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The central government has the primary responsibility for the protection of human rights. However, several factors such as decentralisation raise questions about the role of local authorities in this area. Our paper examines this issue through an interdisciplinary approach, combining international law and political sociology. Our focus lies on the case of France, the 'homeland' of human rights: do French local elected authorities always take human rights seriously? Our research design combines qualitative and quantitative methods. After providing a background of the international legal context, this paper will present the findings on human rights local perceptions and practices of elected representatives. Human rights' perceptions of these subnational political actors strongly depend on their educational qualifications and personal commitments. The same applies to the hierarchy that they draw between fundamental freedoms, social rights, and environmental rights. By contrast, local practices in favour of human rights vary most importantly according to the local authorities' status and demographic weight, rather than their political hue. When human and financial resources are scarce, the goodwill showcased by local elected representatives is not sufficient to foster the proper implementation of human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper introduces the emergence, development of the constitutional social rights, and gives a historical overview to these rights in the 20th century. The aim of the paper is to show when the social idea and the appearance of social rights in the constitution began in the Hungarian constitutional system. However, according to the Hungarian legal literature, the first constitutional declaration of social rights in Hungary took place with the adoption of the 1949 constitution (Act XX of 1949), but as a result of my research I will show that in fact social provisions can be found in Article 6 of the so-called final Constitution of the Hungarian Soviet Republic. The paper shows how social provisions appeared in the so-called minor constitution of 1946, and then describes the social law provisions of the socialist constitution of 1949. The paper also shows how the social provisions of the 1949 Hungarian People's Republic Constitution changed between 1949 and 1989, and then describes in detail the changes in the social provisions of the Hungarian Constitution as a result of the political transition in 1989. The paper concludes with a description of the historical development of social rights in the 1989 constitution of the Hungarian People's Republic, without going into the new Fundamental Law in force in 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is perhaps the most telling passage of this book: by opposing Human Rights principles, Canada feared being lumped in with the Apartheid regime, the António Salazar dictatorship in Portugal, and communist China. This is a rather embarrassing publication: undoubtedly coherent, interesting, original, and timely, it also presents a sharp contrast with the usual - and idealized - image of Canada as an unconditional promoter of "bonne entente" and an uncontested harbor of Peace, Blue Helmets, and Human Rights. [Extracted from the article]

Focusing on the integration of human rights into the Ethiopian Bachelor of Social Work programme, this paper presents a study of students’ understanding of human rights by employing a mixed-methods research design. Qualitative content analysis and survey study were utilized to assess the extent of human rights infusion into the undergraduate curriculum and examine students’ understanding of human rights conventions. The qualitative content analysis revealed a non-explicit infusion of human rights content into the social work curriculum. Human rights were indirectly applied and referenced in the human rights themes, e.g. for refugees and migrants, showing a lack of explicit and direct integration of human rights in the curriculum. The survey study also showed that, of the 201 participants, a significant majority (77%) lacked awareness of the human rights documents pertinent to social work. A discernible augmentation in the familiarity with the human rights conventions was observed among students as they progressed through higher levels of study. Hence, the study posits that Ethiopian social work schools should consider revisiting their curricula and give due attention to the human rights infusion into their social work programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 2022 and 2024, there was no devolved government functioning in Northern Ireland. This protracted absence of government occurred in the aftermath of the Covid‐19 pandemic and during what is arguably the worst economic crisis of recent years. Women are more vulnerable to hardship during economic crisis and thus it is unsurprising that the Cost‐of‐Living Crisis is hitting women hardest. This paper examines increasing food insecurity for women in Northern Ireland and the implications for the realisation of their human right to an adequate standard of living. The UK Government has ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which provides a legal duty to ensure that everyone has adequate access to food. However, increasing numbers of food banks and ill health related to insufficient food intake indicates that there is a fundamental problem. This article draws on 20 focus groups with 250 women on a low‐income to explore their experiences of the Cost‐of‐Living Crisis in Northern Ireland. The research found that women routinely skipped meals; described feelings of shame and guilt associated with struggling to feed their children; and discussed difficulties associated with purchasing food. Much of the pain associated with the hunger experienced by these women and children is hidden within the private sphere of the home. This article intends to shine a light on women's experiences and will reflect on the necessary policy change required to ensure compliance with international human rights obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The welfare of society and the relationship between people and the natural environment are all directly impacted by engineering work, and codes of ethics are central to the profession. Yet many engineers struggle to incorporate these principles into their daily work because such codes typically emphasize professional conduct without reflecting on the role of engineering within such complex social and environmental systems. In this paper, we propose a human rights–based approach to engineering anchored in five core principles of distributive justice, broad participation, explicit consideration of duty-bearers, accountability for all actors involved, and indivisibility of rights. This is a new paradigm that draws on universal principles to shape individual ethical obligations and the norms of the profession to prevent risk, enhance access to the benefits of technology, and redress social and environmental harms resulting from engineered products or processes. This paradigm could transform both university education and professional practice by harmonizing existing engineering ethics with core human rights obligations to respect, protect, and fulfill human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The supposedly exclusive powers of the Spanish autonomous communities on housing are strongly conditioned by the concurrent powers of the State. The interpretation of these powers made by the Spanish Constitutional Court has prioritised the objective consideration of housing as a principle over the subjective consideration of housing as a right and its economic dimension over the social one. This paper highlights some paradoxes and perplexities caused by this approach, as well as the opportunity provided by the Right to Housing Act to solve them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the challenges surrounding the conceptualization and definition of spatial justice within our increasingly data‐driven society, this article commences an inquiry into the convergence of space, justice, and data within human geography literature and related disciplines, focusing notably on the urban field. The paper outlines theories concerning social justice‐based rights to the city, especially emphasizing the significance of existing literature that bridges such theories with recent scholarship on data justice. It supplements these discussions by deriving a theoretical framework for digital spatial justice rooted in other space‐based theories, exploring the more‐than‐human realms of non‐human entities, affect, and information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of the caste system as a cultural construct. Esteemed social anthropologists and sociologists have perceived caste as a set of cultural beliefs and practices prevalent in Indian society. Caste is traditionally viewed as a cultural system shaped by specific norms and values that dictate the interrelations among individuals. Essentially, the caste system is a codified set of beliefs and practices observed within society. It is posited that a cultural approach to analyzing the caste system yields a deeper understanding. G. S. Ghurye (1932) characterizes caste by six features: segmental division of society, hierarchical structure, dietary and social interaction restrictions, civil and religious rights and disabilities, occupational restrictions, and marriage limitations. The entrenched social hierarchy of the Indian caste system has evolved notably in recent times. While caste is a unique societal stratification in India, this paper investigates its current socio-cultural transformations, focusing on significant cultural practices and processes such as Sanskritization, Westernization, Secularization, Modernization, and Globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We argue in this paper that counselling psychologists have been championing human rights and social justice in different ways and since the Division was first being considered. We draw on counselling psychology historical literature, and from responses from our colleagues within the profession. As part of our preparation for this paper we put out a call to counselling psychologists through the Division of Counselling Psychology to invite our colleagues to share with us the work they are engaged in relating to Human Rights and Social Justice. In this paper we share themes from the responses we received on the various areas covering human rights aspects of counselling psychology and social justice, for example championing climate justice, equality, diversity, and inclusion. Our call was operationalised through a Questback survey which comprised of 10 questions. These included demographic questions, questions which enquired about areas of respondent’s work which covered human rights aspects of psychology and social justice. The responses for example included mental health work with refugees, asylum seekers, trafficked people, torture survivors; Black and Minoritised Ethnic adults aged 18+; people from what one respondent noted as ‘the profoundly deaf community’ who use BSL (British Sign Language) as their first language; and other aspects of equality, diversity, and inclusion. Furthermore, we enquired whether our counselling psychology respondents had faced experiences in which they have wanted to engage with human rights-based/ focused work but had been prevented from doing this. These questions could be responded to through qualitative responses, and we offer example of quotes from respondents throughout different sections of this paper. The respondents also replied at a specific time period and the issues raised might differ if the questionnaire was answered at an earlier or later time period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social rights have been considered positive rights that do not require them to be part of the constitution. The most common objection against constitutional social rights holds that social rights are welfare rights and that, by nature, the Constitution should protect only rights of non-interference. In this paper, I show that the previous thesis is debatable, and I offer a liberal argument to defend the constitutionalisation of social rights. In general terms, the arguments presented rest on two main ideas of Rawls's thought linked to his conception of citizens as autonomous persons, as well as to his conception of society. In particular, the paper proposes a systematic understanding of the two principles of justice and an analysis of the notions of society as a system of mutual cooperation, as well as the ideas of self-respect and moral powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the war against Ukraine, the European Union Temporary Protection Directive, establishing a new migration status of temporary protection, was activated for the first time. The substance of the minimum requirement for providing healthcare services in the Directive appears unclear but is supposed to correspond to human rights standards. This article analyses the standards established in the European Social Charter (revised), recognising several health-related rights. The paper clarifies the material scope of health-related rights and analyses to what extent the Charter applies to persons enjoying temporary protection. The application of health-related rights in the Charter varies depending on citizenship, whether refugee status was additionally sought, and whether a person is seen as a resident or regular worker. The study indicates ambiguity in the position of this group and how the European Social Rights Committee may include it in the scope of protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The profound changes in Earth systems dynamics are affecting the health of the entire planet and the realization of a broad range of human rights. In this paper, we propose that the grand narrative of human rights including the legal right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment recognized by the United Nations in 2022 requires the acknowledgment of the interconnected challenges posed by planetary crises. We discuss how planetary boundaries (PB) research can provide evidence-based arguments and clarify State duties concerning their international human rights law commitments. The economic, social and cultural rights are deeply connected with the right to a healthy environment. Human rights to water, food, or health, for example, can all be understood in the context of Earth systems change. Civil and political rights go beyond individuals to include also collective action and participation to tackle planetary social-ecological challenges. Gaps remain in human rights law concerning some of the PBs, which risks overlooking the interconnected drivers of ecosystem degradation. Clearer legal standing and justification for legal demands, for example concerning the impacts of water use, land use and deforestation, are needed to tackle PB overshoot. States must act at various spaces including the global economic systems and the global supply chains of goods and services for humanity to reach planetary safe and just spaces. Weaving international human rights law and advances at various geographical scales on the right to a healthy environment with PB provides a powerful tool for defending the prerequisites of good life for everyone, everywhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While a growing body of work investigates the social rights of immigrants, there is a notable lack of comparative research on the topic that includes countries in the Global South. In this paper we argue that existing approaches often lack reproducibility, comparability, and adaptability beyond the cases that they focus on. To remedy this shortcoming, we propose a three‐dimensional conceptualization of immigrant social rights that takes into account differences between legal categories of migrants, between types of welfare benefits, and between types of restrictions. Applying this conceptualization, we offer the Immigrant Social Rights Dataset (ImmigSR), a set of quantitative comparative measures of de jure immigrant social rights covering 39 countries in Europe, Latin America, North America, Oceania and Southeast Asia for the years 1980–2018. Our analyses show commonalities as well as differences between world regions. Rights are more inclusive in the Global North than in the Global South. There is however a slight trend towards convergence, with rights retrenchment in the North and expansions in the South. Across all regions, temporary migrant workers and asylum seekers are the groups that are granted the least comprehensive set of rights. Depending on the dimension that is taken into focus, there are however also more nuanced intra‐regional differences. The findings confirm the usefulness of a multi‐dimensional conceptual approach to measuring immigrant social rights in a diverse set of cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to conduct a descriptive analysis about the conceptual development that Chilean higher education has had from the perspective of Fernando Atria. We will use his texts; "Neoliberalism con rostro Humano" (2013) and "Derechos Socials and Education" (2014), as a starting point. They will be contrasted with some more up-to-date interviews, to determine the existence of any meaningful change around his higher education concept towards a context pre and post social outbreak (October 2019). Thus, it is of special significance to make reflections around the public discussion that involves the new Chilean constitution drafting, where Atria also won its seat as a conventional constituent. Therefore, it is sought in this process to show his transition from academic to political. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the question regarding the crisis of the effectiveness of human and fundamental rights. This is a challenge that requires commitment, vigilance, shared liability. Rights are an indispensable tool for expressing the value of dignity that is linked to vulnerability as a common human condition. Rights are a type of social practice aimed at their implementation and concretization. It is made up of principles, rules, institutions, procedures, attitudes, acts of interpretation. This practice plays an important role in countering and eliminating the situations that produce violations concerning the subjects in their multiple differences and specific existences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary endeavor of this paper is to illuminate the contentious Citizenship Amendment Act 2019 through the constitution and human rights jurisprudence perspective. In this paper, an attempt has been made to propose a different interpretation of the Citizenship Amendment Act 2019 which not only infracts constitutional values but also legalized the hate against minorities, especially Muslims. India—as a nation state—has always cherished and remained concerned about its secular and democratic character. Since independence, India has maintained its global position as a responsible and humane society to protect minorities' rights and social justice. Shockingly, the legislative development that had taken place in the recent past has questioned India's commitment toward the certain principle of human rights, democratic values, and secularism which are the hallmark of the Constitution of India. The Citizenship Amendment Act 2019 has put religion as a pre-requisite qualification if someone is desirous to apply for Indian citizenship which is purely a violation of the basic ethos of the constitution. The idea of India as envisioned by the framers of the Indian constitution as a democratic, secular, and socialist state and anything that contrary to its basic structure is unconstitutional. The contentious legislation whether unconstitutional or not needs to be examined through the prism of constitutional law and fundamental norms of human rights. In this research exercise, a modest attempt is made to examine all merits and demerits of this antagonistic citizenship legislation. Throughout the paper, the effort has been given to sustain the notion that India cannot be a republic founded on discrimination, hate, and a pervasive sense of fear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper contributes to the literature on legal consciousness in medical settings by focusing on psychiatric patients' understanding of rights during hospitalization in Israeli psychiatric wards. It asks whether hospital personnel act as agents who promote patients' legal consciousness and whether patients are aware of their legal and social rights during hospitalization. The data for this study were derived from the Patient Experience Survey of Psychiatric Public Hospitals, a comprehensive survey conducted by the Israel Ministry of Health in 2017. The survey included two variables that were used to measure patients' legal consciousness: legal consciousness with hospitalization rights and legal consciousness with social rights. To predict legal consciousness and patient satisfaction, a logistic regression model was employed. The analysis reveals low rates of patients' awareness of hospitalization and social rights, varying between 55 and 66%, respectively. Variations in awareness are not strongly associated with patients' socioeconomic and demographic attributes or with hospital characteristics but are somewhat associated with hospitalization conditions. The data also reveal that awareness of legal rights (whether hospitalization rights or social rights) is likely to increase satisfaction with the hospitalization experience. The analysis underscores a significant finding. Patients' awareness of their legal rights during hospitalization is limited. Interestingly, this awareness is more influenced by the conditions of hospitalization than by the patients' socio-demographic attributes. This research also provides insights into the potential role of legal awareness in shaping patients' attitudes toward treatment and enhancing their satisfaction during hospitalization. • The paper contributes to the literature on legal consciousness. • The analysis reveals low rates of patients' legal awareness. • Legal consciousness of hospitalization and social rights vary between 55 and 66%. • Legal awareness is somewhat associated with hospitalization conditions. • Legal consciousness is likely to increase satisfaction with hospitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under Article 24 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), children have the right to the highest attainable standard of health. One component of this right that has received little attention is the connection between children's health and their participation in health-related research. This represents a missed opportunity in the full realisation of the right to health. This paper accordingly argues that Article 24 should obligate or incentivise State Parties to create more research opportunities for children in implementing this right. It explores the links between paediatric research and children's health, highlighting the impacts of the lack of research on the paucity or absence of many treatment and prevention options for childhood diseases. It also considers the application of other rights which may be implicated in paediatric research. While paediatric health-related research is imperative, it must occur within a framework which respects all children's rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper examines two important and up-to-date topics in labour law. First, the analysis focuses on the general aspects and the significance of the European Pillar of Social Rights (EPSR), which is the most recent legal source – except for a couple of directives and regulations based on the EPSR itself – in the social policy of the European Union. It contains several fundamental labour and social rights and one of its main aims is to promote and to strengthen these rights and values throughout the Membes States. At the same time, the EPSR is already having an impact on national labour and social law systems in the EU because of some new pieces of labour law-focused legislation. One of these new laws is the Directive (EU) 2019/1152 of the European Parliament and of the Council (20 June 2019) on transparent and predictable working conditions in the European Union that contains very important new norms regarding both the possible broad concept of the “employment relationship” and the workers’ fundamental rights. Second, the paper focuses on some relevant questions of the Hungarian labour law as a case study, analysing the possible – and already visible – impact of the EPSR and the aforemtnioned new directive. The paper tries to answer some questions based on the paper’s hypotheses centred on the possible change in the Hungarian regulation and legal interpretation taking into account the EPSR and the already cited directive. The analysis is based on the relevant regulations and laws, and the outcomes of the research focus both on some general remarks regarding the EPSR and the Directive (EU) 2019/1152 joint with the conclusions that can be drawn paying attention specifically to the Hungarian labour law system with special attention to the workers’ fundamental rights [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing body of scholarship examining the impact of courts' social rights judgments, especially their distributive impact (ie the extent to which they deliver social rights-related goods and services to the poor and marginalised). Commentators have used this impact to evaluate the effectiveness of courts in realising citizens' social rights. This paper contributes to the scholarship by adding a new 'relational' dimension to our understanding of such impact. It uses the literature on the concept of trust from philosophy, sociology and other disciplines to analyse the impact that social rights judgments have on the relationship between citizens and the political branches of government, and argues that social rights judgments can modify two elements of this relationship that determine the dynamics at play in it: citizens' vulnerability to the political branches with respect to the relevant goods and services; and citizens' uncertainty about the political branches' exercise of control over the goods and services (which can promote the political branches' trustworthiness). By broadening our understanding of these judgments' impact, the paper offers a valuable lens through which to analyse social rights judgments and adds needed nuance to current debates about courts' effectiveness in realising citizens' social rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'second phase' of the energy transition involves large-scale rollout of renewables, raising wider questions about arrangements for the management and ownership of such resources and how costs and benefits should be distributed. Ideas and practices such as 'community energy' and 'prosumption' capture the potential for more decentralised systems of ownership and control inherent in renewable energy technologies. However, until now, ownership and control of the key biophysical resources (e.g., wind, wave, solar, geothermal) underpinning the transition have received surprisingly little attention, given the potential for wealth creation and issues of justice that underpin their use. This paper explores this issue using the idea of 'wind rights', which highlights the numerous social actors who have rights or claims to use and benefit from wind resources. Key among these are landowners who are silently enclosing the 'windy commons' to extract 'wind rents' from monopoly property rights. This has profound (but undertheorised) distributive and structural ramifications for the energy transition. Despite this, and with some recent notable exceptions, much energy transition research in social science and humanities portrays landowners as taken-for-granted, apolitical, and sometimes marginal (ised) stakeholders. Combining a Marxist, class-based approach to landownership and wind rent with Ostromian institutional analysis, this paper reviews and expands the (predominantly legal) literature on wind rights. This deepens the understanding of the concept of 'wind rights', highlighting that in many instances wind resources are de facto privatised/enclosed via 'proxy wind rights' for landowners. We also indicate some alternative wind rights configurations, including nationally and commonly managed wind resources. This analysis leads to a consideration of the potential long-term benefits of alternative socially orientated property rights arrangements, including community wind rights or nationalisation of the wind resource. These social wind rights arrangements could play a key role in securing a more just and widely supported transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the influence of European migration externalisation policies on civil society initiatives promoting migrants' rights in Morocco. By looking at the nature of NGOs' interventions that aim to benefit migrants' social and economic rights, the paper attempts to uncover the contradictions inherent in the implementation of so-called rights-based approaches to migration management in a context marked by inequality, uneven social development and authoritarian rule. The Moroccan example shows how the EU's efforts have promoted a juridical, administrative and discursively justifiable policy framework in Morocco, in which NGOs could successfully deliver humanitarian aid and advocate for vulnerable migrants' rights to life. At the same time, however, the underlying rationale of distinguishing between the rights of legal and irregular migrants hampers NGOs in promoting a more inclusive approach concerning migrants as target populations of social development policies in the country. This is compounded by a national political context marked by limited opportunities for civil society participation in policy-making processes. By describing the dilemmas created through these tensions, this paper aims to draw attention to overlooked connections between development policies and externalisation measures in the Global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses prevalent topics found in narratives of the maritime discourse community in the past seven years, from 2016 to 2022. For this purpose, we compiled a corpus of eighty speeches given by the respected Mr. Kitack Lim, secretary-general of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO). The texts are found on the official IMO website and were delivered on the occasion of significant maritime events. The analysis section combines quantitative and qualitative methods. The sophisticated language program Wordstat was used to determine frequencies, dominant phrases, collocations and prevalent topics. In addition, critical discourse analysis was used to interpret linguistic facts through the lenses of an actual maritime setting. The results reveal how dynamic changes in the maritime discourse community are reflected in narratives. We note how traditional issues in seafaring have been complemented with new perspectives impacted by globalisation, digitalisation, automatisation, issues of social and human rights which have been raised, women's empowerment, questions of environmental protection and many more. We conclude that the established concepts cannot be demarcated: they are increasingly interdependent and have the seafarer in their focus. We also point to the possibility of future research in the domain of comparative analysis on a sample of larger corpora that could make use of research articles or academic narratives about the maritime discourse community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ageing is a universal and socially constructed phenomenon. Old age is a natural stage phenomenon in the life of every human being. Theoretically, it precedes spontaneously right from a person's moment of birth. Ageing comes to all organisms as a process of regular change that is invariably accompanied with clear and manifest decline in psychological competency. In India, people who have attained 60 years and above are defined as elderly. It is more a social construct rather than a biological stage. The process of ageing is a very individualistic phenomenon. But throughout the world, large numbers of older persons face challenges such as discrimination, poverty and Abuse that severely restrict their human right and their contribution to society. Human Rights are the basic rights which fundamentally and inherently belong to each individual. Thus, Human Right is fundamental rights which human being possesses by fact being human. According to United Nation's Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, include cultural, economic and political rights, such as right to life, liberty, education and equality and right of association, belief, free speech, information, religion movement and nationality. This paper try to analyse / examine the available laws, policies and protection of the human rights of old age person in Assam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By providing financial resources, conditional to the implementation of the (social) recommendations in the Semester and the principles of the European Pillar of Social Rights, the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) has opened new political and institutional opportunity windows for the multi‐level co‐production of social policies. The article first dives into how the RRF has been translated into national social policies choices, by assessing the alignment of reforms and investments with the Semester social recommendations and their capacity to address the social vulnerabilities identified in the Pillar's Social Scoreboard. Second, it sheds light on the interaction between the European Commission, in charge of assessing and monitoring the RRF, and the national governments, the key actors in setting‐up and implementing the plans. Comparing six case studies (Italy, Germany, Spain, Croatia, Belgium and Austria), the article shows that the RRF has only partially contributed to reinforcing member states' compliance with social Country Specific Recommendations and the role of the Social Pillar in the drafting of National Recovery and Resilience Plans has been very limited. This notwithstanding, the RRF has contributed to fasten‐forward the implementation of welfare reforms and initiatives which would have been remained on the paper, especially for whose countries with limited fiscal capacity. Furthermore, it provides empirical evidence of the collaborative approach between the Commission and the national government, substantiating the claim of the emergence of a new mode of coordinative Europeanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines institutional change in father‐specific leave ‐ a centre‐piece of the EU's work‐life balance directive (WLBD) ‐ from the perspective of gradual institutional change. The WLBD, a highly contentious directive, represents a litmus test for the possible impact of the European pillar of social rights (EPSR), on welfare state institutions, which are responsible for the organisation, financing and delivery of social rights in member states. The analysis comprises in‐depth case studies in Denmark, Germany, France and Poland, with different combinations of family and parental leave policies prior to the WLBD. The findings reveal that the EU's directive is leading to convergence in paternity leave, but to divergence in parental leave. Our study is important because it shows that even if EU directives in social policy in principle can lead to upwards social convergence across the EU, when they are relatively weak in terms of precise constraint, for instance, for the level of remuneration for leave, this leads to differentiated integration. This could undermine the very purpose of the EPSR, which seeks to improve social rights for all citizens across the EU. Similar dynamics are likely to be present in other areas at the welfare state‐labor market nexus, such as minimum wages or platform work, where the EU is also developing regulation under the auspices of the EPSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between human rights and religion cannot be seen as a relationship between two entirely distinct sets of values Human rights are deeply rooted in the Judeo-Christian religious tradition. However, throughout history religious institutions have interpreted human rights differently and have supported or hindered their implementation. This paper discusses the relationship between human rights and religion in the social and cultural matrix of post-communist Central and Eastern Europe. Our statistical analysis focuses on Hungary as an example of the region. In our view, the variations in the relationship between human rights and religion in Central and Eastern Europe are primarily determined by the region's wounded collective identity and the resulting overriding national and state security needs. Politically and culturally, the region is characterized by its betweenness, embodied in centuries of vulnerability to the great powers. Therefore, the social status and political discourse of human rights and religion should be tied to this primary regional marker. While examining the relationship between religion and human rights, we should be aware that the primary relationship is between human rights and the collective identity of the nation-state and between religion and the identity of the nation-state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the following paper is to expose how certain figures of Argentine thought thought thought the university in its transforming dimension. Thus, we will appeal to recover some voices of that thought -from Deodoro Roca, through Arturo Jauretche to Eduardo Rinesi-. But these thoughts were produced in a specific historical context -the years of the Reform of '18, the years of Peronism and Kirchnerism- in which populist governments that expanded political and social rights were emerging. Therefore, we recover these voices within the historical experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the conflict over urban land between the City of Rio de Janeiro and the residents of Vila Autódromo, a slum neighbouring the area that would become the centre of activities for the 2016 Olympic Games. The work was based on an action research that lasted five years, accompanied by interviews and fieldwork starting from the third year. City Hall launched a series of initiatives that involved practices of intimidation and different forms of violence to implement an urban project. The residents, in turn, resorted to legal and technical support, producing an abundance of critical material regarding the compromise of social rights and the democratic experience. The case of Vila Autódromo shows that City Hall, through its agents, was able to deal with the ambiguities and imprecisions in the law to pursue its goals. It also demonstrates that resistance can sometimes stall and thwart the reproduction of violent structures, even if at great cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right to property is part of International Human Rights Law (IHRL). However, the right is conspicuously missing from some fundamental treaties, and there are important inconsistencies in its interpretation by regional and global human rights bodies. In light of the indeterminacy and polysemy of IHRL in relation to property, this paper articulates a proposal to rethink this right taking Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ESCR) seriously. The proposal contains four propositions. Firstly, property is a human right. Secondly, it includes private property as one of its forms, but this is not the only one. Thirdly, property has a social function. And fourthly, as a matter of proportionality, fulfilling ESCR is one of the most important objectives that may justify the limitation of private property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While artificial intelligence technologies (AI), such as machine learning (ML), hold significant potential for the economy and social wellbeing, it is unclear to what extent copyright laws stimulate or impede the development of these promising technologies. The unauthorised use of copyright-protected works in the ML process and its possible implications on economic rights of authors have been previously explored, however, the implications of such use on the moral rights of authors – the rights of attribution and integrity – have not been examined. This paper, by focusing on Australia as a case study, explores whether the use of works as training data in the ML process could amount to the infringement of moral rights of authors and, if so, whether law reform in the area is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper distinguishes Swedish feminist internationalists in the early Cold War years appointed to high positions at the United Nations (UN) whose political commitments were connected to pluralism, democracy, and a solidarity with the poor. Alva Myrdal, Agda Rössel, and Ulla Lindström were three Swedish women appointed some of the highest positions attained by women in the UN in the late 1940s and 1950s. Their stance on the interrelatedness of women's political and economic rights is in this paper read as characteristic of the Swedish Middle Way. A special focus in the paper is on the parliamentarian debates regarding the Swedish Middle Way in which Ulla Lindström expounded on her experiences from her work as delegate to the UN. Human rights actualized by feminist internationalists included equal pay for women supported by working unions, preschool and day-care facilities for working mothers, as well as social security and social services for families in poverty, but the high-ranking positions of these women at the UN were questioned both domestically and within the UN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conditions for the implementation of education programmes at maritime higher education institutions (MHE institutions) are regulated by the Ordinance on Ranks and Seafarers’ Certificates of Competence which prescribes the obligation of the MHE institution to ensure conscientious and consistent adaptation to technological and other changes in shipping of all teachers in the maritime profession. Adaptation to technological and other changes in shipping is best achieved by boarding a ship and in the time teachers spend in navigation as a member of the ship’s crew. While employed at an MHE institution, teachers have two options to board a ship and sail with the status of seafarer. The first is to request a free study year, a “sabbatical”, and the second is to terminate employment at the MHE institution, board a ship as a seafarer, and, after disembarking, to re-establish employment at the MHE institution. According to legal sources in the field of labour and social law, there is no possibility to regulate the labour and social rights of teachers, meaning that teachers cannot do longer periods in navigation and enjoy seafarer status while employed at an MHE institution. In order for the MHE institution to comply with the obligation of the Ordinance on Ranks and Seafarers’ Certificates of Competence in the part of the conditions for the implementation of the education programme, it is necessary to regulate periods of navigation of teachers by legal sources in the field of labour and social rights. This is the only way for teachers to have the opportunity to upgrade their knowledge in accordance with the provisions of the same Ordinance. The aim of this paper is to point out the problem of the conditions for the implementation of seafarers’ education and to present the legal regulation that prevents teachers from longer periods of navigating in the status of seafarer while employed at maritime higher education institutions. In addition to presenting the legal framework for the education of seafarers in the Republic of Croatia, this paper presents legal sources in the field of labour and social law, that is, their specific provisions, in particular for teachers, specifically for seafarers. Based on the indicated problem and the presented legal regulation, a suggestion is made to enact a legal directive to enable teachers during their employment at maritime higher education institutions to board and navigate ships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We live in a world in crisis. These crises are experienced globally, regionally, by individual States and mostly by individuals themselves. Despite our differences, we are all united by crisis. However, adopting a regional outlook, this paper focuses on Europe, which, like much of the rest of the world, has in recent times been buffeted by multiple crises ranging from the financial and economic crisis that begun in 2008, to the climate change crisis, to the migrant and refugee crisis, to the Brexit crisis, to the COVID-19 pandemic that has rocked the entire globe. In times of crisis, it is commonplace to turn to legal and institutional frameworks in the hopes of finding some reprieve. Within Europe, one such institution is the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). This Court, also known as the Strasbourg court, was established in 1959 under Article 19 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Despite its primarily Civil and Political Rights (CPRs) mandate, the ECtHR has in numerous cases proven to be fertile ground for planting the seeds of Economic and Social Rights (ESRs) protection which is/was inevitable, given the widely accepted indivisible, interdependent and interrelated nature of all human rights, whether CPRs or ESRs. The ECtHR explicates that "the Convention is a living instrument which [...] must be interpreted in the light of present-day conditions." In the present day conditions of numerous crises that have only exacerbated the already precarious conditions of numerous vulnerable rightsholders in the family of European States, the question then becomes what jurisprudential trends, prospects and pitfalls exist for the ECtHR in its dynamic interpretation of the ECHR to include ESRs. In seeking answers to this question, this paper analyzes the ESRs jurisprudence of the ECtHR with the intention of illuminating how the Court has, and ought to utilize its institutional role as an enforcer of human rights in general and ESRs in particular in the quest to mitigate the effects on rightsholders, of the crises being experienced within Europe. At the heart of this inquiry lies the assertion that in line with the ECtHR's ESRs jurisprudence thus far, which evinces a willingness on the part of the Court to vindicate ESRs in order to bring these rights to life for the vulnerable rightsholders who need them the most, the myriad crises currently plaguing Europe continue to create opportunities for the ECtHR to craft a principled and consistent ESRs jurisprudence while simultaneously respecting the margin of appreciation enjoyed by the respective European States. This paper does not analyze State responses under Article 15 of the ECHR, which specifically allows the High Contracting Parties to derogate from their obligations under the Convention in times of war or other public emergency threatening the life of the nation. Rather, the analysis will be restricted to the ESRs jurisprudence of the ECtHR in times of the specific crises outlined below and where the States in question have not made an Article 15 derogation. The paper will proceed in three parts. Part A will give a brief overview of how the ECtHR has vindicated ESRs through its interpretation of the primarily CPRs found in the ECHR. Part B will thereafter briefly analyze three specific crises that have shaped the more recent ESRs jurisprudence of the Court: the financial and economic crisis, the migrant and refugee crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, Part C will offer some tentative recommendations on the way forward, arguing that while some progress has been made by the ECtHR in centering ESRs as a very necessary part of its response to contemporary European and global crises, the battle is far from won. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public health measures taken by States have been subject to mounting arbitration legal challenges. These challenges resulted in an argument that investment agreements in general and the prevalence of the Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) mechanism, in particular, may force governments to refrain from introducing new legislative or policy measures due to a fear that the measures could be contested by investors. This situation, a fear to adopt legislative and similar other measures, is often referred to as "regulatory chill." Recent arbitration cases show, however, that some of the cases involving pharmaceutical and similar other companies have been decided in favor of State Parties to the ISDS. In this regard, the legal claims initiated by Eli Lilly against the Government of Canada or the arbitration claims brought by Philip Morris against the Government of Australia and Uruguay can be cases in point. Due to these recent cases, some scholars have argued that the ISDS decisions (such as Eli Lilly and Government of Canada) demonstrate that regulatory chill may not be States' concern anymore. This paper examines the obligations of State Parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR or Covenant) to ensure access to affordable health technologies (medicines, vaccines, etc.) and the likelihood of investment agreements to result in a "regulatory chill" that hinders the realization of the obligations. In order to do so, the paper takes the TPP's (now CPTPP) investment chapter as a case in point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationship between women empowerment and income inequality. In particular, we examine whether empowering women in terms of raising their political, social and economic rights reduce income inequality. Furthermore, this paper also sheds light on the effects of women empowerment on income inequality in different economies characterized by income differences. Using data for 134 countries from 1945 to 2015, we estimate a panel data model with treatment for endogeneity, controlling for savings rate, arable land rate and age-dependency ratio. Our results indicate that women empowerment in all three aspects (social, political and economic) plays an important role in reducing income inequality. This effect is more prominent in lower-middle and upper-middle income countries and is robust to different measures of inequality and women empowerment, and an alternative estimation technique that takes care of endogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on multisited qualitative research in Italy and the UK, this paper documents the dark side of onward migration and the experiences faced by Italian‐Bangladeshis in the UK after the Brexit referendum. The findings show that compared to their position in Italy, Italian‐Bangladeshis experienced a downgrading in symbolic, identity‐related, and, specifically, socio‐economic and cultural aspects in the UK society. The paper also uncovers the potential strategies that Italian‐Bangladeshis intend to adopt in case they lose the special rights provided to them by EU citizenship after Brexit. Since the majority of them have moved to the United Kingdom to build a future for their children, they find themselves forced to further reconfigure their strategies and reactivate different degrees of mobility in order to avoid the loss of social rights (access to welfare, the status of citizens) and material resources (housing and better working conditions) that they have long assumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile is a country crossed by economic inequalities. The constitutional process has opened a space to problematize the institutions that reproduce these inequalities. This paper joins into this discussion arguing that a nuanced focus on the right of access to healthcare under international law would fit the future Constitution better. I label this focus 'nuanced', in reaction to international law's limited ability to address justice claims located at the core of Chile's social and constitutional discontent. I argue that the right to health under international law is unlikely to address the problem of unequal enjoyment of healthcare services. The paper argues that a better approach would be to integrate a solidaristic understanding to this human right. The added value of solidarity translates in a more substantive conceptualization of social rights where they become at the service of the liberty of all. Through a critical discussion about the inception of the right to health under Chile's current Constitution, the paper shows the limitations of today's understanding and the underlying reasons for the transformation it proposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the controversial ways the Australian Commonwealth Government is enforcing the use of the Basics Card (BC) and Cashless Debit Card (CDC) (also known as Indue cards) as economic instruments, thereby preventing self-determination for many First Nations peoples and communities around Australia. Imposing these cards in communities has resulted in barriers to First Nations peoples' social, cultural and economic rights. I will draw upon literature that addresses the implications and obstacles associated with these cards for many First Nations peoples receiving income support. Addressing the Australian Government's' historical and current involvement in the income management of First Nations peoples, this literature review considers the political contexts behind the decision to extend trials in communities and what this means for First Nations communities across these trial sites. In light of the Australian senate's recent approval for a two-year extension of the CDC, legitimising the BC or CDC without providing robust research or evidence is highly problematic. Enforcement of these cards has not explicitly proven to counteract social or economic disadvantages for First Nations peoples. Clearly, it demonstrates that government policy is unjust and considered by many to be racist and punitive. The final component of this paper briefly evaluates the policy implementation so far, and in closing, advocates for the revocation of the current legislation, which disregards the human rights of First Nations peoples and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recodification of Czech private law brought fundamental conceptual changes, new rules, new and old terminology and institutes. One of the changes mentioned in the new Civil Code, Act No. 89/2012 Coll., is a complete regulation regarding license agreements for intellectual property objects. The license agreement is now modified here in one place in a general form, where it also includes industrial rights, and then in special provisions it deals with economic and cultural rights falling under the protection of the copyright law as a result of its own subject matter. The publisher's license agreement is also separately adjusted for its specifics. This paper will deal with the license agreement in the field of copyright, its essence, the conditions for its conclusion, its meaning, but also the pitfalls that may arise in practice as a result of its conclusion. The latest amendment to the Copyright Act and Civil Code brought about by the influence of EU law will also be taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reconstructs how, under the umbrella of the Europea Union (EU), discreet opportunities for EU social policy agenda setting opened for academic expertise from the late 1990s to the 2020s. This began with the Dutch presidency of the EU in the first half of 1997, endorsing the notion of 'social policy as a productive factor', followed by the 2000 Lisbon strategy for Growth and Social Cohesion in the open economy. The social investment landmark publication was Why We Need a New Welfare State, written by Gøsta Esping‐Andersen et al., for the Belgian presidency of 2001. Ultimately, cumulative academic insights and feedback from country‐specific reform experiences found their synthesis in the Social Investment Package in 2013. EU political codification of social investment took effect with the adoption of the European Pillar of Social Rights in December 2017. The paper concludes on the future for social investment with some personal reflections as an engaged scholar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing evidence to support the claim that we react differently to robots than we do to other objects. In particular, we react differently to robots with which we have some form of social interaction. In this paper I critically assess the claim that, due to our tendency to become emotionally attached to social robots, permitting their harm may be damaging for society and as such we should consider introducing legislation to grant social robots rights and protect them from harm. I conclude that there is little evidence to support this claim and that legislation in this area would restrict progress in areas of social care where social robots are a potentially valuable resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although significant literature and jurisprudence has amassed on rights-based climate litigation over recent years, less research and case law has emerged on poverty-related court cases and the fulfilment of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) in Canada. Fewer still are studies exploring the interlinkages between these areas of inquiry. The purpose of this paper is to explore, using Canada as a case study, rights-based developments in climate litigation cases and how these could impact the innovative advancement of ESCR (e.g. to food, housing and water). Typically, issues of justiciability and standing emerge, impeding the realization of such rights. Given the grave threats we now face, climate cases and social movements must be brought together to better hold state actors accountable for their rights obligations. We implore the legal community to explore ways to traverse juridical obstacles to realize the interdependencies of human rights and protect the planet from calamitous climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critiques black citizenship in America. Using the "warring ideals" of W.E.B DuBois, it posits that African American citizenship is a complex interplay between the universality of citizenship, i.e., the ideals of the western liberal tradition, and the lived realities of citizenship. Highlighting the paradox of race, the article underscores that black citizenship has never been a guarantee in American society. "Warring ideals" encompass a struggle between aspirational ideals of what American citizenship is supposed to be and what it actually is—especially for those who are marginalized. Lived realities of citizenship often mean coming to terms with daily encounters with racism and structural discrimination which affirm and reaffirm citizenship boundaries. The manuscript also evaluates how watershed movements such as the civil rights, black power, and Black Lives Matter movements have attempted to reconcile the ideals and the realities of American citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social inequalities and human rights are inevitably linked to children's and adolescents' healthy development. Children who experience structural and interpersonal inequalities in access to resources and opportunities based on their gender, race, ethnicity, or other group categories are denied the right to fair treatment, which contributes to stress, anxiety, and depression. We assert that investigating the psychological perspectives that children hold regarding inequalities and human rights is necessary for creating fair and just societies. We take a constructivist approach to this topic which seeks to understand how individuals interpret and evaluate observed and experienced inequalities. Even young children think about these issues and act on their beliefs and experiences about human deveolopment. Throughout development, individuals weigh multiple, potentially conflicting considerations when interpreting, evaluating, and responding to social inequalities and rights violations. In these complex contexts, children and adolescents are neither fully "moral" nor fully "prejudiced." Rather, critical questions for research in this area concern when, why, and for whom young people reject inequalities and support rights, and, by contrast, when, why, and for whom they accept that inequalities and rights violations should be allowed to persist. This paper provides a brief overview of how different conceptions of social inequalities and rights are intrinsically linked together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Flanders, a renewed Decree on Local Social Policy (2018) introduced the concept of "Integrated-Rights Practice" (IRP). In brief, IRP aims to guarantee social rights by creating local interorganizational networks that foster generalist, pro-active, outreaching, strengths-based and participative social work interventions (Boost et al., 2018). In our paper, we will focus on an ongoing project in which IRP is applied to the specific field of socio-juridical practice in Antwerp. In this project, interorganizational collaboration between different social work services is expanded with partners from the field of justice (courts, lawyers, magistrates, ...) in an effort to lower existing thresholds that impair access to justice and lead to non-take-up of rights. In order to evaluate this innovative practice, we use the CAIMeR-model developed by Blom and Morèn (2010). Guided by the theoretical structure of CAIMeR, we designed a methodological framework in which we combine structured direct observations and semi-structured interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper focusses on the study of the responsibilities and obligations of a married woman towards her parents post her marriage. The method employed herein this study is a case study method through which an attempt has been made to critically analyse the judgement passed by the Bombay High Court in the matter of "Vasant versus Govindrao Upasrao Naik", Criminal Revision Petition Application No. 172/2014. The study further involves an effort to understand and throw light on the social status and rights of Women in India and evaluating the same with regards to the Indian Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing delivery in South Africa continues to dominate conversations on human rights and social development. Using a social development lens, this paper presents the findings of a qualitative study that aimed at exploring the housing experiences of social rental housing (SRH) beneficiaries and how this interlinked with human rights and social development in South Africa. Using the purposive sampling method, the study selected three social housing institutions (SHIs) in Gauteng and two in the Western Cape province. With each SHI, a focus group discussion was conducted with its tenants to establish if there are any linkages with human rights and social development. Participants shared positive sentiments relating to SRH. The authors of this article note that SRH is implemented from a rights-based perspective, in line with international law and the social development perspective. In concluding the article, the authors provide policy recommendations for government and civil society actors operating in the arena of SRH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tracking Stocks are a type of shares that have found support in different comparative law corporate legislation. These shares undoubtedly respond to the new demands of the market, and are a fundamental tool in corporate matters. With a new projection of reform of the Commercial Companies Law, in particular of section 307, the tracking stocks become a legislated reality. For these reasons, this paper seeks to address the particularities of this institute, its legal nature, what practical implications it has regarding the economic and political rights of shareholders, and in particular, what have been the arguments put forward by our national doctrine to consecrate them even without express legislation. Having established these bases, the reader is introduced to the changes and solutions implied by its regulation in the projected reform, concluding with some considerations that the topic under study has deserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]