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The text is a preface to the proceedings of the 19th International Workshop on Plasma Edge Theory in Fusion Devices, which took place in Hefei, China in September 2023. The workshop focused on the field of edge plasma physics, which is crucial for fusion research. The workshop included 93 participants from various research organizations, with contributions categorized into three topics: basic plasma edge theory, models of special phenomena and edge control, and integrated plasma modeling. The preface highlights the importance of collaboration and intellectual exchange in advancing the field of edge plasma physics and fusion research. [Extracted from the article]

Molecular chirality plays a pivotal role across the disciplines of chemical and physical sciences, as well as holding significant implications in the realms of medicine and technology. Chiral macrocycles have attracted recent interests in synthetic chemistry, material science, and supramolecular chemistry. Due to the cyclic arrangements of stereogenic elements or special orientations confined in the rigid structures, π‐conjugated chiral macrocycles are expected to be highly luminescent, and configurationally stable, and thus serve to develop high‐performance chiroptical materials. Given the rapid progress achieved in this new area in recent years, it is significant to highlight new concepts and breakthroughs. This minireview will offer the overview of a wide range of π‐conjugated chiral macrocycles from traditional molecules which include the axially, helically, and planar chiral skeletons to the new chiral nanobelts with a focus on the structure‐function relationship between chiral molecules and the unique chiroptical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on supported atomically dispersed palladium (Pd) catalysis for direct alkoxylation and allylic alkylation, emphasizing the catalyst's efficiency and unique mechanism. It discusses the utilization of atomically dispersed Pd on titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanosheets for direct allylic alkylation from allylic alcohols, highlighting the role of hydrogen bonding at the organic-inorganic interface in facilitating the reaction.

This study presents and explains the phenomenon of indexjacking, which involves the systematic infiltration of hijacked journals into international indexing databases, with Scopus being one of the most infiltrated among these databases. Through an analysis of known lists of hijacked journals, the study identified at least 67 hijacked journals that have penetrated Scopus since 2013. Of these, 33 journals indexed unauthorized content in Scopus and 23 compromised the homepage link in the journal's profile, while 11 did both. As of September 2023, 41 hijacked journals are still compromising the data of legitimate journals in Scopus. The presence of hijacked journals in Scopus is a challenge for scientific integrity due to the legitimization of unreliable papers that have not undergone peer review and compromises the quality of the Scopus database. The presence of hijacked journals in Scopus has far‐reaching effects. Papers published in these journals may be cited, and unauthorized content from these journals in Scopus is thus imported into other databases, including ORCID and the WHO COVID‐19 Research Database. This poses a particular challenge for research evaluation in those countries, where cloned versions of approved journals may be used to acquire publications and verifying their authenticity can be difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an editorial from the journal ChemCatChem titled "Special Collection: Catalysts and Reactors under Dynamic Conditions for Energy Storage and Conversion." The editorial discusses the importance of power-to-chemical, power-to-fuel, and power-to-gas processes in decarbonizing the industry and achieving CO2 neutrality. It highlights the challenges of storing large amounts of fluctuating renewable energy and the role of catalysis in transforming electrical energy and low-energy molecules into high-energy reactive molecules. The editorial emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary scientific approaches and the development of new materials and catalytic processes. The document also mentions a topical collection of research articles on the dynamics of catalysts and reactors, as well as upcoming conferences on the topic. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses a study that examines the factors contributing to tree mortality in tropical forests. The research finds that the traits of trees in current forests are more important for predicting changes in forest health than climate projections or rising CO2 levels. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding the trait composition of forests, particularly in tropical regions. The findings suggest that future forest health may depend more on existing traits than on climate change. The study also highlights the need for collaboration between field ecology and vegetation model development. [Extracted from the article]

The article is a response to a letter discussing the limitations of using global warming potential (GWP) as a metric for reporting greenhouse gases. The authors argue that GWP is a political tool rather than a scientifically robust metric, and that it should not be used to evaluate the climate impact of volatile anaesthetics. They also challenge the claim that reducing emissions of one volatile anaesthetic will not lead to increased emissions of another. The authors suggest that anaesthetists should use their personal judgment to make decisions about anaesthetics, and focus on reducing major greenhouse gas emissions to zero. [Extracted from the article]

Coupled human-water systems (CHWS) are diverse and have been studied across a wide variety of disciplines. Integrating multiple disciplinary perspectives on CHWS provides a comprehensive and actionable understanding of these complex systems. While interdisciplinary integration has often remained elusive, specific combinations of disciplines might be comparably easier to integrate (compatible), and/or their combination might be particularly likely to uncover previously unobtainable insights (complementary). This paper systematically identifies such promising combinations by mapping disciplines along a common set of topical, philosophical, and methodological dimensions. It also identifies key challenges and lessons for multidisciplinary research teams seeking to integrate highly promising (complementary) but poorly compatible disciplines. Applied to eight disciplines that span the environmental physical sciences and the quantitative and qualitative social sciences, we found that promising combinations of disciplines identified by the typology broadly reproduce patterns of recent interdisciplinary collaborative research revealed by a bibliometric analysis. We also found that some disciplines are centrally located within the typology by being compatible and complementary to multiple other disciplines along distinct dimensions. This points to the potential for these disciplines to act as catalysts for wider interdisciplinary integration. This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Methods Human Water > Methods Science of Water > Methods [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rietveld refinements are widely used for many purposes in the physical sciences. Conducting a Rietveld refinement typically requires expert input because correct results may require that parameters be added to the fit in the proper order. This order will depend on the nature of the data and the initial parameter values. A mechanism for computing the next parameter to add to the refinement is shown. The fitting function is evaluated with the current parameter value set and each parameter incremented and decremented by a small offset. This provides the partial derivatives with respect to each parameter, along with information to discriminate meaningful values from numerical computational errors. The implementation of this mechanism in the open‐source GSAS‐II program is discussed. This new method is discussed as an important step towards the development of automated Rietveld refinement technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bowei Research Conference (BRC) series, established by Mr. Bowei Lee in Taiwan, provides a platform for young scientists, postdoctoral fellows, and graduate students to network and exchange ideas. The article highlights past conferences, such as BRC-2 and BRC-3, and the upcoming BRC-4 conference with the theme "The Magic of Synthesis - New Frontiers of Molecular Architecture." The LCY Group and the LCY Education Foundation organize and sponsor the BRC series. The opening ceremony of BRC-4 featured distinguished guests, a buffet dinner, and traditional Chinese music, emphasizing the importance of chemistry in solving global challenges and promoting innovation. Keynote lectures covered topics like sustainable chemistry, natural product synthesis, and molecular machines, providing valuable insights into advancements in the field. The conference also included a poster session and retreat activities, and the next conference, BRC-5, will focus on "The Magic of Chemical Biology." [Extracted from the article]

This article explores the concept of the Anthropocene, a term used to describe the period in which human activities have significantly impacted the Earth's environment. It discusses the "Great Acceleration," which encompasses processes like climate change, urbanization, and species extinction. The recognition of the Anthropocene as a geological unit is a topic of ongoing debate, and geographers play a crucial role in understanding and defining this concept. The article also highlights the challenges in determining the beginning of the Anthropocene and the importance of using various datasets to study the Great Acceleration. Geographers are encouraged to contribute papers that offer conceptual frameworks and solutions for addressing the challenges of the Anthropocene, with the Covid-19 pandemic serving as a template for studying this phenomenon. [Extracted from the article]

Lévy processes are useful tools for analysis and modeling of jump‐diffusion processes. Such processes are commonly used in the financial and physical sciences. One approach to building new Lévy processes is through subordination, or a random time change. In this work, we discuss and examine a type of multiply subordinated Lévy process model that we term a deep variance gamma (DVG) process, including estimation and inspection methods for selecting the appropriate level of subordination given data. We perform an extensive simulation study to identify situations in which different subordination depths are identifiable and provide a rigorous theoretical result detailing the behavior of a DVG process as the levels of subordination tend to infinity. We test the model and estimation approach on a data set of intraday 1‐min cryptocurrency returns and show that our approach outperforms other state‐of‐the‐art subordinated Lévy process models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review is a critical analysis of the current state-of-the-art in core spun yarn textile triboelectric nanogenerators (CSY-T-TENGs) for self-powered smart sensing applications. The rapid expansion of wireless communication, flexible conductive materials, and wearable electronics over the last ten years is now demanding autonomous energy, which has created a new research space in the field of wearable T-TENGs. Current research is exploring T-TENGs made from CSYs as stable and reliable energy harvesters and sensing devices for modern wearable IoT platforms. CSY-TENGs are emerging as an important technology due to its simple structure, low cost, and excellent performance in converting mechanical energy into electrical energy and due to its sensing ability. This paper provides a critical review on current progress, it analyzes the unique advantages of CSYs T-TENGs over conventional T-TENGs, it describes fabrication techniques and discusses the materials used along with their properties and electrical performance characteristics, and it highlights the recent advancements in their integration with self-excitation circuits, charge storage devices and IoT-enabled smart sensing applications, such as environmental and health monitoring. In the conclusion, it discusses the challenges and future directions of CSYs T-TENGs and it provides a future road map for optimization, upscaling, and commercialization of the technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics, Wittgenstein notes that he has 'not yet made the role of miscalculating clear' and that 'the role of the proposition: "I must have miscalculated"...is really the key to an understanding of the "foundations" of mathematics.' In this paper, I hope to get clear on how this is the case. First, I will explain Wittgenstein's understanding of a 'foundation' for mathematics. Then, by showing how the proposition 'I must have miscalculated' differentiates mathematics from the physical sciences, we will see how this proposition is the key to understanding the foundations of mathematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The highest annual temperatures in northwestern Iran are associated with the mid-tropospheric ridge building caused by the development of a cyclonic circulation over the Mediterranean Sea and a northward shift of the subtropical jet stream. The analysis of the daily observed temperature at five stations in northwestern Iran indicates an increasing trend in the highest annual temperature during the period 1980-2018. The data of the synoptic stations were obtained from the Meteorological Organization of Iran. gl We first used the daily observed data at five synoptic stations in northwestern Iran to identify the values and the days of occurrence of the lowest and highest annual temperatures during the period 1980-2018. To the authors' knowledge, previous investigations have not elucidated the driving mechanisms of the occurrence of extreme weather events in northwestern Iran, although some studies focused on the identification of extreme weather events and their long-term changes in Iran (e.g. Alizadeh-Choobari and Najafi, [4]). [Extracted from the article]

The article addresses the challenge posed by George Ritzer's conclusion in his McDonaldization thesis by showing how social research can empower people to improve society by empowering on its institutions as social models, equivalence to theories in the physical sciences. Topics discussed include the McDonald's model as social knowledge, theories in natural and social science, and layers of social analysis as exemplified by fast-food chain McDonald's.

At manually read rain gauges the observer will measure precipitation equivalent of fresh snow fallen at 0900 UTC, whereas at automatic rain gauges any snow collected will be recorded when it subsequently melts; quality control of these data may then re-apportion this precipitation to previous days. It may also influence any trend in overall UK rainfall if this varies spatially between climatologically wetter and drier parts of the UK. However, it means that climatologically wetter areas of the UK have a greater influence on the overall UK summary statistic than the drier areas, rather than all equal-sized areas having equal influence (as would be the case using an areal average of the rainfall anomaly field). This report provides a summary of the UK's weather and climate through the calendar year 2022, alongside the historical context for a number of essential climate variables. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses recent advancements in the field of artificial organs. One development is the use of "perforation-type anchors" to attach skin equivalents to robotic surfaces, allowing for reliable fixation while still allowing flexibility in motion. Another breakthrough is the world's first awake kidney transplantation, which was performed on a patient with Crohn's disease using neuraxial anesthesia. Additionally, there have been successful genetically modified porcine liver transplants and kidney xenografts in living humans. Finally, a double hand transplant recipient received plasma exchange treatment to prevent rejection of the transplanted organs. These advancements highlight the progress being made in the field of artificial organs and offer hope for patients in need of transplants. [Extracted from the article]

This means an increased likelihood of more frequent instances of high tunnel temperatures, or higher peak tunnel temperatures, which have implications for both human health and the operation of the LU network. As the climate is changing, Transport for London (TfL), which owns and operates the London Underground network, is faced with operational challenges during periods of extreme weather, especially with heat, on its assets. The warmest LU lines at present (Bakerloo and Central) estimated daily maximum tunnel temperatures on both lines to exceed 30°C throughout the year in both scenarios by the 2080s, including some stations experiencing several months frequently exceeding daily maximum tunnel temperatures of 35°C in the RCP 8.5 scenario. This requires combining reliable, daily spatiotemporal weather data (in this case, St. James's Park weather station data), such as daily minimum, mean and maximum temperatures across an area with fault data, then normalising across the study area by the frequency of temperature intervals and number of assets at that location (Fisher, [10]). [Extracted from the article]

Over several months, representatives from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science and National Institutes of Health (NIH) had a number of meetings that lead to the conclusion that innovations in the Nation’s health care could be realized by more directed interactions between NIH and DOE. It became clear that the expertise amassed and instrumentation advances developed at the DOE physical science laboratories to enable cutting-edge research in particle physics could also feed innovation in medical healthcare.To meet their scientific mission, the DOE laboratories created advances in such technologies as particle beam generation, radioisotope production, high-energy particle detection and imaging, superconducting particle accelerators, superconducting magnets, cryogenics, high-speed electronics, artificial intelligence, and big data. To move forward, NIH and DOE initiated the process of convening a joint workshop which occurred on July 12th and 13th, 2021. This Special Report presents a summary of the findings of the collaborative workshop and introduces the goals of the next one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are a conservation initiative that offer payments to people who own or manage lands that provide desired ecosystem services. Utilizing mixed methods, I examine how PES in the form of government‐issued forestry incentives interact with land tenure to affect carbon storage in Guatemala's Western Highlands. Land tenure is a larger determining factor for carbon storage than payments, as communal forests managed by Indigenous Maya K'iche' communities have significantly higher carbon stocks than private landholdings in these same communities. No statistically significant differences were found in carbon stocks between incentivized and non‐incentivized plots, and participants enrolled only a fraction of their land, likely prioritizing enrollment of degraded plots. These results indicate the importance of using both social and physical science methods to understand the physical outcomes and social context of forest management. I also reflect on why carbon storage is often prioritized, drawing on a critical physical geography framework to analyze carbon accounting methods. Measuring carbon storage gives us the tools to describe the success of communal forest management, yet I also caution relying on the quantification of ecosystem services as a method for landscape valuation and suggest avoiding prioritizing carbon storage and sequestration. Key Messages: Communal forests contain more standing carbon than private forests in the Western Highlands of Guatemala.No statistically significant differences were found in carbon stocks between incentivized and non‐incentivized plots.Measuring carbon can be a tool to describe ecosystems but should not lead to the prioritization of carbon storage or sequestration over other values of forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2014, an intervention paper was published in I The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien i , calling for greater integration of physical and critical human geography, through an intellectual practice termed I critical physical geography i (Lave et al., [16]). Bruce Rhoads, one of the authors of the original CPG Intervention piece (Lave et al., [16]), phrased this critique clearly in a recent paper: [T]he extent to which CPG differs fundamentally from political ecology ... remains unclear. In doing so, the authors advance CPG scholarship by (1) creating new trading zones and creoles distinctive to CPG, and (2) developing and applying their own interactional expertise in ways that contribute to the fuller realization of CPG's three core tenets. Almost a decade after the publication of the initial CPG intervention piece, CPG is expanding into new topics (e.g., predator reintroduction, urban climatology), new methodologies (e.g., dendroprovenancing, network analysis), and new conversations with allied fields (e.g., Black Geographies, Indigenous Geographies, Queer Ecologies). [Extracted from the article]

The vast majority of empirical hypotheses in psychology, or in the social sciences more generally, are directional whereas in other sciences, such as the physical sciences, there are more point or narrow‐interval empirical hypotheses. Characteristics of theories and auxiliary assumptions play a role in the difference. Given that psychology research strongly features directional predictions, it is important to question the extent to which these provide convincing tests of theories that they are designed to test. The present work aims to provide a nuanced view that considers the complex interaction between the obviousness of directional predictions, the obviousness of the theory from which they derive, and the quality of the auxiliary assumptions that push towards directional predictions. Then, too, there is the related issue of vulnerability of directional predictions to alternative explanations and how to address them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major parasites with relevance to the blood supply Parasites that pose a risk of transfusion-transmission are largely confined to I Plasmodium i (malaria), I Trypanosoma cruzi i (Chagas disease), and I Babesia i (babesiosis). Keywords: climate change; environment; health system preparedness; parasites; vectors EN climate change environment health system preparedness parasites vectors 638 645 8 03/23/23 20230301 NES 230301 INTRODUCTION A variety of pathogenic agents, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites pose a threat to blood transfusion safety. We concluded that filariasis poses low transfusion risk and did not recommend strategies against filarial transfusion transmission.[27] How climate change affects local ecosystems Climate change can introduce periodic or permanent local changes in ambient temperature, rainfall patterns, and humidity. While it may be too early to provide specific recommendations to blood operators, we can offer a general recommendation to remain vigilant to climate change, its associated effects on the epidemiology of vector-borne parasites, and how this might impact blood transfusion safety. [Extracted from the article]

Mechanically interlocked molecules have found extensive applications in areas all across the physical sciences, from materials to catalysis and sensing. However, introducing mechanical bonds and entanglements at the molecular level is still a significant challenge due to the inherent restriction in entropy needed to preorganize strands before interlocking. Over the last decade, dynamic covalent chemistry has emerged as one of the most efficient methods of forming rotaxanes, catenanes and molecular knots. By using reversible bonds such as imines, disulfides and boronate esters, one can use the inherent error‐correction in these linkages to form interlocked architectures with high fidelity and often in excellent yields. This review reports on recent advances in the use of dynamic covalent chemistry to make mechanically interlocked molecules, systematically surveying clipping, capping and templating approaches with dynamic bonds. Furthermore, it is also discussed how dynamic bonds can be used to control motion, co‐conformational expression and catalytic activity in mechanically interlocked molecular machinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

However, due to late dropouts, the Ghana Cocoa team lost its African representative and a UK Post-Doctoral Research Associate, so was very unbalanced, and we ended up with the two Ghana teams merging into one larger-than-ideal team (GhanaAg team). The Leeds Africa Climate Hackathon aimed to generate user-relevant narratives of possible future climate in East and West Africa relevant to hydroelectric power generation and agriculture respectively. Analysis of CMIP5 models suggests West Africa will see shorter wet seasons, increasing rainfall intensity, and decreasing rainfall frequency under climate change (Dunning I et al i ., [6]). The team hypothesised that the dam would not be able to retain these higher intensity rains and would have to release them downstream, which in turn could increase periods when dam levels were low even if decadal rainfall were similar to today. [Extracted from the article]

Other phytohormones or phytohormone-like molecules produced by plants or microbes that act as plant growth and immune regulators and defence hormones also carry great potential to be used in crop microbiome manipulation for climate change adaptation. These tools will likely focus initially on employing metabolites, including volatile compounds, or even small RNAs, involved in plant-microbe/microbe-microbe crosstalk that have likely played a role in the adaptative evolution of the holobiont to many environmental selection pressures (Padje et al., [25]; Yan & Ham, [39]). MANIPULATING CROP MICROBIOME IN SITU USING PLANT-MICROBE COMMUNICATION AND METABOLITES The plant rhizosphere is a critical interface where plant roots interact intimately with soil microbial communities. The application of microbial inoculants is a way to manipulate the plant microbiome in situ, even if only temporarily, as it aims to increase the abundance of beneficial biocontrol and/or plant growth-promoting microbes. [Extracted from the article]

Physics‐driven discovery in an autonomous experiment has emerged as a dream application of machine learning in physical sciences. Here, this work develops and experimentally implements a deep kernel learning (DKL) workflow combining the correlative prediction of the target functional response and its uncertainty from the structure, and physics‐based selection of acquisition function, which autonomously guides the navigation of the image space. Compared to classical Bayesian optimization (BO) methods, this approach allows to capture the complex spatial features present in the images of realistic materials, and dynamically learn structure–property relationships. In combination with the flexible scalarizer function that allows to ascribe the degree of physical interest to predicted spectra, this enables physical discovery in automated experiment. Here, this approach is illustrated for nanoplasmonic studies of nanoparticles and experimentally implemented in a truly autonomous fashion for bulk‐ and edge plasmon discovery in MnPS3, a lesser‐known beam‐sensitive layered 2D material. This approach is universal, can be directly used as‐is with any specimen, and is expected to be applicable to any probe‐based microscopic techniques including other STEM modalities, scanning probe microscopies, chemical, and optical imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concentrations of greenhouse gases reached record levels in 2021, and energy continued to accumulate in the climate system with the ocean heat content reaching a new record high. Despite La Niña, annual average sea-surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific were not unusually cold (unusually cold years are defined here as those in the coolest 10% of years observed in the dataset). European and UK climate In the UK, the annual average temperature was nearly 1 degC warmer than the 1961-1990 average (Table 1, Figure 7), but close to the more recent 1991-2020 average. January was the UK's coldest month since March 2013, and 12 February saw a temperature of -23°C recorded at Braemar, the lowest temperature recorded in the UK since 1995. [Extracted from the article]

GLO:65TF/01dec22:wea4331-fig-0002.jpg PHOTO (COLOR): 2 (a) Emission pathways and (b) temperature outcomes for scenarios with 2030 emissions less than 2030 nationally determined contributions (NDCs) (grey) and equal or greater than the assessed NDCs (red) for FaIR simulations. gl Pathways with higher 2030 emissions tend to require more rapid emission cuts post 2030 than those in scenarios with early emission reductions, and on average require net negative emissions to be achieved earlier in the century. Scenarios with 2030 emissions less than the 2030 nationally determined contributions (NDCs) are highlighted using filled triangles and those that are equal to or greater than the assessed NDCs are shown by plus signs. gl Discussion The analyses presented here consider year 2030 emission pledges in the context of available global emission pathways from the SR15 database. One of the COP26 aims was to keep 1.5°C within reach by asking countries to come forward with ambitious year 2030 emission reductions targets to further pursue the necessary action to meet the Paris climate targets. The COP26 emission pledges are approximately in the middle of the range of 2030 emissions considered in the SR15 database and are lower than the pre COP26 Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) for 2030 from IEA (53 GtCO SB 2 sb e, IEA, [16]). [Extracted from the article]

The advocacy for writing in science and STEM‐related fields through reasoning‐based writing, critical thinking and argumentation has been accentuated as a core competence in curriculum documents. In South Africa, the CAPS document for Physical Sciences acknowledged the importance of writing and consequently, call on teachers to engage in teaching language across the curriculum. This study examined the characteristics of writing prompts in three selected samples of textbooks to understand how writing is addressed in the Physical Sciences textbooks. Specifically, the study examined the frequency and characteristics of writing prompts included in the chemistry component of three selected Physical Sciences textbooks for Grade 12 learners. A total of 533 writing prompts were identified and analyzed using a coding scheme adopted for the study. Findings revealed that learners are prompted to write in variety of ways, with prompts that positioned them to explain why, discuss your ideas, explain how and explain what. While the prompts that ask learners to explain why and discuss your ideas were the most frequently coded, the press to write their reasoning with specific features that are inherent in the respective topics were inadequate. The implications for curriculum developers are the need for explicit instructions on the length of writings required, and for authors to develop adaptable guidelines to enable textbook users understand the writing expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many methods have been developed for estimating the parameters of biexponential decay signals, which arise throughout magnetic resonance relaxometry (MRR) and the physical sciences. This is an intrinsically ill‐posed problem so that estimates can depend strongly on noise and underlying parameter values. Regularization has proven to be a remarkably efficient procedure for providing more reliable solutions to ill‐posed problems, while, more recently, neural networks have been used for parameter estimation. We re‐address the problem of parameter estimation in biexponential models by introducing a novel form of neural network regularization which we call input layer regularization (ILR). Here, inputs to the neural network are composed of a biexponential decay signal augmented by signals constructed from parameters obtained from a regularized nonlinear least‐squares estimate of the two decay time constants. We find that ILR results in a reduction in the error of time constant estimates on the order of 15%–50% or more, depending on the metric used and signal‐to‐noise level, with greater improvement seen for the time constant of the more rapidly decaying component. ILR is compatible with existing regularization techniques and should be applicable to a wide range of parameter estimation problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equating the emissions of Annex 1 developed countries with those of the former Soviet bloc and China equates industrialization linked to the North's historical abrogation of other countries' sovereignty with industrialization meant to resist that abrogation, since the USSR and China took resource-intensive development paths in large measure because of defensive industrialization (Kontorovich, [57]; Kueh, [58]: 708). Sometimes implicitly, sometimes explicitly, these documents suggest modern capitalism has gone awry - prices are "wrong", finance is running rampant (see, for example, UNCTAD, [100]: 27) and democratic institutions and social movements need to re-tame capitalism so that it does not fatally undermine its natural-ecological substrate. It seems reasonable to interpret such irreconcilable contradictions as linked to the inherent impossibility of harnessing forces with fundamentally antagonistic agendas, for example Indigenous peoples fighting for treaty rights and for their unceded land or nations struggling for climate debt reparations against settler-colonial nations and those which benefited from enclosing atmospheric space - often the same states. Clearly, HDR 2020 is uninterested in the perspectives of Indigenous people who are critical of capitalism and colonialism, and therefore such "voices" are not represented in the Report. [Extracted from the article]

We explore how physical science doctoral students navigate their role identities throughout their graduate programme. Physical science doctoral students take on many academic roles in addition to the role of scientist, including researcher, educator, and student. When social expectations of roles become internalized, they become role identities. We examined doctoral students' academic role identities as a complex system to unpack factors that constrain the behavior and define the nature of doctoral students' academic role identities. This multiple case study used open‐ended reflective questions and narrative‐style interviews with eight physical science doctoral students to explore how physical science doctoral students navigate their role identities throughout their graduate programme and the factors that may influence these identities. Responses to the reflective questions and narrative interview transcripts were qualitatively coded and salient themes are drawn through cross‐case analysis. Themes were compared across data sources to further validate the findings. Participants ascribed the most value to researcher and student identities and the least value to an educator identity. Time spent in a role, institutional recognition, advisor relationships, community in graduate school, and interest were factors that participants perceived to influence their role identities, along with the gender identity of women. Implications highlight the ways in which institutions may be able to support doctoral students in graduate school, including increased support for time management, equitable opportunities for authentic research experiences, equitable support in advisor relationships, and the importance of intentionally fostering community within science departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The IPCC's scientific assessment of the timing of net‐zero emissions and 2030 emission reduction targets consistent with limiting warming to 1.5°C or 2°C rests on large scenario databases. Updates to this assessment, such as between the IPCC's Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (SR1.5) of warming and the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), are the result of intertwined, sometimes opaque, factors. Here we isolate one factor: the Earth System Model emulators used to estimate the global warming implications of scenarios. We show that warming projections using AR6‐calibrated emulators are consistent, to within around 0.1°C, with projections made by the emulators used in SR1.5. The consistency is due to two almost compensating changes: the increase in assessed historical warming between SR1.5 (based on AR5) and AR6, and a reduction in projected warming due to improved agreement between the emulators' response to emissions and the assessment to which it is calibrated. Plain Language Summary: The IPCC's latest physical science report, the Working Group 1 Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), was released in August 2021. That report includes an update to the tools used to project the climate outcome of emission scenarios. Here we apply these newly calibrated tools, called earth system model emulators, to the set of scenarios assessed in the IPCC's Special Report on warming of 1.5°C (SR1.5). We find that two compensating changes lead to a remarkable consistency (peak warming projections within 0.1°C) between the projections made by the emulators used in SR1.5 and their descendants used in AR6. First, updates to the historical warming assessment since the SR1.5 (which was based on the IPCC's 2013 physical science report (AR5)) increase future warming projections. However, improved consistency between the emulators and the assessment of the underlying physics, particularly the short‐term warming response to emissions, lowers warming projections by an approximately equivalent amount. Our work reinforces the key messages from the IPCC: limiting warming to around 1.5°C is a great and urgent challenge, and it is up to us to decide whether we pull out all the stops to hold temperatures around 1.5°C or whether we sail on by. Key Points: Emulators used in IPCC Special Report on warming of 1.5°C and Sixth Assessment Report are remarkably consistent, despite their entirely new calibrationsThe consistency is due to two compensating factors: change in assessed historical warming and improvements to emulator calibration methods [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: bivalve; fisheries; nearshore; semi-quantitative; thermal stress EN bivalve fisheries nearshore semi-quantitative thermal stress 1 7 7 10/06/22 20221001 NES 221001 From 26 to 28 June 2021, an unprecedented atmospheric heatwave coincided with the lowest low tides of the year in the Pacific Northwest (i.e., the region consisting of the northwestern corner of the contiguous United States and southwestern Canada). Butter clams, which often burrow >15 cm deep in sediment and live at lower tidal elevations than other clam species (Dethier, 2006), were less affected by the heatwave than surface-dwelling cockles. Given that all of the bivalve species discussed here were likely reproductive during the heatwave (Anderson et al., 1982), it is possible that high mortality in certain species (e.g., cockles) may manifest itself in reduced adult populations in ~4 years. However, we did observe a range in butter clam condition among sites separated by ~30 km, indicating that local scale factors may also contribute to postheatwave clam condition. [Extracted from the article]

The present Table of Standard Atomic Weights (TSAW) of the elements is perhaps one of the most familiar data sets in science. Unlike most parameters in physical science whose values and uncertainties are evaluated using the "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement" (GUM), the majority of standard atomic‐weight values and their uncertainties are consensus values, not GUM‐evaluated values. The Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) regularly evaluates the literature for new isotopic‐abundance measurements that can lead to revised standard atomic‐weight values, Ar°(E) for element E. The Commission strives to provide utmost clarity in products it disseminates, namely the TSAW and the Table of Isotopic Compositions of the Elements (TICE). In 2016, the Commission recognized that a guideline recommending the expression of uncertainty listed in parentheses following the standard atomic‐weight value, for example, Ar°(Se) = 78.971(8), did not agree with the GUM, which suggests that this parenthetic notation be reserved to express standard uncertainty, not the expanded uncertainty used in the TSAW and TICE. In 2017, to eliminate this noncompliance with the GUM, a new format was adopted in which the uncertainty value is specified by the "±" symbol, for example, Ar°(Se) = 78.971 ± 0.008. To clarify the definition of uncertainty, a new footnote has been added to the TSAW. This footnote emphasizes that an atomic‐weight uncertainty is a consensus (decisional) uncertainty. Not only has the Commission shielded users of the TSAW and TICE from unreliable measurements that appear in the literature as a result of unduly small uncertainties, but the aim of IUPAC has been fulfilled by which any scientist, taking any natural sample from commerce or research, can expect the sample atomic weight to lie within Ar°(E) ± its uncertainty almost all of the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Featured RMS events" provides information about upcoming events related to microscopy. The EBSD 2024 meeting will be held in Glasgow, UK, and will focus on the applications of EBSD in various fields, including the biological sciences. The European Light Microscopy Initiative is organizing a meeting in Liverpool, which aims to promote communication between scientists and manufacturers in the field of light microscopy. The Light Microscopy Summer School in York offers a two-day course on the principles and practical aspects of light microscopy. Additionally, there is a confocal course and an electron microscopy summer school being held in York and Leeds, respectively, which provide training in specific microscopy techniques. [Extracted from the article]

I The i Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the enormously detailed quadrennial literature review of climate research that is the Panel's principal output, is at an advanced stage of preparation, with the final Synthesis Report scheduled to be issued in September 2022. B I From Working Group I (pp. 14-15) i b : Compared to 1850-1900, global surface temperature averaged over 2081-2100 is very likely to be higher by 1.0°C to 1.8°C under the very low GHG emissions scenario considered (SSP1-1.9), by 2.1°C to 3.5°C in the intermediate GHG emissions scenario (SSP2-4.5) and by 3.3°C to 5.7°C under the very high GHG emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5). [Extracted from the article]

There is growing recognition that soil moisture plays a crucial role in regulating the response of tundra carbon cycling to climate warming. Overall, Zona et al. ([13]) show tundra carbon fluxes are sensitive to not only summer air temperatures but also soil moisture, underscoring that warming alone may not increase net carbon uptake if soil moisture limits vegetation productivity during summer. [Extracted from the article]

The versatility of advanced microscopy and spectroscopy is demonstrated by the wide range of applications that span across the Materials Science/Life Science boundary. It underpins the push for high-resolution correlative, three-dimensional and time resolved characterisation of organic and inorganic as well as composite materials that play key roles in the development e.g. of new drugs and medical treatments as well as environmentally friendly and energetically efficient alternatives to current material systems and the cultural heritage. This addresses some of the most urgent topics of our society such as sustainable health care and climate change and provides important contributions to the protection of cultural artifacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies to identify marginal snow environments (taking into account hemispheric differences in snow [Sanecki et al., 2006a]), like those that identify hotspots of snow cover change (e.g., Notarnicola, 2020), can guide where understanding the ecological value of snow is likely have the greatest benefit for informing conservation efforts. Keywords: climate change; phenology; snow manipulation; snow melt; subnivean; winter; bajo nieve; cambio climático; deshielo; fenología; invierno; manipulación de la nieve EN climate change phenology snow manipulation snow melt subnivean winter bajo nieve cambio climático deshielo fenología invierno manipulación de la nieve 1 13 13 03/02/22 20220201 NES 220201 Introduction Seasonal snow, which covers the ground for weeks to months each year, is a feature of many temperate and mountain ecosystems. The predominance of studies on alpine (cold, deep snow cover) and maritime snow (warm, deep snow cover) does not correspond to the relative frequencies of these 2 snow types across the landscape; each are <10% of snow-covered land area in the northern hemisphere. First, predictions for the direction and magnitude of change in snow conditions over the coming decades vary regionally and by elevation; marginal snow environments-those where temperatures are already close to freezing-are likely to experience the first and greatest losses of snow and thus the most rapid loss of snow-associated habitat (Notarnicola, 2020; Steger et al., 2013). [Extracted from the article]

The control charts are essential tools in order to monitor the process quality as well as are used in numerous industries. The classical Shewhart S‐control chart is the most prevalent control chart in Statistical Process Control (SPC) for assessing changes in process over time. This paper modifies the S‐control chart by proposing SDDM‐control chart based on the SDDM (decile mean standard deviation), which presume that the quality function is monitored normally. The traditional and proposed control charts' performances under study are evaluated via a Monte‐Carlo simulation study by estimating expected widths (EW) as well as expected out‐of‐control points (EPO). In the simulation, the average out of control run length (ARL1) is considered the best method for analyzing sensitivity of the control charts. The outcomes of the simulation analysis revealed that the proposed SDDM‐control chart is well performed and very close contender of the classical S‐control chart insofar that the improvement in process variability is very similar to that of the S‐control chart. In addition, the architecture layout of the proposed SDDM‐control chart is more powerful than the conventional S‐control chart for the smaller sample size value (n) that is the most realistic situation in SPC applications. Hence the proposed chart is equally compatible for shift detection under normal process. In case of abnormal processes, the proposed SDDM‐control limits are less affected by the presence of outliers. A real‐life dataset is evaluated to help our observations from the simulation analysis for illustrative purposes. Consequently, the SDDM version of the S‐control chart is recommended to be used by the practitioners in various fields of industry, engineering, medical and physical sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]