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This paper presents an empirical study of the directionality of the translation of Chinese adverbs of degree. We adopt the corpus-based quantitative methodology and the qualitative method to analyze the differences between direct and inverse translations of adverbs of degree in a self-built parallel corpus. The result shows that the Spanish translators prefer to use the equivalence method, while the Chinese tend to use the omission method. Moreover, the inverse translations present a much more prominent weakening of the degree than the direct ones. We find that the subjectivity of the translator and the characteristics of Chinese adverbs of degree, such as the blurred border between different degrees and semantic degeneracy, are the main factors of the discrepancy between direct and inverse translations. This work complements the studies on translation directionality and the translation of adverbs of degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question about how the early development of shared intentionality occurs has been generating multiple investigations in developmental psychology. This paper puts a conceptual analysis of this topic forward through a systematic review methodology; empirical studies published between 2005 and 2020 in Ebsco, Science Direct, Dialnet, Scielo, Jstor and Scopus were taken into account. We found 73 papers about shared intentionality development that can be framed into two accounts: Contemporary neonativism and development science. These accounts have different perspectives about the following subjects related with shared intentionality development: (1) the importance of experience and innate mechanisms; (2) the differentiation between acquisition and development; (3) the role of behavior according to the context and (4) the need to understand processes of change. The paper analyzes the implications of these differences and the limitations of this categorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I address the dispute between normativism and descriptivism by focusing on the arbitration problem. For this, I propose to take into account the discussion on the collapse problem that has taken place recently in the philosophy of logic. My proposal maintains, on the one hand, that human reasoning, as a social practice, is an essentially regulated activity and, on the other hand, that formal systems of reference in the psychology of reasoning are the result of various processes of reflective equilibrium. This makes it possible to defend the normative role of formal systems as a standard for human reasoning. Furthermore, I argue that the adequacy of a formal system is marked by the specific contexts of reasoning. Thus, I defend normative pluralism regarding formal systems of inference within the framework of empirical studies on human reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, using empirical and statistical research, we analyze the impact of the external sector on economic growth in Paraguay during the 1994-2020 period. The results enabled the assessment of the validity of the income elasticities of imports calculated in the long term, attributed to the presence of cointegration among the series. Consequently, the economic growth rate associated with the external balance was obtained, aligning with Thirlwall's Law. The empirical analysis and validation of Thirlwall's Law suggest that the growth dynamics of the Paraguayan economy can be explained by the Thirlwall model. Thus, it was determined that the external sector has had an impact on Paraguay's economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to analyze the distinctive characteristics of research production in the field of communication in Latin American scientific communication journals. Meta-research is necessary because it allows re-evaluating the field and offers new horizons in knowledge production. Two studies were conducted: 1) Bibliometric analysis of 116 journals in eight databases and 24 publications in the Web of Science and Scopus; 2) Content analysis including that of 407 articles over a period of 10 years (2009--2018). The findings demonstrate a research trend in the Latin American region toward international standards, evidenced by a preponderance of empirical over essay studies. Universities in the region published most of the journals in the field and circulation was predominantly biannual. Contrary to expectations, the most widely disseminated topic was health communication, partly owing to a large sample of Brazilian journals. Within the empirical research, the qualitative approach was predominant. The interview was the most widely used research method in the region. Finally, the most used theories were agenda setting and framing. Imminent challenges arise, i.e., to strengthen indigenous theoretical production and to position the region's themes and reflection more decisively in knowledge production at a global level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a theoretical paper in the field of democratic theory. It reviews the discussions on one of the elements proposed to measure the quality of democracies: government responsiveness to citizens' preferences. It analyses theoretical discussions on democracy, quality of democracy and in particular the debate on whether responsiveness is useful to measure quality, what challenges it implies and what are its conceptual and empirical limits. It concludes with a research agenda on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we propose a reflection on the theoretical and empirical relevance of approaching the study of historical linguistic change study considering marginalia, that is, phenomena that are typologically unexceptional, but which have been ignored in linguistic research. The objective is to draw attention to the tunnel vision that linguistic theories usually entail for those who work within them, since the paradigms themselves and the study methods that are developed within such theories lead to ignoring certain linguistic phenomena relevant to the study of languages which are relegated to the margins of linguistic description. In order to prove the relevance of these marginalia, we will point out the importance they have had for the advancement of linguistic theories in the last two hundred years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze the consistency between stationarity and dynamic convergence of time series, since in economic science both issues are often addressed independently, particularly from the methodological point of view, they are studied in a mutually exclusive manner. However, these two approaches are widely related, and their study has the common purpose of making forecasts and projections in any economic variable. For this reason, given the inappropriate specification of a model or the possible presence of spuriousness, the theoretical correspondence between these two properties could be incongruous in practice, especially for autoregressive modeling due to the assumption of ergodicity; in this way, the forecasts made based on this type of models could be erroneous within the economic analysis. However, this type of analysis has not been carried out to date with clearness and deepness, which would mean a new line of research in the empirical analysis of stationarity and dynamic convergence in the economy, and in this specific case, the variables that make up international trade and the exchange rate adjustments in Mexico are involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inequality is a problem that requires urgent responses. In the quest for solutions, researchers employ various indicators of inequality and different dimensions of e-Government (EG). Objective. Review empirical research that analyzed the contribution of income, socio-economic level (SES) and social status (SS) on the use, intention to use and adoption of EG. Method. We conducted a narrative review, selecting publications from 2015 to 2020. We described the inequality indicators and their measurement, the dependent variables used and the results obtained. Results/Conclusions. Income was measured in 70% of the studies as an ordinal variable; we observed a predominance of the economic dimension as an indicator of inequality. SES was reported in 30% of the studies using different measurement forms, and in no studies was SS measured. Dependent variables use, intention to use and adoption were employed as synonyms, ignoring post-adoption and appropriation of EG. The results found in the papers reviewed were inconsistent; inequality indicators were sometimes statistically significant, sometimes not. A possible explanation is the methodological difficulty in approaching the complexity of inequality, often measured unidimensional and quantitatively. A challenge is to combine theoretical and methodological approaches that consider inequality multidimensional and culturally anchored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge transfer in software development teams allows their members' non-externalized knowledge to be collected, to form the organizational knowledge from a repository and share it among them. During this process, difficulties may arise in making this knowledge available, which may be associated with the lack of collaboration and motivation of the team, as well as poor communication and little support from the organization. Given these difficulties, the GamifiK strategy, supported by gamification, was proposed to foster collaboration in the transfer of knowledge in software development teams. This paper used an empirical research approach with a quasi-experimental design in an academic context to evaluate the collaboration of agile team members in sharing their knowledge and contributing to knowledge transfer. A statistically significant increase in team productivity was perceived, reflected in the ability to perform more user stories per sprint and complete incidents in less time. GamifiK is a promising strategy for fostering collaborative knowledge transfer across software development teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents one of the most important and updated problems of the English teaching-learning process: to improve written expression in English. To do so, some empirical methods were implemented and they revealed, as a result, the weaknesses that persist in most school institutions regarding the development of this practice. Thus, the research offers a proposal of some learning tasks to improve the students' writing abilities. Some methodological considerations and requirements are also included to structure the proposal, as well as certain didactic reflections for the English written expression development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]