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This work reports the development of low-cost and rapid multiplexed colorimetric assay of antioxidants (total phenolics, antioxidant capacity, flavonoids and anthocyanins) in wines at daisy-shaped fluidic paper-based analytical devices (PADs). The desired fluidic patterns were formed on paper by pen drawing and colorimetric reagents were immobilized at the 6 peripheral test zones. The sample was added at the central sample zone, migrated to the test zones and reacted with the immobilized reagents producing characteristic colors that were captured and analyzed. The paper-based approach was applied to the analysis of several wine samples and the results were statistically correlated to standard solution-based colorimetric assays, indicating that it could be reliably used for ranking wines according to their antioxidants content. In addition, the paper-based analytical methodology is simple, instrument-free, portable, cost-effective, rapid and environment friendly. [Display omitted] • Daisy-shaped paper-based analytical devices (PADs) were fabricated by pen drawing. • The PADs were used for a sextuple antioxidant/phenolics/anthocyanins/flavonoids assay. • Reagents were added to the 6 peripheral test zones and sample was added to the central sample zone. • The results of the assay for 18 wines correlated well with those of solution-based assays (R2 > 0.97). • The paper-based analytical methodology is simple, instrument-free, portable, cost-effective, rapid and environment friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was to assess the possibility of using competitive and slow binding experiments with affinity-based ultrafiltration UPLC-QTof-MS analysis to identify potent bacterial neuraminidase (bNA) inhibitors from the Broussonetia papyrifera roots extract. To isolate unbound compounds from the enzyme-binding complex, the root bark extracts were either incubated in the absence of bNA, in the presence of bNA, or with the time-dependent bNA before the ultrafiltration was performed. Thirteen flavonoids were separated from the target extract, and their inhibitory activities were tested against bNA. The isolated flavonoids exhibited potent inhibition against NA (IC 50 = 0.7–54.0 μM). Our kinetic analysis of representative active flavonoids (1 , 2 , and 6) showed slow and time-dependent reversible inhibition. Additionally, chalcones exhibited noncompetitive inhibition characteristics, whereas flavonols and flavans showed mixed-type behavior. The computational results supported the experimental behaviors of flavonoids 2 , 6 , 10 , and 12 , indicating that bounded to the active site, but flavonoids 6 and 10 binds near but not accurately at the active site. Although this is mixed-type inhibition, their binding can be considered competitive. • Potent bNA inhibition by affinity-based ultrafiltration was observed. • Thirteen compounds of B. papyrifera root barks were identified. • The potent inhibitors showed time-dependent reversible behavior. • They are mixed-type inhibitors, 6 and 10 bound near the active site. • A prenyl group in the flavonol was critical to bNA inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A rapid paper spray mass spectrometric method (PS-MS) was developed for the analysis of total ginkgo flavonoids. • PS-MS assisted by microwave-assisted hydrolysis (MAH) takes only 60 s. • PS-MS method assisted by three isotope internal standards for the accurate quantification of total ginkgo flavonoids. • There was no obvious difference between PS-MS and traditional HPLC in quantitative analysis results. In this work, a method for the rapid and reliable analysis of ginkgo flavonoids was developed by using paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) assisted by microwave-assisted hydrolysis (MAH). Kaempferol-D 4 , quercetin-D 5 , and isorhamnetin-D 3 were used as internal standards (IS). Samples analyses were completed by simply treating with extraction, MAH, dilution, and quantitative analysis by PS-MS. Because of the absence of HPLC separation, the PS-MS analysis time was less than 20 s. The linear ranges of kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnetin were 1.7–86, 1.7–86, and 1.3–68 mg/L, respectively, with linear coefficients (R2) of 0.9993−0.9998. The detection limits (LODs) were 0.1, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/L. Limits of quantifications (LOQs) were all less than 0.6 mg/L. Compared with HPLC results, there are no obvious differences. It can be concluded that the PS-MS method with isotope IS is accurate for the rapid analysis of ginkgo flavonoids in extracts and related products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Four different varieties of tulsi were taken for their characterization for identification of metabolites. • GCMS, LC-MS/MS, FTIR, HPLC techniques were used for identification of flavonoids, phytochemicals, functional groups, polyphenols. • This is the first report on four varieties of tulsi naming Krishna, Vishnu, Camphor and Lavanga are taken for characterization. • Identification of proximate composition, flavonoid content and polyphenol estimation done by using standard protocols. • This paper will be a good reference paper for those who are looking for characterization of secondary metabolites. Leaves from four varieties of tulsi (Camphor, Krishna, Lavanga and Vishnu) were collected, dried and extracts were prepared using different solvents such as acetone, water, dichloromethane, ethanol, hexane and methanol. The total solids content in dried leaf powder was highest in Lavanga and Camphor, while Krishna showed the least. The study revealed that various secondary metabolites such as polyphenols and flavonoids were present in tulsi leaf extracts. The HPLC profiling showed the presence of rosmarinic acid in all the extracts irrespective of the solvent extraction. The other polyphenols present in the tulsi leaf extracts were p-coumaric acid, isothymucin, proto-catechic acid and caffeic acid. The GC-MS analysis of the extracts revealed methyl eugenol in Krishna variety with all the solvents, Bornanone in Lavanga and Camphor varieties in all the solvent extracts and caryophyllene in Vishnu variety. The LC-MS/MS profile of Krishna variety of tulsi showed mallic acid, citric acid, rosmarinic acid and asiatic acid as major compounds. The LC-MS/MS profile of Camphor variety of tulsi showed major peaks of compounds like mallic acid, citric acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and asiatic acid. The LC-MS/MS profile of Lavanga variety of tulsi showed mallic acid, citric acid, gallic acid, asiatic acid and sumaresinolic acid as major compounds. Similarly in case of Vishnu variety, mallic acid, citric acid, gallic acid, apigenin, and sumaresinolic acid were present in majority. These phytochemicals from natural plant sources are known to possess many health benefits and considered as safe. Hence, these bioactive compounds may be explored for possible application as nutraceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A concept of composable paper-based analytical devices has been proposed. • The concept of composable μPADs is illustrated by the determination of flavonoids. • The detection principle includes reduction of silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles. • Architectures for the determination of high and low concentrations flavonoids are reported. • A composable μPAD utilizing preconcentration on a magnetic adsorbent is described. A concept of composable paper-based analytical devices (composable μPADs) is proposed. The key idea of composable μPADs is to develop a paper-based analytical platform that can be easily and quickly assembled into a desired architecture from standard pre-made paper-based parts. Here it is illustrated by the determination of several flavonoids, as an important class of natural polyphenol antioxidants. Two methods for the determination of flavonoids, at high (a two-part configuration) and at low (a three-part configuration including an additional preconcentration zone) concentrations, were developed. The principle for flavonoid detection was based on their ability to reduce silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) producing an intense surface plasmon resonance band. The effects of main factors on the formation of AgNPs and the analytical response in proposed μPADs were studied. The concentration limits of detection were 2.3, 5.2, 14 μg mL−1 and the absolute limits of detection were 0.12, 0.26, 0.70 μg for quercetin, morin and dihydroquercetin, respectively. To determine flavonoids at low concentration level, a three-part configuration of a composable μPAD utilizing preconcentration on magnetic hypercrosslinked polystyrene was used. It was shown that such preconcentration increases 5 times sensitivity of morin determination. The method was applied to the analysis of hawthorn tincture and onion peel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been increased interest to propagate Moringa oleifera because of its multipurpose uses. However there are still no appropriate guidelines for long-term storage of Moringa seed because diverse results are reported in literature. Although progress has been made to understand the causes of seed deterioration, few studies have been made on natural long-term aging of seed. This study aimed to determine and compare the level of polyphenols, flavonoids, MDA and antioxidant capacity in Moringa seed stored in paper and aluminum bags at − 19°, 4°, 20° and 30 °C for 24 months as well as to investigated the relationship between these secondary compounds and Moringa seed viability. Seeds were evaluated in regular intervals of 6 months. There was minor difference between viability percentage of seed stored below 20 °C. Significant decline in viability was recorded in seed stored for 24 months in aluminum bags at 30 °C as a result of high moisture content (8%) and high temperature at which seed were exposed; While Seed stored at 30 °C in paper bags had low moisture content (5%) and retain a high viability percentage. Storage duration was the main factor affecting the changes on polyphenols and antioxidant activity levels. Although storage duration played a major role on the change in flavonoid and MDA content, the influence of storage temperature and the seed moisture content was also evident on some treatments. The change in investigated secondary compounds in seed did not always reflect on its viability percentage, but two relationships emerge from this study: The lowest moisture content, slow increase in MDA content, the lowest flavonoids content and the highest germination % in seed stored in paper bags at 20 and 30 °C at 24 months; and the highest MDA content, highest increase in flavonoids and lowest viability percentage observed in seed stored in aluminum bags at 30 °C for 24 months. It is recommended that for long-term storage (≥ 12 months) Moringa seed be stored with low moisture content (≤ 5%) at constant temperature below 30 °C. • Moringa seed with MC ≤ 5% can be kept at constant temperature ≤ 30 °C beyond 12 months. • Moringa seed may continue synthesizing antioxidant during postharvest storage. • Storage period the main factor influencing change in polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity. • Packaging type and storage temperature influence flavonoid and lipid peroxidation. • Increase in lipid peroxidation and flavonoids correlate with the loss of viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the potential of flavonoid alkaloids, a unique class of compounds that contain both flavonoid and alkaloid structures, as emerging targets for drug discovery. These compounds exhibit diverse biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic effects, which are attributed to the combination of different flavonoid scaffolds and alkaloid groups. Flavonoid alkaloids have attracted researchers' attention due to their diverse structures and important bio-activities. Therefore, this review summarizes recent advances in the extraction, purification, structural characterization, synthesis pathways and biological activities of flavonoid alkaloids from natural sources. Finally, the potential prospects and challenges associated with this class of compounds in pharmacological research are discussed along with details of a mechanistic investigation and future clinical applications in this research field. This paper explores the potential of flavonoid alkaloids, a unique class of compounds that contain both flavonoid and alkaloid structures, as emerging targets for drug discovery. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Medicinal plants can show allelopathic potential. • Plant extracts rich in phenols, flavonoids and tannins showed high allelopathic activities. • Annona dioica (Annonaceae), Stryphnodendron adstringens (Fabaceae) and Palicourea crocea (Rubiaceae) decelerated U. decumbens seed germination. • Alternative methods for controlling U. decumbens in areas of ecological restoration. Invasive grasses, those of the genus Urochloa act aggressively, thereby inhibiting the germination and growth of native species. We investigated the allelopathic potential and constituent content of different plant species to determine their effect on the germination of Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D. Webster. Eighteen (18) species from the families Anacardiaceae (1), Annonaceae (6), Euphorbiaceae (1), Fabaceae (2), Myrtaceae (1), Rubiaceae (4), Sapindaceae (2), and Tropaeolaceae (1) were selected to obtain methanolic extracts at 1% (m/v). The total phenols, flavonoids, condensed tannins, flavonols, and saponins were evaluated by colorimetric methods. To evaluate the allelopathic effect of methanolic extracts 25 seeds from U. decumbens were distributed in Petri dishes containing two sheets of germitest paper and 2 mL of extract, and they were maintained at 25 °C under white light. All methanolic extracts showed total phenols, flavonoids, flavonols, and condensed tannins; however, saponin was identified in A. coriacea, A. crassiflora, A. sylvatica, Psychotria carthagenensis, P. leiocarpa, and Tropaeolum majus. Annona dioica (Annonaceae), Stryphnodendron adstringens (Fabaceae), and Palicourea crocea (Rubiaceae) have allelopathic potential and showed decelerated U. decumbens seed germination and inhibited hypocotyl and radicle growth. These findings provide insights into alternative methods for controlling U. decumbens in areas of ecological restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferula species have occupied great value in traditional medicine in various countries. The aim of the present paper was to assess for the first time to the phytochemical profile of Ferula tunetana Pomel ex Batt. (F. tunetana) seed and leaf extracts using HPLC-MS/MS, as well as to evaluate their antioxidant and anti- α -amylase activities. Therefore, total phenolic and flavonoid amounts of the studied extracts were determined and 38 compounds were detected and quantified (phenolic acids, flavonoids, non-phenolic acid and stilbenes). In addition of their antioxidant potential against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays, in vitro and in silico studies were adopted to evaluate α -amylase inhibitory properties of F. tunetana extracts. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) seed extract showed the highest total phenolic content, antioxidant potential (IC 50 = 19.00 ± 0.37 μg/mL) in terms of free radical scavenging, also for α -amylase inhibition activity with IC 50 values of 17.39 ± 0.92 μg/mL. The molecular docking analysis and the drug-likeness prediction of the major selected compounds explained the significant anti- α -amylase activity of the studied extracts. The obtained analysis and results suggest that F. tunetana extracts could be promising candidates to develop a new generation of efficient and especially safe antidiabetic treatments. [Display omitted] • 38 phytochemicals were quantified in Ferula tunetana extracts by HPLC-MS/MS method. • Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in seed and leaf extracts were estimated. • The studied extracts exhibited good anti- α -amylase and antioxidant activities. • The molecular docking of main components validated the strong antidiabetic effects. • The drug-likeness proprieties of the major compounds were predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancers, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are top-ranked diseases worldwide and for the elderly, they are the top three. In the past decade, dietary flavonoids have become one the of research topics of attention due to their definite protective and to some extent therapeutic effects on cancers, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and NDs. In addition, to maximize bioactivities and the utilization of dietary flavonoids, recently great efforts have been devoted to the bioavailability enhancement of dietary flavonoids. Various dietary flavonoid extracts and pure dietary flavonoid molecules that display protective and/or therapeutic effects on cancers, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, or NDs are demonstrated. Only in vivo bioactive reports and findings with solid evidences (both human and animal-based ones) are compiled in this paper to exemplify the practical use of dietary flavonoids as complementary therapies for cancers, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, or NDs. Furthermore, the strategies for improving the bioavailability of dietary flavonoids are discussed. Key findings and conclusions : Both dietary flavonoid extracts and pure dietary flavonoid molecules can reduce the risk of cancers, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, or NDs. Many types of nano-systems like drug nanocrystals, polymer nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanoliposomes can evidently increase the bioavailability and thereby the therapeutic index for dietary flavonoids. All these findings suggest the potential utility of dietary flavonoids as dietary supplements in the adjuvant therapy of cancers, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and NDs. • Effects of dietary flavonoids on cancers, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases are summarized. • Three types of nanoparticles loaded with dietary flavonoids are introduced. • Only clinical and in vivo results are included to ensure the credibility of the conclusion in this paper. • Some multi-effect dietary flavonoids are applied to cancers, cardiovascular andcerebrovascular diseases, NDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Recently, Nrf2/HO-1 has received extensive attention as the main regulatory pathway of intracellular defense against oxidative stress and is considered an ideal target for alleviating endothelial cell (EC) injury. This paper aimed to summarized the natural monomers/extracts that potentially exert protective effects against oxidative stress in ECs. A literature search was carried out regarding our topic with the keywords of "atherosclerosis" or "Nrf2/HO-1" or "vascular endothelial cells" or "oxidative stress" or "Herbal medicine" or "natural products" or "natural extracts" or "natural compounds" or "traditional Chinese medicines" based on classic books of herbal medicine and scientific databases including Pubmed, SciFinder, Scopus, the Web of Science, GoogleScholar, BaiduScholar, and others. Then, we analyzed the possible molecular mechanisms for different types of natural compounds in the treatment of atherosclerosis via the protection of vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress. In addition, perspectives for possible future studies are discussed. These agents with protective effects against oxidative stress in ECs mainly include phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Most of these agents alleviate cell apoptosis in ECs due to oxidative stress, and the mechanisms are related to Nrf2/HO-1 signaling activation. However, despite continued progress in research on various aspects of natural agents exerting protective effects against EC injury by activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling, the development of new drugs for the treatment of atherosclerosis (AS) and other CVDs based on these agents will require more detailed preclinical and clinical studies. Our present paper provides updated information of natural agents with protective activities on ECs against oxidative stress by activating Nrf2/HO-1. We hope this review will provide some directions for the further development of novel candidate drugs from natural agents for the treatment of AS and other CVDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Antidesma L. (Phyllanthaceae) consists of 102 species and is distributed throughout the subtropical, temperate, and subpolar regions. Numerous species in this genus are employed in ethnomedical practices to treat a range of ailments including anaemia, diabetes, herpes, skin infections, typhoid, throat and lung diseases, gastrointestinal, jaundice, rheumatic, and many more diseases. This review aimed to highlight the ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemical components, biological activities, and future research opportunities of the genus. A total number of 112 research papers published between the period 1977 and 2023 were considered and reviewed were retrieved from scientific databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, Elsevier Scient Direct, Google Scholar, and PubMed. The literature study revealed that both plant extracts and phytochemicals exhibited a wide range of biological activities including antidiabetes, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammation, and many other activities. Overall, a total number of 236 compounds have been encountered from the different species of Antidesma. These compounds belong to different chemical groups such as alkaloids, flavonoids, fatty acids, lignans, sterols, terpenoids, coumarins, and others. Three compounds such as antidesmone, amentoflavone, and β-sitosterol were found to be possible chemotaxonomic markers for the genus Antisema. Furthermore, only 16 species have been investigated in the context of phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of the genus so far. This review could serve as a comprehensive resource for future research in drug discovery and also lay the groundwork for the exploration of additional species within this genus for pharmaceutical applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A high-throughput on-line detection achieved for total flavonoids in fixed-bed. • High precision, low reagent consumption realized with FIA merging zone technique. • Precise breakthrough curves enabled accurate evaluation of adsorption kinetics. • Great potential application anticipated in monitoring of adsorption separation. Effective evaluation of the fixed-bed adsorption kinetics of plant total flavonoids is important for the design of adsorption separation of bioactive compounds. In this paper, a new merging-zone flow-injection analysis (FIA) method using Al(III) as the colorimetric agent was developed for automatic determination of total flavonoid concentration in the effluent of fixed-bed adsorption, to address the poor reproducibility of the conventional method. This method has a high sample throughput of 58 h−1, reflecting adsorption change in each minute. The fixed-bed experimental parameters were optimized using a univariate experimental design based on the FIA method. The optimum condition for the adsorption of pomegranate peel total flavonoids were determined to be 0.5 g polyamide resin with size of 74–149 μm as adsorbent, with the initial concentration of 627.11 mg/L, the flow rate of 2.0 mL/min. Under the condition, breakthrough curves were precisely established for the adsorption of pomegranate peel total flavonoids, and the breakthrough time and adsorption capacity were determined to be 20.45 min and 60.17 mg/g, respectively. It's found that Yoon-Nelson, Thomas and Bohart-Adams kinetic models were all able to fit the breakthrough curves well. The 80 % methanol aqueous solution was selected as the desorption solvent, and the optimal desorption flow rate was 2.5 mL/min. The FIA method can monitor the whole process of fixed-bed adsorption online and is suitable for different fixed-bed adsorption systems. The results obtained with the automatic flow method showed good agreement with the conventional method. The FIA method holds significant promise for studying and monitoring adsorption processes, due to its automatic on-line nature, high precision, low consumption of reagent and sample, and the ability to generate large quantities of highly accurate adsorption data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NOTOPTERYGII RHIZOMA ET RADIX (NRR), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been utilized in China for millennia. Thriving in high-altitude regions with cold climates, wild NRR has been heavily exploited for its significant economic worth, particularly in the medical sector. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, analytical methods, quality control, processing methods, pharmacological effects, and pharmacokinetics of NRR. These findings offer valuable insights for future research endeavors and establish a solid groundwork for the judicious clinical utilization of NRR. The related information for NRR comes from scientific databases (such as Baidu Scholar, CNKI, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, SciFinder Scholar, Chinese Herb Classics, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, PhD and MSC Dissertations, etc.). Currently, components isolated from NRR are identified as coumarins, volatile oils, organic acids, flavonoids, glycosides, polyacetylenes, and trace elements. Most compounds are analyzed using HPLC and GC techniques. NRR exhibits a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial, immunosuppressive activities, as well as promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, providing neuroprotection, and liver protection. The research on NRR in phytochemistry and pharmacology has made great progress, and some traditional uses have been proven by modern pharmacology. However, because the complex chemical composition of NRR has not been effectively related to its pharmacological action, its mechanism of action has not been clearly expounded. In this review, the processing methods of NRR are summarized, and the exploration of further strengthening the processing mechanism of NRR is put forward, which provides some theoretical help for the clinical application of NRR. Furthermore, the complex chemical composition of NRR makes quality control difficult, so we must study its quality control thoroughly. In order to better develop and utilize NRR, we should establish a reasonable, reliable, and accurate quality control standard, and focus on the relationship between its active components and pharmacodynamic indicators and the study of its mechanism of pharmacological effects. [Display omitted] • Provides constructive suggestions on how to protect and cultivate high-quality Notopterygium Rhizoma. • The chemical constituents of Notopterygium incisum were comprehensively reviewed. • The pharmacokinetics of Notopterygium incisum was reviewed for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance :The genus L. has high medicinal value and has traditional been used to treat a variety of gastrointestinal disorders, as well as diabetes, edema, colds, arthritis, asthma, and traumatic injuries. Aim of the review : This work addresses the missing information by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the traditional uses, chemical components, and pharmacological applications of the more reported species of the genus L. The origin of the genus, its toxicology, and the use of classical therapies in modern medicine were also discussed. It provides references for historical evidence, resource development, and medical research on the genus. ology : Data about the genus L. were gathered via Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Connected Papers, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), electronic ancient books and local chronicles. The WFO Plant List (wfoplantlist.org) and Flora of China (www.iplant.cn) confirmed L.'s Latin name, and the species information. The program ChemBioDraw Ultra 14.0 was used to create the molecular structures of the compounds that were displayed in the text. Currently, at least 740 constituents have been isolated and identified from L. These include 9 groups of chemicals, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. They have been shown to have over 20 biological properties in vivo and in vitro , such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant effects. Based on pharmacological investigations, chemical components, and traditional folk applications, L. is considered a medicinal plant having a variety of pharmacological actions. However, although the pharmacological activity of the L. genus has been preliminary demonstrated, most have only been assessed using simple in vitro cell lines or animal disease models. In order to fully elucidate the pharmacological activity and mechanisms of L., future studies should be conducted in a more comprehensive clinical manner. [Display omitted] • A textual study of the origin of Litsea and the main species (L. cubeba) was carried out. • Summarizes the traditional uses of Litsea in different countries. • 740 chemical constituents of the genus Litsea were summarised. • Over 20 pharmacological applications of the genus Litsea are summarised. • The genus Litsea's classical prescriptions play an important role in modern pharmacology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Dietary flavonoids consumption influences the composition of gut microbiota. • Individuals with autism spectrum disorder commonly experience gut microbiota dysbiosis. • Dietary flavonoids can improve autism spectrum disorder through multiple pathways. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with an unknown etiology. It is associated with various factors and causes great inconvenience to the patient's life. The gut-brain axis (GBA), which serves as a bidirectional information channel for exchanging information between the gut microbiota and the brain, is vital in studying many neurodegenerative diseases. Dietary flavonoids provide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits, as well as regulating the structure and function of the gut microbiota. The occurrence and development of ASD are associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Modulation of gut microbiota can effectively improve the severity of ASD. This paper reviews the links between gut microbiota, flavonoids, and ASD, focusing on the mechanism of dietary flavonoids in regulating ASD through the GBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sambucus williamsii Hance, belonging to the Sambucus L. family (Viburnaceae), possesses medicinal properties in its roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. It is recognized for its ability to facilitate bone reunion, enhance blood circulation, remove stasis, and dispel wind and dampness. This traditional Chinese medicine holds significant potential for development and practical use. Hence, this paper offers an in-depth review of S. williamsii , covering traditional uses, processing guidelines, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics, aiming to serve as a reference for its further development and utilization. Information for this study was gathered from various books, bibliographic databases, and literature sources such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Baidu Scholar, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, and Wanfang Data. Phytochemical investigations have identified approximately 238 compounds within the root bark, stem branches, leaves, and fruits of S. williamsii. These compounds encompass flavonoids, sugars, glycosides, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, phenols, phenolic glycosides, and other chemical constituents, with phenylpropanoids being the most prevalent. S. williamsii exhibits a wide range of pharmacological effects, particularly in promoting osteogenesis and fracture healing. This comprehensive review delves into the traditional uses, processing guidelines, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics of S. williamsii. It provides valuable insights into this plant, which will prove beneficial for future research involving S. williamsii. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron is an essential micronutrient for maintaining physiological activities, especially for highly active cardiomyocytes. Inappropriate iron overload or deficiency has a significant impact on the incidence and severity of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Iron overload exerts potentially deleterious effects on doxorubicin (DOX) cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MI/RI) by participating in lipid peroxides production. Notably, iron overload-associated cell death has been defined as a possible mechanism for ferroptosis. At present, some traditional herbal medicines and extracts have been included in the study of regulating iron overload and the subsequent therapeutic effect on CVD. To give an outline of iron metabolism and ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes and to focus on herbal medicines and extracts to prevent iron overload in CVD. Literature information was systematically collected from ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang data, as well as classic books and clinical reports. After understanding the mechanism of iron overload on CVD, this paper reviews the therapeutic function of various herbal medicines in eliminating iron overload in CVD. These include Chinese herbal compound prescriptions (Salvia miltiorrhiza injection, Gegen Qinlian decoction, Tongxinluo, Banxia-Houpu decoction), plant extracts, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and polyphenols. Among them, flavonoids are considered to be the most promising compounds because of their prominent iron chelation. Mechanically, these herbal medicines act on the Nrf2 signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, and KAT5/GPX4 signaling pathway, thereby attenuating iron overload and lipid peroxidation in CVD. Our review provides up-to-date information on herbal medicines that exert cardiovascular protective effects by modulating iron overload and ferroptosis. These herbal medicines hold promise as a template for preventing iron overload in CVD. [Display omitted] • Iron overload exerts potentially deleterious effects in cardiovascular diseases. • The protective effects of various herbal medicines on eliminating iron overload in cardiovascular diseases. • Flavonoids have prominent iron chelates and are considered to be the most promising compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) cause more than 100,000 deaths each year, which need efficient and non-resistant antibacterial agents. SAR analysis of 162 flavonoids from the plant in this paper suggested that lipophilic group at C-3 was crucial, and then 63 novel flavonoid derivatives were designed and total synthesized. Among them, the most promising K15 displayed potent bactericidal activity against clinically isolated MRSA and VRE (MICs = 0.25–1.00 μg/mL) with low toxicity and high membrane selectivity. Moreover, mechanism insights revealed that K15 avoided resistance by disrupting biofilm and targeting the membrane, while vancomycin caused 256 times resistance against MRSA, and ampicillin caused 16 times resistance against VRE by the same 20 generations inducing. K15 eliminated residual bacteria in mice skin MRSA-infected model (>99 %) and abdominal VRE-infected model (>92 %), which was superior to vancomycin and ampicillin. [Display omitted] • Guided synthesis of flavonoid derivatives from 162 natural flavonoids. • Amphiphilic flavonoid derivatives displayed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. • K15 avoided resistance by damaging biofilm and targeting cell membranes. • K15 exhibited excellent therapeutic effect in vivo , superior to vancomycin and ampicillin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glehnia littoralis Fr. Schmidtex Miq. is a well-known perennial herb that is used in traditional medicine in China, Japan and Korea. G. littoralis has the effects of treating the lungs with heat, nourishing yin and blood, and acting as an expectorant. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions containing G. littoralis have various clinical applications, such as clearing heat, relieving coughs, treating hepatic fibrosis, resolving phlegm, and treating esophagitis. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive and productive review of G. littoralis , mainly including traditional application, ethnopharmacology, chemical composition, pharmacological activities, and quality control. Literature search was conducted through the Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, PubMed, Baidu Scholar, CNKI, and WanFang DATA by using the keywords " Glehnia littoralis ", "Radix Glehniae", "Bei Shashen", "Clinical application", "Chemical composition", "Quality control" and "pharmacological action". In addition, information was collected from relevant ancient books, reviews, and documents (1980–2022). G. littoralis is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with great clinical value and rich resources. More than 186 components, including coumarins, lignans, polyacetylenes, organic acids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, have been isolated and identified from G. littoralis. The pharmacological activities of more than half of these chemicals are yet unknown. Polyacetylenes and coumarins are the most important bioactive compounds responsible for pharmacological activities, such as antiproliferative, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitussive, immune regulation and analgesic. In this study, the progress in chemical analysis of G. littoralis , including thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (MS), and HPLC–MS, were summarized. In this paper reviewed the previous literature regarding ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, pharmacological, and quality evaluation of the processing of G. littoralis was reviewed, providing potential reference information for future investigation and clinical applications. However, research on the relationship between chemical constituents and traditional uses of G. littoralis is lacking, and the comprehensive pharmacological effects and mechanisms of G. littoralis require further detailed exploration. In addition, an efficient method for chemical profiling is still unavailable to obtain potent bioactive markers for quality control. Perfect quality standards, which are also the basis for further drug development of G. littoralis , are urgently needed to ensure its quality and clinical application. [Display omitted] • Glehnia littoralis is a widely utilized in Asian countries as herbal medicines. • This review updates the phytochemistry and pharmacological of G. littoralis. • Few systematic review of G. littoralis is available in the preceding literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vine tea is a popular folk tea that has been consumed in China for more than 1200 years. It is often used in ethnic medicine by ethnic groups in southwest China with at least 35 aliases in 10 provinces. In coastal areas, vine tea is mostly used to treat heatstroke, aphtha, aphonia, toothache, etc. In contrast, in the southwest inland regions, vine tea is mostly used to clear away heat and toxic materials, antiphlogosis and relieving sore-throat, lowering blood pressure and lipid levels, and alleviating fatigue. Three main species have been used as the source of vine tea, Nekemias grossedentata , Nekemias cantonensis and Nekemias megalophylla. Among them, the leaves of Nekemias grossedentata were considered as new food resource in complicance with regulations, according to the Food Safety Standards published by the Monitoring and Evaluation Department of the National Health and Family Planning Commission in China. At present, the comprehensively summary of Materia Medica on the history and source of vine tea is currently unavailable. The current article summed up the Materia Medica, species origin and pharmacological effects of all 3 major species used in vine tea to fill the knowledge gaps. We also aim to provide a reference for future research on historical textual, resource development and medicinal utilization of vine tea. Adhering to the literature screening methodology outlined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), this review encompasses 148 scholarly research papers from three database, paper ancient books, local chronicles and folklore through field investigations. We then comprehensively summarized and discussed research progresses in scientific and application studies of vine tea. The historical records indicated that vine tea could have been used as early as Southern and Northern Dynasties (AC 420–589). Nekemias grossedentata , Nekemias cantonensis and Nekemias megalophylla , were used to considered as vine tea in the ethnic medicine. The main phytochemicals found in three plants are flavonoids, polyphenols and terpenoids, among which dihydromyricetin (DHM) is the most important and most studied active substance. The key words " Ampelopsis grossedentata " (Synonym of Nekemias grossedentata) and "dihydromyricetin/DHM" showed the highest frequency over the last 27 year based on the research trend analysis. And the ethnopharmacology studies drawn the main activities of vine tea are antioxidant, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and anti-atherosclerosis activities. This review systematically summarized and discussed vine tea from the following five aspects, history, genetic relationship, phytochemistry, research trend and ethnopharmacology. Vine tea has a long historical usage in Chinese ethnic medicine. Its outstanding therapeutic efficacies have attracted extensive attention in other places in the world at present. Nekemias cantonensis and Nekemias megalophylla are quite similar to Nekemias grossedentata in terms of many aspects. However, the current research has a narrow focus on mainly Nekemias grossedentata and DHM. We propose that future studies could be carried out to determine the synergistic effect of multi-components and multi-targets of vine tea including all 3 species to provide valuable knowledge. [Display omitted] • Vine tea, renowned in China, exhibits an array of pharmacological effects. • Dihydromyricetin (DHM), abundant in vine tea, is a key focus of scientific research. • N. cantonensis, N. megalophylla , and N. grossedentata are identified as vine tea sources. • Promising results in DHM clinical trials warrant further robust investigations. • Future research opportunities lie in the exploration of other bioactive components in vine tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This is the first report on phenolics and biological activity of C. oppositifolia and S. cilicius. • The plant extracts possessed significant antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity. • Kaempferol and quercetin were identified as major flavonoids in the extracts. • Protocatechuic acid and gallic acid were identified as major phenolic acids in the extracts. • The plant extracts could be potential sources of bioactive molecules. In the paper, the phenolic compounds and biological activity of Corydalis oppositifolia DC. and Senecio cilicius Boiss., the endemic plants growing in Turkey, were investigated for the first time. The ethanol extract of C. oppositifolia exhibited more potent antimicrobial activity while the ethanol extract of S. cilicius exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity on ABTS (81.4±1.1a mg TE g−1 extract) and DPPH (23.4±0.2a mg TE g−1 extract). In C. oppositifolia , the highest total flavonoid and phenolic acid contents were found to be in the ethanol (94.2±3.5a mg QE g−1 extract) and methanol (320.5±3.3c mg GAE g−1 extract) extracts, respectively. In S. cilicius , the highest total flavonoid and phenolic acid contents were found to be in the methanol (56.9±0.9c mg QE g−1 extract) and ethanol (568.0±3.3a mg GAE g−1 extract) extracts, respectively. The ethanol extract of C. oppositifolia has the most prominent activity against α-amylase, AChE and BChE whereas the methanol extract of this plant displayed the highest inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase. HPLC analysis of the ethanol extracts revealed that the major flavonoids were kaempferol and quercetin whereas the major phenolic acids were protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, gentistic acid and 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The findings suggested that the plants and their extracts have the potential to be used in the treatment of diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer's diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Two antidiabetic bioactive compounds, namely apigenin derivative (AGD) and stigmasterol (STM) were isolated from the methanolic leaf extracts of T. angustifolia and O. debilis , respectively. • The isolated flavonoids were identified as 8-hydroxyapigenin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, a derivative of apigenin derivative (AGD) and stigmasta-5,22-dien-3β-ol i.e., stigmasterol (STM). • In vitro and in silico (docking and MD) studies The antidiabetic potential of the isolated apigenin derivative, AGD (a new flavonoid molecule) and stigmasterol, STM (an existing plant sterol) with α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. • The flavonoid molecule, AGD possesses better antidiabetic profile than the steroid molecule, STM particularly against human α-amylase enzyme. • Our present investigation successfully validates the traditional as well as ethnomedicinal claims of T. angustifolia and O. debilis as antidiabetic medicines. Tetrastigma angustifolia (Roxb.) Deb is an evergreen shrub belonging to the family Vitaceae. This plant species has been used for thousand years in Ayurvedic medicine. Ethnomedicinal study also documents the use of T. angustifolia leaves in the management of diabetes. On the other hand, Oxalis debilis Kunth. is a tristylous plant commonly known as pink woodsorrel belong to the family Oxalidaceae. This plant has been used traditionally for the treatment of dysentery and diarrhea. Ethnobotanical study also reports the use of leaf decoction of O. debilis in the treatment of diabetes. In our earlier work, the antidiabetic activity of hydro-alcoholic leaf extracts of T. angustifolia and O. debilis have been reported. In spite of ethnomedicinal implications and several scientific studies in the recent past, phytochemical investigations in support of the antidiabetic potential of these plant species are yet to be explored. Therefore, the present study was aimed at the isolation of bioactive phytoconstituents as antidiabetic principle(s) from T. angustifolia and O. debilis leaves. In this paper, two bioactive compounds, namely apigenin derivative (AGD) and stigmasterol (STM) were isolated from the methanolic leaf extracts of T. angustifolia and O. debilis , respectively by column chromatographic technique. The structures of the isolated compounds were established by spectroscopic/ spectrometric techniques including FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR and Mass. The isolated flavonoids were identified as 8-hydroxyapigenin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, a derivative of apigenin (AGD) and stigmasta-5,22-dien-3β-ol i.e., stigmasterol (STM). The antidiabetic potential of AGD and STM was evaluated by in vitro α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory assays. To validate the antidiabetic efficacy, molecular docking and dynamics studies were performed using AutoDock Vina and GROMACS software. In vitro assays revealed the antidiabetic potential of AGD and STM with α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. From docking and MD simulation studies, promising binding affinity of AGD and STM for human lysosomal α-glucosidase (5NN8) and human pancreatic α-amylase enzymes (1B2Y) with favorable binding modes, stable protein-ligand complexes and well defined protein-ligand interactions were observed. Based on in vitro and in silico studies, our study reports the antidiabetic potential of the isolated apigenin derivative, AGD (a new flavonoid molecule) and stigmasterol, STM (an existing plant sterol) with α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. However, the flavonoid molecule, AGD possesses better antidiabetic profile than the steroid molecule, STM particularly against human α-amylase enzyme. Our present investigation successfully validates the traditional as well as ethnomedicinal claims of T. angustifolia and O. debilis as antidiabetic medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • This article provides for the first time new information about the amount of secondary metabolites, such as anthocyanin, phenolic and flavonoid substances in leaves of Iranian red flesh apple varieties. • Determining the main phenolic and flavonoid compounds as well as determining their exact amount in the leaves of Iranian red flesh apple varieties and comparing the amount of these compounds with a commercially variety in the world is another feature of this paper. • This article also examines the influence of three common rootstocks on anthocyanin pigment and other phenolic and flavonoid compounds on leaves of Iranian red flesh apple varieties. • In this paper, the activity of enzymes involved in the pathway of biosynthesis of secondary metabolites under the influence of different rootstocks has been studied. • This article can be the starting point for studying the effect of apple tree rootstocks on the quality of apple fruits and a way to improve the color and quality of the red flesh apple fruits that has recently been taken into consideration. Abstract Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and UDP-glucose-flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) activity were measured in leaves of two Iranian red flesh apple cultivars and in 'Red delicious' cultivar that were grafted on different rootstocks. Total Anthocyanin was measured, in the samples. Also Phenolic compounds and flavonoids were measured by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in vegetative tissues of treatments. Results showed that rootstock, cultivar genotype and their interactions had significant effects on treatments, the highest PAL and UFGT activity was observed in 'Bastam' cultivar. In rootstocks maximum activity of PAL and UFGT was observed in M9, and in graft combinations the highest activity of PAL was found in Red delicious/M9 and the highest activity of UFGT was found in 'Bastam'/Bekran, which emphasizes that although genetic of rootstock and scion are the most important factors affecting the enzymes activity and phenolic content, other various factors such as incompatibility, growth vigor and the amount of hormones in rootstock affect the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel functional material as the host–guest supramolecular probe was reported. • This work for the first time reported a ratiometric detection method for cyfluthrin. • The probe enables fast, sensitive (LOD 70 ppb), and selective detection of cyfluthrin. • The paper-based testing device was utilized for the smartphone-based analysis. • On-site determination of cyfluthrin in real food samples could be successfully realized. The massive use of cyfluthrin pesticide in agriculture has brought growing concerns on the food safety due to its chemical stability, easy-to-accumulation, and several harmful effects on human health. Design of a rapid, reliable and portable analytical method for on-site monitoring cyfluthrin is of great significance. Although reported assays showed high sensitivity and selectivity to cyfluthrin, these intensity-based outputs suffered from the interference from a variety of analyte-independent factors, i.e. the instrumental parameters, which often led to the poor accuracy and repeatability of detection results. In this work, we reported a novel host–guest supramolecular probe by using albumin as the host and solvatofluorochromic flavonoid as the guest, for the first time, successfully realizing ratiometric determination of cyfluthrin. This probe was capable of detecting cyfluthrin with the fast response (10 s), high sensitivity (LOD ∼70 ppb) and selectivity, good anti-interference performance, and remarkably distinct emission color change from orange to green. Moreover, the portable paper-based test strips could be facilely obtained and utilized for ratiometric determination cyfluthrin pesticide in food samples, such as apple, tomato, cucumber. The signal outputs could be captured and analyzed by using a smartphone, demonstrating the application potential of this probe in on-site food analysis. We expected this work may open up a novel avenue for on-site determination of pesticides with the simple testing apparatuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of myricetin derivatives containing benzoxazinone were designed and synthesized. The structures of all compounds were characterized by NMR and HRMS. The structure of Y4 had been confirmed by single-crystal X -ray diffraction analysis. The test results of EC 50 values of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) suggested that Y8 had the best curative and protective effects, with EC 50 values of 236.8, 206.0 μg/mL, respectively, which were higher than that of ningnanmycin (372.4, 360.6 μg/mL). Microscale thermophoresis (MST) experiments demonstrated that Y8 possessed a strong binding affinity for tobacco mosaic virus coat protein (TMV-CP), with a dissociation constant (K d) value of 0.045 μM, which was superior to the ningnanmycin (0.700 μM). The findings of molecular docking studies revealed that Y8 interacted with multiple amino acid residues of TMV-CP through the formation of non-covalent bonds, which had an effect on the self-assembly of TMV particles. The malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase assay (SOD) content assays also fully verified that Y8 could stimulate the plant immune system and enhance disease resistance by reducing MDA content and increasing SOD content. In summary, myricetin derivatives containing benzoxazinone could be considered to further research and development as novel antiviral agents. [Display omitted] • In this paper, 20 myricetin derivatives containing benzoxazinone were designed and synthesized. • Compound Y8 exhibited excellent antiviral against tobacco mosaic virus in vivo. • The binding ability of Y8 to TMV-CP were explored by microscale thermophoresis and molecular docking technology. • Y8 could stimulate the plant immune system and enhance disease resistance by reducing MDA and increasing SOD content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new apigenin cocrystal APG–PIP has been prepared with piperazine coformer. • The crystal structure of APG–PIP has been resolved and investigated. • The concentration of APG shows linear relationship with the dosage of APG–PIP. As a natural flavonoid, apigenin (APG) has garnered considerable attention for its broad pharmacological properties. Unfortunately, the extremely poor aqueous solubility greatly restricts its clinical efficacy. Cocrystallization has been taken as an important approach to modulate physicochemical properties of parent drug. In this paper, piperazine (PIP) has been selected to assembly with APG and APG–PIP cocrystal has been successfully fabricated and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and various analytical methods. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis indicates APG–PIP crystallizes in the P 2 1 / c space group of monoclinic system and comprises neutral APG and PIP with the ratio of 1:1. APG and PIP are linked via O–H···N/N–H···O hydrogen bonds with a resulting 2D fes network. The 2D networks are further extended via π···π stacking interactions to afford its 3D architecture. The APG illustrates highly enhanced solubility and dissolving rate in APG–PIP cocrystal comparing with parent APG. It is notable that APG–PIP presents different equilibrium concentrations of APG along with insoluble residue when different dosages of APG–PIP are introduced. We speculate that APG and PIP may not be released equally within APG–PIP in aqueous medium due to their neutral nature and huge difference in solubility, and the existence of PIP can facilitate the dissolving of APG. This speculation has been further confirmed by investigation of relationship between equilibrium concentrations of APG and dosage of APG–PIP as well as powder dissolution experiment. The equilibrium concentrations are 0.118, 0.382, 0.556, 0.767, and 0.904 mg/mL when 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg APG–PIP was put into 5 mL H 2 O and reveals good linear relation. The "spring and parachute" phenomenon and final similar solubility with parent APG in powder dissolution profile can be ascribed to the synergetic effect of metastable supersaturation and decreased PIP concentration due to withdrawing-replenishing operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen (Romanet du Caillaud) Stapf is a plant of the genus Coix in the Gramineae family. Coix seed is cultivated in various regions throughout China. In recent years, with the research on the medicinal value of Coix seed, it has received more and more widespread attention from people. Numerous pharmacological effects of Coix seed have been demonstrated through modern pharmacological studies, such as hypoglycemia, improving liver function, anti-tumor, regulating intestinal microbiota, improving spleen function, and anti-inflammatory effects. This article is a literature review. In recent years, despite the extensive research on Coix seed, there has yet to be a comprehensive review of its traditional usage, medicinal resources, chemical components, and pharmacological effects is still lacking. To fill this gap, the paper provides an overview of the latest research progress on Coix seed, aiming to offer guidance and references for its further development and comprehensive utilization. To gather information on the traditional usage, phytochemical ingredients, and pharmacological properties of Coix seed, we conducted a literature search using both Chinese and English languages in five databases: PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Springer. This article is a literature review. The chemical constituents of Coix seed include various fatty acids, esters, polysaccharides, sterols, alkaloids, triterpenes, tocopherols, lactams, lignans, phenols, flavonoids and other constituents. Modern pharmacological research has indeed shown that Coix seed has many pharmacological effects and is a natural anti-tumor drug. In addition to its anti-tumor effect, it also has pharmacological effects such as hypoglycemia, improving liver function, regulating intestinal microbiota, improving spleen function, and anti-inflammatory effects. This article provides a brief overview of the traditional uses, biotechnological applications, chemical components, and pharmacological effects of Coix seed. It highlights the importance of establishing quality standards, discovering new active ingredients, and exploring pharmacological mechanisms in Coix seed research. The article also emphasizes the significance of clinical trials, toxicology studies, pharmacokinetics data, and multidisciplinary collaboration for further advancements in this field. Overall, it aims to enhance understanding of Coix seed and its potential in pharmaceutical development and wellness products. Research progress on traditional and medicinal use, the chemical components and pharmacological effect of Coix seed. [Display omitted] • This article introduces the research progress in the traditional usage and medicinal resources of Coix seed. • The chemical components of Coix seed include fatty acids and other compounds. • Coix seed has pharmacological effects such as lowering blood sugar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Crataegus (hawthorn), a member of the Rosaceae family, encompasses several species with broad geographical distribution across the Northern Hemisphere, including Asia, Europe, and the Americas. Hawthorn is recognized as an edible medicinal plant with applications related to strengthening the digestive system, promoting blood circulation, and resolving blood stasis. This study critically summarized the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties to provide a theoretical basis for further studies on hawthorn and its applications in medicine and food. The available information on hawthorn was gathered from scientific databases (including Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Baidu Scholar, CNKI, online ethnobotanical databases, and ethnobotanical monographs, and considered data from 1952 to 2023). Information about traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and safety concerns of the collected data is comprehensively summarized in this paper. The literature review revealed that hawthorn includes more than 1000 species primarily distributed in the northern temperate zone. Traditional uses of hawthorn have lasted for millennia in Asia, Europe, and the Americas. Within the past decade, 337 chemical compounds, including flavonoids, lignans, fatty acids and organic acids, monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids, terpenoids and steroids, have been identified from hawthorn. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed numerous bioactivities, such as cardiovascular system influence, antitumor activity, hepatoprotective activity, antimicrobial properties, immunomodulatory functions, and anti-inflammatory activities. Additionally, evaluations have indicated that hawthorn lacks toxicity. Based on its traditional uses, chemical composition, and pharmacological studies, hawthorn has significant potential as a medicinal and edible plant with a diverse range of pharmacological activities. Traditional uses of the hawthorn include the treatment of indigestion, dysmenorrhea, and osteoporosis. However, modern pharmacological research primarily focuses on its cardiovascular and cerebrovascular system effects, antitumor effects, and liver protection properties. Currently, there is a lack of correlative research involving its traditional uses and pharmacological activities. Moreover, phytochemical and pharmacological research has yet to focus on many types of hawthorn with traditional applications. Therefore, it is imperative to research the genus Crataegus extensively. [Display omitted] • Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and safety concerns of hawthorn. • The medicinal uses and edible value of hawthorn. • The application and medicinal value of hawthorn in ethnopharmacology. • The challenges and opportunities of hawthorn were envisioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Licorice can nourish Pi (spleen) and thereby strengthening the digestive system according to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine. Licorice has been generally used in the compound prescription to treat intestinal inflammatory disease. Licochalcone A (Lico A) is one of the characteristic molecules from licorice. T-UCRs, which are transcribed from ultraconserved regions, are a new class of long noncoding RNAs related to the renewal of intestinal epithelial renewal. This study aimed to investigate the effect and the uc.173-related mechanism of Lico A on intestinal epithelial renewal. IE-6 and Caco-2 cells were used to evaluate the effect of Lico A on apoptosis, proliferation, and migration of IECs. The intestinal organoid was used to investigate ex vivo effect and mechanism of Lico A promoting intestinal organoid development. C57BL/6J mice (both normal and uc.173-deficient ones) were used to examine the in vivo effect of Lico A on the renewal of intestinal mucosa. The expression of three T-UCRs related to the intestinal mucosa renewal was altered in Lico A-treated IECs. Lico A promoted the proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of IECs through uc.173/miR-195 pathway. The development of intestinal organoids and the renewal of intestinal mucosa of mice subjected to the 48-h FAST were all promoted by the treatment of Lico A. Moreover, the growth arrest of uc.173-deficient intestinal organoids and the atrophy of intestinal mucosa in uc.173-deficient mice could be rescued by the Lico A administration. Results in this paper suggest that targeting T-UCRs may be the novel therapeutic approach for the promotion of epithelial regeneration, and through stimulating the regeneration of intestinal mucosa, Lico A may become a new therapeutic agent for the maintenance of intestinal epithelial integrity. Licochalcone A promotes intestinal epithelial renewal through uc.173. [Display omitted] • Licochalcone A from licorice affects the expression of three T-UCRs related to the regeneration of intestinal mucosa. • Licochalcone A promotes the development of intestinal organoids and in vivo renewal of intestinal mucosa. • Licochalcone A reverses uc. 173-induced delay in intestinal epithelial renewal both in vitro and in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smilax china L., an extensively used traditional Chinese medicine, is known as Baqia in China. It has been used to treat various inflammatory disorders, particularly pelvic inflammation. The present paper aims to provide an up-to-date review at the advancements of the investigations on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacological effect and actual and potential applications of S. china. Besides, the possible tendency and perspective for future research of this plant are discussed, as well. This article uses " Smilax china L." " S. china " as the keyword and collects relevant information on Smilax china L. plants through electronic searches (Elsevier, PubMed, ACS, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science), relevant books, and classic literature about Chinese herb. 134 chemical constituents, among which steroid saponins and flavonoids are the predominant groups, have been isolated and identified from S. china. S. china with its active compounds is possessed of wide-reaching biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, detoxify nicotine, anti-diabetes, anti-obesity, anti-hyperuricaemia, anti-hypertension, promoting skin wound and barrier repair and anti-bacterial activity. Besides, S. china is also applied to other fields, such as food industry and detection technology. Based on the review of the existing phytochemical studies on Smilax china L., the structural characterization of Smilax china L. extract can continue to be the focus of future research. Pharmacological studies in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated some of the traditional uses of Smilax china L. extract, while other traditional uses still need to be confirmed by research. [Display omitted] • S.china is a common natural medicinal plant with multiple therapeutic effects. • The phytochemical components of S.china have various biological activities. • S.china has effects on other fields, especially food industry, detection technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide exposure is closely associated with the incidence of various severe diseases in humans, including immune dysfunctions, respiratory problems and neurobehavioral disorders. Although several drugs are utilized for the treatment of pesticide intoxication in patients, the side effects have limited their use. It has been demonstrated that generation of oxidative stress is a main mechanism involved in pesticide-induced toxicity. Naturally, there is an increasing interest in screening safe antioxidants and evaluating their potentials of reducing oxidative stress induced by pesticides. Flavonoids are members of the polyphenol family and possess strong antioxidant properties. Based on the results of previous studies, a series of dietary flavonoids exhibit protective effects against pesticide-induced toxicity both in vitro and in vivo. This paper mainly focused on the preventive roles of quercetin, naringin, naringenin, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, hesperidin, rutin, apigenin, luteolin and taxifolin against pesticide-induced toxicity in cell and animal models. The possible mechanisms for the protection of these flavonoids from pesticide-induced toxicity were critically reviewed as well. Dietary flavonoids could protect cells and animals from pesticide toxicity through their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-mutagenic, anti-stress properties, effects on improving organ functions, activating the immune system, promoting the xenobiotic excretion from the body, modulating the levels of neurotransmitters and hormones as well as regulating lipid and energy metabolisms. In addition, we introduced the issues that need to be resolved in future investigations and pointed out current challenges of developing flavonoids into therapeutic agents for pesticide intoxication. • Flavonoids can effectively reduce pesticide-induced toxicity in cells and animals. • Flavonoids with protective effects against pesticide toxicity are summarized. • Mechanisms of flavonoid-induced protection against pesticide toxicity are reviewed. • Several issues that need to be resolved in future studies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two Epimedium-derived isomeric flavonoids, CIT and IT, had the therapeutic effect in osteopenic rats. However, it is difficult to expound their activity differences in anti-osteoporosis. This paper contrasted their anti-osteoporosis activity from the perspective of their affinity to OPG/RANKL protein targets. Molecular docking indicated that both of CIT and IT could interact with the hydrophobic pockets of OPG/RANKL, while CIT was easier and more stable to combine with RANKL. On the contrary, compared with CIT, IT was more inclined to combine with OPG and stay away from combining with RANKL. Subsequently, whether the interaction between isomeric flavonoids and OPG/RANKL targets promoted or suppressed bone resorption was undefined and which was validated by zebrafish embryo and ovariectomized rats in this paper. Compared with IT, the staining area and cumulative optical density of zebrafish skeleton were significantly increased after the treatment of CIT (0.1 μM, p  < 0.05). Furthermore, CIT mainly reflected a more significant role in upregulating OPG ( p  < 0.05), downregulating RANKL ( p  < 0.05), reducing serum AKP and TRACP level ( p  < 0.05), enhancing bone biomechanical properties ( p  < 0.05), increasing bone mineral density ( p  < 0.05) and improving trabecular bone microarchitecture ( p  < 0.05) in osteoporotic rats. In conclusion, the combination of isomeric flavonoids (CIT/IT) and OPG/RANKL targets attenuated the excitation effects of OPG or RANKL on RANKL. Because CIT was more firmly combined with RANKL than IT, CIT had stronger anti-osteoporosis effect by inhibiting bone resorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendrobium is a kind of medicine food homology plant. Dendrobium has long been used to strengthen "Yin" and tonify five viscera. This paper presents a systematic review of the folk usage, chemical composition and pharmacological activity of Dendrobium , aiming to provide a reference for subsequent in-depth understanding and better exploitation of health food, medicine, and natural products. Available information about the genus Dendrobium was collected via Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, APA-Psy Articles, Google Scholar, Connected Papers, Springer Search, and KNCI. The keywords for this article are Dendrobium , traditional use, chemical diversity and pharmacological activity. Use the "Dictionary of Chinese Ethnic Medicine " to provide 23 kinds of Dendrobium with medicinal value, the Latin name of Dendrobium is verified by the Flora of China (www.iplant.cn), and its species distribution and related information are collected. There are 78 species of Dendrobium in China, 14 of which are endemic to China. At present, 450 compounds including sesquiterpenoids, lignans compounds, phenolic compounds, phenanthrene compounds, bibenzyls, polysaccharides and flavonoids have been isolated and identified from at least 50 species of Dendrobium. Among them, bibenzyls and polysaccharides are the main active components, phenolics and lignans are widely distributed, sesquiterpenes are the most common chemical constituents in genus Dendrobium plants. The most popular research objects are Dendrobium officinale and Dendrobium huoshanense. Based on traditional folk uses, chemical composition and pharmacological studies, Dendrobium is considered a promising medicinal and edible plant with multiple pharmacological activities. In addition, a large number of clinical applications and further studies on single chemical components based on the diversity of chemical structures should be conducted, which will lay the foundation for the scientific utilization of genus Dendrobium. [Display omitted] • The traditional usage of dendrobium by 17 Chinese ethnic groups is summarized. • 450 chemical compounds and their chemical structural formulae were collated. • 14 pharmacological activities of Dendrobium were summarized and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonati Rhizoma (PR), which contains rich national cultural connotations, is a traditional Chinese medicine with homology of medicine and food. It has been used for a long time as a tonic in China's multi-ethnic medical system, and is also used to treat diseases such as premature graying hair, deficiency of blood and essence, diabetes, hypertension, etc. Meanwhile, PR is often used as food in China, India, South Korea and other Asian countries, which can satisfy hunger and provide many health benefits. This paper systematically reviewed the ethnopharmacology, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and related applications research of PR, and provided a reference for the comprehensive applications of PR, including basic research, product development and clinical applications. This paper also refined the national application characteristics of PR, such as rich plant resources, special chemical components and anti-hidden hungry, which laid a foundation for its high value and high connotation development in the future. The literature information was collected systematically from the electronic scientific databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Geen Medical, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, as well as other literature sources, such as classic books of herbal medicine. A comprehensive analysis of the above literature confirmed that PR has been used in the ethnic medicine system of Asian countries such as China for thousands of years. In this paper, 12 species including official species that can be used as PR are summarized, which provide rich plant resources for PR. The chemical components in PR are divided into nutritional components and active components. The former not only contains non-starch polysaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides, which account for about 50% in PR and are recognized as high-quality diet in the world, but also contains inorganic elements and mineral elements. And a total of 199 kinds active ingredients, including saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, etc., were sorted out by us. The above ingredients make PR have a special property of anti-hidden hunger. Studies have shown that PR has a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as immune regulation, blood glucose regulation, lipid-lowering, antioxidant, anti-tumor, antibacterial, etc. It has been widely used in medicine, food, cosmetics, gardens and other fields. PR, as a classic medicinal material of the same origin, is widely used in the traditional ethnic medicine system. It contains abundant potential plant resources, chemical components and pharmacological activities. This paper also suggests that PR with high application value in food industry, has the potential to become a high-quality coarse grain. Exploring the way of grain and industrialization of PR is beneficial to fully develop the economic value of PR. [Display omitted] • PR is a potential high-quality crop and food that can fight hidden hunger. • The material base and pharmacological mechanism of PR need to be further studied. • Challenges for PR industry are mainly uncontrolled quality and declining wild resources. • Promoting the development of PR for industrialization is conducive to play its value fully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitex rotundifolia L. f. and Vitex trifolia L. belong to the genus Vitex , and Vitex rotundifolia L. f. evolved from Vitex trifolia L. Both are essential ethnic medicinal plants with a long history, commonly used to treat headaches, fever, diarrhea, hair loss, wound recovery, and other diseases. The research status of Vitex trifolia L. and its relative species Vitex rotundifolia L. f. were reviewed from the aspects of traditional medicinal use, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities, to provide a reference for the further development and utilization of Vitex rotundifolia L. f. and Vitex trifolia L. In this paper, a comprehensive search of published literature was conducted through various books and online databases to obtain relevant information on Vitex rotundifolia L. f. and Vitex trifolia L. The search terms "(Vitex rotundifolia) OR (Vitex trifolia) OR (Fructus viticis)" were entered in PubMed, Web of Science, China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, Baidu Scholar, respectively. In addition to setting the year threshold of "2018–2022" on Baidu Scholar, other databases searched all fields and found 889, 283, 1263, 1023, and 147 articles, respectively. Among them, review, repetition, overlapping data, and other reasons were excluded, and finally, a total of 164 articles were included in the review study. A total of 369 compounds have been identified, including 159 terpenoids, 51 flavonoids, 83 phenylpropanoids, and 76 other compounds. Pharmacological studies have shown that Vitex rotundifolia L. f. and Vitex trifolia L. have a variety of pharmacological activities, such as anti-tumor, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and estrogen-like activity. Modern clinical use for treating cold headaches, diarrhea dysentery, irregular menstruation, and other diseases. As traditional medicinal plants, Vitex rotundifolia L. f. and Vitex trifolia L. have wealthy chemical constituents and extensive pharmacological activities and are widely used in clinical practice from traditional to modern times. However, the research on the pharmacological activities of Vitex rotundifolia L. f. and Vitex trifolia L. is not in-depth, and the potential active components still need to be explored. [Display omitted] • Vitex rotundifolia L. f. and Vitex trifolia L. belong to the genus Vitex , and the single leaf Vitex rotundifolia L. f. evolved from Vitex trifolia L. Both are essential ethnic medicinal plants used worldwide to treat various diseases, such as headache, fever, diarrhea, hair loss, and wound recovery. • From the traditional point of view, the ethnic medicine of Vitex rotundifolia L. f. and Vitex trifolia L. was collected. • In this paper, the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Vitex rotundifolia L. f. and Vitex trifolia L. were listed. • It provides a theoretical basis for further utilization and research of Vitex rotundifolia L. f. and Vitex trifolia L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional Chinese medicine and ethnic medicine together play an important value in the modern medicine system that is different from that of chemical drugs. Chinese medicine and ethnic medicine with hemostatic effect have unique advantages and development potential in the prevention and treatment of clinical hemorrhagic diseases, reflecting multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway effects. In this paper, the active ingredients related to the hemostatic effect of traditional Chinese medicine and ethnic medicine are taken as the starting point, and the traditional Chinese medicine and ethnic medicine with traditional hemostatic purposes are reviewed, and the existing research progress on the active ingredients and their mechanism of action of these drugs is systematically expounded, aiming to provide theoretical reference for the development of traditional hemostatic drugs, the discovery of hemostatic active ingredients and the research of new hemostatic methods. Hemostatic chinese medicine and ethnic medicine were collected and summarized from the classic books of Materia Medica, public literature database and doctoral or master's thesis repositories. At the same time, we discussed the classification of various types of hemostatic active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine and ethnic medicine according to the different mechanisms of hemostasis. A total of 436 traditional Chinese medicine and ethnic medicine with hemostatic effects have been collected, and their hemostatic active ingredients include alkaloids, quinones, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, organic acids, amino acids, terpenoids, steroids, phenols, tannins, esters, polysaccharides and herbal extracts, etc. These active ingredients accelerate the formation of hemostasis by improving endogenous and exogenous hemostatic pathways mainly through enhancing vascular wall contraction, increasing platelet aggregation, promoting coagulation system activation and inhibiting fibrinolysis. This article reviews the previous data on various aspects of the hemostatic effect of traditional Chinese medicine and ethnomedicine. Many traditional hemostatic drugs have been discovered and many active ingredients and mechanisms have been reported. However, although there are a large number of drugs with traditional hemostatic effects, there are still few developed and applied. At the same time, the hemostatic components of many drugs still remain in the study of the activity of their total extracts, and the potential link between some drug components achieving hemostatic effects through different mechanisms remains to be elucidated. [Display omitted] • A total of 436 traditional Chinese medicine and ethnic medicine with hemostatic effects have been collected. • The hemostatic active ingredients include alkaloids, quinones, flavonoids, phenylpropanol and other chemical components. • These active ingredients accelerate the formation of hemostasis mainly through four different pathways. • In this paper, many data of traditional drugs for hemostasis and provides a reference for the development of new drugs and methods for hemostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the negative impact of reactive species (including free radicals) on humans and animals, the investigations to find effective substances (antioxidants), which protect living organisms against their damaging influence are carried out throughout the world. As most widespread synthetic antioxidants are suspected of having a noxious effect on the human body, more and more attention is paid to natural antioxidant compounds found in plants (especially phenolic compounds). The aim of this paper is to present the data about antioxidant activity of polyphenolic compounds with the emphasis on the main factors having influence on their antioxidant activity: chemical structure, ability to form hydrogen bonds, capability of metal ions chelation and reduction, adduct formation, kinetic solvents effect, mechanism of antioxidant reaction, capability of antioxidant enzyme activation and reduction potential. • A comprehensive review of antioxidant activity of polyphenolic is presented in this article. • The main factors influence on antioxidant activity of polyphenolic were discussed. • Polyphenols as antioxidants derived from plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A salting-out effect assisted heat-shrinkable tubing microextraction is proposed. • New method with HPLC is used for analysis of flavonoids in plasma samples. • Heat-shrinkable tubing as carrier of extraction solvent and salt. • The region and concentration of salting-out effect have great impact on enrichment. • The plasma proteins have an effect on the enrichment of target analytes. This paper proposed a double salting-out effect assisted heat-shrinkable tubing liquid phase microextraction (LPME). In the study, a low price and handy heat-shrinkable tubing was used as carrier of extraction solvent and salt film, which was placed in sample solution containing certain concentration of salt for concentrating and enriching flavonoids from human plasma. Through the double salting-out effect in different regions, this microextraction method has a good present to enhance the extraction efficiency and enrichment factors of the target analytes. Several key parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated, including the type of extraction solvent, the occurring region of salting-out effect, salt concentration, pH of sample phase, stirring rate, extraction time, and volume of sample phase. Also, the mechanism of the procedure was described. Under the optimum conditions, excellent linearities with r ≥ 0.9912 were obtained, the limits of detection were 2.5–150 ng/mL, the average recoveries ranged from 90.3% to 111.2%. In the new procedure, the low-cost and stable heat-shrinkable tubing was first used as carrier in LPME, combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), has been successfully applied for the determination of the trace-level target analytes in human plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • 3D-QSAR explained affinity between flavonoids and chickpea protein isolate (CPI). • Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces played major roles in binding process. • Molecular docking elucidated the binding modes between CPI and flavonoids. • The kinetics and structural stability of complex were obtained by MD simulations. Chickpea protein isolate (CPI) is a promising novel plant protein, and protein–flavonoid system has also been applied in various food products. However, the interaction mechanism between CPI and flavonoids remains to be elucidated. In this paper, the affinity behavior between flavonoids and CPI was explained by constructing the three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (R2 = 0.988, Q2 = 0.777). Subsequently, four representative flavonoids were selected for further study. Multi-spectroscopy analysis showed that the sequence of affinity for CPI was puerarin > apigenin > naringenin > epigallocatechin gallate. Meanwhile, flavonoids altered the secondary structure and spatial conformation of CPI, leading to the static quenching of CPI. Additionally, thermodynamic analysis indicated that hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces were the main driving forces for complex binding. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations further explored the binding sites and conformations of complexes. This study provides theoretical guidance for in-depth research on the interaction patterns between biomacromolecules and small molecules in food matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's Disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the degeneration of progressive dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra region of the human midbrain. Although just what causes PD remains a mystery, it is known that oxidative stress (OS) as well as mitochondrial dysfunction, neuro-inflammation, and insufficient neurotrophic support play a role in the disease's pathophysiology. Phytochemicals are a diverse small molecule group derived from plants that can be classified into numerous classes on the basis of their biological activities and chemical structure. Of these groups of phytochemicals, the most abundant, which has well-established anti-Parkinson's effects, are polyphenols. Flavonoids, including naringin and naringenin, genistein, kaempferol, anthocyanins, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and baicalein are plant-based biologically active polyphenols, which have been shown to exhibit therapeutic potential when used as treatment for a variety of pathological illnesses, such as neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) and PD. Recently, it was reported that flavonoids have beneficial effects on PD, such as the protection of DA neurons, improvement of motor and cognitive abilities, regulation of signaling pathways, and modulation of OS and neuro-inflammation. In addition, by changing the composition of bacteria in gut microbiota, flavonoids reduce pathogenic strains and promote the growth of beneficial strains. In this context, the current paper will provide a literature review on the neurological roles that flavonoids play, as one of the most abundant phytochemical families, in PD. [Display omitted] • Flavonoids have promising effects on Parkinson's Disease via certain metabolic pathways. • Flavonoids also have some epigenetic effects such as reducing apoptosis and motor deficiencies, HAT and HDAC activity. • Flavonoids can reduce pathogenic-strains and promote the beneficial-strains in gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By-products of agricultural waste are now utilized in the food industry rather than being thrown away. Onion is a spicy vegetable that is an everyday ingredient in most residential kitchens for its unique flavor and is used extensively over the world for therapeutic purposes. Onions produce a lot of waste due to their widespread production and use around the world, which has inspired new studies with potential approaches for reusing these by-products. This review aims to draw attention to the significant advances made in the identification of onion by-products as valuable sources of bioactive compounds, the techniques used to extract these bioactives, the potential health benefits of onion by-products, and the exploration of their potential diverse applications in a circular bioeconomy perspective. This paper contains information regarding the phytochemical composition, extraction methods, therapeutic properties, food and industrial applications of onion by-products. The current study has shown that onion waste is a rich source of nutrients and phytochemicals with bioactive properties that are beneficial to human health. The skins of onions are a valuable source of bioactives like flavonoids, phenolic acids, fructooligosaccharides, organosulfur compounds, and phenolic glycosides. Numerous health advantages of these compounds, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer capabilities, have been demonstrated. This review can be used as a starting point to investigate potential applications for bioactives onion skins in the functional food industry. It also suggests that further study may help to maximize the use of this resource. • Onion by-products are found to be a rich source of bioactive compounds like flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and quercetin. • Benefits of bioactives from onion by-products are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. • Potential applications of onion by-products in the food industry, contribute to the development of value-added foods. • An outlook on the reuse, extraction, and incorporation of onions bioactive compounds into various food products is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artemisia anomala S. Moore (family: Asteraceae) is a traditional herb that has been used for medicinal purposes in China for more than 1300 years. In traditional and local medicine, A. anomala is widely used in the treatment of rheumatic, dysmenorrhea, enteritis, hepatitis, hematuria and burn injury, and it is also considered as a natural botanical supplement in some areas, a traditional herb with both medicinal and edible properties. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of A. anomala , covering its botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, and quality control, and to summarize the current research status in order to better understand the application value of A. anomala as a traditional herbal medicine and provide references for its further development and utilization. The relevant information on A. anomala was collected by searching a range of literature and electronic databases using " Artemisia anomala " as the key search term. These sources included both ancient and modern books, the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, as well as various online databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, ACS, CNKI, Springer, Taylor & Francis, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Baidu Scholar. At present, 125 compounds have been isolated from A. anomala , including terpenoids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, volatile oils and other compounds. Modern studies have confirmed that these active components have significant pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, hepatoprotective, anti-platelet aggregation and anti-oxidation. In modern clinic, A. anomala is widely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, dysmenorrhea, irregular menstruation, traumatic bleeding, hepatitis, soft tissue contusion, burn and scald. Long-term traditional medicinal history and a large number of modern in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that A. anomala has a wide range of biological activities, which can provide rich resources for the discovery of promising drug candidates and the development of new plant supplements. However, the research on the active components and molecular mechanism of A. anomala is insufficient, and more mechanism-based pharmacological evaluation and clinical research should be carried out to provide a more powerful scientific basis for its traditional use. In addition, the index components and determination standards of A. anomala should be established as soon as possible, so as to establish a systematic and effective quality control system. [Display omitted] • Artemisia anomala S. Moore is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with both medicinal and edible properties, which has a long history of application in ethnic pharmacology. • Artemisia anomala S. Moore is widely used in clinical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, dysmenorrhea, irregular menstruation, traumatic bleeding, hepatitis, soft tissue contusion, burn and scald. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, marigold flavonoids (MF) extracted from defatted marigold has been deeply investigated about the production technology, composition and content, antioxidant activity in vitro or in vivo , and acute oral toxicity for evaluating the comprehensive utilization possibilities. As result, the content of MF can reach 90 % when it is extracted by acetone/water (9:1, v/v) and after filtered when extracts were concentrated until reaching 20 % of soluble solids. Then, the obtained MF was analyzed and mainly composed of quercetagetin (84.7 %), 6-hydroxykahenol (5.0 %), quercetin (0.86 %) and patuletin (1.44 %). Next, results of in vitro antioxidant activity showed that MF has equivalent antioxidant activity with green tea polyphenols (GTP) and quercetin (Que), and significantly superior than other four antioxidants in hydroxyl radical scavenging ability. Results of in vivo antioxidant activity showed that MF can significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) significantly increased compared with ethanol-induced oxidative stress model in the liver tissues, which showed better antioxidant activity than Que. Finally, the acute toxicity tests in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and ICR mice demonstrated that MF at a dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight failed to alter any of the parameters studied. Therefore, the LD 50 value for MF oral toxicity was considered to be 5000 mg/kg body weight. In summary, MF can be a safe and potential antioxidant based on the experimental data in this paper. • The industrial process of marigold flavonoids from marigold residue was optimized. • The qualitative and quantitative analysis of marigold flavonoids was identified. • The stability and quality standard controllability of marigold flavonoids were investigated. • The antioxidant ability of marigold flavonoids was compared with other antioxidants both in vivo and in vitro. • The acute toxicity test of marigold flavonoids was evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The fruit of Physalis peruviana L ., known as Cape Gooseberry (CG) is a source of a variety of compounds with potential health benefits. Therefore, CG has been subject of scientific and commercial interest. Scope and approach This review paper evaluates changes of such health-promoting compounds and antioxidant activity in CG, based on published literature and from a supply chain perspective, considering pre-harvest, post-harvest, processing (thermal and not thermal) and storage steps to give an insight of contents at consumption stage. Key findings and conclusions CG has vitamin C (20 and 35 mg 100 g −1 FW), β-carotene (up to 2.0 mg.100 g −1 FW), total phenolic compounds TPC (50–250 gallic acid equivalents.100 g −1 FW), phenolic acids (caffeic, gallic, chlorogenic, ferulic and p -cumaric acids), flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, myricetin, kaempferol, catechin and epicatechin) and antioxidant activity. There is not yet evidence of presence of physalins and withanolides in CG as previous review papers have stated. The ripeness stage of CG is a relevant factor affecting the content of many phytochemicals. Vitamin C and β-carotene contents are directly proportional to ripeness stage. The reported data in literature showed a large variation, likely caused by different raw material properties (origin, ripeness stage, growing conditions etc.) and differences in the employed analytical methods. Thermal and non-thermal processing have an effect on the extractability of the phytochemicals but also on the decrease of compounds and antioxidant activity. Relative stability to certain phytochemicals to processing suggest an opportunity to add value to supply chain with processed food containing health-promoting compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term varicose vein refers to the twisted and swollen vein visible under the skin surface which occurs most commonly in the leg. Epidemiological studies report a varying percentage of incidences from 2 to 56% in men and <1–60% in women. Venous insufficiency is most often caused by the damage to the valves and walls of the veins. The mechanism of varicose vein formation is complex. It is, however, based on hypotensive blood vessels, hypoxia, and other mechanisms associated with inflammation. This work describes mechanisms related to the formation and development of the varicose vein. It discusses risk factors, pathogenesis of chronic venous disease, markers of the epithelial and leukocyte activation, state of hypoxia and inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and oxidative stress. Additionally, this paper describes substances of plant origin used in the treatment of venous insufficiency. It also considers the structure of the molecules, their properties, and their mechanisms of action, the structure-activity relationship and chemical properties of flavonoids and other substances. The flavonoids include quercetin derivatives, micronized purified flavonoid fraction (Daflon), natural pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), and others such as triterpene saponine, extracts from Ruscus aculeatus and Centella asiatica , Ginkgo biloba extract, coumarin dereivatives that are used in chronic venous insufficiency. Flavonoids are natural substances found in plants, including fruits, vegetables, flowers, and others. They are important to the circulatory system and critical to blood vessels and the blood flow. Additionally, they have antioxidant, antiinflammatory properties. Image 1 • Chronic oxidative stress and lower antioxidant defense are present in varicose vein. • The inflammation shown in varicose vein blood influences the blood flow. • Antioxidants such as flavonoids improve endothelial homeostasis. • Flavonoids are plant origin chemicals effective in treatment of varicose veins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though microalgae and macroalgae are considered as a potential feedstock for biofuel and industrially important co-products extraction, still there are several research barriers on the commercialization of algae-based fuels and products. Based on these bottlenecks, this review underpins the biochemical composition of micro- and macroalgae regarding biofuel production and bioactive compounds extraction. Further, the second chapter summarizes the various cultivation systems for rapid generation of macroalgal biomass. Micro- and macroalgae are untapped for bioenergy production to assess the feasibility of future green fuel sustainability. In general, algae were considered as a potential source for various applications worldwide owing to their rich and enormous bioactive potential. Therefore, a separate section devoted to recognize the crucial role and biological activities of primary and secondary metabolites in micro- and macroalgal species, their significant contribution as functional foods or therapeutic agents in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. The extensive discussion on the phenolics, flavonoids and pharmacological properties of other bioactive compounds extracted from microalgae has been provided. Further, carbohydrates, proteins (phycobiliproteins and phycoerythrin) and their organic extraction from macroalgal strains (seaweeds) were well described. This review paper describes the importance of bioactive compounds and their value in the various other markets besides biofuel production. Image 1071 • Insights on biochemical composition of micro- and macroalgae were given. • Flaws in bioenergy production from microalgae and macroalgae were addressed. • Bioactive compounds from microalgae and their applications were presented. • Algal co-products in pharmacology and nutraceutical were critically discussed. • High-value products of macroalgae and their extraction were reviewed and described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Phenolic compounds in 70 edible flowers were determined by HPLC-UV-DAD. • Comprehensive phenolic profiles of edible flowers are plotted systematically. • Gallic acid, quercitrin, and hesperidin were widely found in edible flowers. • Rosa species possessed relatively higher phenolics than other edible flowers. Edible flowers of ornamental plants are non-toxic flowers that have been used since ancient times for their nutritional and health benefits. These health benefits are attributed to their phytochemicals such as phenolic acids and flavonoids. These phytochemicals exert positive health effects on chronic diseases such as cancer, inflammation, and diabetes. This research paper is focused on the systematic investigation of free phenolic acids and flavonoids (including anthocyanins) present in 70 commonly consumed edible flowers collected from local parks and Qingping market of Guangzhou, China. The phenolic acids and flavonoids of flower samples were determined by high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector. The phenolic acids, flavones, flavonols, flavanones, and anthocyanins of different flower samples exhibit a wide range of variation. Gallic acid (1177.8–27717.2 μg/g), protocatechuic acid (66.7–9641.2 μg/g), p -hydroxybenzoic acid (43.6–1792.7 μg/g), quercitrin and hesperidin (49.9–14576.6 μg/g), and quercetin and luteolin (8.8–480.0 μg/g) were the predominant phenolic compounds in edible flowers samples under investigation. Anthocyanins were detected only in 14 kinds of flower samples and most of these flowers were of red or purple colour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Thirteen varieties of Z. bungeanum leaves were collected from a common garden. • Thirteen varieties were divided into four groups and two discriminant functions were constructed. • Quality was evaluated based on flavonoids profiles, bioactivity and HPLC fingerprint. • You Huajiao from Group 4 exhibited the best quality followed by Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3 in turn. Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves (ZBL) have rich flavonoids with a variety of bioactivities, which has great values of development and utilization. In this paper, the quality of thirteen varieties of ZBL collected from a common garden was evaluated based on flavonoids compositions, bioactivity and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) fingerprint coupled with chemometrics analysis. The values revealed that You Huajiao (S13) exhibited the highest contents of flavonoids compounds and strongest bioactivity, followed by Hancheng Dangcun stingless (S1). Among different varieties HPLC-fingerprint, eight common characteristic peaks were selected and the similarity lay within the range of 0.502-0.999. Meanwhile, thirteen varieties were divided into four groups (G1-G4) and two discriminant functions with the discriminant rate of 100% were constructed. Additionally, quercitrin and afzelin were found to be key compounds of quality evaluation. In conclusion, G4 (You Huajiao, S13) was selected as the best variety, followed by G1 (S1, S3, S5, S6, S7, S10, S12) and G2 (S4, S8, S9, S11), respectively, and G3 (Fugu late-maturing, S2) was at the last level. Consequently, this study screened for fine varieties of ZBL and provided a basis for the development and utilization of high-quality resources of Z. bungeanum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • The extraction solvent of six compounds was the tailored DES. • The extraction performance of DES is superior to that of traditional solvents. • The efficient and green DES-MAE extraction process was used in this study. • The extraction process of FSI was studied for the first time by kinetic experiments. • Target components were efficiently separated from DES. Abstract In the face of the many shortcomings of conventional organic solvents in the age of green chemistry, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) appear under the spotlight of natural product extraction because of its outstanding advantages. In this study, the extraction of six compounds from Flos Sophorae Immaturus (FSI) with DES-5 (choline chloride/1,4-butanediol) as its topgallant solvent was determined by screening nine DESs. After single factor test and BBD experiment, the optimum conditions of deep eutectic solvent-based microwave-assisted extraction (DES-MAE) were: choline chloride/1,4-butanediol (molar ratio of 1:2) and water content (25%, v/v), time 20 min, microwave power 600 W, temperature 62 ℃, liquid/solid ratio 26 mL/g. The extraction yields of rutin, nicotiflorin, narcissin, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin were 116.78, 15.01, 23.85, 27.59, 3.09 and 3.33 mg/g, respectively. The kinetic experiment results showed that DES-MAE has significant advantages in the extraction of six compounds. The experimental results showed that DES-MAE could obtain higher yields of target components in a short time than other methods (DES-HRE, DES-UAE and Ethanol-MAE). In addition, the target components were separated from the DES extraction solution, and the recoveries of the target compounds were in the range of 75.5%–84.1%. Therefore, this paper provides a strategy for extraction and separation, the aim of which is to obtain flavonoids from FSI efficiently. Meanwhile, this study can also be used as an alternative to the traditional methods for obtaining bioactive components from plant sources in biochemistry, food industry and pharmaceutical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]