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La transición hacia el uso del papel para la enseñanza de la escritura en las escuelas elementales públicas en México no fue sencilla. Al finalizar el siglo XIX, se había cuestionado el uso de las pizarras por el riesgo que representaban para la salud, pues muchas veces los estudiantes borraban sus escritos con saliva y el material con el que estaban fabricadas no siempre guardaba las especificaciones necesarias, además el ruido al escribir era insoportable. En cambio, el papel, desde el punto de vista higiénico, pedagógico y estético, fue considerado un material superior frente a la dureza de la pizarra, el brillo de la superficie y la poca precisión que se obtenía en el trazo de las letras. Derivado de este planteamiento, se vislumbró seriamente la posibilidad de la adopción de papel en las escuelas oficiales. Sin embargo, este material era escaso y muy caro. Hacia el cambio de siglo, sólo dos fábricas de papel podían surtir a las escuelas y era necesario que abarataran el precio, que el sistema de distribución garantizara el abastecimiento y que el suministro fuera continuo. Este artículo analiza el inicio del proceso de reconversión de una tecnología para la enseñanza como era la pizarra por el papel. Analizo el gasto que significó y cómo esta modificación fue resultado de una multiplicidad de relaciones sociales, culturales, económicas y políticas que se entrecruzaron para dar una nueva configuración del tiempo, el ruido y los valores establecidos en el salón de clases. The transition to the use of paper in public elementary schools in Mexico was not easy. At the end of the nineteenth century, the use of slates had been questioned due to the health risk they represented since students often erased their writing with saliva and the material with which the slates were made did not always meet the necessary specifications. On the other hand, paper, from a hygienic, pedagogical and aesthetic point of view, was considered a superior material compared to the hardness of the slate, the shine of the surface and the lack of precision obtained in the tracing of the letters. Derived from this approach, the possibility of changing materials in official schools was seriously envisioned. However, the paper represented a very high cost. Only two paper mills could supply the schools and it was necessary to lower the price, and guarantee the supply by enhancing the distribution system. This article analyses the beginning of the conversion process of a technology for learning to write such as the slate for paper. I analyse the expense that it meant for the authorities and families, how the change was the result of a multiplicity of social, cultural, economic and political relations that intersected to give a new configuration of time, noise and established values in the classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La leçon de choses est une modalité didactique particulière répandue en Europe et dans le monde occidentalisé au cours du XIXe siècle, diversement déclinée selon les contextes nationaux sous le nom d'Anschauungsunterricht, object lesson, lezione di cose, lección de cosas. Basée sur la méthode intuitive (parfois appelée naturelle), elle s'impose comme un rejeton direct de la pédagogie de Pestalozzi, bien que sa généalogie ait été reconstruite différemment de pays à pays. Cela en fait un cas intéressant de translation and transformation dans le domaine éducatif ou, peut-être, seulement un exemple de "maquillage" motivé par des raisons revanchardes. Le but est, en général, de faire acquérir des idées abstraites aux élèves de l'école maternelle et primaire à partir de l'observation des objets concrets. Grâce aux principaux théoriciens (les premiers disciples de Pestalozzi en Allemagne et en Angleterre, la pédagogue Marie Pape-Carpentier en France, les positivistes italiens et espagnols ...), elle avait dans la plupart des cas la forme de la conversation maternelle, où adultes et enfants se provoquent mutuellement par des questions et des réponses. De nombreux programmes scolaires lui ont donné une place dans l'articulation du curriculum, d'autres l'ont maintenue sous des formes plus libres et spontanées. L'article se propose d'offrir, sur la base de la littérature la plus récente, une analyse des différentes traditions nationales, même en utilisant les principaux dictionnaires pédagogiques publiées en Europe dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. The object lesson is a particular teaching method that was widespread in Europe and the westernised world during the nineteenth century, which was variously adapted according to national contexts under the name of Anschauungsunterricht, leçon de choses, lezione di cose, and lección de cosas. Based on the intuitive (sometimes known as natural) method, it established itself as a direct product of Pestalozzi's pedagogy, although its genealogy has been reconstructed differently from country to country. This makes it an interesting case of translation and transformation in education or, perhaps, simply an example of maquillage motivated by revanchism. The aim, in general, is to introduce abstract ideas to infant and primary school pupils through the observation of concrete objects. The leading theorists (the early followers of Pestalozzi in Germany and England, the educationalist Marie Pape-Carpentier in France, the Italian and Spanish positivists, etc.), gave it, in most cases, the form of a maternal conversation, where adults and children prompt each other with questions and answers. Many school programmes have given it a place in the curriculum, others have maintained it in freer and more spontaneous forms. This paper offers, on the basis of the most recent literature, an analysis of the different national traditions, using the main pedagogical dictionaries published in Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a literary-historical analysis of the reception of Latin American literature in the literary magazines Polja and Delo during the Cold War. These magazines, published in Serbia, had an important place in the literary life of the former Yugoslavia. The aim of the paper is to show how Latin American literature entered Yugoslav magazines, and which writers and literary ideas were most represented. The first part of the article is dedicated to presenting the political and literary situation in former Yugoslavia and, more precisely, the way Yugoslav culture opened up to Latin America. The central part of the article analyses translations, critical texts, and essays published in Polja magazine and then those published in Delo magazine. It highlights how, although they lacked a systematic approach, Yugoslav periodicals and publishers have been closely linked, and together they have contributed to building new cultural ties between the former Yugoslavia and Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review of the Hungarian reception of contemporary Cuban fiction in different areas of the Hungarian press, published between 1959 and 1989. After giving a brief summary of the establishment and development of Hungarian-Cuban diplomatic and bilateral relations, the article offers a concise description of the communist period's cultural landscape, especially the press and publishing landscape, and examines the similarities and differences between Hungarian and Cuban cultural policies. In order to highlight the apparently paradoxical fact that, despite the close political and cultural ties between the two countries, the reception of Cuban literature was quite moderate, we examine reviews that appeared in the Hungarian press of Cuban anthologies, volumes of short stories, and novels published in Hungary. The article puts special emphasis on the Hungarian editions of Alejo Carpentier's works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze how Arturo Pérez-Reverte claims the legacy of the Enlightenment in his historical novel Hombres buenos (2015). The history of two members of the Real Academia Espartóla, in charge of travelling to Paris in the hopes of obtaining all the volumes of the Encyclopedia and bringing them to Spain, allows Pórez-Reverte to create an original account of eighteenth-century Spain. Pórez-Reverte belongs to an intellectual tradition that depicts the Hispanic Enlightenment as inexistent, incomplete, insufficient, or unoriginal. At the same time, however, he keeps his distance from such tradition, by questioning the consensual image of a civilized and enlightened France, and by showing that Spaniards also participated in the creation and dissemination of the Enlightenment. This paper also analyzes how the fictitious account of the eighteenth century is nor only a defense of enlightened Spaniards, but also a way to express desires for the twenty-first century, especially regarding the political and linguistic unity of Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a literary-historical analysis of the reception of Latin American literature in the literary magazines Polja and Delo during the Cold War. These magazines, published in Serbia, had an important place in the literary life of the former Yugoslavia. The aim of the paper is to show how Latin American literature entered Yugoslav magazines, and which writers and literary ideas were most represented. The first part of the article is dedicated to presenting the political and literary situation in former Yugoslavia and, more precisely, the way Yugoslav culture opened up to Latin America. The central part of the article analyses translations, critical texts, and essays published in Polja magazine and then those published in Delo magazine. It highlights how, although they lacked a systematic approach, Yugoslav periodicals and publishers have been closely linked, and together they have contributed to building new cultural ties between the former Yugoslavia and Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review of the Hungarian reception of contemporary Cuban fiction in different areas of the Hungarian press, published between 1959 and 1989. After giving a brief summary of the establishment and development of Hungarian-Cuban diplomatic and bilateral relations, the article offers a concise description of the communist period's cultural landscape, especially the press and publishing landscape, and examines the similarities and differences between Hungarian and Cuban cultural policies. In order to highlight the apparently paradoxical fact that, despite the close political and cultural ties between the two countries, the reception of Cuban literature was quite moderate, we examine reviews that appeared in the Hungarian press of Cuban anthologies, volumes of short stories, and novels published in Hungary. The article puts special emphasis on the Hungarian editions of Alejo Carpentier's works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies in detail the textual relation between two comedies: Tirso de Molina's Amar por señas and Calderón de la Barca's El encanto sin encanto. The main conclusion is that there is no re-writing process as has been argued in general by literary criticism and literary history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an approach to a unique representation of Cuba in the poetry of Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda. Specifically, it takes two poems as fundamental referents marking two essential moments in Avellaneda´s life. The first, 'Al partir', is a sonnet of 1836, when Avellaneda left Cuba for Spain. The second, 'A un cocuyo', is one of the poems that Avellaneda writes in Cuba upon her return to the island in 1859, after a twenty-three-year absence. This analysis explores the construction of Cuba in the poetry of Avellaneda, particularly the presence of Cuban 'spirits' in these two poems, and their relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to approach an aspect that has not been taken into account by critics, such as the influence of Petrarch and his work on literature that has usually been considered as non-canonical. Specifically, through various examples, we will examine printed popular literature and Sephardic literature, in order to carry out a representative sampling of both. By studying several literary productions, we will show how Petrarch's influence should not be limited to high literature or canonical literature, but also to literature that has normally remained on the margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El presente trabajo forma parte de una investigación sobre teorías implícitas en creatividad artística. Lo que aquí se presenta, en primer lugar, es el estudio sobre las síntesis del conocimiento consistente en el desarrollo proposicional de las teorías definidas mediante un estudio historiográfico previo y el estudio normativo con los resultados de la aplicación a una muestra del cuestionario confeccionado con las proposiciones en las que se habían formulado las ideas correspondientes a cada teoría. Las teorías aisladas fueron definidas como: teoría de la expresión emocional, teoría del trastorno psicológico, teoría de la búsqueda de sí mismo, teoría de la comunicación y teoría de las dotes innatas. Se comprueba, de esta forma, la naturaleza de esquema de la teoría implícita con sus contenidos organizados de acuerdo a un continuo de tipicidad. Por último, se presentan estudios experimentales sobre velocidad de procesamiento y juicios de verdad sobre una selección de los items más, menos y moderadamente típicos tomados del estudio normativo como un criterio de validación convergente de los resultados de dicho estudio. The paper deals with the study of conscious knowledge synthesis, as part of a research on implicit theories in artistic creativity. First, the propositional development of theories previously defined through a histographic study is reviewed. Then, the results of a normative study consisting in administering a questionnaire to a sample of students in which the ideas corresponding to each implicit theory were formulated are presented. The different theories were defined as: theory of emotional expression, theory of psychological disorder, theory of searching for oneself, theory of communication, and theory of innate talent. The study verifies the knowledge schema nature of implicit theory with its contents organised according to a typicality continuum. Finally, we present results of experimental studies on verification latencies and truth judgements on a selection of the most, least and moderately typical items in the normative study. It is observed that verification latencies and truth judgements change according to the typicality level of the proposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies Olvido García Valdés's reflections on the tradition of women's writing. The essay focuses on the concept of lo neutro (the neutral), a category of thought advocated by García Valdés which allows her to situate herself in the historic debate on literature and gender. The paper analyses the meaning of the concept in García Valdés's thought and its relationship with a part of contemporary French thought, particularly that of Roland Barthes and Maurice Blanchot (le neutre). The paper also discusses some of the textual strategies with which the author suggests lo neutro in her own poetic writing, and concludes by dealing with the ethical and political dimension that the concept adopts in the work of Barthes, Blanchot, and Garcia Valdés as well as in a certain tradition of women's writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents research findings related to the exploration of innovative teaching/learning practices. In particular, this paper reports on the methodological analysis of research on interpretive literary discussion of children's illustrated albums. It presents the tension between the school context and the research context seen in these types of investigation. The paper discusses the methodological implications arising from this double dimension as it relates to the design of the methodology, research tools and the creation of categories. The explanation of the methodological decisions in reconciling teaching practices and the researcher in this type of study shows various possibilities that connect the results of this research to improving teaching practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Church of Saint Joseph of Soracachi was built in the middle of the eighteenth century; its walls preserve a significant set of mural paintings with a clear emphasis in the scenes corresponding to Saint Joseph's life, patron of the town. The main objective of this paper is to reflect on the moral messages contained in this Josephine iconographic program. A second purpose is to identify the function that these images had in the context of Amerindian catechesis, specifically in promoting lifestyles compatible with Christian models of family and matrimony. Finally, it investigates the possibility that the moral message contained in the paintings could have been designed to take into account the specific conditions of the Amerindians who lived in Soracachi, at the end of the colonial period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has been structured in three areas. In the first one, the author shows the relevance that words and conversations among individuals have on social research, both terms being very important to the well-known sociologist and writer Franco Ferrarotti. In the second part, the author explains the necessary qualitative methodology to be used when analysing a main topic. In the third one, the author analyses the reality of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) from the gender perspective to detect if they are or not a reflection of that Spanish reality regarding sex discrimination. Finally, this paper states the challenge the Spanish society needs to face to outweigh sex inequality without excluding the NGOs or any other form of association. This paper calls for the involvement of society, which along with the state and market, has an important task to accomplish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to reveal and explain the way writers use the analogy between writing and giving birth in some metapoetic texts of lyrical poetry. Despite its classical roots, we mostly pay attention to the contemporary use of this metaphor. The paper considers the genre implications, takes a slight glance at feminist debate on the matter and notes the great importance of this analogy in the poetic theory and the works of female poets such as Ángela Figuera Aymerich and Ana María Fagundo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper by Palacios published in this journal issue, commenting our previous paper (Fernández, Álvarez, and Bravo, 2003) on the assessment of the long term outcome of children in residential child care, poses an interesting opportunity to debate not only the study methodology and research results, but also the very concept of residential care and the role of this kind of social services for child protection. The paper replies to issues raised by Palacios on: the limitations of our research, the generalizability of the results, the methodology employed, and the aims of residential care. Our reply poses the need for new methodological designs and the difficulty of finding cause-effect relationship in residential care, the use of a new terminology to overcome old concepts such as “institution” or “institutionalised”, the rationale of these programmes, and a clear set of functions for residential care. Nevertheless, the paper supports and agrees with Palacios' proposal of giving priority to developing family foster care arrangements and thus reducing residential care to specific cases [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The unedited correspondence between Gustavo Gili i Roig and Ángel Valbuena Prat allows us to discover important details about the genesis and the intricate editing process of the original and innovative Historia de la literatura española (1937). Because of some notes Valbuena wrote in his major work, he was involved after the Spanish Civil War in a police investigation that led him to publish a clandestine edition of his Historia de la literatura española. Thanks to the documents stored in the prosecution dossier, as well as other personal papers, we can now reconstruct these events involving one of the most brilliant and emblematic minds in Spanish literary historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The labyrinth in Mexico is a Baroque symbol of identity: in this paper we propose a dialogue between three ‘labyrinth’ texts: a novel by Salvador Elizondo, a sculpture by Gabriel Orozco and a silkscreen print by Pedro Friedeberg. These three texts help us understand Mexican culture in its complexity and dynamism. The continuity of the Baroque canon in the Americas, and its rewritings, will be traced in terms of the so-calledNeobaroque.We begin with a definition of the labyrinth as a fold and bifurcation, linked to the principle of anamorphosis as a curious and disoriented perspective that emerges during the Renaissance. As Ariadne's thread we will use the Baroque Spanish poetics of Juan Caramuel and Juan Diaz Rengifo, along with the theoretical contributions of Gilles Deleuze and Jorge Luis Borges, to explore the folds and bifurcations of one narrative labyrinth, one graphic and one sculptural. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An important part of private, intimate, and family letters of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries that are kept in archives were used as evidence in the civil and ecclesiastical courts, in different types of litigation cases. However, very few research papers have studied the use of such evidence. This article analyses the nature of this legal evidence from the point of view of the writers from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. At the same time, it reviews the use of the letter as evidence in court from specific lawsuits, such as love letters and emigrants' letters, to show that the preservation of this correspondence was not, in many cases, fortuitous, but because it was considered a valuable test to submit to the judge and establish the facts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borges’ relationship with Latin, and in particular with the work of Virgil was almost lifelong, and helps to explain Borges’ poetics. This paper will trace and explore this relationship, from the very early works such asFervor de Buenos AiresandLuna de enfrente, to his late work, in particularLos conjurados. Two key elements are essential in this analysis: a number of verses from Virgil’s first Eclogue, and the city of Geneva, a place of origins and endings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The holdings of the Archivo de la Real Chancillería de Granada, the Castilian Crown’s most important repository of legal documents in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula, have been too little studied to date by historians of Spain. Drawing upon the slander trials whose documents are preserved in that archive, this article aims to establish their validity as sources for historical research. Although the trials have been examined from a variety of perspectives, their usefulness has scarcely been appreciated by those interested in the study of everyday life in sixteenth-century Spain. The personal squabbles to be found documented in the papers concerning these trials allow us to discover how individuals had recourse, consciously or unconsciously, to symbolic constructs (customs, norms and models of behaviour) created by the social groups to which they belonged, in order to differentiate themselves from others or to denigrate others in the eyes of their communities. Their recourse to these social norms and constructs reveals that the conduct of men and women at the time ranged and varied widely between the social norms they chose to obey and those they preferred to disregard. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In 1580 Inés Álvarez de Gibraleón, widow of the ex-governor of the Philippines, Guido de Labezaris, was accused of witchcraft and sorcery in Manila together with her ‘daughter’ Ana de Monterrey. The origin of the accusation was an extraordinary event that happened while Doña Ana was carrying out her daily domestic chores. Two trials ensued. As there was no Inquisition personnel in the young colony at that stage, an ecclesiastical investigation was carried out into the potential heresy implied by the accusation. A record of this trial survives in the Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico City. At the same time, the new governor, Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa, presided over a civil trial of Ana and her husband Captain Juan de Morón. The papers concerning this civil trial disappeared in suspicious circumstances. However, the records from Mexico when examined in combination with documents preserved in several Spanish archives reveal how alleged cases of witchcraft could be exploited by the powerful for their own ends. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper compares the economic image of seventeenth-century Spain given by foreign travellers with that offered by the arbitristas, examining the principal similarities and differences. Specifically, it analyses the following issues: the consideration of the natural resources base, the vision of national character and its relation to productive activities, and the perception of the economic situation and the causes of backwardness. The aim is to contrast the views of those who were thinking 'from the inside' about the causes of the evident decline of the country, with the free and uncensored gaze of foreign visitors, who, despite the obvious constraints and limitations, tended to focus on the most striking and different aspects they found compared to the reality of their own countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo del trabajo es analizar e interpretar el fenómeno de la prensa editada por los emigrantes catalanes en América, y proponer como hipótesis de trabajo, que esta actuaba como canalizadora de los sentimientos identitarios de esos emigrantes. La hipótesis se pretende confirmar a partir del análisis de un caso específico: la edición de la publicación La Llumanera de Nueva York, en el último cuarto del siglo XIX, la cual tuvo una gran difusión en la isla de Cuba. Las fuentes hemerográficas, tanto catalanas como cubanas, han sido muy importantes para realizar nuestra investigación, así como la consulta de fondos personales de emigrantes y de los archivos de la Sociedad de Beneficencia de Naturales de Cataluña de La Habana. El resultado de la investigación permite descubrir y comprender cómo se proyectó la realidad de Cataluña en Cuba, en las primeras décadas del siglo XX, a través de la propia prensa cubana. The aim of this paper is to analyse and interpret the phenomenon of the press published by Catalan emigrants in America, and to propose as a working hypothesis that it acted as a way of dealing with the feelings of those emigrants' identity. The hypothesis will be tested by the analysis of a specific case: the publishing of the journal La Llumanera de Nova York in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, which was widespread in the island of Cuba. The newspaper sources, both Catalan and Cuban, have been central to our research as well as consulting the personal collections of emigrants and the archive of the Charitable Society of Catalan Natives in Havana. The result of the research allows us to discover and understand, through the Cuban press itself, how the reality of Catalonia was viewed in Cuba in the early decades of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of a research project conducted by a network of environmental research institutes called Partnership for European Environmental Research (PEER). Our analysis constitutes a reflection on this research project based on a proposed ideal-typical transdisciplinary research process developed by. The aim of the PRESS project (PEER Research on EcoSystem Services) was to provide support for the development and implementation of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020, with a special emphasis on the ecosystem services concept. Our analysis of the research phases of the PRESS project shows that not all of the project elements accord with the notion of a full-scale transdisciplinary process. Despite this, a number of lessons can be learned regarding the use of different boundary objects for knowledge integration and the various roles played by researchers. We also identify some constraints with regard to synchronizing policy and project cycles and consider the advantages and disadvantages of research network structures in facilitating long-term cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay reproduces part of the entire handwritten papers of the writer Juan Pablo Forner which were in the possession of the scholar María Jiménez Salas. Within this collection the existence of a little-known manuscript concerning Observaciones sobre la Historia Universal Sacro-Profana de Tomás Borrego written by Forner justifies my study of this version of the Extremaduran author’s notes which were later incorporated into the complete manuscript which has survived.. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we examine twenty-four editions of chapbooks which are products of the Valencian press of Joan Navarro in the period 1560 to 1563. All of these chapbooks make up one volume preserved in the Biblioteca Comunale Augusta, Perugia, catalogued under the shelfmark [I L 1402]. Of these twenty-four editions, we study specifically seven chapbooks in which are to be found the texts of thirty-four Spanish ballads ('romances'). We go on to confirm the widespread influence these poems enjoyed from 1547 to 1573, highlighting some of the points of contact between the versions found in the Perugia volume and those included in other chapbooks, songbooks or ballad collections printed in the sixteenth century. Among the most noteworthy precedents of these seven chapbooks are anthologies of ballads published in Antwerp, the silvas printed in Zaragoza by Esteban G. de Nájera and the Cancionero llamado flor de enamorados compiled by Joan Timoneda, whose first edition, now lost, is thought to have been printed in Valencia between 1556 and 1557. These seven chapbooks are, in their turn, important precedents to the Rosas de romances compiled by Joan Timoneda and printed by Joan Navarro in 1573. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literary texts which do not conform to a realist and mimetic practice have been generally disregarded by critics in the context of Mexican literature, even though a significant number of texts following this tendency have been published since the nineteenth century. This paper focuses on science fiction, one of the categories of ‘the unusual’ in Mexican literary productions, and more specifically on the subgenre of the dystopia. Many examples of this tendency can be found in different literary and filmic expressions, particularly since the end of the twentieth century. Through the analysis of four novels by recognized contemporary authors (Fuentes, Aridjis, Boullosa and Sheridan), this article explores the main themes present in this tendency and proposes a distinct typology for this subgenre in contemporary Mexican fiction, which addresses the extra-textual connections between the texts and the tragic events witnessed by the country in the last decades. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper attempts to understand the position of Vicente Blasco Ibáñez in both international and Spanish literary historiography from the point of view of the concept ofarrière-garde. In Spanish literary historiography, with the exception of his naturalistic works, Blasco Ibáñez's novels have either been dismissed or relegated to a peripheral position in contrast to the canon of the Generation of 1898, on the one hand, and Modernism, on the other. This situation is explored in relation to the way Blasco Ibáñez himself understood his career, as explained in his ‘Carta’ to Julio Cejador y Frauca, who included it in hisHistoria. Furthermore, the role played by translations is also taken into consideration with regard to the circulation of works by Blasco Ibáñez, a factor which does not apply in the case of either the Generation of 1898 or Modernist writers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper I propose analysing the concepts of discovery and conquest, especially the latter, because its use varies in legal documents, which started with the Reyes Católicos, concerning the treatment of Spaniards toward Indians. The crucial point in my analysis will concern the discussion about the nature of the concept of conquest, its relationship with that of just war and the ethics of its application by the participants in the Controversia de Valladolid (1550-51): Bartolomé de las Casas and Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda. The end point of my analysis is 1563, in the reign of Philip II, and the analysis is based on the lexical uses of these concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bernardo Atxaga in Obabakoak (1988), as elsewhere, develops deep metaliterary discussions about Euskara, the Basque language. This paper puts Atxaga's metaliterature into the context of Boccaccio and Cervantes linguistic fights, romantic philosophy, and today's linguistic politics. The Euskara language has a negligible literary tradition according to a number of Basque authors, such as B. Atxaga and Iban Zaldua, among others. Anything written before the 1980s would be of little value by international standards, but Obabakoak changed the landscape. Atxaga offers a combination of wit, literary tradition and theory, and good story telling at the service of literature written in Euskara. But, building a literary tradition in Euskara is also a political stance, and Atxaga's own linguistic politics are based on an artful discussion of plagiarism, originality, language status, and literary tradition. Yet, in Obabakoak, the debate on how to create an international tradition for Basque literature ends in the mumbling of a wilful narrator neutralized by a lizard that eats his brain and words away. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religious freedom has always been considered to be a central issue in liberal and enlightened thought. Thus, attention has often been drawn to the shortage of observations on tolerance in the works of Spanish enlightened reformers, as also to the uncompromising prohibition of non-Catholic religions contained in the Cadiz Constitution of 1812. In recent years, some scholars have argued that, because of the absence of religious minorities in Spain, the dominating influence on Spanish society of the Catholic Church and Spain's insufficient openness to European culture, Spanish liberals did not really begin to appreciate and discuss religious freedom as an ideal until the periods of exile following from 1814 and 1823. This paper aims to show, however, through analysis of one of the most relevant Spanish journals of the eighteenth century, that the matter of freedom of religious belief was indeed debated in Spain during the reigns of Carlos III and Carlos IV and that, in spite of the threat of censorship, some Spaniards did dare to write and publish work in favour of religious tolerance during that period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Historia de la conquista de México, published by Antonio de Solís in 1684, and later extensively reissued and translated, has been praised for the ‘elegance’ and ‘sweetness’ of its style. From very early on these qualities made the Historia to be read as a prose model worthy of imitation. Different scholars have studied Solís's sources and the way he manipulated them on the one hand, and, on the other, the extent of the reliability of his account. However, very little has been said about the actual writing practices of the Historia in the context of contemporary historiographical theories, or the author's own ideas about history or politics. This paper analyzes how some of these rhetorical techniques (I particularly focus on the use of oratio figurata, sententia, and epiphoneme) gave shape to Solís's political ideas, in particular the concept of prudence. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we apply the concept of conflictivity index (ICf) as a teaching tool useful for teachers who want to transform motor conflicts (CM) in physical education (PE) in elementary school. The literature review and application of the fundaments of motor praxeology allow us to identify each game as a laboratory of social relations, and also to locate the type of conflict behaviours shown by the students in each family of games (motor action domains). The design corresponds to a single case study, conducted with 43 primary school pupils during a school year. 746 CM detected from 255 games in 42 PE classes were analyzed. The results indicated that the group was very conflicting (high level ICf prevailing), and that the CM was different for each family of games. It is concluded that the ICf can be a key tool to diagnose and subsequently transform motor conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A feature inherent to investigations of specific teaching methodology is its focus on educational intervention, which means that its results should have implications for teacher training. This paper analyzes the relationship between research into language teaching presented in this monograph and its implications for teacher training. First, it explicitly details the implicit training models for each type of research, and highlights the difficulties in the transfer of research results to improve educational practices. Secondly, it provides reflections on the kind of teacher training model that could respond to the identified problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much research in the Teaching of Language and Literature involves entering the classroom. Research in the classroom means occupying a somewhat private space. This fact suggests fundamental questions about the objectives pursued and the role to be adopted. This paper analyzes the various approaches to classroom research presented in this issue. It is observed that the variety of roles that are present are always dependent on the objectives and the realities encountered in the classroom. We conclude that each investigation, from its uniqueness, should indicate both the purpose for entering the classroom and the situation of the researcher within that investigation. Both issues are not marginal to the investigation, but rather characterize an integral part of the same investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the objectives and framework of a significant number of ethnographic investigations, which through verbal interactions, especially interviews, examine the belief systems and knowledge representations (hereafter CRS) concerning multilingual situations of language teachers who are currently in either pre-service or in-service training. An example of an analysis of the transcript of a verbal interaction is presented as well as the subsequent reflection on methodological issues arising from these studies: the static dimension and fragmentation of the results, the tension of the interviewer, the separation of segments of data for analysis and consistency in the interpretation of the data. We conclude that the study of language teachers' CRS offers an encouraging perspective in order to better understand the processes and evolution of teacher education. We believe it is necessary to consider longitudinal studies in order to overcome the static dimension evident in many of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper suggests that the verbal interactions that take place in the classroom are a centerpiece for both language learning and for the development of research in language teaching. Consequently, the conversations that take place in class provide a double perspective: as a learning tool and as a tool for knowledge. It is also noted, that teaching and student learning objectives (writing or grammar) determine the type of interaction generated in the classroom. The two observations converge on the finding of a complex relationship between research and teaching in qualitative research in language teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents, firstly, the context of the works presented in this special issue, focusing on qualitative research in language and literature teaching. Secondly, it specifies that the general purpose of the issue is analyzing the interaction in the classroom, among students and between students and teachers, in the framework of literary education and language(s) teaching and learning. Thirdly, we present the studies carried out by the three research groups involved in the publication project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in the biological basis of social cognition has grown exponentially in the last few years. One of the possible approaches consists in trying to locate which brain structures are most likely to be involved in these processes. Another area of study may be the functional and anatomical connectivity of the involved areas. In both cases researchers face the same initial difficulty: most of the processes linked to social cognition are high level processes (for example, self-concept) that often reflect emerging properties of more basic level processes (such as memory). The second common problem has to do with the theoretical and instrumental limitations (e.g. neuroimaging techniques) that have led to a paradigm of "isolated social cognition" linked to experiments without real social interaction. Taking these problems as a starting point, in this paper we seek to review in a critical manner the most important findings on the biological basis of social cognition related to others and to the self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Belonging to a stigmatized group affects the quality of life and well-being of its members. However, the role that consciousness of belonging to a stigmatized group plays on one's well-being is still unknown. In addition, among the different groups studied there is a lack of information on the collective of disabled persons, even though it is a minority group who also suffers from social prejudice. The objective of the present paper is to study the relationships between stigma conscience and quality of life in a group of Spanish disabled persons, and to establish which variables determine this relationship. A total of 201 individuals participated in the study, of which 90 had sensory disability, 102 had physical disability and 9 had other types of disabilities. The results show a negative relationship between stigma conscience, quality of life and satisfaction. Differences were found regarding gender, type of disability and reason of disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on place attachment and place identity has led to numerous definitions and theoretical positions on how they relate with each other. A line of research that aims to clarify previous results is concerned with the comparison of different cultural territories. The aim of this paper is to determine whether non-native residents differ in the level of place attachment and place identity taking into account differences in length of residence and territory chosen to immigrate. A questionnaire with scales of attachment and identity with the city was administered to a sample of 138 non-native residents in the island of Tenerife and 141 non-native residents in the state of Israel. Analyses show differences between the two places in the development of both bonds based on length of residence. The results are discussed based on the influence of culture in the development of bonds with the place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some research suggests that place attachment affects the perception of the environment, while others indicate that it is the perception of the place, especially the perceived restorativeness, that produces different levels of attachment. Also, it was observed that both perception of the environment and place attachment influence the quality of life. However, few studies analyse the combined weight of place attachment and perceived restorativeness of place on quality of life. This paper tests the relationship between place attachment, perceived restorativeness of place and quality of life in a rural village in Tenerife. The path model obtained indicates that the quality of life is influenced both by place attachment and perceived restorativeness, and that attachment influences the perception of place restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this paper is the role of local civic participation (activities on behalf of the neighbourhood, involvement in local organizations, membership of neighbourhood groups) to explain social and spatial bonds at a neighbourhood level. We are interested in exploring links between place attachment, place identity, sense of community, and local civic participation. Specifically, we explore the role of local civic participation in social and spatial bonds in places with an on-going participatory urban regeneration process. We selected four neighbourhoods in Valparaíso and one in Illapel (Chile) where a project of urban regeneration called "Quiero mi barrio" (I love my neighbourhood) promoted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development of Chile was being developed. Scales of place attachment, place identity, sense of community and local civic participation were administered to a sample of 995 people in the two cities. The results show that civic participation is related to social and spatial bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this review is to argue the need to investigate university teachers' education from an integrated approach. This analysis should take into account the immediate and delayed impact of such training: from an individual and intra-psychological perspective regarding participants in training, from a group and inter-psychological perspective regarding students of trained teachers, and from an institutional perspective regarding teaching team mates and the different organizational structures to which trainee teachers belong. On the other hand, it is argued that the analysis of this impact should include both the construction processes developed and the products achieved through training. To support this perspective, the paper discusses the need for research on university teacher training, and reviews and analyses the categories of analysis used in the main meta-analyses conducted on the topic in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the main factors facilitating and hindering the transfer of teaching skills in the context of teacher training in Spanish universities. The Questionnaire on Factors Conditioning Teachers' Training Transfer is applied to a sample of 1,026 teachers from 18 universities who enrolled in 81 training activities. The results indicate that the teacher training design and the learning achieved by the participants is a factor that acts as a strong transfer catalyst, especially in long courses where teachers develop all sort of teaching skills in an integrated manner. While teachers do not find resistances to transfer, there are personal and structural limitations in the immediate working context. The main limitation to training transfer is the teacher's personal organization. It is likely that teachers set other priorities before planning the transfer of what has been learnt in the training courses and, therefore, the acquired knowledge and skills have a limited application and impact in the pedagogical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The notions of I-positions and voices are proposed as analytical tools for studying how two university teachers use both of these narrative resources to construct and negotiate possible professional identities. The aim of this paper is to answer three questions based on the analysis of semi-structured autobiographical interviews: What I-positions and voices can be identified in academics' narratives about their professional practice? How are these resources related? How do these narratives contribute to the construction of their professional identities? We develop a conception of identity as a continuous and evolving narrative in which the self is constituted as a multiple, dynamic and constantly in negotiation reality from which individuals define who they are. Two interviews are analyzed. Here, the interplay of the different positions adopted by the participants in the interviews, as well as the voices that articulated these positions, are examined in terms of its source or level of generality. We conclude that the professional identities of these experts in education are being constructed in a specific cultural and ideological context. Finally, both benefits and limitations of the current investigation are discussed with regard to possible future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper analyzes primary school teachers' knowledge of core competencies and their implementation processes. A descriptive and correlational design was adopted. Data was collected in 2010 by means of an ad hoc questionnaire answered by 246 teachers. Results indicate that the teachers in the sample have knowledge of basic competencies; they feel that they are only moderately trained for implementing competencies in their classroom methodology and teaching coordination. Moreover, these abilities are conditioned by their professional profile. Further training is required in order to successfully implement this curricular element in their daily teaching practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the implementation of the portfolio over four academic years (2006-2010) in a sample of 480 nursing students. It was carried out in three phases (initiation, development, and consolidation), and its aims were: 1) to evaluate the effectiveness of the portfolio through a quantitative study with an ex post facto design, and 2) to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the portfolio implementation process through a qualitative study using topic-based focus groups. The results indicate: 1) in the initiation phase, the average score of students who created the portfolio (7.78) is higher than the average score of those who did not do so (5.47) (p ≤ .001), and in the development and consolidation phases, the portfolio score and the subject grade come increasingly closer; and 2) the final portfolio design is characterized by being mixed (manual and electronic), modular, and self-reflective –empowering students in the learning continuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]