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Disordered wrinkles inevitably appear in the fluid assembly process of graphene and heavily depress performances of assembled graphene papers. Achieving high plasticity enables the post modulation to rearrange wrinkles by stretching. Here, we obtain an over 100% improved plasticity by intercalating oligomer into graphene oxide (GO) laminates and fabricate strong, stiff and conductive graphene papers (GPs) via post stretching. The intercalated oligomer activates the mobilization of GO sheets and achieves high plasticity of solid GO papers. The improved plasticity allows high stretching ratio and the post-stretched GP features regular orientation (0.95) of graphene sheets and aligned fine wrinkles. The crystalline GPs have a high tensile strength up to 1.3 GPa, Young's modulus of 92.9 GPa and highly electrical conductivity (1.05 × 105 S m−1). The greatly improved plasticity by oligomer extends the processing capability of graphene materials and the strong and conductive GP can be assembled in high performance nanocomposites with excellent electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE). [Display omitted] • Intercalating oligomer greatly enhances plasticity of graphene oxide laminates for the improved interlayer friction. • The greatly enhanced plasticity enables to efficiently eliminate disordered wrinkles of assembled graphene sheets. • The crystalline graphene paper (GP) exhibits superior mechanical and electrical properties. • The (GP-based) laminated composite shows high tensile strength and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biobased packaging materials derived from carbon-neutral feedstocks are sustainable alternatives to conventional fossil-based polymers. In this study, a method was developed to prepare paper-sheets derived from Miscanthus × giganteus cellulose fibers for potential food contact applications. The papers were hydrophobized with modified lignin from Miscanthus × giganteus biomass and commercial Kraft alkali lignin through hydroxyethylation with ethylene carbonate, followed by esterification with propionic acid. The esterified lignin (10 % w /w) and cellulose acetate (5 % w/w, based on lignin content) were dissolved in acetone and applied as a coating on the miscanthus paper sheets. The esterified lignins were characterized using FTIR, NMR, DSC, TGA, and elemental analyses. The uncoated and coated paper-sheets had contact angle values 52.4° and >130°, respectively, indicating an increased surface hydrophobicity of the coated paper samples. The water vapor transmission rate decreased significantly from 213.7 (uncoated paper-sheet) to 63.3 g/m2.d (coated paper-sheet). The tensile strength of the coated paper (64.6 MPa) was higher than the uncoated counterpart (57.1 MPa). Results from this study suggest that the esterified lignin coated miscanthus paper is a promising hydrophobic food packaging material alternative to conventional fossil-based thermoplastics. [Display omitted] • Lignin from miscanthus biomass was hydroxyethylated followed by esterification. • Extracted cellulose fibers from miscanthus were used to fabricate paper-sheet. • Esterified lignin-cellulose acetate coating was applied on the paper-sheet. • Coated paper-sheet exhibited an excellent hydrophobicity (contact angle ˃134°). • Coating significantly increased tensile strength and moisture barrier of the paper-sheet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contamination of paper products by various chemicals has been reported on a global level, but to date, no published research has investigated pharmaceutical contamination of paper-based products. In this study, pharmaceutical analysis was conducted on 42 samples collected from various points of the recycled paper value chain in Cape Town, South Africa, which included the various grades that may be included in the manufacturing of recycled paperboard. The analysis was achieved by ultrasonic-assisted extraction of paper samples before detection by UHPLC-Q Orbitrap. Quantification limits ranged from 1.15 pg/g for ketoprofen to 46.07 pg/g for methocarbamol. Pharmaceuticals identified in newspaper samples were dexamethasone, ketoprofen, and 17β-estradiol. The latter was also detected in paper shopping bags (up to 697.49 ng/g), infant bathtub packaging (280.62 ng/g), battery packaging (137.43 ng/g), and an egg carton (170.47 ng/g). Carbamazepine was also prominent with its concentration reaching 13.02 ng/g in a vegetable box. Suspect screening tentatively identified 14 additional pharmaceuticals in paper samples, with minocycline, prazepam, and anabolic steroids appearing more prominently. This pioneering study indicated that unintentional pharmaceutical exposure had expanded beyond environmental media to consumer products. [Display omitted] • The first reported occurrence of pharmaceuticals contamination in paper samples. • Targeted and suspect screening of various paper grades was performed. • Sensitive analytical method developed using UHPLC- Q Orbitrap. • Reveals the propagation of emerging contaminants beyond environmental matrices. • Consumer usage and waste management protocols contributed to pharmaceutical occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc nanoparticles were electro-deposited along the fibres of carbon paper (CP) substrate uniformly in a salt-induced pre-phase separation region solution. The as-prepared Zn/CP electrode was used for electro-reduction of CO 2 and exhibited a Faradaic efficiency towards CO of 97.6% with a current density of 340 mA cm−2 in an H-type cell, which is the best result to date. [Display omitted] Efficient electrode design is crucial for the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 to produce valuable chemicals. The solution used for the preparation of electrodes can affect their overall properties, which in turn determine the reaction efficiency. In this work, we report that transition metal salts could induce the change of two-phase ionic liquid/ethanol mixture into miscible one phase. Pre-phase separation region near the phase boundary of the ternary system was observed. Zinc nanoparticles were electro-deposited along the fibres of carbon paper (CP) substrate uniformly in the salt-induced pre-phase separation region solution. The as-prepared Zn(1)/CP electrode exhibits super-wettability to the electrolyte, rendering very high catalytic performance for CO 2 electro-reduction, and the Faradaic efficiency towards CO is 97.6% with a current density of 340 mA cm −2, which is the best result to date in an H-type cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Directly calcined bismuth nitrate derivatives possess significant photocatalytic activity. • ImageJ-led paper microzones method for the first time into the performance evaluation process of photocatalysts. • The accuracy of the results of the PMZs method relative to the spectrophotometric method was up to 91.14%. Our work reveals for the first time that directly calcined bismuth nitrate derivatives (BNDs) possess significant photocatalytic activity towards rhodamine B (RhB). As the calcination temperature increased, the Bi(NO 3) 3 ·5H 2 O powder gradually ruptured and transformed into different bismuth nitrate products and their mixtures, finally into stable α-Bi 2 O 3 at 500 °C. Among them, BNDs-100 could achieve 100 % photocatalytic degradation of 10 mg/L RhB solution under UV irradiation for 6 min. The ImageJ-led paper microzones (PMZs) method is introduced for the first time into the performance evaluation process of photocatalysts, which can achieve the green chemistry pathway and the rapid evaluation of different catalysts. The accuracy of the results of the PMZs method relative to the spectrophotometric method was up to 91.14 %, which has a better reliability and is suitable for qualitative analysis, and a certain ability when used for quantitative analysis. The results showed that the PMZs method was used to assess the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B by bismuth nitrate-derived materials at different calcination temperatures with well reliability, and the preparation of BNDs by direct calcination was a simple and effective strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG), an enzyme for repairing uracil-containing DNA damage, is crucial for maintaining genomic stability. Simple and fast quantification of UDG activity is essential for biological assay and clinical diagnosis, since its aberrant level is associated with DNA damage and various diseases. Herein, we developed a fully integrated "sample in-signal out" distance-based paper analytical device (dPAD) for visual quantification of UDG using a flow-controlled uracil-rich DNA hydrogel (URDH). The uracil base sites contained in the DNA hydrogel are mis-incorporated with dUTP by rolling circle amplification (RCA), which simplifies the preparation process of the functionalized hydrogel. In the presence of UDG, the uracil in URDH can be recognized and removed to induce the permeability change of URDH, resulting in the visible distance signal along the paper channel. Using dPAD, as low as 6.4 × 10−4 U/mL of UDG (within 80 min) is visually identified without any instruments and complicated operations. This integrated dPAD is advantageous for its simplicity, cost effectiveness, and ease of use. We envision that it has the great potential for point-of-care testing (POCT) in DNA damage testing, personalized healthcare assessment, and biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) has become a powerful spectroscopic technology for highly sensitive detection. However, SERS is still limited in the lab because it either requires complicated preparation or is limited to specific compounds, causing poor applicability for practical applications. Herein, a micro-macro SERS strategy, synergizing polymer-assisted printed process with paper-tip enrichment process, is proposed to fabricate highly sensitive paper cartridges for sensitive practical applications. The polymer-assisted printed process finely aggregates nanoparticles with a discrete degree of 1.77, and SERS results are matched with theoretical enhancement, indicating small cluster-dominated hotspots at the micro-scale and thus 41-fold SERS increase compared to other aggregation methods. The paper-tip enrichment process moves molecules in a fluid into small tips filled with plasmonic clusters, and molecular localization at hotspots is achieved by the simulation and optimization of fluidic velocity at the macro-scale, generating a 39.5-fold SERS sensibility increase in comparison with other flow methods. A highly sensitive paper cartridge contains a paper-tip and a 3D-printed cartridge, which is simple, easy-to-operate, and costs around 2 US dollars. With a detection limit of 10 −12 M for probe molecules, the application of real samples and multiple analytes achieves single-molecule level sensitivity and reliable repeatability with a 30-min standardized procedure. The micro-macro SERS strategy demonstrates its potential in practical applications that require point-of-care detection. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The sensor has a wide response range from 0.98 Pa to 2000 kPa. • The sensor exhibits a rapid response and recovery time of 8 ms and 9 ms. • The sensor has excellent durability, with over 20,000 cycles in a 23 h fatigue test. • With 2D CNN, the sensor achieved a texture recognition accuracy of 98.33%. • A portable wireless device was developed with dimensions of 38 mm × 26 mm × 14 mm. E-skin driven by artificial intelligence algorithms enables the innovation of future technologies such as IoT, intelligent manufacturing, health monitoring and human–machine interfaces for VR/AR. Although many flexible pressure sensors have been reported, the development of sensors that combine low-cost and high performance remains a huge challenge. Herein, we propose an all-paper-based pressure sensor with water-soluble graphite functional layer and carbon interdigital electrodes obtained by friction coating and screen printing, respectively. The sensor boasts a rectangular design measuring 1 cm × 2.15 cm, with a remarkably thin profile of only 71 μm and an ultra-light weight of 6 mg, and the cost of a single sensor is extremely low. Specifically, the sensor achieved a lower detection limit of 0.98 Pa and an upper detection limit of 2000 kPa, which represents a new benchmark among paper-based pressure sensors. It demonstrated high sensitivity across various pressure ranges: 319.94 kPa−1 (0–1 kPa), 97.63 kPa−1 (1–40 kPa), 18.75 kPa−1 (40–200 kPa), and 2.72 kPa−1 (200–2000 kPa). The sensor also exhibited a rapid response and recovery time of 8 ms and 9 ms, respectively, along with excellent durability (>20,000 fatigue tests, 10,000 cycles at 2 kPa and 10,000 cycles at 100 kPa) and high pressure stability. Furthermore, the eco-friendly sensor can identify eight surface textures with a recognition accuracy of 98.33% after training with a 2D convolutional neural network (2D CNN). Finally, a portable wireless wearable device with dimensions of 38 mm × 26 mm × 14 mm and a weight of only 11.265 g has been developed for pressure recognition, breathing, pulse, and heartbeat detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The dynamic behavior of water molecules in traditional handmade paper at the accessible sites was identified by two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy (2DCOS). • A revised second-order kinetic model for degradation of three types of traditional handmade paper based on time-temperature-humidity superposition method are presented. • The synergistic effect of temperature and humidity on the degradation rate of handmade paper was quantitatively determined. • The second-order degradation kinetic model effectively enables the extrapolation of the aging properties of handmade paper at arbitrary temperature and humidity, providing a more accurate estimation of the handmade paper's lifespan. Traditional handmade papers, as the carriers of paper-based cultural relics, inevitably undergo various deteriorations during long-term preservation. Establishing a reasonable degradation kinetic model of handmade paper under the synergistic action of multiple factors is the crucial to evaluate paper aging and lifespan of paper. This study explores the moisture content and diffusion behavior of water molecules in traditional handmade paper to identify the interaction between fibers and water molecules at the accessible sites by two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy (2D-COS). Additionally, the optimized second-order kinetic models for the degradation of three types of Kaihua handmade papers was presented based on the time-temperature-humidity superposition method. A time-temperature-humidity translation factor is incorporated into the dynamic model to quantitatively analyze the synergistic effect of temperature and humidity on the degradation rate of handmade paper. The degradation rates of handmade paper with different raw materials and handcraft processes demonstrated significant effects of the cooking and bleaching processes on the aging degradation process and the durability of the paper. The improved second-order degradation kinetic model, considering the cooperation process with multi-factors and mechanisms, enables the extrapolation of paper aging properties at arbitrary temperature and humidity effectively, which provides a more reasonable estimation of handmade paper's lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

User-friendly in-field sensing protocol is crucial for the effective tracing of intended analytes under less-developed countries or resources-limited environments. Nevertheless, existing sensing strategies require professional technicians and expensive laboratory-based instrumentations, which are not capable for point-of-care on-site analyses. To address this issue, artificial intelligence handheld sensor has been designed for direct reading of Ni2+ and EDTA in food samples. The sensing platform incorporates smartphone with machine learning-driven application, 3D-printed handheld device, and cellulose paper microfluidic chip stained with ratiometric red-green-emission carbon dots (CDs). Intriguingly, Ni2+ introduction makes green fluorescent (FL) of CDs glow but red FL fade because of the coordination of Ni2+ with CDs verified by density functional theory (DFT), concurrently manifesting continuous FL colour transition from red to green. Subsequent addition of EDTA renders FL of CDs-Ni2+ recover owing to the capture of Ni2+ from CDs by EDTA based on strong chelation effect of EDTA on Ni2+ confirmed via DFT, accompanying with a noticeable colour returning from green to red. Inspired by above FL phenomena, CDs-based cellulose paper microfluidic chips are first fabricated to facilitate point-of-care testing of Ni2+ and EDTA. Designed fully-automatic handheld sensor is utilized to directly output Ni2+ and EDTA concentration in water, milk, spinach, bread, and shampoo based on wide linear ranges of 0–48 μM and 0–96 μM, and low limits of detection of 0.274 μM and 0.624 μM, respectively. The proposed protocol allows for speedy straightforward on-site determination of target analytes, which will trigger the development of automated and intelligent sensors in near future. • Artificial intelligence handheld sensor for detection of Ni2+ and EDTA is first developed. • High-throughput CDs-based cellulose paper microfluidic chip was first fabricated. • Machine learning-driven application "Artificial Intelligent Assay" is designed. • The CDs manifests a noticeable colour transition response to Ni2+ and EDTA. • Ni2+ and EDTA in real samples are directly analyzed by the proposed protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are essential amino acids that play a crucial role in regulating animal physiology and metabolism. The lack of sensitive, rapid, and portable methods for measuring BCAA concentrations in blood samples hinders precise and dynamic monitoring of nutritional status during swine production. In this work, a paper-based analytical device (PAD) was developed for quantifying BCAAs in blood samples. The device utilized a redox reaction between BCAAs and NAD+ catalyzed by leucine dehydrogenase, producing NADH that could be detected by NADH-responsive polymer dots with high selectivity, sensitivity, and accuracy. A separation membrane was incorporated in the PAD for spontaneous blood-plasma separation. The fluorescent images were captured by using a smartphone. It required only 20 μL of blood volume, and the entire assay could be completed in less than 5 minutes. The quantitation range spanned from 35 μM to 1000 μM, covering the normal BCAA concentration range in porcine bloods. The BCAA concentration measured with the PAD assay was in good agreement with those obtained with an ELISA kit. In sum, this PAD-based BCAA assay offers a point-of-care testing approach for monitoring BCAA levels in pig production, especially with a low-protein diet. • A portable paper-based analytical device was developed for BCAAs quantification. • The NADH-sensitive polymer dots were utilized as the ratiometric fluorescent probe. • A ratiometric fluorescent assay was achieved by using a smartphone. • Total BCAA level in pig blood was accurately determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study developed a multifunctional paper-based freshness antibacterial indicator card by dual-sided coating on conventional filter paper. The indicator coating was composed of anthocyanins from purple cabbage, and polyvinyl alcohol and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as substrates while the antibacterial coating contained halloysite nanotubes for loaded thyme essential oil and chitosan. FT-IR, XRD, and SEM analyses revealed that the components were well-mixed, and the paper was tightly bound to the coatings through hydrogen bonds. Additionally, the coating effectively filled the porous fiber gaps in the paper, significantly enhancing the mechanical properties of the paper. The tensile strength of the coated paper was enhanced from 14.28 MPa to a range of 42.25–47.71 MPa, and the bending resistance was increased from 0.35 N·mm to a range of 1.72–1.99 N·mm compared to the uncoated paper. The addition of anthocyanins provided excellent sensitivity to pH and ammonia for the indicator card. Furthermore, the coating including halloysite nanotubes for loaded thyme essential oil exhibited antimicrobial resistance against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. When used on fresh carp, the antibacterial indicator card not only indicated the freshness of the carp but also extended the best before date of the fish meat by 1–2 days. The indicator exhibited the most pronounced color transformation and optimal freshness indication performance when the mass fraction of anthocyanins was 2 %. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An electrochemical paper-based analytical device was designed and manufactured. • The electrochemical properties of MBene were studied and compared with MXene via DFT and experiment. • MBene was used to effectively immobilized probes and enhance electron transfer for sensitively detect ctDNA via label-free turn on/off strategies. • The proposed method could be applied for the detection of ctDNA in mice serum. The development of sensitive point-of-care testing (POCT) circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is important for the non-invasive diagnosis of cancer and targeted therapy, especially in the low-resource areas. The electrochemical paper-based analytical device (ePAD) provides an ideal method that is few explored in ctDNA assay. Moreover, material with good electrochemical properties and sample pretreatment for effectively enriching target ctDNA could further improve the detection performance. Herein, we applied magnetic clutch probe to successfully pre-enrich ctDNA and established an ePAD for ctDNA detection, in which MBene/Au as sensing substrates for signal amplification and offering more probe binding sites. MBene with good electronic properties show its potential in electrode interface modification according to the DFT theory and experiments study via comparing with MXene. The introduction of MBene/Au synergistically improved the electron transfer and supplied more effective area. Two electrochemical assays strategies turn-off and turn-on were simultaneously applied to confirm the detection accuracy, and it exhibited a detection linear range in 1–50 pM and a limit in 178 fM and 216 fM respectively after 30 min incubation with extracted ctDNA. Moreover, the biosensor was studied in selectivity, reproducibility and stability with favorable results. In evaluation of detecting reliability, the assay results for ctDNA from tumor cell sample and mice serum were compared with conventional qPCR method and obtained high correlation (R2 = 0.993 and 0.995). Hence, this work broadens a new application of MBene into electrochemical sensing and provides a promising POCT platform for ctDNA or other analytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to intrinsic defect of fire hazard security, improving the flame retardant capacity of paper is still insufficient in case of precombustion. Herein, we integrate the flame retardant with flame detection performance on the surface of paper, the restricts of graphene oxide (GO) are overcome between high thermoelectric performance and flexibility. A flexible lamellar thermoelectric composite (GO-LA-HP) is constructed through the co-assembly of GO, ascorbic acid (LA), and phenoxycycloposphazene (HP), lamellar GO-LA-HP avoid GO's toughness decline after modification, but also enhance fire sensitivity and flame resistance. The composite could significantly decrease the temperature rise stage (<150 °C), and trigger the fire-warning within 2 s. The hybrid coating composed of phytic acid/phosphoric acid (PyA/PA) and modified thermoelectric GO-LA-HP becomes excellent compatibility on the surface of the modified paper (GPP). GPP is able to extinguish itself immediately after leaving the fire in the vertical combustion, and display the excellent flame resistance. Furthermore, GPP's alarm signal could be timely generated as little as 3 s of contacting the flame, and the response time can exceed 600 s. According to the structure observation and analysis, the related synergistic fire detection reinforcing and flame-retardant mechanisms are also proposed and clarified. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable biomass-based activated carbon fiber paper (ACFP) possesses a three-dimensional network porous structure for high-efficient toxic gas purification. However, intelligently building high catalytic activity biomass-based carbon materials with superior flexibility remains a significant challenge. Herein, a series of paper-based catalysts (MnO 2 /ACFP) with varying MnO 2 loadings were fabricated by combining MnO 2 -loaded ACF and softwood (Pinales) fiber via a wet-papermaking process. The precursor derives from abundant and green biomass, meanwhile, the channels of plant fiber facilitate gas flow and the effective dispersion of active sites. Noteworthy, the introduction of softwood fiber imparts flexibility to the catalyst, enabling it to be folded, wound, and bent without compromising mechanical strength, thus exhibiting excellent processability. Formaldehyde (HCHO) removal in a static system was applied to evaluate their reactivities. Among all, MnO 2 /ACFP-1.7 (12.22 wt% Mn) shows 100 % removal of HCHO in 1 h with a turnover frequency value of 0.01526 min−1, being more than 10 times that of the bulk MnO 2 particles. The underlying mechanism for the enhanced catalytic performance can be ascribed to the synergistic effect of its stronger gas capture ability together with more exposed active sites. This work provides insight into the design of a flexible and environmentally friendly catalyst for the degradation of organic contaminants. [Display omitted] • MnO 2 -loaded ACF and softwood fiber were combined by the wet-papermaking process. • This catalyst exhibits excellent flexibility and good air permeability. • It can be applied as a paper-based catalyst for HCHO oxidation. • This catalyst presents superior catalytic activity and excellent recycle stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The materials utilized in paper packaging are derived from natural plant fibers, making them both environmentally friendly and biodegradable. However, traditional paper has been vulnerable to water and oil, which has limited its widespread use. In this research, a low-fluorine acrylate emulsion with a short carbon chain (CNF-C 6 FA) was created by employing carboxylated nanocellulose (TOCNF), dodecyl phenol ethoxylate, and sodium dodecyl sulfate as emulsifiers through semi-continuous seed emulsion polymerization. When combined with a specific amount of polyvinyl alcohol, this emulsion is applied to the paper surface to enhance the paper's hydrophobic and lipophobic properties. The findings revealed that paper coated with 5 g/m2 of CNF-C 6 FA achieved an oil-proof grade of 10 and a Cobb value of 13 g/m2, signifying a significant enhancement. It was discovered that TOCNF, acting as an emulsifier, not only maintained emulsion stability through steric hindrance, three-dimensional network structures, or vacancy effects but also conferred exceptional waterproof and oil-repellent properties to the paper. This can be attributed to TOCNF reinforcing the fluorocarbon groups in a directional arrangement, resulting in a dense and smooth coating layer on the paper's surface. The utilization of TOCNF as an emulsifier to produce environmentally friendly, waterproof, and oil-proof paper presents a promising approach for its high-value application. [Display omitted] • Fossil-based surfactants pose health and environmental problems. • Carboxylated nanocellulose (TOCNF) can replace surfactants for emulsifying acrylate polymers. • Carboxylated nanocellulose improves emulsion stability through steric hindrance and three-dimensional network structure. • The paper coated with CNF-C 6 FA has super oil-proof and water-proof dual functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enormous demand for self-powered sensors in industry 4.0 has drawn a lot of research interest in these vital devices that do not need external power sources. This study presents the development of a self-powered paper-based humidity sensor that uses copper and aluminium as electrodes and a composite of MgCl 2 and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as sensing material. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in humidity sensing performance as a result of the addition of CNTs and MgCl 2. In particular, the self-powered paper-based humidity sensor with MgCl 2 /CNTs composites has impressive repeatability, broad detection ranging from 11 % to 97 % relative humidity, and quick response and recovery times of 10 and 46 s, respectively. Furthermore, the self-powered paper-based humidity sensor can generate a maximum voltage of 1.07 V and a maximum power of approximately 1.984 µW. Furthermore, connecting the paper-based humidity sensors in series increases their voltage output, making them useful for charging capacitors and lighting up to six LEDs. This endeavour offers a straightforward, cost-effective, and highly responsive self-powered paper-based humidity sensor that is ideal for high-performance applications in humidity sensing within power generation fields. [Display omitted] • This study proposed a paper-based humidity sensor with MgCl 2 /CNTs composites. • The developed sensor has quick response and recovery times of 10 and 46 s. • The sensor exhibited impressive repeatability and a broad detection ranging of 11–97 % RH. • The sensor can generate a maximum voltage of 1.07 V and a maximum power of 1.984 µW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex and demanding environments of high humidity, heat, altitude, and intricate electric fields necessitate higher standards for the mechanical, thermal stability, and electric insulation properties of insulating paper. However, a single nanomaterial alone struggles to enhance overall performance. Hence, we propose employing two-phase nanomaterials with distinct dimensions to synergistically enhance the performance of cellulose insulation paper. Accordingly, "simulation design directly guided experimental research" was utilized in constructing nano-BN/nanocellulose/cellulose (nano-BN/NFC/cellulose) models through molecular dynamics simulation, and its mechanical parameters, dielectric properties, thermal stability, and so on were simulated and calculated. Based on simulation results, suitable proportions of nano-BN/NFC/cellulose insulating paper were prepared. Nano-BN and NFC synergistically enhance the mechanical properties of insulating paper. The nano-BN, CNF, and cellulose are arranged layer by layer under the action of gravity, allowing the fillers to overlap diagonally along the plane, synergistically forming a thermally conductive network conducive to heat transfer. Additionally, a strong interfacial effect is formed between the three-phase materials, reducing the overall structure's polarization effect and charge accumulation, and synergistically enhancing electrical insulation performance. The 12%nano-BN/NFC/cellulose (P12) exhibits optimal overall performance and is expected to be used in power equipment operating in special environments with high humidity and heat. [Display omitted] • The results of MD simulations successfully guided the preparation of nano-BN/NFC/cellulose insulating paper. • Nano-BN and NFC synergistically enhance the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of cellulose insulating papers. • The P12 insulating paper possesses a high thermal conductivity of 0.286 W/(m·K) and a T g of 140.2 °C. • The P12 with high tensile stress (68.93 MPa), volume resistivity (4.79 × 1015 Ω m), and breakdown strength (67.48 kV mm−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An innovative disposable in-tip cellulose paper (DICP) device has been developed. • Pristine Cellulose Paper was used as bio-based sorbent for adsorption of pesticides. • Simple design, no need for energy-consuming equipment, portable, time-efficient, and compliant with White and Green Analytical Chemistry principles. • Optimized parameters ensured robust performance, impressive detection limits, and high accuracy. • Applicability was demonstrated through successful analysis of real postmortem blood samples. Accurately identifying and quantifying toxicants is crucial for medico-legal investigations in forensic toxicology; however, low analyte concentrations and the complex samples matrix make this work difficult. Therefore, a simplified sample preparation procedure is crucial to streamline the analysis to minimize sample handling errors, reduce cost and improve the overall efficiency of analysis of toxicants. To address these challenges, an innovative disposable in-tip cellulose paper (DICP) device has been developed for the extraction of three pesticides viz. Chlorpyrifos, Quinalphos and Carbofuran from postmortem blood samples. The DICP device leverages cellulose paper strips housed within a pipette tip to streamline the extraction process, significantly reducing solvent usage, time, and labor while maintaining high analytical accuracy. The extraction of pesticides from postmortem blood using the DICP device involves a streamlined process characterized by adsorption and desorption. The diluted blood samples were processed through the DICP device via repeated aspirating and dispensing calyces to adsorb the pesticides onto the cellulose paper. The adsorbed pesticides are then eluted using acetone, which is collected for GC–MS analysis. The method was meticulously optimized, achieving a limit of quantification in the range of 0.009–0.01 µg mL−1. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were consistently less than 5 % and 10 %, respectively, with accuracy ranging from 94–106 %. Relative recoveries for the analytes were observed to be between 60 % and 93.3 %, and matrix effects were determined to be less than 10 %. The method's sustainability was validated with a whiteness score of 98.8, an AGREE score of 0.64, a BAGI score of 70 and ComplexMoGAPI score of 77. Applicability was demonstrated through successful analysis of real postmortem blood samples and proficiency testing samples, highlighting its potential utility in forensic toxicology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2T2C circuits based on LTPS-TFTs adopts a small TFT W/L to reduce switch error and effectively avoid the impact of I OFF , acting as driving circuits for e-paper with perfect image sticking performance. [Display omitted] • LTPS-TFTs with small W/L is adopted in e-paper to reduce switch error, and thus significantly improving image sticking performance. • LTPS-TFTs with extremely low off-state leakage current (I OFF) even at a large source-drain voltage (V DS) of 30 V were obtained through detailed explorations of LTPS process technology. • The aging test results of the LTPS-TFTs exhibits a new physical phenomenon, that is, the I OFF of the LTPS-TFTs has a strict matching characteristic with the aging direction. • A novel 2T2C driving circuit for the e-paper was reported to effectively avoid the adverse effects of I OFF on the frame holding period. In this work, we systematically investigate low-temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS)-based driving circuits of electronic paper for the aim of adopting small width/length ratio (W/L) of LTPS-based thin film transistors (TFTs) to reduce switch error and thus improve image sticking. Firstly, LTPS-TFTs with extremely low off-state leakage current (I OFF) even at a large source-drain voltage (V DS) of 30 V were obtained through detailed explorations of LTPS process technology. Meanwhile, the high on-state current (I ON) of LTPS-TFTs also meet the requirements of fast signal writing to the storage capacitor due to their extremely high field-effect mobility (approximately 100 cm2/V⋅s), making it possible to fabricate TFTs with relatively small W/L, thereby minimizing switch error. The I D -V D test results reveal that the produced LTPS-TFTs can effectively withstand the maximum voltage difference of 30 V during product operation. Subsequently, the optimal W/L of the LTPS-TFT was determined through experimental results. Then, reliability test was conducted on the obtained LTPS-TFTs, revealing that the threshold voltage (V TH) of the LTPS-TFTs shifted by 0.08 V after 7200 s under negative bias temperature stress (NBTS), and only by 0.19 V under positive bias temperature stress (PBTS). The aging test results of the aforementioned LTPS-TFTs exhibits a new physical phenomenon, that is, the I OFF of the LTPS-TFTs has a strict matching characteristic with the aging direction. Next, we proposed a novel 2T2C driving circuit for the e-paper, which can effectively avoid the adverse effects of I OFF on the frame holding period, and plotted it into an array layout. Finally, we combined the optimal fabricating process of the LTPS-TFTs with the 2T2C driving circuit design scheme to produce an e-paper with outstanding image sticking performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduced graphene oxide paper (rGOP) has been irradiated with different energy and dose, namely 200 keV and 1000 keV electron with dose ranging from 2 × 1014 e/cm−2 × 1016 e/cm−2, using a ground-based irradiation simulator. The electrical properties, surface morphology, structural defects, interlayer spacing, thermal stability of rGOP before and after irradiation were systematically investigated. Results indicate that the electrical resistance and the I D /I G ratio increases pose irradiation, indicative of defect presence. The ratio of total carbon to total oxygen atoms (C/O) is 4.7 in pristine materials, with no obvious alteration in materials irradiated with 200 keV electron, while increased to 6.8 subjected to 1000 keV electrons. The 1000 keV electron irradiated material exhibits improved morphology from the SEM image. The above results were further verified by the change in the spacing of graphene layers in the material. FLUKA simulation results demonstrated that the 1000 keV electron can pass through penetrate the rGOP, while the 200 keV electron is in the near surface for irradiated materials. Changes in resistance of rGOP are attributed to defects, structural disorder, oxygen-containing functional groups, and variations in the total C/O atom ratio. The results show that the structure and properties of rGOP can be influenced by irradiation energy and dose of electron. • The different energy and dose electron irradiation effect on reduced graphene oxide paper was studied. • The defects, disorder structure and total C/O ratio of materials were changed. • The surface electrical property, surface morphology and thermal stability and of materials was influenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen peroxide is a key reagent in many analytical assays. At the same time, it is rather unstable and prone to evaporation. For these reasons, its application in sensors requiring reagents in solid state, for example in paper-based microfluidics, is hindered. Usually in paper-based analytical devices reagents are stored in a dried form within paper matrix until the device is used. This approach is not feasible in case of hydrogen peroxide. Here, hydrogen peroxide stabilization on paper with the aid of silica xerogel was studied and optimized to create long-term stable systems which rapidly deliver hydrogen peroxide. The variables affecting hydrogen peroxide stability such as gelation time, silica to H 2 O 2 ratio, type of solid support and storage conditions were optimized to find the combination of variables providing stable H 2 O 2 concentration for the longest time possible. Such paper-silica-H 2 O 2 composites allow to maintain steady hydrogen peroxide concentration for at least 27 days in the optimal conditions. Hydrogen peroxide is rapidly released from silica-paper matrix within a few minutes upon contact with water, without any byproducts. The obtained systems were characterized using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy, revealing that silica is present as a thin film covering cellulose fibers. Finally, to test the developed hydrogen peroxide stabilization method in real sensing scenario, a proof-of-concept paper-based sensor was created for phenolic content determination in fruits and wine. The outcome of this research will open new avenues in the development of user-friendly, long-term stable paper-based analytical devices which utilize hydrogen peroxide as one of reagents. Owing to the fact, that silica matrix is insoluble in water, the proposed H 2 O 2 stabilization method is compatible with most detection schemes without the risk of interfering with the assay. [Display omitted] • Hydrogen peroxide stabilization on paper with silica xerogel was studied. • Factors affecting hydrogen peroxide stability were optimized. • H 2 O 2 -silica-paper composites retain a stable H 2 O 2 amount for at least 27 days. • Paper-based analytical device for phenolic content determination was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The support for controversial policies in the area of transport often increases after real-world implementation. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the literature surrounding the implementation of controversial policies in transport, particularly in the context of road pricing. We then discuss various theories and mechanisms that contribute to an increase in support for such policies after real-world implementation. One significant factor is a change in attitude towards a policy. However, there are also other important factors, for example the utility experienced by people is not necessarily the same as the expected utility. In addition, people may be loss-averse relative to their reference point (often: their current situation). The disadvantages of a policy considered for implementation may be clearer than the advantages. Other factors discussed are the effect of the expected distribution of gains and losses, their magnitude, and perceptions of the processes being fair and competent. We then examine the implications of increased support after implementation, important lessons being that policymakers can anticipate growing support after implementation and that communication is key in the process of deciding on a controversial policy. In this regard, we propose that having a champion, or visionary, can be particularly effective in getting controversial policies accepted. Finally, we suggest avenues for future research. • Controversial transport policies: support often increases after implementation. • Attitude changes are an important explanation. • Champions can be helpful for the implementation of controversial policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping (EAM) has the potential to identify the pathological substrate underlying ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) in different clinical settings by detecting myocardial areas with abnormally low voltages, which reflect the presence of different cardiomyopathic substrates. In athletes, the added value of EAM may be to enhance the efficacy of third-level diagnostic tests and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in detecting concealed arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies. Additional benefits of EAM in the athlete include the potential impact on disease risk stratification and the consequent implications for eligibility to competitive sports. This opinion paper of the Italian Society of Sports Cardiology aims to guide general sports medicine physicians and cardiologists on the clinical decision when to eventually perform an EAM study in the athlete, highlighting strengths and weaknesses for each cardiovascular disease at risk of sudden cardiac death during sport. The importance of early (preclinical) diagnosis to prevent the negative effects of exercise on phenotypic expression, disease progression, and worsening of the arrhythmogenic substrate is also addressed. • Three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping (EAM) has the potential to identify the pathological substrate underlying ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). • In athletes, EAM may enhance the efficacy of third-level diagnostic tests and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in detecting concealed arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies. • An electroanatomical mapping-guided endomyocardial biopsy may be considered as additional diagnostic tool among athletes presenting with complex ventricular arrhythmias and unclear findings after comprehensive clinical-imaging assessments and genetic testing. • The role of electroanatomical mapping is particularly relevant in the differentiation between myocarditis and forms of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, especially if integrated with the biopsy and histological examination that allows sampling in an extremely precise way the areas of altered voltage, expression of myocardial fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major research efforts in liver cancer have been devoted to increasing the efficacy and effectiveness of surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As with other cancers, surveillance programmes aim to detect tumours at an early stage, facilitate curative-intent treatment, and reduce cancer-related mortality. HCC surveillance is supported by a large randomised-controlled trial in patients with chronic HBV infection and several cohort studies in cirrhosis; however, effectiveness in clinical practice is limited by several barriers, including inadequate risk stratification, underuse of surveillance, and suboptimal accuracy of screening tests. There are several proposed strategies to address these limitations, including risk stratification algorithms and biomarkers to better identity at-risk individuals, interventions to increase surveillance, and emerging imaging- and blood-based surveillance tests with improved sensitivity and specificity for early HCC detection. Beyond clinical validation, data are needed to establish clinical utility, i.e. increased early tumour detection and reduced HCC-related mortality. If successful, these data could facilitate a precision screening paradigm in which surveillance strategies are tailored to individual HCC risk to maximise overall surveillance value. However, practical and logistical considerations must be considered when designing and implementing these validation efforts. To address these issues, ILCA (the International Liver Cancer Association) adjourned a single topic workshop on HCC risk stratification and surveillance in June 2022. Herein, we present a white paper on these topics, including the status of the field, ongoing research efforts, and barriers to the translation of emerging strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid and precise detection of harmful substances in food products is essential for ensuring public health and safety. This study introduces a novel surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate, composed of a molybdenum disulfide‑silver nanocomposite, applied to flexible, water-resistant filter paper for detecting melamine and bisphenol A (BPA) in milk. Optimized molybdenum disulfide (NMS) nanoflowers (NFs) were synthesized through hydrothermal methods and high-temperature annealing, then modified with silver (Ag) nanoparticles to form the NMS-Ag nanocomposite (NMSA 6). This substrate greatly enhances the Raman signal, achieving an enhancement factor of approximately 1.49 × 107 and a detection limit as low as 10−11 M for simultaneous multi-component analysis. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations confirm the enhancement mechanism. The NMSA 6 substrate demonstrates remarkably low detection limits for BPA and melamine, facilitating the analysis of various hazardous substances. These findings highlight the substrate's potential for highly sensitive, label-free detection, presenting a viable tool for food safety monitoring. [Display omitted] • A flexible hydrophobic fiber filter paper modified with NMS NFs composite Ag NPs hybrid was prepared. • NMSA 6 has a high EF value of 1.496 × 107, and NMSA 6 was used as highly sensitive SERS substrates. • The detection limits of NMSA 6 -modified filter paper for BPA and melamine in milk are as low as 10−10 M and 10−8 M respectively. • There are three reasons for the excellent SERS activity of NMSA 6 substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Preparation of ZIF-67/PEDOT/CP self-supporting electrodes using simple in situ hydrothermal. • The addition of PEDOT to ZIF-67 helps to achieve high electrical conductivity and large specific surface area. • The sensor has a high detection performance for CGA. • ZIF-67/PEDOT/CP provided a new sensor for the detection of CGA in real sample. The design of efficient electrocatalysts for the determination of chlorogenic acids (CGA) is crucial in the biological and medical fields. In this paper, ZIF-67/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanocomposites were synthesised. The introduction of PEDOT increased the electrical conductivity of the ZIF-67/PEDOT composites, inhibited the Co atom agglomeration, led to the exposure of more active sites and increased the transport channels. An ultrasensitive CGA sensor based on ZIF-67/PEDOT nanocomposite modified carbon paper (CP) electrode was developed. The nanomaterials were characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used to study the electrochemical properties of the modified CP electrode. In addition, the effects of different experimental conditions such as pH, scan rate and concentration on the peak current of CGA were investigated. Under the optimised conditions, the linear range of ZIF-67/PEDOT/CP for the determination of CGA was 0.1 ∼ 40 μM, and the limit of detection (LOD) was as low as 0.003 μM (S/N = 3). Furthermore, the sensor was successfully used for the quantitative analysis of CGA in real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Designing materials using rice-leaf-mimetic paper as a substrate. • Engineering rice-leaf-mimetic paper with hydrochromic dyes or biolubricants. • Processes based on mass-producible papermaking unit operations. Biomimetics has revolutionized materials innovation by drawing inspiration from biological systems. Cellulosic paper, a sustainable biomaterial, offers immense potential for biomimetic research. Paper-based biomimetic materials, which replicate the structures and functionalities of natural materials by utilizing the cellulosic fiber network as a substrate or skeleton, provide customizable functional properties, thereby enabling advanced applications. Here, we introduce rice-leaf-mimetic paper, inspired by the leaf's microstructure and biowax-based cuticle. This paper exhibits self-cleaning superhydrophobicity and showcases possibilities for additional functionalities, including antibacterial properties and food preservation, as evidenced in our prior research. We propose its utilization as a substrate for rewritable and biolubricant-infused surfaces. These somehow distinct surfaces draw inspiration from the chemistry and microstructure of the rice leaf. Although incorporating hydrochromic dyes enables rewritability, controlling the retention time of colors remains challenging. The biowaxy structure of the paper prolongs color maintenance by inhibiting water evaporation. Moreover, the hierarchically rough microstructure of rice-leaf-mimetic paper effectively stores biolubricant molecules, reducing friction and enhancing slipperiness. Surface microcavity ratio analysis provides insights into the paper's biolubricant-storability. The surface engineering of rice-leaf-mimetic paper using hydrochromic dyes or biolubricants holds potential for designing novel materials. Unveiling the vast potential of easily scalable papermaking processes alongside biomimetics and surface engineering opens new avenues for materials innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Liquid water saturation in carbon paper is measured • Quantifies the capillary trapping effect of isolated water drops in carbon papers • Proposes a model describing liquid water drops transport In previous macroscopic average models of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), liquid water was assumed to be continuous throughout the carbon paper. The transport of disconnected water drops in carbon paper has long been neglected in these models, which tend to underestimate water saturation in carbon paper. This study proposes a two-phase flow model that considers the transport of disconnected water drops to simulate the air-water transport in carbon paper. The proposed model was established based on the relationship between capillary force and liquid water saturation, and this relationship was obtained by conducting centrifuge experiments. In the centrifuge experiment, initially, the water saturation inside the carbon paper sample was one, and the centrifugal acceleration was zero. As the centrifugal acceleration increased, the water saturation decreased owing to the centrifugal force. After twenty seconds, the water saturation no longer decreases because the centrifugal force on the liquid water is balanced by the capillary force. Centrifugal acceleration was used to evaluate the capillary force. When the centrifugal acceleration was 185 m s − 2 , the saturation of the water drops in the balanced state was 32.0%. As the centrifugal acceleration increases to 739 m s − 2 , the saturation decreases to 6.5%. According to the experimental results, a function correlating the saturation and centrifugal acceleration, that is, the capillary force, was established. Finally, the results show that the centrifugal acceleration is more than 18.5 times that of the gravitational acceleration, indicating that the effect of gravity on the motion of water drops is negligible. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-based additives received significant attention in pulp and paper properties improvement. For this, the most cited biochemical Cellulose Nano Fibrils (CNFs) and Cationic Starch (CS) were experimentally compared with the most declared synthetic chemical, Cationic Polyacrylamide (CPAM). SEM images showed better paper surface filling by the utilization of the chemicals. The three studied polymers, in solely or combination mechanism, improved mainly bagasse pulp and paper properties compared to the blank sample, except for pulp drainage, which decreased by CNFs to lower volumes presumably due to its intrinsic characteristics. Cationic polymers (CP) compared to CP/CNFs approaches increased pulp retention and drainage but decreased paper density and strengths. The best pulp retention and drainage achieved by CS followed by CPAM, while paper air persistency, density, and strength properties evaluated highest by CP/CNFs followed by CNFs. Generally, CS revealed a more significant improvement in pulp and paper properties than CPAM either with or without CNFs. • Cellulose Nano Fibers (CNFs) decreased pulp drainage, paper tear and opacity. • Cationic starch improved pulp retention and drainage more than CNFs and CPAM. • Cationic starch provided denser and stronger paper than CNFs and CPAM. • Better paper formation was produced by cationic starch compared to CNFs and CPAM. • Cationic polymer/CNFs revealed stronger paper than lonely CNFs or cationic polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) and direct ammonia fuel cell (DAFC) have attracted wide attention due to high energy density, environment friendliness, easy availability and transportation of liquid fuel. However, the high cost and low durability of platinum (Pt) impede the large-scale application. Herein, we report a simple and effective approach to develop self-supporting electrodes (SSEs) using the square-wave potential (SWP) electrodeposition method. Compare with conventional electrode, this approach enables the absence of binder, in-situ growth of Pt catalyst on carbon paper, and easily controlled Pt morphologies. Consequently, prepared SSEs exhibit superior catalytic activity and durability toward methanol and ammonia oxidation reactions than the conventional electrode with Pt black as the catalyst. In particular, the SSE with cauliflower-like Pt catalyst exhibits the best catalytic activity and durability. This study suggests that SSE has a great potential in accelerating the practical application of direct liquid fuel cell (DMFC and DAFC). [Display omitted] • Self-supporting electrode was developed by direct growth of Pt on carbon paper. • Different Pt morphologies were obtained by tuning lower potential of SWP method. • Prepared self-supporting electrode exhibited highly efficient Pt utilization. • All electrodeposited Pt showed superior activity and durability for MOR and AOR. • Cauliflower-like Pt catalyst exhibited the highest mass activity and durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kraft paper (KP) has the advantages of being biodegradable, recyclable, and environmentally friendly. It has a wide range of applications in paper packaging, food packaging, and other fields. However, the non-waterproof characteristic of KP limits its application in harsh environments or special paper packaging, etc. To solve the problem of poor water resistance of KP, a simple and efficient method is proposed to prepare superhydrophobic coatings on kraft paper (SKP) by spraying method using hydrophobic Nano-calcium carbonate (Nano-CaCO 3) particles and rosin (RA) as raw materials. Here, the micro-nano structures are mainly constructed by hydrophobic Nano-CaCO 3 particles, and RA is utilized as a binder to improve the adhesion between the nanoparticles and the paper. The results indicated that the water contact angle (WCA) of SKP reached 154.5° and the water sliding angle (WSA) was 3.2°. And after 34 h of immersion in water, the WCA of SKP surface can remain above 150°. It can also withstand 30 times of sandpaper abrasion and 30 times of tape peeling. Overall, SKP shows excellent stability, water resistance, stain resistance and self-cleaning. It is expected to protect important documents in harsh environments. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the morphology and thermomechanical properties of graphene oxide (GO) paper sheets and GO paper composites reinforced with carbon fibers. GO paper was fabricated using GO paste obtained by the condensation of GO aqueous solution synthesized using the Hummers' method. Carbon fibers were implemented to improve the mechanical properties of the pristine GO paper. All the investigated papers were subjected to thermal treatment to check thermo-related morphological and mechanical properties. The results presented in this study allowed for the deeper insight into morphological, structural, and mechanical volume and surface-related properties of pristine GO and GO-based composite materials reinforced with carbon fibers. We showed that there are two important factors that should be taken into consideration for the design and fabrication of GO-based papers. These factors were the concentration of the reinforcing agent and the thermal reduction of the papers. Both factors have influenced the final properties of the resulting GO-based papers. For the first time, it was revealed how the addition of the reinforcing material affects the GO paper thermal expansion coefficient. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-based digital microfluidic biochips (PB-DMFBs) have emerged as the most promising solution to biochemical applications in resource-limited regions. However, like silicon chips, the reliability of PB-DMFBs is affected by physical defects. Even worse, since electrodes, conductive wires, and droplet routings are entangled on the same layer, multiple faults may occur simultaneously. Such faults not only cause waste of samples and human resource but also affect the correctness of the diagnostics. In this paper, we propose a reliability scheme with emphasis on design-for-reliability (DfR) and probability-based fault tolerance to ensure the correct functionality of PB-DMFBs with multiple faults. • Multiple fault assumption is considered for electrode open fault and wire open fault models. • Design-for-Reliability design flow is proposed for alternative droplet paths to bypass the faulty electrodes. • On-the-fly fault tolerance procedure is proposed to tolerate the faulty electrodes. • The proposed procedure has the least dependence on sensors for fault tolerance automation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A Goal Programming model to optimize a waste paper recycling network was elaborated. • The model considers objectives related to sustainability, multiple products and periods. • Vehicle routing, different-capacity vehicles and multiple trips are highlights. • The possibility of storing material at the collection points is considered. • The formulation provides relevant solutions to assist decision-makers. Organization and planning of reverse logistics networks make sustainable processes more efficient. Thus, an important sector for connecting the collection and waste paper recycling echelons is the intermediate center. In this study, a Mixed Integer Linear Programming model, which is multi-objective, multi-product, multi-level and multi-period, was developed to optimize the waste paper logistics processes of intermediate centers. The formulation includes the following echelons: collection, considering vehicle routing with different capacities; inventory of non-baling materials; baling sorted waste and inventory of bales; selling bales; disposal of non-recyclable waste. The aims of the model include: maximizing the collected waste; minimizing distances; maximizing both the production and sale of bales, and minimizing costs. According to research carried out in the literature, the developed model is a new proposal and to implement it, the Weighted Goal Programming and Revised Multi-Choice Goal Programming approaches were used to deal with multiple objectives and incorporate uncertainty into the quantity of waste available for collection. To analyze the proposed model, computational tests were executed with instances based on real data from a Brazilian company in the sector. For all performed tests, General Algebraic Modeling System 23.6.5 modeling language and CPLEX 12.2.0.2 solver were used for modeling and optimization. The results show that this study presents formulation and technological approaches that represent real situations and provide competitive solutions to the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epoxy-impregnated aramid composites, notable for their excellent mechanical and insulation qualities, are pivotal in electrical engineering and electronics. However, their performance is severely restrained by interface issues. This research proposes an effective modification strategy for improving interface property by employing non-thermal atmospheric plasma to introduce active functional groups onto aramid paper. The modified composites demonstrated a 26 % increase in tensile strength and a 20 % enhancement in breakdown strength at best, alongside inhibited charge transport properties and reduced partial discharge under operational electric fields. Molecular simulation suggests that plasma treatment bolsters interface hydrogen bonding, restricting the chain mobility of the resin molecular, and thus augmenting inter-phase compatibility. This study offers a factual perspective on improving resin-impregnated composites, laying a theoretical foundation for advancing high-performance materials in power industries. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensitive and accurate analysis of pyrophosphate (PPi) is of great importance for preventing health hazard in environment. Nevertheless, most of sensors focus on sensitivity and selectivity, but practicality is also a significant quota. How to reconciling sensitivity, selectivity and practicability in one single sensor is desirable but remains challenging. Here, we created a novel metal-carbon nanozyme V 2 O 5 @C with two-dimensional (2D) morphology and high yet exclusive peroxidase (POD)-like activity via a glucose and NH 4 NO 4 -co-directed avenue, and further showed its application in constructing a portable and disposable paper-based analytical chip (PA-chip) for rapid, visual and onsite analysis of PPi. PPi etched V 2 O 5 to prevent the decomposition of H 2 O 2 into ·OH, resulting in weakened POD-like activity. In comparison with PPi deficiency, colorless TMB couldn't be oxidized into oxidized TMB with a dropped absorption at 652 nm. Therefore, obviously shallowed blue color on PA-chip surface was recorded, and demonstrated a negative relationship with PPi dosage, enabling rapid and visual detection of PPi with a limit of detection of 2.6 nM. This study demonstrated the burgeoning applications of nanozymes with POD-like activity in construction of PA-chips for PPi and will quicken the advancement of practical sensors, guaranteeing environmental safety. [Display omitted] • A glucose and NH 4 NO 3 -co-directed avenue for preparing 2D V 2 O 5 @C was proposed. • It stood out high yet exclusive POD-like activity via decomposing H 2 O 2 into ·OH. • A portable and disposable PA-chip was successfully constructed based on 2D V 2 O 5 @C. • It achieved rapid and visual analysis of PPi with LOD of 2.6 nM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study employed powdered activated coke (PAC) for the adsorptive removal of refractory COD from the bio-treated paper wastewater (BTPW). The adsorption reached equilibrium after 3 h, resulting in a decrease in the COD concentration from 98.9 mg L−1 in BTPW to 42.6 mg L−1 when utilizing a PAC dosage of 5 g L−1. The dominant fractions of dissolved organic matter in BTPW were hydrophilic acids (HIA), hydrophilic neutrals (HIN), and hydrophobic acids (HOA), accounting for 48.8%, 34.2%, and 17.0% of the total dissolved organic carbon, respectively. Three fractions were all predominantly composed of humic/fulvic acid-like substances, while the HOA fraction exhibited highest susceptibility to adsorption by PAC, followed by the HIA and HIN fractions. FT-ICR MS data revealed PAC preferentially adsorbed the unsaturated and oxygen-rich substances containing more carboxyl groups. Additionally, the spent PAC was regenerated through ozonation and subsequently utilized in the adsorption cycles. The regeneration was successfully conducted under an ozone concentration of 1 mg L−1 for a duration of 10 min, and the regeneration efficiency remained about 87.0% even after undergoing five-cycle of adsorption-regeneration. The findings of this study demonstrate that PAC adsorption is a viable and efficacious treatment technology for efficiently removing refractory COD from BTPW. [Display omitted] • Powdered activated coke was effective for advanced treatment of refractory fractions. • Acidic fractions showed preferential adsorption compared to neutral fractions. • Unsaturated and oxygen-rich substances containing were easily removed by adsorption. • The adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was recovered after ozone regeneration. • Regeneration efficiency was 87.0% after five-cycle of adsorption-regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the fabrication of paper-based microfluidic devices using a novel, inexpensive ink composed of bovine serum albumin (BSA), utilizing BSA's thermal denaturation and aggregation to create a hydrophobic barrier on Whatman® Grade 4 filter paper. A 20% aqueous solution of BSA was inked onto the paper using a pen plotter at moderate speed (5 cm/s) with desired shape and size followed by heating at 80 °C to denature the BSA leading to hydrophobic barriers formation, whereas below 80 °C the barrier layer is prone to collapse. The minimum line gap and line width of ~1 mm and ~1.3 mm were achieved. Finally, a proof-of-concept glucose sensing was shown while addressing the issue of the coffee ring effect using the biopolymer NanoCheck-ATH® from ChitoLytic Inc. The glucose concentration limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.2 mg/mL was estimated. The developed technique offers ease of fabrication, high reproducibility, cost-effectiveness, and is environmentally friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing efficient and stable non-noble metal oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts for sustainable overall water-splitting is extremely desirable but still a great challenge. Herein, we developed a facile strategy to fabricate Co 3 O 4 –CoOOH heterostructure nanosheet arrays with oxygen vacancies grown on carbon paper (Co 3 O 4 –CoOOH/CP). Benefiting from the unique 3D architecture, large surface area, synergistic effects between Co 3 O 4 , CoOOH and oxygen vacancies, the obtained self-supporting Co 3 O 4 –CoOOH/CP presents excellent electrocatalytic OER activity (low overpotentials of 245 and 390 mV at 10 and 100 mA cm−2) and robust long-term stability in alkaline condition. The present strategy provides the opportunities for the future rational design and discovery of high-performance non-noble metal based electrocatalysts for advanced water oxidation and beyond. [Display omitted] • Co 3 O 4 –CoOOH heterostructure with oxygen vacancies grown on carbon paper was synthesized. • Synergic effect between oxygen vacancies and Co 3 O 4 –CoOOH facilitates the activity. • The Co 3 O 4 –CoOOH/CP exhibited excellent activity and stability for OER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase II metabolites play an important role in diazepam-related cases. The study aimed to assess the stability of diazepam's phase II metabolites in dried blood spots on filter paper. A piece of filter paper was spotted with 100 µL of whole blood (added 1% sodium fluoride as needed) obtained from participant who received 5 mg diazepam orally, air dried for 2 h at room temperature, and then stored at different conditions. Whole spots were cut at 0.1 cm from the outer edge of blood spots at post-consumption time-points of prior (zero), 5, 16, 35, 61, 120 days and 1, 1.5 years. Analytes were extracted with methanol/water mixture (8:2, v/v) and determined using HPLC-MS/MS. Decomposition rules were analyzed by a statistical software "SPSS". Temazepam glucuronide remained stable (0.5–18.6% loss) at 20 ℃ and at 20 ℃ with 1% sodium fluoride for 16 days, while it was unstable after 5 days at 4 ℃ (21.1–26.2% loss) and − 20 ℃ (28.9 - 34.4% loss). After 35 days, temazepam glucuronide concentrations began to fluctuate significantly under all conditions, and an obvious increase (290.4–355.1%) was observed in 1.5 years. Oxazepam glucuronide was always unstable after 5 days, the percentage loss was even 100% when it was stored for 61 days and 1.5 years. Dried blood spots on ordinary filter paper are recommended to be stored at 20 ℃ or 20 ℃ with 1% sodium fluoride within 16 days. Samples should be analyzed immediately or stored in sterile and dry media. • TG was stable on filter paper at 20 ℃ with or without 1 % NaF within 16 days, and it is a more reliable marker in real cases. • OG was always unstable after 5 days, the percentage loss was even 100% when it was stored for 61 days and 1.5 years. • DBS on filter paper in diazepam-related cases are recommended to be stored at 20 ℃ with or without 1 % NaF within 16 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major problem in the preservation of the cultural heritage of mankind is the degradation of acid paper, the essence of which is the decomposition of cellulose, as the main component of paper. To suppress this decomposition, deacidifying agents based on alkaline earth metal compounds are widely used. This work focuses on evaluating knowledge about the functioning of M2+ ions, solid and dissolved alkaline earth compounds used in paper conservation. The first part of this review is oriented toward studying the interaction of ions, oxides and hydroxides of metals in water. The second part focuses attention on the behavior of ions in the paper structure. Solid MO, M(OH) 2 , and hydrated M(OH)+ and OH− have a deacidifying effect. Their effect is conditioned by the presence of water in the cellulose/paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, continuous carbon reinforced C f /(Ti 0.2 Zr 0.2 Hf 0.2 Nb 0.2 Ta 0.2)C–SiC high entropy ceramic matrix composites were additively manufactured through paper laminating (PL), direct slurry writing (DSW), and precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP). (Ti 0.2 Zr 0.2 Hf 0.2 Nb 0.2 Ta 0.2)C high entropy ceramic (HEC) powders were synthesized by pressureless sintering and ball milling. A certain proportion of HEC powder, SiC powder, water, binder, and dispersant were mixed to prepare the HEC-SiC slurry. Meanwhile, BN coating was prepared on the 2D fiber cloth surface by the boric acid-urea method and then the cloth was cut into required shape. Additive manufacturing were conducted subsequently. Firstly, one piece of the as-treated carbon fiber cloth was auto-placed on the workbench by paper laminating (PL). Then, the HEC-SiC slurry was extruded onto the surface of the cloth by direct slurry writing (DSW). PL and DSW process were repeated, and a C f /HEC-SiC preform was obtained after 3 cycles. At last, the preform was densified by precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) and the final C f /HEC-SiC composite was prepared. The open porosity of the C f /HEC-SiC composites, with the HEC volume fractions of 15, 30 and 45%, were 7.7, 10.6, and 11.3%, respectively. And the density of the C f /HEC-SiC composites, with the HEC volume fractions of 15, 30 and 45%, were 2.9, 2.7 and 2.3 g/cm3, respectively. The mechanical properties of the C f /HEC-SiC composites increased firstly and then decreased with the HEC content increase, reaching the maximum value when the HEC volume fraction was 30%. The mechanical properties of the C f /HEC-SiC composites containing 45, 30 and 15% HEC were as follows: flexural strength (180.4 ± 14 MPa, 183.7 ± 4 MPa, and 173.9 ± 4 MPa), fracture toughness (11.9 ± 0.17 MPa m1/2, 14.6 ± 2.89 MPa m1/2, and 11.3 ± 1.88 MPa m1/2), and tensile strength (71.5 ± 4.9 MPa, 98.4 ± 12.2 MPa, and 73.4 ± 8.5 MPa). From this study, the additive manufacturing of continuous carbon fiber reinforced high entropy ceramic matrix composites was achieved, opening a new insight into the manufacturing of ceramic matrix composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We propose a semi-automatic annotation pipeline to obtain high-quality annotations for scientific papers. • We use a transformer-based generative model to generate both high quality layouts of papers and their annotations. • We populate layout regions with synthetically generated content exploiting a layout-agnostic technique. [Display omitted] Document layout analysis is an important task to extract information from scientific literature. Deep-learning solutions for document layout analysis require large collections of training data that are not always available. We generate a large number of synthetic pages to subsequently train a neural network to perform document object detection. The proposed pipeline allows users to deal with less common layouts for which it is not easy to find large annotated datasets. High-quality annotations for a small collection of papers are obtained through a semi-automatic approach. Then, a generative model, based on LayoutTransformer, is used to generate plausible layouts that are subsequently populated with random information to perform data augmentation. We evaluate the proposed method considering scientific articles with two different types of layouts: double and single columns. For double-column papers, we improve detection by 1% starting from 385 manually annotated scientific articles. For single-column papers, we improve detection by 49% starting from 218 articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A CP based CoFe electrocatalyst with a simple and quick technique has been invested in our study. This amorphous CoFe/CP hybrid exhibits commendable electrocatalytic performance in the OER process, requiring only overpotential of 278 mV to achieve 10 mAm−2 in 1.0 M KOH solution and a lower Tafel slope of 54.58 mV dec-1. Because it enjoys peculiar multistage graded nano structure and Fe, Co co-incorporation, which can modify the surface structure, creating fertile ground for the specific surface area of CP and efficiency of electronic transmission. [Display omitted] • CoFe/CP has successfully grown on 3D nanoarray carbon paper (CP) containing non-precious metals. • The multistage graded nano structure can create fertile ground for the specific surface area of CP and efficiency of electronic transmission. • CoFe/CP with a nanosheet-like structure exhibits amorphous phase. • CoFe/CP-9 shows the corresponding overpotential at 10 mA•cm−2 is 278 mV and remarkable stability. Tremendous attention has been paid on high efficiency, readily available and stability of electrocatalysts. Herein, we ingenious report a one-step reaction strategy synthesis of CoFe/CP grown on three-dimensional (3D) nanoarray carbon paper (CP) containing non-precious metals for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with low-cost and unique hierarchical porous structure. This amorphous CoFe/CP hybrid exhibits commendable electrocatalytic performance in the OER process, requiring only overpotential of 278 mV to achieve 10 mAcm−2 in 1.0 M KOH solution and a lower Tafel slope of 49.12 mVdec-1. In addition, this sample shows a long-term durability even at 200 mAcm−2 without obvious decay, which attributes to peculiar multistage graded nano structure and the change of composition at the interface of CP. Therefore, the remarkable OER activity can provide a new strategy to construct potential candidates, which will replace the state-of-the-art precious metals for OER in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensing platform with self-assembled porous 3-D trimetallic (Pd, Fe, and Co) hybrid anchored on a cost-effective and high-conducting carbon paper (CP) synthesized via a facile and cost-effective hydrothermal impregnation and thermal reduction technique was developed for determining indole-3-lactic acid (ILA) levels in buffer and serum samples. Before the analytical phase, the composite (PdFeCo 1−x ONPs@CP electrode) was thoroughly characterized, and different methods were used to investigate the electrochemical properties. The combination of tri-metallics with CP-fibers improved sensing capacities in the linear range of 0.05–30 μM, with sensitivity and limits of detection of and 0.165 ± 0.013 μA/μM and 7.8 ± 0. 2 nM, respectively, towards ILA determination. Furthermore, the developed sensing platform was utilized for the analyses of ILA in sigma, human normal, and alcohol use disorder patients' serum samples. Liquid chromatography in tandem with mass spectrometry was equally used to quantify ILA levels in the serum samples and the results of both methods were compared. A highly sensitive voltametric sensing platform featuring a self-assembled porous 3-D trimetallic (Pd, Fe, and Co) hybrid anchored on a cost-effective and high-conducting carbon paper (CP) synthesized via a facile and cost-effective hydrothermal impregnation and thermal reduction technique was developed for indole-3-lactic acid (ILA) quantification in buffer and serum samples, demonstrating excellent sensitivity, storage stability, repeatability, reproducibility, and selectivity. [Display omitted] • Electrocatalytic analysis of ILA concentrations with a detection limit of 7.8 nM. • PdFeCo 1−x ONPs on carbon paper as signal amplifiers for improved sensitivity and LOD. • Excellent reproducibility, repeatability, and stability with moderate selectivity. • ILA determination in sigma, human normal control, and alcohol use disorder serum samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) have been highly regarded as effective tools that offer a cost-effective and portable solution for point-of-care testing (POCT) and on-site detection. Utilizing paper substrates such as cellulose and nitrocellulose membranes, μPADs have proven beneficial for a range of applications from medical diagnostics to environmental monitoring. Despite their advantages, the fabrication of μPADs often requires sophisticated techniques and equipment, posing challenges for widespread adoption, especially in resource-limited settings. This study addresses the need for a simplified, low-cost method for fabricating μPADs that is accessible without specialized training or equipment. This research introduces a novel, efficient method for producing μPADs using 3D-printed slidable chambers and super glue vapor, bypassing traditional, more complex fabrication processes. The method utilizes super glue (ethyl-cyanoacrylate) vapor to create hydrophobic barriers on paper substrates. By optimizing the exposure sequence to super glue and water vapors and the heating conditions, we achieved rapid hydrophobization within 5 min, creating effective hydrophobic barriers and hydrophilic channels on paper substrates. The technique's simplicity allows for use by individuals without specialized training. The practical application of the fabrication method is demonstrated by the fabrication of μPADs that can detect multiple target analytes. We perform the simultaneous detection of glucose, proteins, and also the simultaneous detection of heavy metal ions nickel (Ni2+) and copper (Cu2+), highlighting its potential for broad applications in point-of-care diagnostics. This study is the first to report a method for selective exposure of ethyl-cyanoacrylate vapor for the fabrication of μPADs. This method significantly reduces the complexity, time, and fabrication cost, making it feasible for use in various settings. It also eliminates the need for specialized equipment and can be executed by individuals without specialized training. We believe that the proposed fabrication method contributes to the wider adoption and deployment of μPADs across various sectors. [Display omitted] • The hydrophobic barrier is patterned on paper using commercialized super glue vapor. • 3D-printed chamber and stencil are used to fabricate μPADs in less than 5 min. • Detection of glucose, proteins and heavy metals are demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A scientific paper recommender system (RS) is very helpful for literature searching in that it (1) helps novice researchers explore their own field and (2) helps experienced researchers explore new fields outside their area of expertise. However, existing RSs usually recommend relevant papers based on users' static interests, i.e., papers they cited in their past publication(s) or reading histories. In this paper, we propose a novel recommendation task based on users' dynamic interests during their paper-writing activity. This dynamism is revealed in (for example) the topic shift while writing the Introduction vs. Related Works section. In solving this task, we developed a new pipeline called " S ection-based S equential S cientific Pa per R ecommendation (S3PaR)", which recommends papers based on the context of the given user's currently written paper section. Our experiments demonstrate that this unique task and our proposed pipeline outperform existing standard RS baselines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]