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In La Moitié de la Gloire, Axel Mayenfisch's documentary about the 1952 Swiss expedition to Chomolungma (Mount Everest), André Roch recalls how the retreating climbers simply abandoned much of their gear, either leaving it where it was or "throwing it into holes [crevasses]." Roch's tale was by no means unusual, as mountaineers at that time gave little thought to what became of their waste. By the 1970s, however, climbers were becoming increasingly aware of their impact on the environment. The resulting change of attitude led many mountaineering organizations to take concrete steps to protect the mountains (e.g., cleanup campaigns) and to issue waste management guidelines for trips into the high mountains. The Union internationale des associations d'alpinisme 1982 Kathmandu Declaration—a charter of ten principles for achieving greater harmony with the mountain environment—was an important milestone in this process. Drawing on documents held in the extensive archives of the Union internationale des associations d'alpinisme, the current paper retraces the path that led to the Kathmandu Declaration and the process by which the environment became an important aspect of the aforementioned organization's work. It also examines the hypothesis that the organization has progressively adopted a conservationist stance toward protecting nature; its aim is to reconcile environmental protection and economic development (especially tourism). The history of the Kathmandu Declaration supports this hypothesis, as it shows how the notion of sustainable development, which emerged in the 1980s, came to dominate conceptions of mountain protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distinguishing between philosophy of religious studies as intra-scientific methodological reflection and philosophy of religion as extra-scientific commitment to values, this article demonstrates the benefits of integrating both, applying critical reflection to the latter as well. As a case study, it focuses on Jonathan Z. Smith’s concepts of humanity and history. Smith’s strategic blend of history and morphology aligns with his extra-scientific vision of humanity, which derived not merely from methodological choices but from philosophical reflection. By comparing Smith’s structuralist arguments with Lévi-Straussian structuralism – interpreted as antihumanism – the article reveals that Smith’s humanistic orientation was embedded in North-American social and academic contexts. It thus advocates for a nuanced examination of religious studies’ philosophical underpinnings, suggesting that, without such analysis, the work of even empirical scholars like Smith might be misconstrued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary In this article, we explore why dairy science, technology, and innovation will for the foreseeable future remain important, and some of the future trends we can expect in the field. Given the nutrient richness and density of milk, its ubiquitous production and utility of use to produce foods and food ingredients, dairy will almost certainly continue to play an important role in diets and the global food system. Annual milk production at over 900 billion litres represents approximately 8% of total food biomass but has a disproportionate contribution to global nutrient provision. The value of the global dairy market will reach over $860 billion in 2024, employing approximately 240 million people, and supporting the livelihoods of up to one billion. The importance and long history of dairy has fuelled a vast amount of research in dairy science and technology with hundreds of thousands of papers published in the field. Given the amount of existing dairy science and technology is there anything significant left to be done? However, with advances in numerous other fields such as materials, biology and biochemistry, analytical technology, computing technology, etc., the opportunities in dairy science and technology also advance. Future innovations in the dairy sector will include those relating to environmental science and technology, the food matrix, foods tailored to diets for life stages and lifestyles, developments based on our expanding knowledge of microbiomes, and new opportunities from the use of AI. Dairy is the target for technology‐enabled disruption by those looking to produce substitute products. Some of the technologies to produce dairy alternatives will feature in the future of dairy innovation but the impact is more likely to complement rather than disrupt the dairy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractTranslational research is key in advancing the diagnosis and therapy of systemic amyloidoses. This paper summarises our presentations at the ISA Workshop on Translation in Systemic Amyloidoses held in Athens on September 25-26, 2023. The critical advances made by the pioneers in the field are reviewed, with particular attention to the discoveries and developments of utmost importance to our understanding of what amyloid is and how the substance affects functions. Examples of translational research regarding the mechanisms of cardiac damage in light chain amyloidosis, the role of biomarkers in improving our understanding of the biology of the disease and patients’ management, and the molecular mechanisms involved in the cytotoxicity are described. Advances in basic research continue to open new therapeutic avenues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractRecent calls to address racism in bioethics reflect a sense of urgency to mitigate the lethal effects of a lack of action. While the field was catalyzed largely in response to pivotal events deeply rooted in racism and other structures of oppression embedded in research and health care, it has failed to center racial justice in its scholarship, pedagogy, advocacy, and practice, and neglected to integrate anti-racism as a central consideration. Academic bioethics programs play a key role in determining the field’s norms and practices, including methodologies, funding priorities, and professional networks that bear on equity, inclusion, and epistemic justice. This article describes recommendations from the Racial Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (REDI) Task Force commissioned by the Association of Bioethics Program Directors to prioritize and strengthen anti-racist practices in bioethics programmatic endeavors and to evaluate and develop specific goals to advance REDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heroic tales can support a nation's mainstream ideology, but for minority groups, such as indigenous peoples, they can also be a detrimental oppositional force. This study explores the evolving discourse surrounding the tale of Wu Feng, arguably the most widespread and prominent narrative responsible for traumatizing indigenous peoples in Taiwan. Employing a critical discourse analysis of three texts from significant historical eras (Taiwan under Japanese rule, the martial-law era under the Nationalist Kuomintang's rule, and the beginning of Taiwan's indigenous rights movements), the study reveals the shifting portrayal of Taiwan's indigenous peoples over time. Additionally, by incorporating data obtained by interviewing key stakeholders, it discusses the enduring ramifications of the tale for Taiwan's indigenous communities. In conclusion, this paper urges that increased attention be directed toward recognizing the voices and experiences of minorities as represented in historical tales, to ensure greater inclusivity and balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the history of playgrounds in Finland and focuses on the emergence and implementation of the objectives of the international playground movement in the early twentieth century. Specifically, it examines the relations between supervised playgrounds, women's emancipation, child welfare policies, and political discussion on social class. In doing so, the article illustrates the transnational circulation and implementation of early twentieth century "child-saving" ideas, such as the playground reform. The analysis is done by cross and close reading a wealth of contemporary texts on playgrounds, such as magazines, newspapers, and archival materials. By tracing the interwoven aspects of the playground movement and the history of Finland, especially the significance of the Civil War of 1918, this article argues that supervised playgrounds were utilised in reconciling the socio-political issues of the newly independent state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical fiction has long been one of television's most prominent genres. It was not until the advent of streaming TV in the 21st century, however, that the genre reached its radical feminist potential. Written, directed, produced by and starring women, contemporary women's historical fiction has exploded as both a marketable and an ideological genre. Three series - Good Girls Revolt (Amazon, 2016), Mrs. America (Hulu, 2020), and Halt and Catch Fire (AMC, 2014–17)—exemplify women's challenge to the orthodoxy of male-driven historical fiction. These three shows not only reclaim women's 20th Century American histories, but they also refute accepted conceptualizations of the genre and of History itself. Through circular storytelling, the blending of fact and fiction, and new female archetypes, these three series narrate coherent and consistent women's histories heretofore missing in popular memory. From this foundation, these series discuss, debate, and fantasize about women's lived experiences in the past, as well as commenting on the present and dreaming about the future of women's lives and desires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pain is a phenomenon whose recognition reflects historically different views of the human being. The various medical practices in the treatment of pain from antiquity and the Middle Ages to the late Enlightenment are an impressive testimony to the time of their emergence. When we look at the history of pain treatment, we have to go back at least as far as the Stone Age. This is where the palaeontological evidence of therapeutic experiments in the form of boreholes in the human skull can be found. It is very likely that this was a form of treatment for headaches, as a similar method can still be found today among African natives. The basis of this therapy was the assumption that the „evil spirit of pain“ could escape through this opening and the patient would be cured of the pain. The main aim of treating illness and pain was to expel these spirits from the body. The magical-religious understanding of pain was also present in other ancient cultures, e.g. Egyptian culture, for example the pain after an injury in battle was caused by the gods and spirits of the dead. In ancient Egypt, they believed that evil spirits entered the body through the nostrils or ears. This was directly followed by healing methods, for example in descriptions of treatments using vomiting, sneezing or urination to make the spirits leave the body. So although pain was usually seen as divine punishment, it was treated early on. Pain therapeutic endeavours through the use of opium can be traced back to the Assyrians, Sumerians and ancient Egyptians. In the following centuries of the Middle Ages, many of the findings from antiquity disappeared. Pain was largely seen as God‘s punishment for sins or as a test from God. Accordingly, healing and relief were sought primarily from God and the saints. Only the possibility of developing knowledge about the anatomical and physiological functions of the body and in particular the identification of the brain as the seat of all perception (including the perception of pain) freed pain therapy from magical historical elements. This is where the rational phase of medicine begins, focussing on expanding the development of the therapeutic possibilities of pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The study of emotional expression," it has recently been said, "has long been the provenance of scientific discovery and heated controversy" (Keltner et al., 2016, p. 467)—and nothing has been more central to this inquiry than attempts to understand the precise connection between affective experience and human facial expression. But as science moves forward, it is also wise to consider where it has been. This Brief Report reproduces a pre-Darwinian account of the facial expression of emotion from Thomas Wright's The Passions of the Minde in Generall (1604), one of the most interesting books on emotion from the English Renaissance. Before the modern scientific revolution, Wright's theorization anticipates several key aspects of 21st Century thought on the facial expression of emotion, an intriguing reminder of the connection between historical folk understanding and modern research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I examine the method behind Nietzsche's genealogical critique. I do not offer a comprehensive characterization and defense of his execution of this critique, but I sometimes allude to elements of it in order to illustrate its method. I review versions of genealogical critique that consist in challenging the epistemic standing of moral judgments (their justification or their truth) by exposing their historical contingency. I argue that they misconstrue Nietzschean genealogy, which is best conceived as a pragmatic enterprise, which aims at uncovering their function and asking whether they are useful or harmful. I argue that such a pragmatic conception of genealogy accounts for its peculiar combination of history and fiction. I then show how this pragmatic view of moral judgments fulfills Nietzsche's ambition to develop a compelling naturalistic conception of them and explain the importance he ascribes to a functional critique of them. I conclude by considering two questions this pragmatic conception of genealogy poses for its critical bearing: How can moral judgments best explained in terms of their functional usefulness turn out to be harmful? Since Nietzsche believes that any practice, including morality, has multiple functions, how is a functional critique of morality even possible? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analytic moral philosophers have generally failed to engage in any substantial way with the cultural history of morality. This is a shame, because a genealogy of morals can help us accomplish two important tasks. First, a genealogy can form the basis of an epistemological project, one that seeks to establish the epistemic status of our beliefs or values. Second, a genealogy can provide us with functional understanding, since a history of our beliefs, values or institutions can reveal some inherent dynamic or pattern which may be problematically obscured from our view. In this paper, I try to make good on these claims by offering a sketchy genealogy of emancipatory values, or values which call for the liberation of persons from systems of dominance and oppression. The real history of these values, I argue, is both epistemologically vindicatory and functionally enlightening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cause of Paget's disease of bone (PDB) is unknown. It emerged as a distinct entity in Britain in the late nineteenth century when it was prevalent, and florid presentation not uncommon. Epidemiological surveys in the 1970s showed that Britain had a substantially higher prevalence of PDB than any other country. Studies in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries have documented an unexplained change in presentation, with a greatly reduced prevalence and less severe disease than formerly. The emergence of PDB in Britain coincided with rapid industrialization which, in turn, was driven by the use of coal for energy. In the home, bituminous coal was customarily burnt on an open hearth for heating. Using data on coal production, population size, and estimates of domestic use, the estimated exposure to domestic coal burning rose threefold in Britain during the nineteenth century and began to fall after 1900. This pattern fits well with the decline in PDB documented from death certification and prevalence surveys. Colonists moving from Britain to North America, Australia and New Zealand established coal mines and also used coal for domestic heating. PDB was found in these settler populations, but was largely absent from people indigenous to these lands. In all parts of the world PDB prevalence has fallen as the burning of coal in open hearths for domestic heating has reduced. The nature of the putative factor in coal that could initiate PDB is unknown, but possible candidates include both organic and inorganic constituents of bituminous coal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: No comprehensive treatise on the early history of fractures of posterior malleolus (PM) has yet been published, and many substantial discoveries have fallen into oblivion—particularly if not having been published in English originally. Materials and methods: Literature search was performed in original publications and historical sources. Results: Early history of PM fractures from their first description up to the beginnings of their operative treatment may be divided into three basic periods, covering the era between 1828 and 1940. In the pre-radiological period (1828–1895), description of PM injuries was based merely on the autopsy findings in deceased patients. The first mentions of this injury were published by the British authors. In the radiologic period (1899–1916), the x-ray examination started a revolution also in diagnostics of ankle fractures, with the first radiographs performed as early as in 1899. Radiographic examination had subsequently become an integral part of the diagnostics of these injuries and initiated a number of significant studies of PM fractures. The first detailed mention of a PM injury may be found in the French and German literature. The period of early operative treatment (1918–1940), i.e., open reduction and internal fixation of PM, was started by the younger post-WWI generation, primarily the French surgeons, represented by Gaston Picot. His operative technique and the first six cases treated operatively between 1918 and 1921 were described in 1921 by Edouard Huc. Picot himself published his technique in great detail in 1923. Conclusion: The early history of diagnostics and treatment of PM fractures witnesses the remarkable body of knowledge gathered about that topic by numerous visionary surgeons predominantly French and German surgeons immediately before and after World War I. They substantially contributed to the radiological examination and operative treatment of this injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is crucial to promote the role of women in surgery, particularly in the field of neurosurgery, which is still predominantly male-dominated. Without recognition and support, these talented and pioneering women may continue to be overlooked, despite their significant contributions to the field. One such remarkable woman is Professor Aimée Redondo, the first female neurosurgeon professor in France. She was born in 1944 during the last years of World War II to immigrant parents from Spain. Thanks to grants and scholarships from the French government, Aimée Redondo was able to continue her education. She excelled in high school and even passed the entrance exam for medical school on her first attempt – a rare achievement at the time. In 1975, at the young age of 31, she became the first female professor of neurosurgery in France. After completing her residency, she worked as a senior neurosurgeon at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris and then joined the newly established department of neurosurgery at Beaujon Hospital. For over thirty years, she was a crucial member of this department and served as its head from 2004 until her retirement. Sadly, she passed away in 2022 at the age of 78. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A critical reappraisal of the origin story of early care and education (ECE) in the United States, this article unsettles dominant narratives by investigating the carceral foundations and liberatory strategies that characterise the emergence and sociopolitical evolution of ECE. Integrating Foucauldian counter-historical genealogy and counterstorytelling, a tool from Critical Race Theory, this article advances a genealogical counterstory that (1) traces the carceral foundations of ECE across three sites typically exiled from public memory and origin storytelling: plantations, off-reservation boarding schools, and incarceration camps; and (2) describes three emergent themes of womanist anti-carceral praxis evident across the sites: redefinition of educational philosophy, creation of educational third spaces, and fortification of culturally relevant epistemologies. Confronting dominant narratives of ECE origins, this genealogical counterstory illustrates tensions and transformations indicative of the complexity and contradictions of American ECE philosophy and pedagogy. This article also attends to the sociopolitical significance of ECE rendered through genealogical counterstorytelling, as well as relations to pressing contemporary equity issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusions The history of studies in the field of infertility represents a chapter of great interest in gender issues.This paper aims to delve deep into the historical roots of the aspect of gender inequality related to couple infertility, with a journey back in time, from classical antiquity to the contemporary age, reporting junctions and metaphors linked to particular historical moments as well as to cultural and religious constructs.This is a narrative review based on an extensive literature search of publications regarding the role of women in couple infertility over the centuries.Rarely in the ancient world, male infertility was taken into consideration, and the sources deal with it mainly indirectly. This attitude of “blaming” the woman for the lack of children had, in fact, strong social implications, which only the scientific research of recent years has managed to bring back into the context of a more egalitarian approach.In the “journey” narrated in this article, the reader starts from the responsibility of couple infertility attributed exclusively to women in some ancient societies, whose central role was determined by their ability to procreate, going up to the medicalization of infertility in the contemporary age, which contributed to sharing with men this participation in the impossibility of having children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alan Ward (1935–2014) delivered his inaugural professorial address at the University of Newcastle, New South Wales, on 23 March 1988. Following his 1987 promotion to Professor, a position he held until his retirement in 1996, the lecture marked a milestone in his career, which to that point had included not only his influential study, A Show of Justice: Racial ‘Amalgamation’ in Nineteenth Century New Zealand (1974),1 but also important work on land reform in Papua New Guinea, the New Hebrides/Vanuatu, and New Caledonia.2 Some 35 years after its delivery and ten years after Ward’s death, the Journal of Pacific History now publishes the lecture (as retrieved from his papers and transcribed by his daughter, Ingrid Ward) in its entirety. This introduction highlights key themes from the lecture in the context of Ward’s career and subsequent publications that expanded on the issues raised in the speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do we remember the dead with such intensity in Britain, as if they were still among us? I argue that Hilary Mantel makes a critical intervention in this debate with her historical fictions Wolf Hall (2009), Bring Up the Bodies (2012) and The Mirror and the Light (2020). Her novels are theoretical and political interventions that allow us to critically evaluate historiographic, heritage and commemorative practices in contemporary Britain. I argue that they demonstrate the harmful consequences of commemorations centred around the continuous revival of the dead, because this practice justifies injuries against and negligence of the living through an appeal to imagined ancestors, who cannot engage in compromise or change their minds. This mode of knowing the past results in social standstill and the perception of social and political change as a threat. Thinking through the characteristics of this historical epistemology with Martin Davies, Walter Benjamin and Friedrich Nietzsche, I go on to argue that Hilary Mantel’s intervention exposes the violent consequences of such a mode of knowing the past and proposes a radical alternative: rather than negotiating with the dead, it reminds us to focus on the needs of the vulnerable living in the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The history of rare diseases is largely unknown. Research on this topic has focused on individual cases of prominent (historical) individuals and artistic (e.g., iconographic) representations. Medical collections include large numbers of specimens that exhibit signs of rare diseases, but most of them date to relatively recent periods. However, cases of rare diseases detected in mummies and skeletal remains derived from archaeological excavations have also been recorded. Nevertheless, this direct evidence from historical and archaeological contexts is mainly absent from academic discourse and generally not consulted in medical research on rare diseases. Results: This desideratum is addressed by the Digital Atlas of Ancient Rare Diseases (DAARD: https://daard.dainst.org), which is an open access/open data database and web-based mapping tool that collects evidence of different rare diseases found in skeletons and mummies globally and throughout all historic and prehistoric time periods. This easily searchable database allows queries by diagnosis, the preservation level of human remains, research methodology, place of curation and publications. In this manuscript, the design and functionality of the DAARD are illustrated using examples of achondroplasia and other types of stunted growth. Conclusions: As an open, collaborative repository for collecting, mapping and querying well-structured medical data on individuals from ancient times, the DAARD opens new avenues of research. Over time, the number of rare diseases will increase through the addition of new cases from varied backgrounds such as museum collections and archaeological excavations. Depending on the research question, phenotypic or genetic information can be retrieved, as well as information on the general occurrence of a rare disease in selected space–time intervals. Furthermore, for individuals diagnosed with a rare disease, this approach can help them to build identity and reveal an aspect of their condition they might not have been aware of. Thus, the DAARD contributes to the understanding of rare diseases from a long-term perspective and adds to the latest medical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In July and August of 2023, on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the military coup in Chile (September 11, 1973), the Santiago City Council chose to honor the civil-military dictatorship victims by renaming 12 streets in the district. Unexpectedly, the Namur neighborhood, which had a one-block street set to be renamed “Ida Amelia Vera Almarza”—a dictatorship victim—mobilized and vehemently protested the decision. Utilizing a critical approach based on grounded theory and thematic analysis—in which the analysis arises “bottom-up” from an inductive triangulation of various sources—this article examines the reasons for opposing this renaming. The results reveal two primary reasons for opposition: the community’s need to preserve their historical identity embodied in the street’s name (Namur) and their feeling of exclusion and mistreatment. Contrary to some perceptions, this opposition was not driven by denialist or far-right ideologies. Thus, this article offers a novel viewpoint that extends beyond the traditional scholarly understanding of memory politics and suggests that memory battles are not solely about clashes between those for and against victim memorialization. Hence, it urges scholars and practitioners to delve deeper into the motivations behind the opposition to memory and human rights policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, scholarly editions of music have identified a managing editor and individual volume editors. Other contributors might receive an acknowledgement with a vague description of activities, with institutional support often appearing in the printed metadata. This model’s emphasis on single scholars perpetuates a myth, relying heretofore upon predominantly invisible labour. Digital editions require interdisciplinary collaboration combining musicological skills, technical skills, and infrastructural resources, thus challenging this model’s ability to endure. Moreover, digital editions proffer opportunities for reconsidering the roles, workflows, and knowledge structures involved in critical musical scholarship.Situated at the intersection of currently running and recently completed digital projects, continuously emergent tools, sociology, and philosophy, this essay reflects on the role of the editor in the digital age. Beginning with Howard Becker’s art worlds model of creative communities, it suggests a model based on FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) and CARE (Collective Benefit, Authority to Control, Responsibility, and Ethics) principles and the Music Encoding Initiative (MEI). MEI affords expansive metadata recording for contributors – composers, librettists, performers, editors, researchers, funders, etc. – to a work and its embodiments, which in turn enables broader visibility and empowers greater acknowledgement of the labour involved in such projects. Alongside other digital projects, this essay pays particular attention to how these technological and team-focused concepts are at- and in-play in the Reger-Werkausgabe Online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a nuanced understanding of novelist Yoram Kaniuk’s national ideology as a representative of a generation, as well as unveils personal, untreated trauma as reflected in his writing. By way of doing so, it employs two research approaches: a literary speculative fiction interpretation examined through a lens of alternative history, and a cultural sociology perspective based on the concepts of ‘Imagined Communities’ and ‘Liquid Modernity’. On a broader level, his novel Scums portrays the deep disillusionment and disappointment experienced by veterans of Israel’s founding generation, who felt abandoned by their successors and betrayed by their values. On a personal level, Kaniuk’s writing reflects military flashbacks that significantly impacted his post-traumatic state of mind, which in turn influenced the way he perceived, described, and interpreted the historical fragments of his generation. Considering Kaniuk’s discomfort in discussing issues that deeply concerned him, he found solace and liberation through the medium of writing, which enabled him to express his thoughts and emotions, shouting them onto the page, unburdening himself, and making sense of his experiences. Thus, by writing in an unapologetic and candid manner, Kaniuk navigated the complexities of his inner world and external challenges, embracing his own truth and carving out a place for himself to be heard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the African Geographical Review (AGR) from 1963 to 2024, highlighting its evolution, thematic shifts, and impact on geographical scholarship within Africa. It explores the journal’s historical context, examining its geographical dynamics and how it has adapted to changing socio-political and environmental landscapes over the decades. The analysis draws from an interview with a past editor of the AGR and other secondary sources, including the journal’s scope and publications from the 1960s to the present, to provide a historical review of its content and identify key thematic trends across different periods and spaces. The paper also examines how the AGR has addressed pressing socioeconomic and sustainable development issues over time. This historical overview illustrates the AGR’s role in fostering a deeper understanding of Africa’s complex geographical narratives and its ongoing contribution to global academic discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1971, at the international FID conference in Ottawa, then DGD President Prof Dr Helmut Arntz offered to host the 37th FID conference in Germany in 1974. The planned venue of Berlin became a political issue. Berlin (West) was under the four-power status. Preparations in the Federal Republic were soon in full swing despite warning voices. Due to criticism of the conference venue, alternative solutions such as the geographical separation of the congress – general assembly in Bonn, congress in Berlin – were considered. In the end, the conference in Germany was cancelled and moved to the FID headquarters in the Netherlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Donkeys are a common sight in Namibia's central north and play an important albeit contested role in rural society and economy. Historically, they were one of the few domesticated animals that were allowed to enter today's Etosha National Park and to cross the veterinary border (Red Line) between the northern communal lands and the Police Zone in central Namibia. In the first half of the twentieth century, migrant workers brought thousands of donkeys from the south to what was then called "Ovamboland." Even after the import was regulated more strictly in the 1940s, donkeys could still get permission to be used as transport animals to carry goods through Etosha. We retrace the routes of the domesticated donkey through a conservation landscape of wildlife and explore entanglements between donkeys, other livestock and wildlife in and out of Etosha. We ask how the particular legal position of the donkey — and its close links to migrant labour — impacted multispecies entanglements in past rural societies and how this legal position has changed over time, including in independent Namibia. We provide a nuanced understanding of the contested position of the donkey in northern Namibia, using examples from King Nehale Conservancy north of Etosha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses how 'criticality' is negotiated in the global policy frameworks on Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and re-conceptualised in Vietnamese ESD policymaking. Taking the context of Viet Nam, this paper reflects on what constitutes criticality in education in the light of cultural and historical contexts of the education systems. The comparative perspective helps explore whether (1) universal or decontextualised 'criticality' exists or (2) whether 'criticality' is culturally negotiated based on the premise that educational imaginaries of societal formation and transformation are historically and contextually embedded and contingent. In addition, this paper connects the ongoing debate on the critical potential of ESD within the field of environmental education (EE) research to comparative education research by highlighting both what a comparative perspective might offer to EE research and what recent developments in EE research might contribute to comparative education research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Re-membering Blackness Digital Archive at the University of Scranton shares the university's racial story as part of a campus-wide initiative devoted to reconciliation and collective memory. By bringing together archival records on Black history in a thematic digital collection, the project presents a corrective lens through which the university community transformed its understanding of the historical Black experience on campus and considered how this history reverberates in the present. The initiative contributes to a growing collection of institutional research projects on African American history and the legacies of slavery and racism in higher education. This article considers the metaphor of archives as memory within critical archival literature, and it examines the relationship between archives and collective memory in the context of the University of Scranton's initiative to recover Black memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past twenty-five years, the Medical Library Association (MLA) has pursued a range of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives. This article, written by members of the Journal of the Medical Library Association (JMLA)'s Equity Advisory Group (EAG), outlines significant measures taken to raise awareness about specific concepts, opportunities, and challenges related to DEI among MLA members. Topics discussed include the impact of influential Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) leaders, the establishment of DEI and social justice-focused membership communities, and specific initiatives led by various working groups and committees which have served to strengthen MLA's commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion during the last three decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a reflection on the notion ofprogress. A notion that received a special contribution from Immanuel Kant, who gave it the condition of purpose and objective of consciences and human history. A little later, this condition was questioned and reformulated by Charles Darwin who, from a science of life, conceived both for living organisms and for humanity a progress with no other purpose than that of their conservation and reproduction, as a result of what he called "blind variation". Finally, this quarrel received from Georges Canguilhem care and development that resulted in a new and distinct notion of progress that has as its main content the concept of biological normativity, applicable both to living organisms and to social organizations. A concept that, in the Bachelardian manner, "denies and complements" the notion of progress of its predecessors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In the past few years, the endometrial cancer field has been revolutionized, following the integration of molecular classification into clinical practice. Endometrial carcinoma is currently molecularly categorized into four main subgroups: POLE-mutated, mismatch repair-deficient, p53-mutated, and no specific molecular profile. The POLE-mutated subgroup is characterized by an excellent prognosis notwithstanding bad conventional prognostic factors, including high-grade and TP53 mutations. On the other hand, the p53-mutated subgroup demonstrates the worst outcome. However, the remaining subgroups are more prevalent and display variable clinical outcomes. In this review, we describe the evolution of the endometrial carcinoma classification, its strengths and limitations, clinical implications, and foreseen perspectives. Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is the most frequent gynecological cancer, with an increasing incidence and mortality in recent times. The last decade has represented a true revolution with the development of the integrated histo-molecular classification of EC, which allows for the stratification of patients with morphologically indistinguishable disease into groups with different prognoses. Particularly, the POLE-mutated subgroup exhibits outstanding survival. Nevertheless, the indiscriminate application of molecular classification appears premature. Its prognostic significance has been proven mainly in endometrioid EC, the most common histotype, but it has yet to be convincingly confirmed in the other minor histotypes, which indeed account for a relevant proportion of EC mortality. Moreover, its daily use both requires a mindful pathologist who is able to correctly evaluate and unambiguously report immunohistochemical staining used as a surrogated diagnostic tool and is hampered by the unavailability of POLE mutation analysis. Further molecular characterization of ECs is needed to allow for the identification of better-tailored therapies in different settings, as well as the safe avoidance of surgery for fertility preservation. Hopefully, the numerous ongoing clinical trials in the adjuvant and metastatic settings of EC will likely produce evidence to refine the histo-molecular classification and therapeutic guidelines. Our review aims to retrace the origin and evolution of the molecular classification for EC, reveal its strengths and limitations, show clinical relevance, and uncover the desired future developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was an important finding in Australian science, involving a self-educated field naturalist and a small team of plant pathologists who had to work in relative academic isolation and with inadequate glasshouse facilities. After its discovery in Melbourne in 1915, TSWV rapidly spread throughout Australia and by 1929, it posed an existential threat to the tomato industry. To address this problem, a joint project between the Waite Agricultural Research Institute and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research was initiated in 1926. This collaboration, led by University of Adelaide plant pathologist Geoffrey Samuel, was initially turbulent but ultimately highly productive. Within an eight-year period, significant advances were made in understanding the aetiology of the disease, particularly by establishing that it was caused by a thrips-transmitted virus. Aspects of the epidemiology and control of the virus were also elucidated such as investigating alternative hosts of the virus. This research was made possible through substantial improvements in mechanical inoculation techniques. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the most economically important viruses in the world. Before it became a global problem, it devastated tomato crops in Australia. This paper describes how TSWV was identified and biologically characterised by Australian scientists at a time when few techniques existed to detect the virus. It is a remarkable story of human endeavour by a small team of people working in academic isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

London experienced rapid urban growth in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with much of its housing built speculatively. These houses have often been regarded as an example of vernacular architecture, made by craftsmen using standard templates, so-called pattern books, without an architect or otherwise professional design. This article investigates the question of who designed these buildings by evaluating a sample of recently catalogued building applications in Richmond between 1886 and 1939. The study sheds new light on roles and relationships in the design of speculative housing of the period, which can be seen as part of a broader process of professionalisation in construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the intercultural significance of jazz for the development of Chinese pop music? The main content of this dissertation is to study and discuss the period when jazz music entered China and how it affects the development of past and present Chinese pop music. In today's society, intercultural research is ubiquitous. Since the birth of civilization, people from different disciplines and artistic fields have been trying to build cultural bridges.1 China has a long history of culture and music development. With the changes of the times, China's music civilization has been continuously developed and changed with the replacement of various dynasties in the past. In addition, Confucius's Confucianism has influenced the development of Chinese music and music education. The history of jazz music is not very long, but it has become an indispensable element of today's social music culture. Perhaps it is because jazz has rich musical style features, such as improvisation and unique jazz scales. In addition, the musical content of its expression is democratic and free. The musical form of Jazz music originated in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it is a combination of African black culture and European white culture. It is a kind of "hybrid" music form that affects the development of Chinese music with deep-rooted civilization, especially some Chinese pop music. The dissertation will study how jazz integrates Chinese music to produce Chinese pop music, as well as the intercultural influence of jazz, and how Jazz affects the pop singers of Chinese pop music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractHousing cooperatives are frequently evoked as models for affordable housing pursuable by civil society actors. But this housing form typically assumes intermediate and historically unstable positions in housing systems. The empirical aim of this article is to analyse the history of Danish housing cooperativism in the interplay between state and market, while the theoretical aim is to elucidate how property relations enable and constrain housing cooperatives as accessible and affordable alternatives. It is argued that housing cooperatives are civil-society alternatives with relative autonomy from state and market. The involved property relations allow members significant scope to collectively produce and manage their own housing, but this also makes housing cooperatives relatively exclusive, and use rights are prone to become income rights. In Denmark, the state has played a key role in facilitating housing cooperativism and controlling affordability. But history also points to federal modes of organising property relations to maintain affordability and the relative autonomy of housing cooperatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how making mathematics responsive to perceived differences in students' real-life needs historically produced racializing distinctions in school mathematics. Decentering social actors and their intentions, we analyze pedagogical techniques in social mathematics courses (1930s–1940s) and social justice mathematics education studies oriented to health and civic participation (1990s–). Despite shifts in ethico-political principles—from enlightening to empowering—racializing effects of these pedagogies persist by projecting relative distances between populations and cultural norms of proper living and well-ordered public life. Juxtaposing past and present, we highlight dangers in how pedagogical interventions to improve malleable differences in children and communities also racialize target groups as yet-to-develop the evidence-based reasoning or mathematical consciousness deemed necessary to attain what are imputed as healthy private and public life. We offer ordering pedagogies as an analytical tool to interrogate practices of racialization and to account for inherited regimes of truth operating in mathematics education by scrutinizing how pedagogical practices produce difference—dividing and ordering students along a hierarchy of perceived needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adopts a biopower lens to examine emergency declarations that posit race or racism as problems to be addressed through mathematics education. We argue that attending to "slow emergencies" of racism must avoid sustaining mathematics education as a self-evident cause and cure for societal problems. We analyze how declarations of emergency reanimate racializing hierarchies by reordering spaces, temporalities, and subjectivities. To explore these concerns, we compare three race-explicit emergency declarations in US mathematics education during World War II with recent emergency declarations of pandemic-related learning loss, disengagement, and a racial reckoning. We juxtapose past and present to spotlight what we outline as distinct biopolitical working arrangements. The analysis maps how emergency declarations rearrange hopes, fears, diagnostic techniques, and intervention strategies—sometimes inadvertently reracializing students in attesting to damage or demanding redress. Our purpose is to foster deliberation over paradoxes and possibilities of addressing racialization and racism in mathematics education transnationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alchemical concepts of chemical symbolism, nomenclature, and affinity underwent fundamental changes between the 1770s and the 1820s, roughly simultaneously with the Chemical Revolution (ca. 1772–89), i. e. the replacement of the phlogiston theory with Lavoisier's New Chemistry. Using the old, alchemical symbols, Bergman devised a system of formulas to describe virtually all known inorganic chemistry, and he influenced Guiton de Morveau's Mémoire sur les Dénominations Chimiques, and the subsequent Méthode de nomenclature. Hassenfratz and Adet devised a new artificial sign language which, however, was too complicated and unintuitive to gain widespread acceptance. Bergman refined the concept of affinity, but his belief in phlogiston rapidly made the system obsolete. Wenzel realized that the dissolution of metals in acids is not just a question of affinity but rather of concentration, and he and Berthollet separately formulated early versions of the Law of Mass Action thereby making attempts to quantify affinity redundant. Richter formulated a principle that became known as the Law of Equivalent Proportions, describing acid‐base reactions and double decompositions of salts, but continuing to use Bergman‐style alchemical formulas. Only John Dalton's atomic theory with little globules denoting atoms and their combination into molecules made a definite break with the alchemical symbols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of modernization in Indonesia is supported by several factors, one of which is the railway network. Unfortunately, despite its importance in Indonesian history, the first terminus in Indonesia – namely, Semarang Station – has almost been forgotten. Conservation efforts are needed to describe the architectural evolution of Semarang Station, which can provide a lens to see the adaptation efforts in the development process and the global impact of the establishment of a railway network in the colony. Moreover, digital reconstruction as architectural preservation is necessary to convey the station's historical value. Given the limited access and scarcity of architectural drawings for Semarang Station, textual sources were used to validate the information from the visual sources. The digitalization of visual data produced 2D objects that were used as the basis for making 3D models; these 2D objects were identified using textual data to see the relationship between their architectural transformation and the events related to the building. The findings of the architectural morphology analysis were then used as data to produce the 3D models, which were the main target of the digital reconstruction. The result of this process is a reconstruction of the morphology of the Semarang Station that demonstrates its historical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latin American marxism, understood as a category, phenomena and process hasn’t been studied broadly, despite how fruitful the Marxist tradition has been in our region. It is proposed in the next pages a series of theoretical-methodological approaches and coordinates to push out into its analysis, respecting the analytical plurality and heterogeneity that characterizes it, describing its enunciation origins and development and outlining the essential ingredients that separate it from other approaches giving its specificity within Latin American critical social thought. The purpose of the article is to provide the researcher a basic framework to dive into deeper inquiries that concern the different topics circumscribed to the marxisms in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motor neuron disorders comprise a clinically and pathologically heterogeneous group of neurologic diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons (including both sporadic and hereditary diseases), affecting the upper motor neurons, lower motor neurons, or both. Hereditary motor neuron disorders themselves represent a vast and heterogeneous group, with numerous clinical and genetic overlaps that can be a source of error. This narrative review aims at providing an overview of the main types of inherited motor neuron disorders by recounting the stages in their historical descriptions. For practical purposes, this review of the literature sets out their various clinical characteristics and updates the list of all the genes involved in the various forms of inherited motor neuron disorders, including spinal muscular atrophy, familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, hereditary spastic paraplegia, distal hereditary motor neuropathies/neuronopathies, Kennedy's disease, riboflavin transporter deficiencies, VCPopathy and the neurogenic scapuloperoneal syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zahari Zograf is one of the most important figures in the Bulgarian Revival fine art. However, he was often criticized for breaching the church icon canon laws, and his art was considered by certain scholars to be poorly made and decadent. This article will present and discuss the connecting links, the environment, and the painter’s era. Precisely, they are of extreme importance for understanding the new creative processes and currents that nourish the nascent Bulgarian Revival in the field of visual arts. We will examine his oil portraits in detail and present drawing parallels from Western authors and their influences. In his iconographic work, we have focused on several icons that show the changes and the reasons they have occurred in the environment and society, as well as how they influence the further development and enrichment of the images. After the presented arguments and analyses, it is appropriate to reject the allegations of decadence against Zahari Zograf, as he is an exponent of the revivalist aspirations of the Bulgarian society, which are aimed at enlightenment and its upward development. All his activity and creativity are subordinate to these new ideas and should not be considered bad and decadent. Zahari Zograf is the bearer of the new philosophical understanding of the world, the progress in it, and the idea of continuous self-improvement, as these main lines will be and are the driving force of the new successful Bulgarian Revival society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The architectural study and analysis of ancient monuments help us in their complete understanding and classification in modern science. The monumental architecture of ancient Constantinople is one of the topics that is not only not sufficiently studied, but also has not found its rightful place in today's architecture and archeology. An important monument built in the late antique City is the rotunda at “Myrelaion”. After carefully collecting data from the various research activities and excavations, we can find its parallels in the Capitol in Rome, but also in the Rotunda of Galerius in Thessaloniki. The overall analysis allows us to hypothetically determine its height, and the type of dome, but also helps us to place it on the worthy second place in size among the domed halls in the world and first place in Constantinople. The transition of the function of the rotunda as a type of building for religious needs to representative ones is also noted [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the neuroscientific community has moved from describing the neural underpinnings of mental phenomena—as characterized by experimental psychology and philosophy of mind—to attempting to redefine those mental phenomena based on neural findings. Nowadays, many are intrigued by the idea that neuroscience might provide the “missing piece” that would allow philosophers (and, to an extent, psychologists, too) to make important advances, generating new means that these disciplines lack to close knowledge gaps and answer questions like “What is Free Will?” and “Do humans have it?.” In this paper, we argue that instead of striving for neuroscience to replace philosophy in the ongoing quest to understanding human thought and behavior, more synergetic relations should be established, where neuroscience does not only inspire philosophy but also draws from it. We claim that such a collaborative coevolution, with the two disciplines nourishing and influencing each other, is key to resolving long‐lasting questions that have thus far proved impenetrable for either discipline on its own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Since the first description of narcolepsy at the end of the 19th Century, great progress has been made. The disease is nowadays distinguished as narcolepsy type 1 and type 2. In the 1960s, the discovery of rapid eye movement sleep at sleep onset led to improved understanding of core sleep‐related disease symptoms of the disease (excessive daytime sleepiness with early occurrence of rapid eye movement sleep, sleep‐related hallucinations, sleep paralysis, rapid eye movement parasomnia), as possible dysregulation of rapid eye movement sleep, and cataplexy resembling an intrusion of rapid eye movement atonia during wake. The relevance of non‐sleep‐related symptoms, such as obesity, precocious puberty, psychiatric and cardiovascular morbidities, has subsequently been recognized. The diagnostic tools have been improved, but sleep‐onset rapid eye movement periods on polysomnography and Multiple Sleep Latency Test remain key criteria. The pathogenic mechanisms of narcolepsy type 1 have been partly elucidated after the discovery of strong HLA class II association and orexin/hypocretin deficiency, a neurotransmitter that is involved in altered rapid eye movement sleep regulation. Conversely, the causes of narcolepsy type 2, where cataplexy and orexin deficiency are absent, remain unknown. Symptomatic medications to treat patients with narcolepsy have been developed, and management has been codified with guidelines, until the recent promising orexin‐receptor agonists. The present review retraces the steps of the research on narcolepsy that linked the features of the disease with rapid eye movement sleep abnormality, and those that do not appear associated with rapid eye movement sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to address what the work of Catherine Malabou can offer to the thinking and understanding of history. Characterizing Malabou's intellectual project as a meditation on the relation between history and possible knowledge, it situates the philosopher's work in the tradition of historical epistemology. It will be argued that, in its engagement with philosophical and (neuro)biological theories of plasticity and epigenesis, the historical constitution of Malabou's philosophical system problematizes the practical and ontological difficulty behind any commitment to a historically bounded knowledge of what here will be called, following Heidegger and Foucault, 'pure finitude'. The article concludes by suggesting that, if placed alongside the work of intellectual historian Quentin Skinner, Malabou's historical epistemology makes a decisive and useful contribution to contemporary debates regarding historical method by underscoring the (neuro)biological rooting of persistent epistemic gaps between historical understanding and experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, which aims to draw attention to the historical features of Maraş Castle and the importance of preserving it, examines the changes Maraş Castle has undergone, through visual documents. Maraş Castle, located in the central district of the Kahramanmaraş Province, is a cultural heritage that has witnessed the five-thousand-year historical course of the city. The first settlements in the castle can be traced back to the beginning of the early Bronze Age. In addition to being surrounded by Roman era fortifications and harbouring the Late Hittite period archaeological remains, Maraş Castle, referred to as the traditional city centre since the Dulkadiroğlu era, has had an important place in the urban memory. In the data collection process, first, old photographs and engravings of the castle were obtained. Then, the literature review results related to the castle's architecture and history were evaluated together with field observations. It was found out that Maraş Caste has served different functions and undergone numerous changes in its history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]