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This paper presents procedures whereby the symbolization of Thornthwaite's climatic classification may be quickly and accurately determined by use of graphs and nomograms. Potential evapotranspiration adjusted for months and latitude of the station is accomplished graphically. Soil water storage, soil water deficiency, and soil water surplus are determined by the Thornthwaite accounting procedure and, once determined, the symbolization for the complete climatic designation of the station is obtained by further graphical means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EXPERIMENTS have been carried out to test the predictions of a new theoretical approach to the Oudin technique (Spiers and Augustin, 1957). The graphical method employed for this purpose is described in detail. The antigen (Ag)-antibody (Ab) systems used were crystalline Bovine serum albumin (BSa) and crystalline egg albumin (Ea), with the corresponding rabbit antiserum globulin concentrates. The experimental results fitted the theoretical curves best when both Ag and Ab were incorporated in gel. With Ag in solution the same theoretical curves fitted as for Ag in gel (except for the highest Ag/Ab ratios), but there was a slightly greater scatter of experimental points. The results supported throughout the assumption that the Ag diffused towards the interface and that the Ag concentration was not maintained homogeneous, as claimed by Becker et al. (1951). Conditions for the formation of a stationary line at the gel-gel or liquid-gel interface agreed with those predicted by the new theory rather than with those predicted by Becker et al. By means of the new method it is also possible to obtain estimates of Ag-Ab combining ratios (in the gel) together with a rough estimate of the ratios of the diffusion coefficients of Ag and Ab, neither of which had previously been possible. Diffusion coefficients determined by this new graphical method were about 15 per cent below the accepted values, and the combining ratios R had values in excess of equivalence ratios. Diffusion coefficients calculated from our experimental results according to the theory of Becker et al. (1951) were below those found by the new method. The reasons for this, and results obtained by previous workers, are critically discussed. The effect of variations of temperature and of absolute concentration of the reactants are also examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the character of neuristor operation composed of a lumped parameter delay line with a negative resistance element parallel to the capacitance, as a function of the precise character of the negative resistance element. This model allows a neuristor pulse transmission in cases with very low characteristic impedance Z= (L/C). The experiments cover a Z value down to 11 . A lower characteristic impedance is possible. The model is analyzed applying Lienard's graphical method and linear approximations. As a result the criteria for characteristic parameters of negative resistance elements to operate as a neuristor are obtained. Based on the results, a neuristor with low inductance, small power, and high-speed operation can be designed. This circuit is convenient for neuristor logic, because, compared with the peculiar pulse width, it has a long delay time per section. The paper also describes neuristor logic without, an R-type junction, using only the threshold property of the neuristor. A conventional Crane's R-junction is also presented. For this neuristor model a destructive collision phenomenon exists independent of the refractory period phenomena. The mechanisms of these phenomena are clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spreading of an electron beam due to space charge forces under conditions similar to those in the-interaction space of a crossed field microwave device is investigated. The transverse velocity of electrons at the edge of the beam due to the space charge forces is calculated. A graphical method based on the Hamilton--Jacobi equation is described for the modifications of the beam boundary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]