modern developments of the law of Corporate Power are to be explained upon a principle of moral evolution.

Presents several court cases and rulings in the U.S. published in the November 1896 issue of the "Harvard Law Review." Preference of veterans in the Massachusetts civil service; Certainty as a formal requisite of negotiable paper; Common law pleading; Physical suffering resulting from mental shock.

This article discusses various issues related to law and theories of overdue negotiable paper. There are three theories of overdue negotiable paper, no one of which has been consistently adopted by the common law. It is consequently difficult, if not impossible, to get either a correct perspective from which to view the cases or an absolute standard by which to measure their correctness. It appears to the article author to be impossible to follow the ordinary method and test the correctness of a case relating to overdue negotiable paper by the application. of the logical deduction and modification of the principles which, underlie the law of negotiable paper before maturity, because to do so would be to condemn almost every case to the limbo of legal error.

The article focuses on the supremacy of the town in Rhode Island. In Rhode Island everything is done by the towns and nothing by the counties. The only county officers are the clerk of the Supreme Court and Court of Common Pleas, who has the custody of the papers of these courts when they meet in the different counties; the sheriff of the county, whose writ, however, runs throughout the state; and the keeper of the county jail, who, in other than Providence County, is the sheriff of the county.

Presents a list of legal research papers, recently published. The list here includes, "Law of Accomplices"; "Conference Respecting Final Court of Appeals"; "Three Great Judges of Our Own Times"; "Corporations and Trusts"; and "Criminal Law and its Administration in the State of New York"; "The Development of Law during the Middle Ages, Especially in France and England"; "Expert Testimony: Its Abuses and Uses"; "Handwriting of Part Payments" and "Incorporation by Reference."

The article focuses on fraudulent alteration of commercial papers negligently drawn. The English decisions on the concerned subject establish two principles. First, as between drawer and acceptor, the former owes a duty so to draw as not to facilitate alteration, and he must answer to the latter for any loss resulting from failure to observe that duty. Secondly, as between the drawer or acceptor and subsequent parties there is no such duty, and, consequently, no liability for a failure to observe it.

The article comments on the advancements in the agreement on rules to prevent a conflict of laws. The inconvenience resulting from a conflict of laws between the states of the U.S. on the subject of commercial paper has of late been largely avoided by the general adoption of the Negotiable Instruments' Act, framed by the Annual Conference of the States for Promoting Uniform Legislation. It is from the action of this body that the most is to be hoped for in the future in smoothing the way to general agreement within the United States as to matters of private law.

Discusses the value in the law of negotiable instruments. Provisions of the Negotiable Instruments Law; Existence of the difference between negotiable paper and other property; Merits of New York case of Stalker v. McDonald.

The article presents information on the gage of land in medieval England. The English gage of land with possession of the debtor until default is to all seeming developed later than the gage with immediate possession of the creditor; the origin of this later form of security for loans being directly connected with the history of the process of judicial execution. It will be seen that whether the medieval creditor take immediate possession or only on default of the debtor, the principle is the same. In either case the security is a usufructgage or it is a property-gage, or it is indeed a combination of the two. Though the tracing of the development down to the present lies beyond the scope of the present paper, it is believed that this very same conception lies at the basis of much of the modern English law.

The article presents information on the paper "Extrinsic Evidence in Aid of Interpretation," by Sidney L. Phipson. The article is a clear discussion of scholar Isdole Wigram's classic work and the many criticisms thereon, and offers independent ideas of value as well. Phipson stands by Wigram's treatment of interpretation as a question of evidence. As to the object of interpretation--whether, as Wigram maintains, it is to ascertain the meaning of the words, or to learn the intention of the writer. Phipson declares that in reducing the various rules and principles to seven working propositions, Wigram seems to have done all that is possible to secure condensation without sacrificing adequacy or exactness.

The article presents information on the paper "A Brief History of the Parol Evidence Rule," by John H. Wigmore. The doctrine was unknown to the Germanic invaders of Rome and Western Europe. A general ignorance of letters and the existence of a "legal system of formal oral transactions " combined to strip the carta, or document of that period, of further value than as a means of effecting a formal symbolic delivery of land, and of preserving the names of witnesses upon whom alone reliance was placed for proof of the terms of the transaction. A notable advance in the status of written documents appeared with the rise of the seal. The principle that the king's word is indisputable gained for a document bearing his seal incontestability.

The article focuses on the paper "De quelques questions relatives dl'assurance des risques de guerre," by Emile Audouin. It was formerly the practice, he says, for the same policy to cover both ordinary perils of the sea and war risks, for a single premium. But gradually a change was made, until in 1900 the principal marine insurance companies operating in Europe adopted the principle of a special policy for each kind of risk. The change makes necessary an exactness in the legal definition of ordinary and war risks not required before. If the insured has to cover the two in different companies, it is important for him to see that there are no gaps to leave him without protection, as will happen if the war risk contract is held not to cover a loss, which the law governing the ordinary risk contract would not consider the result of an ordinary peril.

The article focuses on the paper "The Doctrine of Anticipatory Breach," by Colin P. Campbell. In a late article upon this subject, the writer, while disclaiming any effort to justify in theory the general rule allowing recovery by one party before the time of performance, on repudiation by the other, discusses the grounds on which that doctrine seems to rest. He points out that these decisions have been based on two different views of the situation. The first, which is illustrated in Hochster v. De la Tour is that the action is based on an implied undertaking in the original contract, to do nothing inconsistent with the contractual relation before the time of performance.

The article discusses a paper and various books related to the lawsuits in the U.S. The paper discussed is "The Legal Nature of International Law," by George B. Scott. In this paper, the writer maintains two propositions: first, that the quality of enforceability and the existence of a sanction are not essential to the definition of law; secondly, that assuming a sanction to be requisite, one is present in the realm of international law. Some of the books discussed are "The Abuse of New Trials," by Everett P. Wheeler, "The Act of Congress Permitting Suits Against Federal Receivers: Injunctions From State Courts," by W.A. Coutts and "Dissenting Opinions," by V.H. Roberts.

The article presents information about papers related to the U.S. law published in various journals. The provisions of the Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the Federal Constitution guaranteeing common law procedure, including the right of indictment and trial by jury do not extend to the inhabitants of our insular possessions. It would seem that this applies equally to all the territories of the United States. It is suggested, there can be no distinction between the organized and the unorganized territories. The privileges guaranteed by the Bill of Rights in fact extend to the former only by virtue of an Act of Congress or a treaty provision.

This article presents information on some books and periodicals that contain research papers on legal topics. A writer in a recent periodical maintains that a judgment for the defendant in an action by an administrator should bind another administrator of the same deceased in another jurisdiction, because there exists between the two an official privity. Some of the books listed are, "Blackmail and Extortion," by James W. Osborne; "The Development of International Law," by Edwin Maxey and "Growing Conception of Neutrality," by Hannis Taylor.

Reports on the publication of leading legal articles. Case involving the nature of a bank's interest in paper deposited for discount or collection; Case involving the preference given to the legal estate over the equitable.

Presents a list of titles and abstracts of papers regarding geography presented to the Association of American Geographers from 1904 to 1910.

The article presents titles and abstracts of various research articles, related to geography. "A Canoe Journey in Southeastern Labrador," by Henry G. Bryant is about Labrador, which with its large unexplored areas and comparative accessibility, presents an attractive field for the pioneer explorer. The Atlantic seaboard is desolate owing to climatic conditions produced by the Labrador current. In addition to that, the article presents information on various other abstracts related to geography.

The article presents abstracts of various papers related to international law. One of the papers discussed is "Defenses to Action on Foreign Judgment." By the civil law a foreign judgment, in the absence of treaty or statutory provision, is reviewable on the merits. When approved it is declared executory and enforced directly. At common law the rule is otherwise. A foreign judgment is conclusive on the merits, because it creates an obligation which is recognized like any other foreign-acquired right. Other papers discussed are "The Effect of Changing the Use of Land Taken by Eminent Domain," "Revision of Alimony Decrees," "Actual Competition As an Essential Element in Unfair Trade Cases" and "Effect on Incomplete Release of Appointment of Debtor As Executor."

The article presents abstracts of various papers related to legislation of the U.S. One of the papers discussed is "The Constitutionality of the Pipe-Line Amendment." By an amendment to the Interstate Commerce Act adopted in 1906 all persons engaged in the transportation of oil by interstate pipelines are placed on the footing of common carriers. A recent decision of the Commerce Court holding this amendment invalid because it applies to pipelines, which have never professed to carry for the public, presents a constitutional question of considerable importance. Another paper discussed is "Martial Law." Military jurisdiction is of three kinds. The universal demand for security to person and property, which has everywhere, expressed itself in the form of constitutional guarantees against interference with individual rights.

The article discusses various lawsuits in the U.S. One of the lawsuits discussed is Moore v. Empire Land Co. The plaintiff's grantor took possession of certain land without any paper title and held it adversely for seven years. He then conveyed the surface of the land to X., reserving the minerals; and X. and his grantees entering held possession of the surface for the remainder of the statutory period, no one meanwhile operating the mines. Thereafter the plaintiff bought the minerals from the grantor, and brings this bill to quiet his title to them. Another case discussed is Condon v. Exton-Hall Brokerage and Vessel Agency. The defendant, at the plaintiff's request, undertook gratuitously to procure the immediate cancellation of an insurance policy issued by the plaintiff. The defendant directed its local correspondent to investigate the risk with a view to action in the future.

The article presents abstracts of geographical research papers. In the research paper "A Geographical Study of Nova Scotia," researcher R.H. Whitebeek discusses the geographic conditions of Nova Scotia. Lying nearer Europe and possessing many excellent harbors and peopled by immigrants from the best European stocks, the province of Nova Scotia in Canada has now, after 300 years, fewer people than the city of Boston, Massachusetts. Its total manufacturing output is less than that of single companies in New England, and the province has shared but slightly in Canada's economic growth.

The article presents various titles and abstracts of research papers related to geography by the Association of American Geographers. Some of papers included are "Problems of Geographic Influence," by Albert Perry Brigham, "Some Geographic Factors Influencing Brazilian Trade," by Walter S. Tower, "Postglacial Migrations of Vegetation in the Middle West," by Henry Allan Gleason, "Bases for Dividing the United States into Physiographic Provinces," by N. M. Fenneman, "The Losses of Nebraska," by G. E. Condra.

The article presents various titles of research papers related to geography by the Association of American Geographers. Some of papers included are "The General Magnetic Survey of the Earth," by L.A. Bauer, "Land Sculpturing in Arid Lands with Observations from Northeastern Africa," by W.H. Hobbs, "The Platforms of Barrier Coral Reefs," by T. Wayland Vaughan, "Botanical Phenomena and the Problem of Coastal Subsidence," by D.W. Johnson, "Characteristics of the Mississippi Delta in the Light of Comparative Studies of Some Old-World Deltas," by E.W. Shaw.

The article presents titles and abstracts of papers related to geography. In the paper Outlines of Some Foreign Settlements in Nebraska the author holds that Nebraska was settled principally by people form groups called settlements. latter tended to form groups called settlements. The paper shows for a few of these the origin, development and changes in form. Careful mapping shows this to be somewhat in error. In the article The Place of Geodesy in Scientific Geography the article holds that Geodesy is one of the important branches of geography and is essential in the determination of the shape and size of the earth, a knowledge of which is necessary in geographic research and investigations.

Reports on the ruling of a court in Massachusetts on a case regarding the validity of a contract between Nashua River Paper Co. and Hammermill Paper Co. which contains a stipulation that no action should be maintainable against the foreign corporation except in certain courts of the foreign state. Reason behind the ruling of the court; Other court cases with similar ruling.

This paper may be regarded as a first short step into a scheme of systematic geography, since it deals with an island off a young coastal plain that is Shriharikota, Madras, India. The island is probably the simplest part of the simplest type of land form. Moreover, its inhabitants, simple jungle folk, are in the most elemental stage of evolution. The island has the monsoon type of climate. The East Coast of India presents to the Bay of Bengal a shoreline backed. except in a few places, with a monotonously low relief. If one braves the tulmultous shallow inshore waters of the bay from the city Calcutta to Cape Comorin his typical view is of a silver strand surmounted by jungle growth.

This article presents titles and abstracts of various articles published in the January 1, 1917 issue of the journal Annals of the Association of American Geographers . The article titled "Geographic Provinces of the U.S.," indicates that the gravimetric survey of the U.S. may be considered to have been begun in 1890. Previous to that date, 13 states had been established in the U.S. The article titled "Shriharikota and the Yanadis," indicates that Tahiti, the largest of the Society Islands is a volcanic doublet, submaturely disserted in radial consequent valleys, the larger cone being 17 nautical miles in diameter and 7,381 feet in height.

The article presents various U.S. court cases and their judgments. In the court case People cx rel. Argus Co. v. Hugo, I68 N. Y.Supp. 25, a statute provided that the state printing board should award the state printing contract to the lowest responsible bidder. The board awarded the contract to the second lowest bidder, and the lowest bidder seeks to have the proceedings reviewed on certiorari. In the court case Carr v. Maine Cent. R.R., 192 AtI. 532 (N.H.), defendant informed plaintiff that if he would execute the necessary papers it would procure such consent. Papers were executed and delivered to the defendant, but it failed to act further during the period for securing the rebate. The court held the decision that the plaintiff is entitled to damages caused by defendant's failure to secure consent to the rebate.

The article focuses on the effect of World War I on international law. The law must take them into account, no matter what the theories of doctrinaires and Utopians. The world is familiar with the successive laws through which the U.S. has protected its population against the disagreeable results of immigration. The the decree of October 2, 1888, followed by the law of August 8, 1893, required foreigners residing in France to make a declaration to the police authorities and to carry papers which should be vise, in the commune to which they moved, each time that they changed their residence. The moving about of individuals which will be caused by military operations is likely to contribute to the exchange of knowledge and the comparison of law. Sometimes it will cause a case of conflict.

The article presents an endeavor to test a theory of negotiable instruments by its application to the abnormal conditions of overdue paper. Examination of the decisions and text-writers shows not only a wide difference of opinion as to which of these two innocent persons should prevail, but also great uncertainty as to the theoretical nature of an overdue negotiable instrument. An overdue note is consequently negotiable within the terms of a statute exempting debts secured by negotiable promissory notes from garnishment.

Presents abstracts of articles on geography. "The Call for Geographers," by Wallace W. Wood; "Arable Land in the United States," by O. E. Baker and H. M. Strong; "Ocean Temperatures is Long-Range Forecasting," by Chas F. Brooks; "The Present and Past Climates of Our Leading Crop Plants," by Henry C. Cowles.

The article presents information on abstracts of various papers related to the legislation. One of the papers discussed is "Injuries by Trespassing Animals." In the simple conception of liability that refers everything to the human will, one is held legally upon a legal transaction, in which he willed liability, or because of a wrongful act, in which he willed something culpable. But liability at one's peril for situations dangerous to the general security, without regard to culpability, was an obvious fact in the administration of justice. Another paper discussed is "Effect of Ownership of All the Stock of One Corporation by a Second Corporation: Liability of a Parent Corporation for the Debts of a Subsidiary Corporations, Subsidiary Corporations As Agents."

This article presents information about recent law cases. In United States v. Ferger, however, it has recently been held that section 41 of the Pomerene Act, which makes criminal the forging of an interstate bill of lading, is unconstitutional, since the forged bills of lading were nothing but pieces of paper fraudulently inscribed. They were not receipts for goods. They did not affect interstate commerce. The court excluded from contemplation, as possibly presenting a different question, the counterfeiting of an existing genuine interstate bill of lading.

Reveals why it has become usual for bank loans, even if secured by collateral, to contain numerous provisions for the acceleration of payment. Conversion of a negotiable instrument into a substitute for money; Origin of the rule requiring certainty in commercial paper; Failure of the courts and law textbooks to distinguish between the requisite of certainty of time and that which forbids the instrument to be conditional.

The article presents titles and abstracts of papers published in the January 1920 issue of the journal "Annals of the Association of American Geographers." The 'Southern Indiana,' includes the unglaciated portion of the state, the areas of Pre-wisconsin drift on each side of the unglaciated tract, and the margin of the area of Wisconsin drift border has been largely determined by geologic structure. In the title 'The Geographic Factors in the Distribution of Animals, with particular reference to the distribution of the land Reptiles of the Davis Mountains Region, Texas,' the distribution of the land reptiles of the Davis Mountains Region, Texas, shows that the zonal distribution is less than would be expected on the life-zone theory and that there is evidence that other geographic factors than climate are to be recognized.

This article focuses on the titles and abstracts related to land use and geography. Esther S. Anderson published the paper "Population Changes in Nebraska Since 1880." Wallace W. Atwood published the paper "The Development of Productive Scholarship Among American Geographers." Oliver E. Baker published "The Importance and Permanence of the Physical Factors in Determining the Utilization of Land for Agricultural and Forest Production." Zonia Baber published "The Distribution of Sunlight and Moonlight on the Earth." Charles F. Brooks published "Cold Surf with Off-Shore Winds."

The article presents information on various amendments to the Constitution of the U.S., and different laws related to searches and seizures of property and papers. The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the U.S. discusses about the right of people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures and issue of warrants. Constitutional provisions more or less similar to this one exist in all the states, except in New York where such a limitation appears in the Civil Rights Law. It is well known that the adoption in 1791 of the first ten amendments resulted from the agitation for a Bill of Rights which attended the ratification of the Constitution.