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The paper studies the axis-symmetric contact problem between an elastic layer and a rigid cylindrical circular stamp under torque. The stamp adheres to the upper boundary of the layer whereas the lower boundary of the layer is rigidly fastened. With the application of Hankel integral transform solving the problem reduces to solving the first kind Fredholm integral equation (IE) with symmetrical kernel, represented as a sum of its principal part, Weber-Sonin integral, and the regular kernel. It is estimated that once its height attains a certain level, the layer actually deforms as a semi-space. In the process, through Abel IE method, the solution of the well-known Reissner-Sagoci problem is obtained once again and the original first kind Fredholm IE is reduced to the second kind Fredholm IE. Concurrently, using the collocation method combined with Gauss type quadrature formulas for integral estimation, the original IE reduces to a finite system of linear algebraic equations. To obtain this quadrature formula, properties of Gegenbauer and Chebyshev orthogonal polynomials are used. In the enough wide range of change of characteristic elastic and geometrical parameters of the problem numerical analysis is performed and patterns of changes of tangential contact stresses under the stamp as well as the angle of twist of the stamp are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of studies on production of layered composite materials, based on aluminium and titanium alloys, by vacuum diffusion welding, with a broad range of specific weight values, which is achieved due to different layer ratio in each of the composites. Based on a layered composite material, a procedure was proposed for manufacture of three-layer honeycomb panels by vacuum diffusion welding. It is found that the average compressive strength of the three-layer panel with a filler from a layered composite material based on Al–Ti alloys is equal to 47.3 MPa, that is four times higher that the strength of similar honeycomb elements made from an aluminium alloy. It is shown that the layered material has higher thermal stability, compared to aluminium alloys. Sample annealing at the temperature of 700 °С for 30 min does not lead to their early destruction or loss of shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the experience of repair welding of service defects in the body of the connecting rod of mobile jaw crusher Metso lokotrack LT 120, which is a rather rigid honeycomb structure from cast low-alloyed steel of 20GL type with thickness of external walls of 60 mm and of partitions of not less than 45 mm and more than 5 t weight. It was found that the most signifi cant defects – fatigue cracks and cleavage which are incompatible with performance, naturally formed near the structural stress raisers, service damage, caused by contact impact of armour protection, casting defects, as well as in the sites of unsmooth connection of elements, etc. Crack opening displacement is equal to 2…3 mm that is indicative of the start of shape change of the body and need for prevention of further operation in such a state. Rigid structure of the connecting rod body and general state of destruction required special technology of repair welding, which was created and realized by the authors. It included new welding materials, technological measures and engineering solutions and those verifi ed by our own practical experience of repair of cast structures, as well as high skill and competence of the welders. Practical importance and eff ectiveness of the performed work on connecting rod repair was confi rmed by safe operation of the crusher in the design mode for two years. 9 Ref., 3 Tabl., 8 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of determination of the quantity and dimensions of grains of the structural components of steam pipeline welded joint metal. The above determination was performed using an improved method of analysis of the structuralphase state of welded joints. It was found that during long-term operation of welded joints the grains of α-phase increase in size. Structural analysis was performed for base metal of welded joints, HAZ regions, as well as weld metal. It was established that at long-term operation of steam pipeline welded joints grain dimensions are increased in their HAZ regions. It was found that the boundaries between individual grains are partially eliminated. Based on analysis of statistical data, grain dimensions, as well as their shape and distribution were determined at application of the secant method. 9 Ref., 1 Tabl., 7 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting the development of mobile medicine is a key measure to meet people’s growing demand for medical services. At present, the development of mobile medicine is still in the exploratory stage, and there are still some bottlenecks in the aspects of policies and regulations, interest mechanism, as well as human, financial and information resources. With the help of ROCCIPI technology, this paper explored the key problems in the development of mobile medicine in China and analyzed in seven dimensions, including rule, opportunity, capability, communication, interest, process and ideology. Development strategies were put forward, including continuously optimizing the policy and institutional environment of the mobile medical service， accelerating the advancement of mobile medical talents and hardware and software equipment, improving the interest mechanism of mobile medical service participants, and improving the cognitive evaluation level of social groups on mobile medicine. These strategies would provide reference for the development and reform of mobile medical in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the medieval Russian anthroponymic system, a lay person could have several names simultaneously. The public name of a person was not always their baptismal forename. Also, recent research has shown that the full sets of personal names of some of the Russian tsars and their relatives are still unknown to us, not to mention the names of the ruling elite of the state. These unknown names, however, were extremely important to their bearers – these were the names used in confessions, weddings, and funeral services; patronal icon would be commissioned and churches built in honor of the name of one's saint and namesake. The baptismal forename, essentially a mystery to us, was actually perceived as the main and true name of an individual. In this paper we investigate the names of one of the most well-known people of the second half of the 16th century – Andrej Ščelkalov, a man of rather humble birth but of great power, a long-lived administrator called "the chancellor," "the minister" or even "the tsar" by his contemporaries. Moreover, we attempt to discuss this particular name-giving case within the broader anthroponymic context of the era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the possibility of translating literary texts from a natural language into a target language using an automatic machine translation system. The author considers the possibilities of biological intelligence in comparison with machine "intelligence", which is a prototype of artificial intelligence. The paper gives an example (based on the game in GO) of the emergence of neural networks that appear as a result of self-learning of automated systems. New types of neural networks create an algorithm that always wins (the game of GO) against a person, even with the title of “world champion”. Studies show that automated translation systems must be taught to recognize lexico-semantic groups that would be based on the linguistic categories of natural language. Another task is to teach the machine to “think” and operate with images, since natural language is closely related to images and, at present, cannot be fully algorithmized. The practical application of automatic translation of poetic works shows that automatic machine translation systems, not possessing a psyche, are not able to translate texts of this type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper we demonstrate the measurements of the structure of the sound field of the quadrocopter in the hover mode. The influence of the configuration of the outer region on the pattern of the vortex field is analyzed. Here are compared the results of theoretical and natural experiments. It is establishedthat in the open area the theoretical results nearly coincide with the measured ones. The results in a closed area differ by no more than 2 dB, which somewhat exceeds the generally accepted permissible error of 1 dB and can be explained by the nonideal physical conditions of the experiment (roughness of the ground surface, the influence of surrounding buildings, trees, etc.). The qualitative properties established should also become apparent in the conditions of UAV movement along the streets of the city with sound reflection from buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of nonlinear vibrations of an orthotropic shallow shallow shell of double curvature, rectangular in plan, is considered. On the basis of the analytical method for solving nonlinear vibration problems, proposed in [4,6], the influence of problem nonlinearity on the characteristics of oscillatory process is studied. It is shown that the oscillation nonlinearity leads to the appearance of essentially new types of resonances at overtones and at multiple frequencies of natural oscillations. In this paper, the obtained formulas showing the nature of amplitudefrequency dependence can become the basis for studying the effect of anisotropy and transverse shears on the characteristics of nonlinear oscillations of the shell under consideration. A method for finding limit points and bifurcation points on the curve of amplitude-frequency dependence is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides implementations of three well-known ciphers – Caesar Cipher, Vigenere Cipher and Hill Cipher in Microsoft Excel. It is shown how the ciphers can be broken by using Brute-force Attack, Frequency Analysis Attack and Known-plaintext Attack. For the purpose of the cryptanalysis the relative occurrence frequencies of the letters and the index of coincidence (κ ) in Bulgarian language are determined. The classical Frequency Analysis Attack is modified using the cross-correlation between frequencies of letters in the natural language and the cipher text. Modular matrix operations in MS Excel are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper offers detailed consideration of actional and verbal aspects of the triad of the ritualized actions «road», «crossing» and (reaching of) «lands beyond the river», which forms the basis of the East Slavic burial rite. Due to the linguistic specifics of the study the authors put their preferential attention to the language of the burial ritual, which is folklore texts (keening, spells, ritual precepts), their vestiges, separately existing as idiomatic phrases and separate words with peculiar semantics. Being the verbal counterpart of the ritualized action, textual information not only shows the interconnection between three stages of the burial ritual, but also encourages thinking about possible existence of mythological texts in the past, where the path of the dead is described - starting from gathering to the road, ritual precepts, and entering the Paradise extents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of the temperature distribution on a universal cryogenic surface when it is cooled to nitrogen temperatures. Using computer simulation methods, in particular the finite element method, it was possible to determine the temperature-time dependences that occur during the cooling of a surface using the heat exchange tubes of different diameters located inside the surface at equal distances from each other. By varying the diameter of the heat exchange tubes, its effect on the cooling intensity was revealed when examining the volumetric temperature distribution: a larger diameter of the heat exchange tube yields a more uniform cooling of the surface. Besides, a larger orifice diameter leads to reaching thermal equilibrium quicker over the entire surface examined. By using a 7 mm orifice diameter, thermal equilibrium was reached 70 seconds after the start of cooling while 5 mm and 3 mm orifice diameters reached temperature equilibrium after 90 and 100 seconds respectively. The results obtained will make it possible to produce cooling of higher quality when designing universal cryogenic surfaces by using heat exchange tubes with certain geometric parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete is one of the most common building materials that is used in many areas of human activity, from the construction of residential buildings to industrial buildings and more. In the nuclear power industry, concrete is used not only as a structural material, but also as a material for biological protection. Usually concrete mix consists of cement, coarse and fine aggregates, water and various additives. Based on the field of application of concrete, the correct ratio of its components is selected. This paper presents the results of a study of the effect of the composition of concrete on its internal structure. The studies were carried out by the non-destructive method of neutron radiography and tomography at the facility, which is located on one of the horizontal channels of the WWR-K reactor. As a result of the studies carried out by the non-destructive method of neutron radiography and tomography, concrete samples of three different types of brands were studied. The distribution of pores and cracks in each sample is shown. The attenuation coefficients of neutron radiation for the studied concrete grades are given. The rate of water migration in concrete of different grades is estimated. The applicability of the neutron radiography and tomography installation for this type of investigation of the internal structure of concrete was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of statistical analysis of ionospheric disturbances in the integral electronic content, NF, during the period of registration of the Faraday effect at the point of Almaty [43,20N; 76,90E] when receiving signals from the ETS-II satellite (Engineering Test Satellite Type-II), located in geostationary orbit [00N; 1300E], the radio beacon of which operated at a frequency of 136,112 MHz. The analysis of the classification characteristics of each specific event showed that perturbations in the integral electronic content can occur both with a positive (35 cases out of 83) and with a negative sign in (37 cases out of 83), as well as with a change of phases (with a change of sign) in the course of the perturbation. According to the start time, ionospheric disturbances tend to occur more often in the evening and at night, with a greater probability at 17 LT -22 LT. During the year, NF disturbances occur most frequently in the months of November, December, January, February, and March. A decrease in the number of ionospheric disturbances is detected based on the data on the integral electron content of the ionosphere during the period of high solar activity. The «disappearance» of storms in the integral electron content occurs approximately at F10. 7 > 180, which is probably due to the «saturation» effect in the ionosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects the state of soil and vegetation cover of the forest landscapes of the Kyzylzhar district and the administrative territory of Petropavlovsk, North Kazakhstan region. The paper presents the results of chemical analysis of soil samples, provides descriptive characteristics of flora samples using geoinformation technologies based on the calculation of the standard quantitative index NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index - hereinafter referred to as VI), as of July 2019. The ongoing work is aimed at a comprehensive assessment of the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of the components of forest ecosystems. During the field reconnaissance, a brief outline was compiled on the species diversity of tree and shrub vegetation, indicating the geomorphological accessories of key sites. To study the phytomass, test areas of the underlying soil and vegetation cover were laid. Survey and thematic maps of the studied territory have been compiled. At the final stage of the study, the interpretation of the results is given with the identification of cause-and-effect relationships between the state and fluctuations of ecosystems. The data source was multispectral satellite images of the Earth's surface of the US Geological Survey, field expedition studies on 3 key sites. The results of the work made it possible to characterize the geographical object under study, to identify differences in key areas, possible root causes of differentiation of the studied territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of excessive expansion of sunflower sown areas under has been superficially presented in scientific discourse. As a rule, agro-technical, ecological or exclusively economic aspects of this phenomenon are considered separately. There is no systematic approach to the study of the relevant issue. The research purpose is a systematic analysis of trends and patterns of sunflower production in the Kirovohrad region in the context of substantiating the scientific basis for the formation of effective food systems by relying on innovation and sustainable development. Research materials and methods: the study is based on scientific papers on the theory of agricultural development and economics of oilseeds. The main material of the research is the generalization of long-term statistical data on the development of sunflower production in the Kirovohrad region. Analysis of the main trends in the expansion of sown sunflower areas in the Kirovohrad region during 2000-2021 revealed their significant slowdown as the average yield increased. In general, during the study period, they increased 2.5 times and in 2021 reached 607.7 thousand hectares or 35.5% in the structure of all crops. According to the research, the main reasons for the excessive expansion of sunflower in the region in the early 2000s were its low yields and other crops due to insufficient levels of production intensification caused by outdated cultivation technologies, low levels of mineral fertilizers, and slow introduction of innovative technologies and varieties. and hybrids. During this period, sunflower cultivation in many farms used a mostly extensive approach to expanding sown areas instead of intensifying production. It is established that a significant expansion of sunflower sown areas in the region took place in the period from 2000 to 2010. Since 2011, the rate of expansion of sunflower sown areas in the Kirovohrad region has begun to decline, while yields have increased. The increase in the application of mineral fertilizers and the use of modern sunflower varieties and hybrids led to an increase in average yields above 2 t / ha, which slowed down the expansion of sunflower areas but did not solve this problem. The main directions of solving the problem concerned should include a set of measures to optimize the structure of sown areas, intensify the oilseeds industry, and implement a mechanism to regulate its development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the option of improving the automatic control systems for natural gas combustion as a fuel for boilers. The aim of the improvement is to optimize the gas-air ratio to maintain the set temperature in the heated rooms, depending on the ambient temperature. In most of the currently used hot water boilers, the gas / air ratio is maintained in accordance with the regime maps without taking into account the economic and environmental combustion of gas, without automatically taking into account the ambient temperature. The desire to reduce excess fuel consumption necessitates the creation of automatic control systems that would maintain the required temperature of the coolant at the boiler outlet at different ambient temperatures. The main principle of increasing efficiency is the maximum possible use of available (lower) heat of combustion QnP. The main components of losses of warmth at the same time are losses with q2 flue gases and losses from so incomplete combustion of q3 fuel. The amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere depends of both of these indicators that are closely related to the coefficient of excess air α in the burning fuel flare. The paper analyzes several types of fuel-air ratio control systems, notes their advantages and disadvantages. It is con-cluded that the greatest positive effect can be achieved only with the use of systems of continuous automatic control and regulation of the fuel-air ratio. The article proposes the structure of the control system that moni-tors the ambient temperature and changes the temperature at the boiler outlet accordingly. At the same time, in order to be able to operate the system in a significant range of ambient temperatures and maintain economical fuel combustion, the use of adaptive PID controllers is proposed on the basis of tabular changes in their set-tings. To ensure environmentally friendly fuel combustion, a "rebound" mode is used. The simulation of tem-perature change in the control system showed the possibility of its practical for house heating systems with low-power boilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At a time when the use of digital content in all spheres of life is constantly growing, the ability to verify the authenticity of digital files, in particular digital images, is extremely important in protecting information from integrity violations. In the information war, photo fakes are always used to achieve certain, often criminal, goals. Both society as a whole and individuals must take care of information security and protect their information space from unverified information. Modern methods of detecting violations of the integrity of graphic information to some extent address some issues of information security, however, they are not universal and often require development, improvement, additional research and so on. Thus, existing methods for detecting such a common method of image falsification as scaling are effective only in cases where the falsified part is enlarged, however, when reducing part of the image, they are not effective. Moreover, in open printing the problem of detecting reduced scalable parts of the image is not covered. Therefore, the aim of this work is to increase the efficiency of scaling detection as digital image falsification by developing an algorithm for detecting scaling with a negative coefficient. In this paper, the method of error level analysis is adapted to detect reduced parts of the digital image. The efficiency of the adapted method in terms of errors of the 1st and 2nd kind was: errors of the 1st kind - 2%, 2nd kind - 7%. In addition, it has been found that this method is also effective in detecting simultaneously scalable (reduced) and moved parts of a digital image. This method detects artifacts (errors) in the digital image, which occur when reducing its part - the falsified area has a higher high-frequency component than the rest of the image, which is amplified under the influence of compression after saving the falsification in a lossy format. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, one of the most powerful trends in innovative change in the modern world is the Internet of Things IoT. And although this trend is essentially only at an early stage, it already plays a significant role in the modern world, in modern civilization. It is safe to predict that further expansion of its scope. However, the emergence of this phenomenon is also accompanied by the emergence of related problems. This is especially true of cyber threats, which can cause significant harm to both the Internet of Things itself and the people who use those networks. Accordingly, there is a need for means to combat these threats. This is a rather complex problem, which primarily requires the development of methods and technologies for detecting such threats. At the same time, there are no clear concepts of relevant solutions for cyber security of various IoT applications, especially where financial resources are limited. Therefore, research is currently relevant to find solutions that may be acceptable for relatively low-budget facilities. The aim of the work is to obtain a method for detecting intrusions into the IoT network by detecting anomalies in the network traffic flow of AAA protocols. This problem is complicated by the fact that the solution found must comply with basic security policies. The study conducted in this paper showed that such a solution is possible in principle by using the capabilities of the AAA RADIUS protocol and the use of machine learning. Machine learning methods were tested on the UNSW_NB15 dataset. For machine learning, pre-processing was performed to normalize and standardize the data. Computer experiments have tested the suitability of detecting a set of cyberattacks for different models of machine learning. It was shown that the formulated approach has the potential to be used in practical developments to detect intrusions in the IoT network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper is shown that under the optimal conditions (1,5M NaCl), in the intensively accumulative mode of cultivation, the daily optical density of the cell suspension increases by 3,5-4 times, under conditions of high salinity (3,0M NaCl), by only 3 times. With an increase in the salinity of the mineral medium, the indicators of photosynthetic oxygen release are suppressed by 17%. It was found that the modification of cells with different concentrations (25-500 mkM) of 2,6 di-tret-butyl phenol under conditions of 1,5M NaCl and 3,0M NaCl salinity of the mineral growing medium contributes to a decrease in the content of synthesized pigments, suppression of the POL process, as well as an increase in catalase activity. It was revealed that, under conditions of high salinity of the mineral environment, the modified cells of Dunaliella salina IPPAS D-294 have increased functional resistance to the action of various acute doses of UV-B radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton is an important plant grown worldwide that used as a model organism in salt resistance studies. At present, the study of the molecular genetic basis of salt resistance, a comprehensive study of the mechanisms of resistance is important for the creation and use of salt-resistant varieties and forms. miRNAs belong to the class of endogenous small non-encoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the transcription and posttranscription levels. Studies show that the study of molecular mechanisms regulated by miRNAs can offer new approaches to plant growth and productivity under various abiotic and biotic stress conditions. In the paper, the biogenesis of miRNAs and the role of miRNAs in the salt resistance reactions of cotton is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of the widespread opinion about the negative effect of chaos on the nature and human life, there exist examples of its constructive role in various processes. Among them, a prominent position is occupied by the processes in which thermal noise causes not only Brownian motion but also drift of nanoparticles as a result of unbiased non-equilibrium perturbations of various nature in systems with broken spatial and/or temporal symmetry. Such processes are relevant to the operation of Brownian motors, or ratchets, actively studied in the past decades. In the present paper, the working principles of systems of this kind are explained based on the author’s approach which unifies the treatment of different ratchet effect manifestations in the models of fluctuating potential, catalytic wheel, and electroconformational coupling. Another manifestation of this effect is provided by the paradoxical games proposed by Parrondo in which chaos appears in random tosses of a die and the ratchet effect arises from a certain alternation of game strategies ensuring an average win. The paper presents the simplest version of Parrondo’s game; it consists in the alternation of two antisymmetric games, with the rules depending on the parity of the capital possessed by the player before the next toss. The dependence of the average win on the number of tosses is calculated by computer simulation and compared with the result of the catalytic wheel model valid in the adiabatic approximation. The theoretical win calculated by this model agrees well with the numerical simulation result for the game concerned. The attractiveness of the treatment of the ratchet effect in terms of game theory stems from the possibility to visualize the theoretical framework and to study the laws of Brownian motor operation by simple modelling methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides the results of analytical review of researches and commercial application of electroslag welding and surfacing in Ukraine as well as foreign countries from the beginning of XXI century. The analysis showed that volume of application of electroslag welding of large thickness metal (more than 100 mm) in different branches of industry noticeably reduced, however, stable growth of its application in the recent years is noted in construction of bridge and high-rise buildings, ship building as well as repair of large parts of machines on-site. New steels have low sensitivity to grain growth in a heat affected zone, allowed expanding range of products made by electroslag welding. There is a considerable increase of volume of application of electroslag surfacing with strip electrode for anticorrosion coatings in pressure vessels, separators, steam generators, compressors and other equipment, being operated in oil and gas, power, metallurgical, paper-and-pulp and chemical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The papers presents the mam technical means and methods of pulsed control of the process of consumable electrode gas-shielded arc welding, developed over the recent years at PWI and Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding. A lot of attention is given to methods using systems of pulsed impact on the processes of electrode metal transfer, weld formation and deposited metal structure. Good prospects for application of systems with pulsed dozed feed of electrode wire are shown, and results of effective control of welding and surfacing processes are given. Methods of arc welding with pulsed feed of shielding gas and two-jet gas shielding are considered, and problems are indicated, which prevent extensive application of these processes. The paper gives the results of some studies of the influence of external electromagnetic impact on electrode metal transfer, weld formation and crystallization, and presents some examples of effective application of this method of welding process control. Analysis of the methods of mechanical impact on the weldmg process using different oscillator systems was performed. The possibility is shown of combined control of electrode metal transfer, deposited bead formation and its metal structure, depending on the scheme of oscillation application and oscillation process parameters. The good prospects for this method application for surfacing operations are pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of purely shear waves in a flat layer began by Love's work in 1911 [1]. Then many problems were solved for elastic waveguides with various boundary conditions and in a dynamic formulation (problems with initial conditions). A survey of these papers is given in the monograph [2] and in [3]. In [4], localized shear waves are considered in the vicinity of the edge of a semi-infinite waveguide. The paper [5] is devoted to the case when the plane boundary of the semi-infinite part of the waveguide passes into a periodically varying boundary. In [6], resonance oscillations in a plane finite composite waveguide were investigated. In [11], the propagation of shear waves in elastic waveguide with the periodically changed boundary conditions is investigated. In this paper we consider waveguides under different boundary conditions on the planes and at the edges bounding the waveguide. It is established that the localization of shear waves in the neighborhood of the junction of different parts of the waveguides is possible. It is also shown that the possibility of the appearance of resonant phenomena in waveguides depends essentially on the boundary conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrocele is a painless enlargement of the scrotum resulting from irregular accumulation of serous fluid between the inner and outer layers of the tunica vaginalis which surrounds the testis. This situation is treated with multiple modalities of which surgery is the most appropriate. Hydroceles can rarely be recurrent. In these cases, an underlying pathological condition may exist however they can also occur as a result of insufficient resection of the tunica vaginalis during the previous operation. This paper describes a rare case of hydrocele recurrence 3 years after open hydrocelectomy and analyses the possible cause of this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Health care constitutes a basic social right for all citizens and its protection is not only a social, but also an individual right. Patients' rights are defined at international, European and national level through scientific and/or legal texts. Purpose: The purpose of this discussion paper is to present the main stations concerning patients' rights. Additionally, to present the content of patients' rights laws between Greece and Germany in order to identify points of convergence or divergence between them and to discuss the protection of patients' rights in the legal framework of each country. Methodology: The methodology followed was based on the analysis, comparison and discussion of the legal framework for patients' rights in these countries. Results: The basic pillars of the legal framework for patients' rights in Greece and Germany are same. Convergences are presented in terms of protecting the right to information and consenting to the performance of medical procedures. The discrepancies are focused mainly on two points. In the Greek law explicitly states that health professionals must protect patients' privacy and recognize their personal and religious beliefs. The German law extensively mentions the formal obligations arising from the treatment of health professionals, such as the documentation of treatment with scientific criteria and methods, but also the responsibility of health professionals for errors during treatment, the documentation and the errors happened in patients' information. Conclusions: It seems that the official reason (legal framework) emphasizes the protection of patients' rights as it promotes on the one hand the respect for human value and on the other the upgrading of the health systems by promoting the human-centered approach over the medical-centric one. The assurance of patients' rights is crucial if in their core are equality, respect and dignity. Other crucial aspects are the right to information and consent to the performance of medical procedures, the right to respect for personal convictions and peculiarities, the protection of privacy, the free choice of doctor, hospital, access to the patient file and the medical privacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thirty-five-year history of Health promotion, from the Ottawa Charter (1986) to the present, confirms its effectiveness for public health improvement. The Tannahill model (1992), defines it as a wide range of activities in the areas of health education, disease prevention and health protection. The aim of this paper is to analyze the relevance and effectiveness of health promotion model to the control of distribution and burden of COVID-19. Literature review and content analysis of publications on the topic were made. Results confirm the importance of health education and information in case of a new or little-known health problem. The special role of immunoprophylaxis in the fight against infectious diseases and the limitation of their epidemic or pandemic spread was emphasized. Despite the difficulties in development and logistics of COVID-19 vaccines at short notice, this is considered the most effective measure to reduce infection worldwide. Health protection, expressed through the establishing minimum standards by health authorities and their regulation, also leads to a reduction in morbidity and mortality. It has to be concluded that health promotion is applicable and effective in a health crisis situation due to the COVID-19 pandemic and has the potential to reduce the burden of the disease on national health systems and the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Partial errors⁃in⁃variables (PEIV) model is a more general form of errors in variables (EIV) model. It has been widely used in the data processing of global navigation satellite system (GNSS), coordinate conversion, deformation monitoring and data fitting in the past ten years.Methods: First, the development history of PEIV model is reviewed. Then, five core problems of PEIV model are summarized and analyzed, including parameter estimation algorithm, precision estimation, random model estimation, expansion algorithm and data processing application. Finally, the applications of PEIV model are outlined. Results: We point out three questions for further research, including how to process big data by PEIV parameter estimation method, how to correct the bias of weighted total least squares(WTLS) adjustment by sampling method, and how to derive the formula of higher order parameter estimation covariance matrix are.Conclusions: This review paper aims to further promote the development of surveying and mapping da⁃ ta processing and provide readers with suggestions and references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. One of the most widely produced and in-demand polymers in industry is sodium salt of carboxymethylstarch (Na-CMS). The Na-CMS is mainly used in the form of high-viscose solutions in the food, medical, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, textile, paper, oil and gas industries. Therefore, the study of the viscosity of Na-CMS in aqueous solutions is of great practical importance. Purpose. To study the effect of concentration, exchange rate, environment, temperature and inorganic salts on the viscosity, which is one of the important physical properties of aqueous solutions of Na-CMS. Methodology. The viscosity of Na-KMK in dilute aqueous solutions was determined by viscometry. pH of the solutions was controlled. Originality. Optimal conditions for obtaining solutions with high viscosity were determined by studying the viscosity of Na-KMK aqueous solutions. Findings. During the experiments, with decrease of the concentration of Na-CMS in aqueous solutions, their viscosity increased sharply; aqueous solutions of Na-CMS with high viscosity were obtained in the alkaline medium pH = 8-10;adding of inorganic salts (NaCl, KCl) in aqueous solutions of Na-CMS leads to a decrease in their viscosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concepts of nation branding and urban marketing, their place and tasks in an image creation and promotion of the country, city or territory are studied in the paper. The main factors, which should be considered when developing the city brand - infrastructure, economic and socio-political, are determined. The criteria required for the strategic plan of the city development are proposed. Using the logo and city branding is an integral part of the city development and attraction of tourists and investment. When designing a logo and brand the experience of European cities should be taken into account. The examples of brands and logos of the cities in Western Europe, Russia, as well as Lviv and Odessa are considered. The main objectives of their introduction are given. The possible customers of city branding and objectives that may be pursued by them are given. Both successful and failed examples of creating and using logos are shown. It was found that the introduction of high-quality brand is a pledge of residents' satisfaction, using the logo encourages the authorities to the development of urban infrastructure, the construction of new cultural and sports centers, the art development that improves life quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper scrutinizes several linguistic issues which are crucial for understanding the role of a crisis as a driving force for total revision of the axiological hierarchies. Pragmatics of the key terminology, verbalization of the modern valuable ideas, parallelism of the traditional and non-traditional values are in the center of the study. Development of the values 'old age', 'life', 'health' in Russian and Bulgarian languages serves as an illustration for the theoretic matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents information on the features of reproduction, embryonic and postembryonic development in captivity of the Ommatotriton ophryticus Berthold, 1846. Reared young newts were released into undisturbed habitats within the range of the species in the Republic. Recommendations for the effective preservation of the Ommatotriton ophryticus in the Republic of Armenia are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the processes of electron-ion scattering in the plasma of inertial confinement fusion in a magnetic field were studied. The proposed model for studying the processes of scattering between charged particles is based on solving the equation of motion in a central field taking into account the external magnetic field, as well as the Coulomb logarithm, which is determined using the scattering angle in a pair collision. Collisions between an electron and an ion that interact via the Yukawa potential were investigated. Also, the Coulomb logarithm in a dense plasma in a magnetic field was calculated. The effect of taking into account the magnetic field on the scattering angles, the scattering cross-section and the Coulomb logarithm are studied. From the results obtained, it is established that taking into account the magnetic field led to a non-monotonic change in the scattering angle and a decrease in the scattering cross-section for weak particle interactions. It is also revealed that for large values of the interaction parameter β, the magnetic field does not affect the value of the Coulomb logarithm. Thus, the obtained results allow us to study the effect of taking into account the magnetic field on the processes of electron scattering on an ion in the approximation of pair collisions in an external constant magnetic field in a dense plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CubeSat concept has become very popular with both university groups and researchers, space agencies, governments and companies. CubeSat offers a fast and affordable way for a wide range of stakeholders to be active in space. Due to the high degree of modularity and widespread use of offtheshelf commercial subsystems, CubeSat projects can be prepared for flight much faster than using traditional satellite schedules usually within one to two years. In this paper, we have considered a model of an S and X band patch antenna for CubeSat nanosatellites in the field of Earth remote sensing (ERS). The antenna dimensions were determined and designed according to the dimensions of the small spacecraft. The shape of the emitting part was formed using a geometric fractal with an anisotropic structure. Using the CST Microwave Studio software package, the electrodynamic, frequency characteristics and directional properties of the antenna were determined. The results of computer simulations demonstrate that the developed antenna concept has a multiband property and meets all the parameters that are necessary for receiving and transmitting data in the S and X bands. It was also found that the anisotropic fractal structure allows the antenna to have several operating frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that by changing the concentration in an inert medium, it is possible to form clusters of various sizes of any substance by condensing them on a cold substrate from the gas phase. Traditionally, such systems are presented by molecular cryocrystals. This paper demonstrates the results of IR spectrometric studies of cryovacuum condensates of ethanol mixture with nitrogen. The main task of this study is to explain the complex, most often, ambiguous behavior of thin films of ethanol cryovacuum condensates in the process of its cocondensation with nitrogen. For this purpose, vibrational spectroscopy of cryodeposited thin films of "ethanol in nitrogen" mixtures in various concentration ratios was performed. The objects of research are thin films of cryocondensates of ethanol mixture with inert gas (N2). The samples were condensed at the temperature T = 16 K. The pressure of the gas phase of the mixture during cryocondensation was kept at P = 105 Torr. The range of ethanol concentrations in the mixtures varied from 3% to 90%. The spectral range of measurements was considered in 4004200 1/cm. It is assumed that the change in the concentration of ethanol in the mixture leads to the formation of various cluster compositions of ethanol molecules dissolved in an inert medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental concept of information security is security policy. The importance of this concept is difficult to overestimate - there are situations where a well-formulated policy is almost the only mechanism to protect against unauthorized access. The concept of information security policy means an organized set of documented management decisions aimed at protecting information and associated system resources. The security policy sets out a system of views, basic principles, practical recommendations and requirements that underlie the set of information protection measures implemented in the system. Security policy-making is a very complex analytical process that is difficult to formalize. The paper presents organizational measures to create a security policy of the enterprise. Business process notations are used to describe these activities. Business process modeling is the process of reflecting a subjective vision of the workflow in the form of a formal model consisting of interrelated operations. Currently, the greatest development and application in the description of business processes are graphical approaches and methods. The most widely used business process description methodology is the IDEF0 standard.IDEF0 notation is intended for a high-level description of the business process in functional terms. Decomposition of diagrams A-0 and A0 was developed. IDEF0 is not used to build lower-level processes that detail the detailed work performed by staff. To increase the understanding of the functioning of the developed process, it was decided to show the interaction between the mechanisms used in the IDEF0 notation. To describe the interaction between the mechanisms, the BPMN notation was chosen, which focuses on a detailed description of workflows and is best suited for modeling lower-level processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern education is aimed at providing an opportunity to acquire quality knowledge and skills. Many studies in recent years demonstrate the significant contribution of information technology to improving the quality of acquired knowledge and skills in all areas of education. To assess the quality of the knowledge gained during the educational process, it is necessary to carry out control in various forms. Significant pedagogical research proves the effectiveness of test control to obtain an assessment of knowledge and skills. Information technology can help increase the independence of testing and assessment from the personality of the teacher, that is, increase objectivity through the use of an automated test form. In accordance with modern realities, the development, implementation and subsequent use of automated software for testing knowledge takes place on the Internet. In this regard, information security is a factor that must be identified as the most important. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to develop and implement an automated web-based knowledge testing system with an increased level of information security. One of the most popular open source web application security research projects, the Open Web Application Security Project, publishes the top ten most common threats annually. The paper presents the development of a software protection mechanism, the level of information security of which ensures the protection of information from the most critical risks established in accordance with the OWASP Top 10 2021. The developed software product can be recommended for use in higher and general educational institutions, to improve the quality of knowledge and objectivity through the use of a test form in an automated format with an increased level of information security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to a September 2021 report by Positive Technologies, 91% of the world's industrial companies have information systems vulnerable to cyberattacks. The industrial sector is the second most attacked sector in the U.S., and the leading one in developed countries. Ukraine ranks sixth and seventh in the top 20 for the largest industrial attacks. Many scientific publications are devoted to industrial cybersecurity in the world, but, unfortunately, in Ukraine this area of cybersecurity is poorly studied. To develop the topic of increasing the level of cybersecurity of industrial control systems, we focused on the problems of cybersecurity of the lower level of control - the operator control station of the technological plant. Previously, we investigated the problem of cybersecurity of the industrial computer network of the lower level Modbus RTU. Continuing the topic, in this paper we investigate the cybersecurity of important software - the OPC server. This study proposes to pay attention to a vulnerability that has not yet been investigated. This vulnerability is related to the fact that having an extensive network of workstations in the enterprise, an attacker can substitute OPC server on any workstation (usually the most important one in production) with his own OPC server and do it in such a way that on the one hand to bring the technological unit of the selected site to stop or crash, but on the other hand to prevent the operator of technological unit, watching the SCADA-system on the computer screen, from noticing anything. A special diagnostic system has been developed to detect a cyber attack. Appropriate software has been developed and, with its help, all solutions have been simulated in real time using components of real industrial software and Modbus network model. The developed solutions and software can be used in industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital forensics is a field of knowledge that is currently actively developing. The challenges facing digital forensics often intersect with mathematical methods for finding traces of violations of the integrity of digital images. Photomontage, application of filters and other violations of the integrity of digital images are possible thanks to graphic editors with a large number of tools, in particular - filters for artificial sharpening. Graphic editors such as Gimp or Adobe Photohsop will allow users to perform various image manipulations and other digital media files, even without special training. Little attention has been paid in open printing to the problem of detecting violations of the integrity of digital images in the form of filter processing, in particular, sharpening filters. The aim of this work is to improve the detection efficiency of digital image processing by modifying the method of detecting sharpening. It has been observed that a large number of pixels with a value of 0 appear in the digital image matrices under the influence of the artificial sharpening filter. This effect is called the "black effect". The paper analyzes the parameters of the digital image and the black effect, which allowed to modify the method of detecting artificial sharpening of digital images. As a result of the work, the method of detecting artificial sharpening of digital images was modified. The original method was tested for digital images in a lossless format. The performed modification was checked both for the images saved after processing by the filter in a lossless format, and with losses. When testing the method, the number of errors of the first kind was 8%, the second kind - 10% for digital images saved after falsification with loss, and 4% and 7% respectively for digital images saved after falsification in lossless format. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the world trends of the maritime transport complex, analyzes the current state and directions of development of stevedoring companies in Ukraine, aimed at strengthening the competitive advantages of service providers, identifies the specifics and current issues of assessing their activities. The issue of building port-industrial clusters with modern transport logistics is relevant today, as the development of trade and financial ties in the country and abroad forces countries to actively increase capacity and be constantly open to communications and trade offers. The paper identifies the main features of port financing, explores the prospects for the development of seaports and proposes a roadmap for the effective development of port infrastructure. A stevedoring company management structure is also proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the analysis of 558 verified observations of chronic subdural hematomas (CSH), the phasing of their clinical course and neuroimaging diagnostics are presented. Highlighted CT and MRI CSH syndromes. The revealed sharp 6-60-fold increase in the content of fibrin degradation products in the CSH cavity in comparison with peripheral blood served as the basis for the development of a new concept for the treatment of chronic subdural hematomas. The paper presents the results of minimally invasive surgery, which showed, compared with craniotomy, a decrease in deaths from 12-18% to 1.2% and the disappearance of severe postoperative complications such as brain collapse. According to follow-up data for a depth of 1 to 10 years, good recovery was noted in 91.7% of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review article were considered the works of electrochemical sensors modified with molybdenum oxide. The work of sensors based on molybdenum oxide was systematized, a comparison table was developed, the sensors were classified according to the purpose of use. Methods of molybdenum oxide synthesis used to modify the working electrode in electrochemical sensors were considered. The various methods have been used to synthesize molybdenum oxide, such as a thermal, hydrothermal, electrochemical, electric spark, pulsed laser method, acid condensation, electrophoretic precipitation, pulse potential precipitation. The main parameters of the molybdenum oxide modified sensors, such as the detection limit, linear range, response time, sensitivity, and other parameters were compared. As a result of studies, it was found that molybdenum oxide is selected as a modifying material in electrochemical sensors due to the unique physicochemical properties of molybdenum oxide, in particular because of mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, electro catalytic activity, crystallinity. The features of electrochemical biosensors coated with molybdenum oxide were described for the detection of important compounds in specific samples. Sensors based on molybdenum oxide have been used for detection of glucose, dopamine, ethanol, ascorbic acid, troponin-1, norepinephrine, procalcitonin, L-lactate, bromate, chlorate, E110, tartrazine, hydrochlorothiazide, human epidermal growth factor-2, lithium, sodium, potassium. This paper provides general summarized information about current aspects of research works related to electrochemical sensors based on molybdenum oxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concept of Industry 4.0 includes the creation of cyber-physical systems, capable to decentralized control over production, sales, etc., as well as self-education and self-development. Such systems' functioning requires similar "smart" technologies for information storing and distributing. Due to decentralization support, ensuring cybersecurity for cryptocurrency and creating environment for "smart" contracts, blockchain was considered as a fast solution. But blockchain's projection from the narrow scope of digital money to general purpose technology for industry and public sector faced serious difficulties. Some of them can be overcome by partial improving within the present generation of blockchain (e.g. - amending consensus' algorithms). Others require significant transformations of the core technology, coupling it with other innovations in computer science and industry. Difficulties of transition phase gave rise to criticism and even led to rejections to use blockchain in practice. Then some hybrid solutions appeared, which took only a part of blockchain's innovative idea (blocks-organized ledger) and implanted it onto old-fashioned technologies (abandoning the idea of distributed architecture). It is offered to consider such solutions as an inferior "quasi-blockchain". The evolution of blockchain has been studied and it has been proven that the development of its decentralized versions is most compatible with concept of Industry 4.0. However, industrial application of such versions, as it is shown in the paper, is hampered by the internal contradictions: blockchain "trilemma" plus inefficient energy use. Prospects for getting out of "blockchain trilemma" impasse have been explored, including some modern innovative solutions, such as the Level-2 protocol (Lightning Network). The evolution scenarios for such innovations are described. A classification, which links blockchain to classical distributed databases and takes into account the logic of their development, is proposed. The most promising fields for blockchain industrial applications, including digital invoices (e-Invoice) and Industrial Internet of Things, are studied. The research, conducted in the paper, has helped to develop a criteria to select and optimize specific blockchain solutions for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Big Data and Analytics is one of the key technologies, on which the digital transformation of the economy is based. The implementation of this technology into production would allow optimizing product's quality, reducing energy consumption, and improving the maintenance of equipment, manufacturing and management systems. Use of Big data in the public sector is seen as a tool for building a safer society, enhancing the administrative functions' performing, forecasting and reducing government spending. In this regard, the paper identified the advantages and barriers to the implementation of Big data in activities of enterprises and organizations; analyzed the main fields of companies' operations that offer technical support and other services, related to the use of Big Data. It has been established that a new direction of business activity, based on management and analysis of Big data, is the most dynamic and growing segment of the IT industry. It is revealed that now there is a shortage of state-recognized statistical information on the use of Big Data and Analytics in enterprises' activities and their impact on the final output of goods and services in an economy. Based on the results of the analysis, the paper offered to improve the definition of the term "goods" in the Classification of Economic Activities DK 009: 2010 of the National Classifier of Ukraine and to pay attention to indicators that can act as markers for analyzing the development of the Big Data's domestic market: the number of companies, operating in the field of Big Data and Analytics (Big Data vendors); amount of income of these companies from the production of equipment and software for Big Data and Analytics; the number of companies and enterprises, which are used Big Data and Analytics in their business (size, activities, regions); amount of investments in Big Data; the share of companies' income, generated by the Big Data use, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper suggests a new classification of Slavic place names in the content plan (on the Old Russian annalistic material), based on the functional-structural approach developed in the works by V. Blanár and R. Šrámek. As the semantics of a proper name is formed both by its relationship with an object (the referential identification) and a hierarchical set of socially and pragmatically important features (the presuppositional identification), the paper distinguishes two modes of nomination, in accordance with the character of the relationship between a name and a referent, variability of which allows to discover and structurize onymic features. The direct nomination implies the designation of an object as such, on the assumption of its immanent feature characterizing it as a whole. The indirect mode denotes an object through its relationship with other reality. The classification is based on a strict dichotomic principle that allows to identify nominational features forming the basic content structure of the Slavic toponymy, and has a two-level - nominational and semantic - character that consequently reflects the double - onomastic and linguistic - status of a proper name. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the present stage of providing information security of the state, it is important to make secret military communication networks. One of the key areas to secret a network is the use of cryptographic methods for information protection, in particular, asymmetric cryptography. To improve asymmetric cryptography algorithms we can find the remains of long numbers. The implementation of known algorithms for finding the remains of long numbers has a number of significant drawbacks. The paper analyzes two new methods of finding long-numbered residues, their drawbacks, and computational complexities. The method proposed by the authors is described, its algorithm and block diagram are presented. The computational complexities of the three researched methods are studied. The numerical complexity evaluation experiment shows that when performing modular operations used in asymmetric cryptographic algorithms, when transferring numbers from the decimal system to the system of the numbers of residual classes, the proposed method should be used. The method has less complexity. There are two ways of further consideration. It is well-known that the algorithm effectiveness gain is equal to the ratio of computational complexity and equal 2. The application developed in the high-level programming language C ++ allows us to investigate the time characteristics of the two methods. In this paper, we give a fragment of the testing of the application for double Mersenne numbers and a graphic representation of the dependence of the time of finding the remnants of large numbers from the prime number for which the remainder is. The developed algorithm for finding the remnants of large numbers allowed to increase the speed compared to the known due to the use of the properties of residues and the numerical basis of Rademacher. This reduced the computational complexity and increased the efficiency of the algorithm compared with the known twice, which proves the expediency of its use in processing long numbers in asymmetric cryptographic information security systems to increase the speed of encryption and cryptanalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents unified solutions for elastic–plastic expansion analysis of a cylindrical or spherical cavity in an infinite medium, adopting a flow theory of strain gradient plasticity. Previous cavity expansion analyses incorporating strain gradient effects have mostly focused on explaining the strain localization phenomenon and/or size effects during infinitesimal expansions. This paper is however concerned with the size-dependent behaviour of a cavity during finite quasi-static expansions. To account for the non-local influence of underlying microstructures to the macroscopic behaviour of granular materials, the conventional Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion is modified by including a second-order strain gradient. Thus the quasi-static cavity expansion problem is converted into a second-order ordinary differential equation system. In the continuous cavity expansion analysis, the resulting governing equations are solved numerically with Cauchy boundary conditions by simple iterations. Furthermore, a simplified method without iterations is proposed for calculating the size-dependent limit pressure of a cavity expanding to a given final radius. By neglecting the elastic strain increments in the plastic zone, approximate analytical size-dependent solutions are also derived. It is shown that the strain gradient effect mainly concentrates in a close vicinity of the inner cavity. Evident size-strengthening effects associated with the sand particle size and the cavity radius in the localized deformation zone is captured by the newly developed solutions presented in this paper. The strain gradient effect will vanish when the intrinsic material length is negligible compared to the instantaneous cavity size, and then the conventional elastic perfectly-plastic solutions can be recovered exactly. The present solutions can provide a theoretical method for modeling the size effect that is often observed in small-sized sand-structure interaction problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the economic crisis has engulfed underground coal mining, which is caused both by the high level of costs characteristic and by the unfavorable situation in the coal markets in the form of established low prices for coal products. Bankruptcy has befallen even world-class companies. At the same time, in the 1990s, Ukrainian practice was enriched by the experience of corporate development of a mine field, related to the interaction within a single mine of a private firm that develops its own part of mine field with own equipment, and a state-owned enterprise that provides the company with paid transportation and winding cargo services, ventilation, drainage and energy supply till to sanitary services of personnel. As a result the traditional hierarchical order of management, when one firm owns the mine and services it, has changed to a heterarchical one. Despite the fact that the practice of corporate development of the mine field received a certain scientific generalization, the externalities, inherent in the appearance of the hierarchies, were ignored. Positive externalities in microeconomics are described in the form of Malinvaud's example, on the basis of which a study was later carried out to investigate the possibility of increasing the efficiency of two government agencies interacting in a single project (the theory of gift exchange as the embodiment of the externalities market). The aim of the paper is to translate the scheme of the example of Malinvaud to the practice of interaction between two firms, involved in coal mining in one mine. Subject of research is to define optimal conditions for the functioning of two firms, which activity generate the effect of externalities. The results and conclusions of the paper are: the use of heterarchies in the mining industry makes it possible to achieve equilibrium and Pareto optimality, contributing to an increase in the economic efficiency of enterprises, operating in conditions of increased unprofitable risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]