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This paper is the product of doctoral research and aims to introduce the discussion and analysis of Ubuntu and traditional African philosophy as a contribution to thinking about the fragmentation of democracy in Latin America, giving way to the role that African movements and organizations have in assuming a political and ethical struggle to build a relational democracy as a necessary proposal to the crisis of liberal democracy. The methodology consists of a bibliographic review of literature and intellectuals from the social sciences and African thought to highlight a trend that is not only framed in the questioning of the democratic model in force in Latin America, but also provides some clues for the construction of a community society project in the region, based on relational ontology. It concludes that, in the crisis of the Western political model, the struggles of Afro-descendant movements must transcend the logic of strengthening liberal democracy, to propose the ethical path of Ubuntu as a route to deconstruct the political and societal structures in place, promoting a message of humanity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modest goal of the paper is to present, in a brief and panoramic way, some thoughts on the challenges of biographical research through personal files. To do so, from some examples seeks to draw attention to the need of the young researcher to realize the file and its documentary resources as technical and socio-historical construction, questioning the stored document functionality and, in particular, some nuances of personal files regarding the reconstruction of an individual trajectory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The landscape is the materialization of a moment in society and is formed by volumes, colors, movements, odors, sounds, etc., In other words, it encompasses everything perceptible through the human senses. Economic, social, and political factors, among others, influenced changes in the landscape. Mineral exploration is one example of this type of factor. Since mining companies can bring about noticeable changes in municipalities, it is necessary to observe, analyze, and document any alterations that occur from the beginning of the installation processes. In 2007, the Serrote da Laje Project was started, located in the municipalities of Craíbas-AL and Arapiraca-AL, and developed by Mineração Vale Verde (MVV) to extract copper ore. This paper aims to show changes in the landscape of Craíbas by using historical satellite images (using the Google Earth Pro tool) and statistical analysis of the flow of vehicles. The paper aims to understand the relationship between these changes with the installation of the Serrote da Laje Project. The results show a significant visual alteration in the landscape, comparing the satellite images of two distinct epochs. The analysis of the vehicle flow showed a significant alteration, revealing considerable contributions of the referred enterprise in the alteration of the municipality landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Classical Reception Studies, the aim of this paper is to examine the establishment of discourses of power and masculinity in three films: Spartacus, directed by Stanley Kubrick, Gladiator, by Ridley Scott, and Satyricon, by Federico Fellini. Building up an analysis focused on the film protagonists, their costumes and bodies appearance, the symbolic meanings of masculinity and contemporary cultural clashes, the paper discusses how the dialogues between past and present not only build hegemonic narratives of masculinity, but also provoke its deconstruction in the context of the counterculture of the 1960s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper inserts itself in the debate on (art) historiography and periodization, opposing linear and evolutionary models to anachronic and discontinuous ones. The latter are analyzed through Kunstwissenschaft, a new approach to art history, which emerged at the end of the 19th century, initially in the German speaking countries, in opposition to traditional historiographical models, anticipating actual practices, such as Visual Studies and Global Art History. In particular, this paper offers some examples of how Kunstwissenschaft reflected on its epistemic tools, confronting itself with the time in which art history started to reflect on its own status, the Renaissance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current essay identifies and analyzes how research involving the theme Teachers' Formation has been shaped within the perspective of the History of Education in Work Group 2 (WG 2) of the annual meetings of the National Association of Postgraduate Studies and Research in Education (ANPED). Papers and posters published in the annual meetings over the last ten years (from 2003 to 2012) are analyzed. The methodology involved the identification and analysis of the research papers and posters published in the proceedings of the meetings. A survey of all papers and posters published in the proceedings of WG 2 was undertaken identifying, through a survey on the last decade, those which involved the theme Teachers' Formation, coupled to the most investigated periods by the researchers who dealt with this specific theme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scientific paper aim to show that within curricular matrix of the graduation courses, the supervised curricular intership is presented as a fruitful condition to face the contemporary concerns of the educational field which manifest themselves with the input of the cyberculture. Underpinned in official documents about curricular intership; in studies about teacher training; and, on the concept of 'informational literacy', the scientific paper debate on the following question: How are the future teachers preparing themselves to lead educational processes aimed to students with partial continuously attention? In its conclusions, the scientific paper underscores the importance of the curricular intership in the face of demands of a broadly connected society, especially, with respect to students' reactions of the Basic Education to the stimulus who they receive of the world around they and of the informational world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal markets emerged with the purpose of reorganizing the commerce of food products, significantly marking important changes in the space of the city and in the life of the population. In this sense, this paper aimed to discuss the changes that have taken place in the city of Taubaté, located in the Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba and Litoral Norte (RMVPL), SP, and its relationship with the local municipal market, as well as to reflect on the importance of this place in the process of construction of the city, through the analysis of the historical context of the growth of the city. For the development of this research, a time frame was adopted, between the years 1800 to 1950, in a geohistorical perspective. in order to reflect on the relationship of this place with this growth. Therefore, a qualitative approach and exploratory research was carried out, analyzing the implantation, permanence, and architectural transformations, as well as the spatial organization that permeate the market in the different phases of the development of the municipality. Municipal Markets have always presented themselves as a connection between the countryside and the city, and between cities, as they are characterized as trade centers resulting from the intersection of trade routes and helped in the cohesive construction of the cities' cultural identity. The Taubaté market followed the city's growth process, at times connected to the process, at others, distancing itself from the dynamics of the city. However, it was a regional reference, which contributed to the growth of the city, not only because the commerce that took place there, boosted its expansion, but also because it was an access route to the Vale do Paraíba region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental degradation is a problem arising from natural causes and human actions despoiling under the Earth's surface. Between the arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid climatic zones of planet Earth, a type of environmental degradation in an advanced stage can occur: desertification. In Brazil, this can occur in the semi-arid territory, given the seriousness of the problem and the socio-environmental configuration of this space, and studies that reveal its state of degradation are important. In this sense, this paper aims to identify the treatment given to desertification in approaches to environmental degradation in the Brazilian semi-arid region. To this end, an integrative systematic review of the literature was carried out, based on a search protocol supported by the specialized literature on scientific methodology, criteria for analyzing theses, dissertations and scientific articles present in the Portal de Periódico Capes and Base Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertations. Thus, the data resulting from the systematic review demonstrated that, although there is a diversity of approaches, a significant part of the studies on the degradation of the brazilian semi-arid region establish a direct and indirect relationship with desertification, as only a minority focuses on the study of desertification in its objectives, which demonstrates the need to study desertification in the Brazilian semi-arid region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study shows an understanding of the perceptions of the pesticide theme by graduates of the Nature Science course of the Intercultural Indigenous Faculty of a public university, without directly addressing environmental issues and the health of farmers and their families: intoxication, cancer, depression, among other diseases. The data were collected from course completion papers produced by graduate students from the Nature Sciences course as a partial result of the doctoral thesis in the Postgraduate Course in Science Teaching of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS). To clarify the results, the methodology of Discursive Textual Analysis (DTA) was used, and it was possible to observe that the farmer's low level of education interferes both in the perception of the risks and in the use of pesticides. Furthermore, they do not use individual protection equipment (PPEs) and, consequently, apply pesticides on a large scale, without knowledge of the toxicity level, contributing to the monoculture practices within the agribusiness activities. This result contributed to rethinking the initial training of teachers of rural schools, supported by Paulo Freire's theory, as a way to raise awareness and critical reflection on the risks of exposure to pesticides in order to promote sustainable agroecological practices and strengthen the debate on Education of in/the the Field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching, understood as a complex action, mobilizes specific and complementary knowledge. University teaching has shown itself to be dynamic, in the sense that be molded to contemporary context. Nowadays, Higher Education is impacted by competition, productivity and efficiency. The ways of being a teacher, of teaching, of understanding teacher education and the influences of the socioeconomic context form and reveal teaching concepts. Based on these assumptions, in this paper we aim to analyze the teaching conceptions of bachelor teachers beginning their careers. This qualitative and empirical research adopted the interview for data collection with seven bachelor professors, beginners in their careers and working in the agrarian area and in community universities in the western mesoregion of Santa Catarina. The results, built through content analysis, showed that the teaching conceptions are formed by the convergence of the teaching practice bases, training/self-training, the teaching activities carried out, the Agricultural Sciences area and the community universities, as well as the context of performance of these teachers - convergence that also expresses the complexity of teaching in Higher Education. We also found that the socioeconomic context makes higher education institutions and their teachers increasingly involved in market logics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the constitution of being a teacher in the context of the Covid-19, aiming to: i. characterize the elements present in the process of reframing the teaching professional identity in the context of a pandemic; ii. identify the challenges experienced in professional practice as a teacher in remote education. It is about a descriptive-analytical study of an exploratory nature, related to a more extensive research-intervention, considering the pandemia first year. Focuses on the experience of eight non-remote experienced schoolteachers who act as mentors at referred investigation-intervention. The data comprised written narratives recorded in reflective diaries, virtual activities and, reports by WhatsApp. As a complement, we will consider the deposits of experienced professors registered in virtual synchronous online meetings. It was possible to identify/understand: i. signs of anguish and helplessness when facing the professional effects caused by the pandemic, ii. sense of emptying one's professional identity and iii. challenges in projecting teaching in remote education. It was observed that is this new scenario caused by the pandemic, teachers are going through processes similar to those of beginners who accompany in mentoring, experiencing tensions such as: fear and uncertainty about the future (including the return of regular classroom activities), anxiety, anguish, feeling of incapacity, doubts about the reorganization of school activities (remotely), difficulties in dialogue with the students' family members, concern about children and their families, lack of information and dialogue in schools and education networks, revolt at government actions, among others. It was also observed that new meanings are being attributed to the process of becoming a teacher. The imbalance in the constitution of professional identity was noticed as one of the first effects of the pandemic. Such an imbalance gave way to the empowerment of the teaching identity itself, also causing an expansion of the repertoire of professional knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to problematize how the etymology of a word can determine the way we socially interpret it. Particularly, we are interested in discussing how the word 'mother' was and is built in the contemporaneity, and in what ways the experiences of motherhood that displace from the patriarchal standard can broaden the meaning of the term. For this purpose, we traced a path of the historical-etymological revision of the word, while endorsing that words are social constructs. Besides, we present a brief analysis of Mama: um relato de maternidade homoafetiva (Tiboni, 2019) with the intent of problematizing the limited use of the term. In the book, that intends to be a report, but has elements of fiction, the arrival of twins becomes the place where it is possible to revisit the amplitude of what it is to be a 'mother'. In a moving way, the author invites us to revisit the question: 'who is the mother of those children?' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a reflection about the relations between nature and society from the reading of selected poems from Poesias, by Dante Milano (1979), especially the poem 'Public garden' (Jardim público). Based on the criticism of modern rationality formulated by Adorno and Horkheimer (1985), according to which the enlightened reason sought to disenchant the world, dominating and subjugating the supposedly threatening natural world, it seeks to meditate how in a work produced by a Brazilian modern/modernist poet (of an incomplete and peripheral modernity) this criticism is particularized. To this end, in addition to the authors of Critical Theory, the study is based on authors such as Ulpiano Meneses, Octavio Paz, Jeanne Marie Gagnebin, and Paul Ricoeur, among others. The reading of the poems, according to the perspective assumed, indicates that one of the strengths of Milano's work is the problematization of the relationship between man and nature. It was noticed that the tensions resulting from the split between man and nature do not hide the tragic consequences of this process and often point to the assumption of a critical voice that bursts into the animism of nature and the denunciation of the reification of man. This study, structured in three parts entitled 'Of images and landscapes' (Das imagens e das paisagens), 'The garden as a cultural landscape' (O jardim como paisagem cultural) and 'A 'garden' of memories' (Um 'jardim' de memórias), also points to the conservation of elements of the empirical world in the poems' making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at investigating the effects of two hypermodal environments on EFL/ESL vocabulary teaching and learning: Desktop Hypermedia and Augmented Reality. This work is grounded on theoretical studies that deal with hypermodality in vocabulary learning, with the importance of immersive environments, particularly Augmented Reality, and the relationship between them (Souza, 2004; Saito, 2015; Procópio, 2016; Johnson-Glenberg, 2018; Parmaxi & Demetriou, 2020; Ansarin & Khabbazi, 2021). The experiment was applied to 30 students, divided into a control group and an experimental group. For analysis purposes, the results were obtained using vocabulary tests, namely, pre-test, immediate post-test, and delayed post-test, which aimed to assess the short- and long-term lexical knowledge. The results revealed that both groups benefited from the environments they were exposed to. However, the learning gain of the experimental group exposed to the Augmented Reality environment was more expressive in vocabulary learning and retention of learned words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present, as an object of possible research lines, the text of the representation dated August 4, 1777, coming from the chamber of Vila Real de Sabará, Minas Gerais, in which the officers address directly to Queen Maria I, arguing that it was no longer possible to maintain the voluntary subsidy - a tribute instituted to help in the reconstruction of Lisbon, after the earthquake of 1755 - given the decay in which the village and captaincy had been. In order to mark the existence and provenance of the diplomatic document, edited under semi-diplomatic norms, studies on its codicological, paleographic and diplomatic properties precede the analysis of the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an author in the sermons analyzed in this paper. Much more, the sermons analyzed were selected based, especially, on a premise: a specific author work, Antonio Vieira. It is undeniable that the notion of author and subject are irrevocably linked. In fact, what common sense understands by authorship is directly linked to the concept of a post-enlightenment subject, already imbued with independence and self-centeredness, with an inalienable commitment to authenticity and originality, as it is understood in common sense the text reflect the author's inner world. We propose, then, to reflect on the notion of authorship in the Father Antonio Vieira's work in view of a confessional, missionary, priestly 17th century textual production, in which neither the notion of subject nor that of contemporary literary author are fully adequate to the socio-cultural context. seventeenth-century politics. As main guides for the analysis, we follow the thinking of Michel Foucault in dialogue with Walter Benjamin, Antonio Candido, and João Adolfo Hansen. We also reflect on the importance of language for the humanist theology that inspired the seventeenth century Jesuits, and Father Antonio Vieira himself, observing how much the ideal and most perfect exercise as a spokesperson for the Word of God is present in the sermons given and, after a lifetime, finally written by the influential sermonist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to investigate, in multimodal data, the role of gesture and eye-gaze in Mental Spaces marking in narrative occurrences of Brazilian Portuguese. For this purpose, three excerpts from a personal narrative given by the Brazilian actress Marisa Orth, on GNT network TV Show 'Que história é essa, Porchat?' (How come, Porchat?) (Canal GNT, 2019), were selected from Youtube. In order to support the discussions theoretically, first, the relationship between mental spaces and multimodal articulators, gestures and the eye-gaze (Sweetser & Stec, 2016), was described and explained. In addition, it was presented the articulation between hand gestures and the marking of narrative levels - narrative, metanarrative and paranarrative -, as well as the marking of narrative viewpoints - the character viewpoint (C-VPT) and the observer viewpoint (OVPT). Methodologically, we have analysed the lexical choices made on each occurrence (Dancygier, 2011), and then proceeded to the analysis of hand gestures, based on the identification and description of gestural strokes of the Linguistic Annotation System for Gestures (LASG) (Bressem, Ladewig, & Müller, 2013). The direction and function of the gaze in interactional contexts were also analysed. Finally, quantitative data on the duration of eye-gaze were described and interpreted. Results show that gestures and eye-gaze can both mark the same Mental Space (the Ground or the Narrative Space), as well as can simultaneously mark different Mental Spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to conduct a thematic and comparative analysis after the concepts of landscape, space, place and memory in six texts by Vitorino Nemésio and Cecília Meireles in which the Atlantic islands of the Azores archipelago are represented. In these texts, the landscape is a manifestation of the authors'ontological topography, resulting in a subjective construction process that re-signifies the places of the islands. In common, these texts have the themes of the islanders' life simplicity, isolation and poverty. If these traits bring them close, others separate them. In Nemésio, the islands are transfigured into a tourist landscape and migration space, reflecting the substance and the constraints of Azoreanness. In contrast, in Cecília, the island is a place in the frontier of the real and the imaginary, constructed by the poet's fantasy, emotional geography and childhood memories. In Nemésio, the texts manifest images of individual and collective memory, whereas, in Cecília, the work of memory facilitates an escape from reality and a journey to the realisation of the lost paradise myth: the Island of Nanja. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate in what sense the tragic style, as the result of the fusion between the Apollonian style and the Dionysian style, can be understood as an aesthetic and ethical principle in the young Nietzsche's thought. Thus, it is intended to verify whether the emergence of this new style, configured in the tragic myth of the Greeks, implies the possibility of thinking about an ethos that is not in the register of rational understanding of being, but in the aesthetic experience of becoming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the interaction between teachers and students in the context of online classes, of the curricular component 'Syntax of the Portuguese Language', in the second half of 2020, identifying didactic strategies to maintain teacher training in the Degree in Rural Education (LEdoC), at University of Brasília (UnB), in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, when there was an abrupt change in the daily life of humanity, especially in relation to social isolation, which printed the interaction at a distance between people. Interactional Sociolinguistics, The Literacy Studies, as well as multiliteracies are the theoretical basis of the work. The methodology is qualitative, focusing on interactional frameworks, based on Interactional Sociolinguistics. The frames, with their specific genres, and the material produced for the discipline make up the data. The result of the study brings a reflection on a context of teacher training, from the perspective of Culturally Sensitive Pedagogy, which reveals possible strategies to provide a fruitful environment for teaching and learning language, even in complex times and with unconventional resources. In addition, it shows, in a way, the use of Digital Information and Communication Technologies (TDIC), as a strategy, for the continuation of teacher training at LEdoC. The research also showed that WhatsApp was the tool that enabled the interaction of teachers with students, even though it was not a resource planned by the University for pedagogical mediation. In view of this, the research also highlights the need for investment in TDIC that reach rural people, who need good quality internet access. Because, without internet access, the different forms of literacies will not be achieved by these people, excluding them from such important access for research, individual and professional training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teletandem is characterized as a telecollaborative context for language learning and has been developed as an enabling environment for the dissemination of language, literature and culture (Telles, 2015a; Zakir, 2015; Ramos & Carvalho, 2020). By promoting the interaction between Brazilian students and students from foreign universities, teletandem gives opportunity to participants to learn other language and contributes to dissemination of the teaching of Portuguese as a foreign language (Ramos, 2016). From that contact, tandem participants can also develop an intercultural perspective that encompasses the ways of being and acting socially in the language (Mendes, 2011; Kramsch, 2017). Thus, grounded on an intercultural approach with a discursive basis, we understand culture as historical processes, built on the interaction between subjects who can no longer identify themselves necessarily by their nationally, but by their gender, race, ethnicity, age, affecting, consequently, their ways of using language and meaning (Kramsch & Hua, 2016). Therefore, this paper aims to present some reflections, resulting from our research for a master degree, about the contributions of discussing literary texts to the development of an intercultural teaching of the Portuguese language that leads to an understanding of the symbolic dimension of intercultural exchanges, as well as to a broader and more diverse understanding of culture. For this, we initially present Teletandem Project and its importance for dissemination of teaching Portuguese as a foreign language. And then we explain the intercultural approach with a discursive basis in relation to foreign language teaching in order to demonstrate the relevance of literature for in this learning process. Preliminary results indicate that inserting literary texts in teletandem sessions enables a deepening of discussions and the emergence of more diverse themes and directly related to the realities of the participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This retrospective paper aimed to redraw a general landscape of dissertations and theses produced in Brazil centered on the theme Portuguese as a Host Language. This work focuses on the most recent times of scientific production in the last years. The studies were mapped through the Theses and Dissertations Catalog of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel. From the total of suggestion studies, 15 dissertations and 4 theses were identified. In order to carry out this State of the Art, we started with six guiding questions, such as: a) How is the academic production distributed considering the institution of origin, region of the country, academic degree and funding? b) What objects have been investigated? c) What works are frequently cited? d) How are the methodological paths outlined? e) What recommendations can be made for future research? Based on what has been accumulated and analyzed, we highlight some challenges for the field of Portuguese as a Host Language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the comparative reading of the novels Vidas secas, by Graciliano Ramos and Eles eram muitos cavalos, by Luiz Ruffato, this paper develops a proposition of didactic sequence to high school literature classes with the propose to approximate the elements of the novels that represent realist perceptions according to the narrator in different social and historical contexts. For that it begins with a discussion about literary literacy, more specifically about the approach of novel in classroom. Then it shows a propose of dialogic reading in which it evidence the realist perceptions created by the heterodiegetic narrators of Vidas secas e Eles eram muitos cavalos. Lastly directed reading strategies are proposed from the systematization of basic didactic sequences about those novels. It conclude that to work with novels by basic didactic sequence planned and elaborated with knowledge of students formation in high school is efficient methodology to teaching literature in school, mainly the public schools where reading and book acquisition process by the students were always a trouble in teaching/learning literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the short story Maria, by Conceição Evaristo, from the perspective of the concept of intersectionality, from Kimberlé Crenshaw (1989) and Carla Akotirene (2019), as well as the concept of subalternity, proposed by Spivak (2014). The homonymous character in the short story Maria, by Conceição Evaristo, is an analogous representation of what these authors discuss about the identity of black women being complex and relational with aspects of race and gender and not one thing or the other. Thus, Maria performs a complexity, silenced and included in the dictates of subalternity, whose voice cannot be heard. In the analysis of Conceição Evaristo's short story, based on the concepts of Akotirene, Crenshaw, and Spivak, it can be seen how the character Maria and, consequently, the work, engender recurrent problems in Brazilian society, such as the silencing of subordinate subjects, especially black women. Thus, the importance of this article is given by its contribution to intersectional studies in Afro-Brazilian female authorship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews two of the close relationships that can be established between the philosophy of science and the didactics of experimental sciences. For this purpose, I analyze, on the one hand, the way in which using metatheoretical tools (mainly coming from the philosophy of science) it is possible to understand and support the process of construction of school scientific models, those constituents of the so-called 'school science'; and, on the other hand, I review how teaching processes are developed not only in the levels of science teaching usually recognized (primary, secondary or university), but also in the processes of scientific change. In this way, the first part of the paper postulates a possible field of specific epistemological reflections that take as an object of study the construction of school scientific models, which could suggest a special field of work within the philosophy of science: 'the philosophy of school science'. And, in the second part, the existence of a 'level of scientific teaching' centered on the dynamics of comparison of rival theories, referred to the teaching processes (and not mere communication) carried out by scientists in the so-called 'periods of crisis and revolution'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to most introductions and textbooks in the philosophy of science, the main goal of this research field is to describe the methods and principles that are implicit in the practice of science. I will argue in this programmatic paper that such "descriptivist" account of philosophy of science is mistaken. The perspective to be defended relies mainly in the analysis of a paradigmatic case of analysis in the philosophy of science: the so called Deductive-Nomological Model of scientific explanation, which was proposed by Stuart Mill in the mid-19th century and endorsed in the last century by authors as Hempel and Oppenheim. As will become clear, two different (and potentially conflicting) goals guided the search of an analysis of the concept of explanation by these authors: to find a materially plausible account of the concept of explanation and to give an account of the concept compatible with their empiricist assumptions. By doing this, their endeavor is far from being descriptive and it can be compared to the solving of a puzzle. The paper explores also some of the consequences that follow from conceiving philosophy of science as puzzle-solving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the paper of Heitor de Paola, The Axis of Latin American Evil and the New International Order, a product of the Media Without Mask movement, led by Olavo de Carvalho. The paper claims that communism dominates the world and, based on the anti-communism and the apology of liberal capitalism, the author appropriates Marx and Gramsci, distorting the ideas of these authors, in order to disqualify the left and associate it with the creation of a privileged class and the defense of a doctrinal and authoritarian project. To this end, the author manipulates the concepts of communism, capitalism, metacapitalism and imperialism, to legitimize the conspiracyist thesis, inspired by the binary view of the world, in which capitalism would represent "good" and communism "evil", since it would claim world domination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assuming that contemporaneity has brought about numerous continuities and discontinuities, it is undeniable that technology is increasingly omnipresent, even mediating social relationships. In this paper, discuss how dating applications (apps) further enhance the existing economy of bodies through technological mediation. This economy is based on a device incorporated by the apps that incorporates a mercantile structure to facilitate interactions. Data obtained from two investigations conducted among users of gay dating apps in Belo Horizonte and Fortaleza cities through approximations and cross-referencing suggest that an economic context is institutionalized, in which interactions operate on a market-based system, ratifying and sometimes challenging concepts such as scarcity, price, supply, demand etc. The non-material condition accelerates interactions, making the use of algorithms and defined scripts a predictable element of negotiation between users who need to be clear and direct in order to get what they want. The main findings suggest that gay dating apps mediate users who take a calculating perspective on searches to maintain some form of interaction with those they desire, a process that reflects a market dynamic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the writing of the military Francisco Isidoro Resquín, whose trajectory in the Paraguayan Army was marked by several positions. "La Guerra del Paraguay contra La Triple Alianza", the book describing his memoirs and different events in which he participated, is the object and one of the sources discussed to understand the explanatory and justifying formulation of General Resquín's action after the end of the war. Considering the specialized bibliography on the war and other sources, it is possible to perceive Resquín's role in the conflict, particularly in the organization of the punishments against war prisoners. The book aimed at safeguarding the author's image, while it tried to justify the conflict. Francisco Resquín was a complex and misallocated character among the so-called Paraguayan heroes in the War against the Triple Alliance. Thus, his oeuvre, including its internal structure, became an important record to understand the internal relations inside the Paraguayan forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 1978, a militarized interstate dispute almost provoked a war between Chile and Argentina. The motivation of this divergence was, fundamentally, the possession of some small islands and their corresponding maritime projection in the southern end of the American continent - that is, the maritime boundaries, as well as the socalled principle of the Atlantic-Pacific division between both countries. The most dramatic moment of the conflict happened between 12 and 22 December. And only the providential intervention of a third party, in this case Pope John Paulo II, prevented a major tragedy in the Southern Cone. In this context, this paper proposes to explore Brazilian perceptions, interpretations and initiatives directly linked to the Chilean-Argentinian crisis. The article is the result of research in the history of international relations. Primary sources and documentation were collected in Arquivo Nacional and Arquivo do Ministério das Relações Exteriores; both in Brazilia, Federal District. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Once upon a time there was a small town, quiet and safe in which the doors and windows were left open" represents a simple sentence, but it summarizes this paper. The freedom-security dialectic, in essence, is understood as the conditions that separate freedom from security when they should unite them to occur concurrently. So, in the name of security, windows and doors are closing in small towns! More than that, people are also closing in on sociability and space and public life. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate the explanations for the increase in violence and objective insecurity in small towns. The methodological procedures were bibliographic survey about violence and objective insecurity; complementary surveys to understand the explanatory factors; fieldwork, systematization of information and collected data; and preparation of the final essay. The results revealed alarming and recurrent situations of violence in small towns, in addition to the generation of objective insecurity. The main explanatory factors for this phenomenon are the spread of illicit trafficking, especially drugs; the diffusion of the metropolitan way of life through the media; and the absence or insufficiency of public security services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present an interpretation of Émile Benveniste's seminal article ‘Categories of Thought and Language’. In order to do so, a rigorous intratextual analysis is carried out. At the time of its publication, the article was significantly meaningful and attracted severe criticism in the philosophical milieu due to Benveniste’s analysis of the Aristotelian categories. With that in mind, at first (Introduction) we contextualize some aspects of the text’s reception and present some philosophical arguments that illustrate the criticism Benveniste received due to his article. Then, in the first section, we set forth a detailed reading of the article, explaining not only the arguments the linguist presents, but also the way in which they are presented throughout the text. Finally, in the second section, we support the hypothesis that Benveniste assumes the linguistic point of view to propose his reflection, emphasizing the role language plays in the thought-language relationship. Thus, we demonstrate that it is not possible to evaluate the linguist’s reflection within the scope of Aristotelian metaphysics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In digital assistance devices, human voice reproduction and synthesis processes do not just are ruled by purely technological mechanisms. They also show both ways of conceiving language according to information patterns and ways of updating and perpetuating certain social stereotypes, particularly those of gender. It is with the aim of inquiring into the articulation of both that the contents exposed in this paper are justified, as well as the main conceptual distinction, which is developed through it, between ‘the voice that hears’ and ‘the voice that is heard’. Two significant theses guide such purpose. The first suggests that the standardization of digital assistants according to gender discrimination criteria is still, in our times, one of several expressions of the broad phenomenon of the sexual division of labour. The second thesis, in turn, covers the technological phenomenon of the so-called “digital convergence” and concerns how auditory stereotypes, based on the image of the mother-caregiver, complement and reinforce visual stereotypes. For the theoretical articulation of these two theses to be feasible, it is necessary, above all, to demystify the supposed verbal interaction between machine and user, showing – contrary to what is inferred from the contemporary technological imaginary – the dialogical impossibility of both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to meet the needs of a terminological study in the field of pesticide chemistry, since Brazil is one of the most productive countries in agricultural activities in the world. The study starts from the translation and terminological problem of the area, previously observed by Pinto and Lima (2018) and Souza (2019), and proposes the search of terms in the area for the elaboration of a Portuguese ⇔ English glossary. The research is based on the areas of Terminology (Krieger & Finatto, 2004; Finatto, 2004; Bevilacqua, 2013), Chemistry (Abakerli et al., 2003) and Corpus Linguistics (Sardinha, 2000; Tagnin, 2002). In this paper, we demonstrate the process of creating the study corpus, as well as the criteria for selecting candidates for terms in English. In order to illustrate occurrences of denominative variation during the selection of equivalents in Portuguese, we present the steps used for the selection of the most appropriate term among the Portuguese vernacular variants ‘malation’, ‘malationa’, and ‘malatiom’, and show why ‘malation’ is the form chosen, taking into account its absolute frequency, Average Reduced Frequency, coefficient of variation, number of results in web research, as well as linguistic, conceptual and normative criteria. We concluded that the partnership between computerized tools and specialized knowledge, both in linguistics and in chemistry, brought benefits to the discussion that would not be achieved only through computational calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we discuss the role played by abductive reasoning and admirableness in the creative processes in the Big Data era. The conceptions of creativity, in the mechanistic and antimechanistic scope, are introduced by means of examples in the domain of photographic production, as is the case of Maureen Bisilliat (1995) and Nan Goldin (2012) works. As our investigation is essentially theoretical and interdisciplinary, it is mainly based on the literature on the concepts of creativity, abductive reasoning, and admirableness; it is grounded in different areas of knowledge, including Pragmatism, Literature, Visual arts and the Philosophy of Information. We discuss the limitations of mechanistic conceptions of creativity, arguing in defense of the hypothesis that creative action is not strictly related to the created object, but to a long collaborative process between agents that will assist (directly or indirectly) in the production of artistic works. In the conclusion, the role of emotions is highlighted in the dynamics of the creative/abductive process, as proclaimed by Charles Sanders Peirce (1958). Inspired by this author, we emphasize the role of admirableness in the process of creation - understood here as a feeling that encourages us to investigate and get to know the objects that attract our attention, without the desire for controlling them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has as aim to study the representations of Saint Francis through the Bonaventure of Bagnoregio's sermons pronounced between 1255 and 1262, in Paris. Along the minor formation, until 1260, the Francis's representations were suffering changes by influence of each Order conjuncture. All the Bonaventure's works, theological, hagiographic, apologetic and sermons, bring unity to the sense of belonging to the Order of Minor Friars. Through the Bonaventure's sermons ideations are represented about the founder saint that act like interpretative ways to understand the mystical and theological meanings to the minors friar's collective memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luisa Carnés was one of the Spanish intellectuals who, like many others, had to go into exile after the Civil War and the victory of Franco's troops in 1939. Carnés had published several works in Spain, continuing to write in Mexico. However, her texts were forgotten even after the return of democracy in 1975. In the 21st century the academic and publishing universes rescue this important figure in Spanish literature, integrating her or at least bringing her closer to the Nuevo Romanticismo or Generación del 27, seeking to properly highlight it in contemporary culture. I approach this mediation process in this paper, analyzing the relevance today of Carnés' perspective on the condition of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper is to problematize the Plano de Desenvolvimento da Escola Interativo (PDDE Interativo) and the objectification of school management regulation mechanisms. The reflection has as reference the movement of administrative modernization and the regulation called 'post-bureaucratic', in which changes in the role of the State are identified, with a focus on managerial management. The analysis is done considering the World Bank's prescription for the reform of the education systems of its partner countries, especially those in its '2020 strategy for education'. We highlight a movement of constriction to a given model of educational reform, based on strategic monitoring, carried out through the creation of online databases. Regulation is discussed from the perspective of the economic imperative, control over the work of the school management, the systematic and strategic collection of school data, as well as the result-oriented financing mechanism. Final considerations indicate the conflict of the PDDE Interativo with the Political Pedagogical Project, as well as pointing to the need to reinforce the autonomy of the school units and the commitment of organized civil society in the search for quality public education and socially referenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intents to make a situation map of the Brazilian researches that addresses issues of gender and sexuality in teacher education. Searches were made for articles on the Scielo platform, which mapped publications from 1998 to 2018, and academic productions defended and posted in the period 2010 to 2020 at the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD, in Portuguese). Inspired by the state of the art research type, to present the gaps, potentialities and trends of the research in the area, which can help to give visibility and strength to a currently contested field of study. The results indicate an increase in production, in the last two decades, a recent intensification of post-critical research, a change in the concepts of gender and sexuality that go from categories linked to biological aspects to social constructions and to a strong relationship between the context of public policies for education and academic. Production. The research describes of teacher education that, in general, develop only punctual and poorly based actions, thereby reinforcing gender and sexuality patterns standards. Thus, they attest to the need for these courses to discuss and consider gender and sexuality studies to contribute to overcoming the practices of normalization, exclusion, prejudice and inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to discuss and analyze the region called Matopiba in the regional planning and development extent, and socio-spatial transformations, highlighting the new dynamics in the urban economy from Bom Jesus and Uruçuí, two cities of Piauí agribusiness, new urban and population processes by the expansion and consolidation of technified agriculture. The methodology for the elaboration of this paper was based on the record's reading of works and production of data sheets, as well as the search for data and information in public institutions, such as the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia Estatística (IBGE), through the 2000 and 2010 Demographic Censuses, in addition IBGE Cidades website, and also research activities in the field and discussion in a research group. In this background, Matopiba was considered as a result of other regions, where the State'sacts it has a fundamental role in the construction of this region, privileging large hegemonic agents, such as wide transnational and national companies linked to agribusiness. The cerrados piauienses, which have been occupied most intensively since the first decade of the 21st century, are one of the examples in which we can bring to discussion is the socio-spatial changes taking place in Matopiba, with changes and socio-spatial transformations, as well as changes in local and regional scale at economic relations of the spatial area presented and in your urban characteristics, especially Bom Jesus and Uruçuí cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze narratives about African-Brazilian beliefs and cultural manifestations as shown in the printing press in Salvador, from 1920 to 1940. The main sources consulted were the newspapers Estado da Bahia, O Imparcial, A Tarde and Diário de Notícias. This timeframe comprehends the gradual change of perception of the press on those manifestations, when religious African-Brazilian festivities are consolidated as identity symbols of the city. The sources enabled the identification of memory homogeneities and discontinuities, as well as the factors of differentiation in the power correlations among groups separated by tenuous social-cultural and religious boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Including special needs students on the regular teaching system predetermines the mandatory development of oral, reading, and writing abilities as established by the Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (Brasil, 1998b) national curriculum parameters for Brazilian schools and reinforced by the Base Nacional Comum Curricular (Brasil, 2017). Among the assistive technologies used by blind students to do reading activities are Braille and screen readers, wich perform automatic reading. This paper aims to verify, through a case study, whether the use of one technology allows for a better understanding of the texts than the other, making it possible for the reader to have an active part in building meanings. To do that, we posed reading questions about four texts - two read in Braille and two by a screen reader - to a blind student enrolled in her fifth year of Brazilian Elementary School in Northwest Paraná and analyzed her answers. This study, of an applied nature, is based on what Menegassi (1995, 2010), Solé (1998), and Koch and Elias (2014) discussthe reading process through a social interactionist perspective of language. The analysis showed that Braille led to a better performance in questions of literal answers, while the screen reader led to better results in understanding textual and extratextual inferences, and personal answers. Despite the differences, we concluded that both technologies must be allied in teaching practices, given that Braille reading prioritizes the decoding stage of texts and screen readers favors the understanding and interpretation stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the process of (dis)legitimacy of artistic-sociological consciences in Russia during the early years of Stalinist rule, in order to recover the history of language studies and the context of production of Bakhtinian writings. The method that underlies the reflection undertaken is based on the theoretical-methodological assumptions of Bakhtin (2006 [1979]; 2010 [1920-24]), Medviédev (2016 [1928]) and Volóchinov (2017 [1929], 2013), among others, which present criticisms of the formalist model, prevailing in Stalinist Russia. Historical sources are also used (Deutscher, 2006; Fitzpatrick, 2017) to investigate the political-ideological context of the post-revolution of 1917. The relevance of this manuscript is realized in the contribution of a contemporary but not anachronistic look, which brings to light a critical reading about the construction of philosophical and ethical (aesthetic) approaches on artistic-sociological consciences in Russia. The results show that, despite the execrable situation to which the members of the Bakhtin Circle were subjected amid attempts to (un)artistic legitimacy by the Russian state, researchers and intellectuals resisted and proposed to (re)think the aesthetic object (literary) as conceived by Stalin, whose primary proposal was the unification of the Russian language. Thus, this is not only language movements for the implementation of a linguistic system conception, but also a sociohistorical-cultural reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variable that runs through almost all Brazilian Portuguese dialects is the alternation between the pronouns 'tu' and 'você' to refer to the interlocutor, a phenomenon that has been addressed in by researchers from different theoretical perspectives, including Menon (2000), Corrêa (2002), Lorengian-Penkal (2004), Lucca (2005), Dias (2007), Lopes (2007) and Franceschini (2011). This paper aims at focusing on this alternation in the in the variety of Portuguese spoken in Rio Branco, Acre, with the specific purpose of examining whether this phenomenon is a case of true variation in which the selection of one of the variants may represent a mark of social identity by virtue of a possible assigning of prestige or stigma or whether, alternatively, it is a case of a truly functional choice in which both forms alternate to yield different discursive effects in terms of determining the reference to the second person. The investigation of 'tu' and 'você' departs from the database collected by the project Estudo da Fala Urbana de Rio Branco, which is composed of narratives of personal experience. This corpus was elicited and transcribed by researchers of the Grupo de Pesquisa Ecossistema Linguístico do Acre. The results point to an expressive predominance of 'você' in undetermined reference. When determined reference is at issue, the use of 'você' is preferred by informants with higher education level, and the use of 'tu' is preferred by informants with elementary and high school education level. This distribution clearly shows the assigning of a prestige value to the use of 'você'. Some cases of reported speech utterances were identified which represent a context potentially accessible to different role relationships between the interlocutors involved. In this context, choosing 'tu' or 'você' is motivated by the interaction situation: 'você' is used to indicate distance and formality and 'tu' is used to indicate familiarity and informality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At a time when women had a subordinate role, this author managed to assert herself in a traditionally male field, having published several works, especially in the context of grammatical studies. In this paper, it is our intention to remember some of the most important moments of this singular woman's life and to analyse the Primeiras noções de Gramática Historica da Língua Portuguesa, a publication destined for secondary schools, which was based on the official programme and approved by the Portuguese government to use in schools. In a context in which several historical grammars were published, Berta Valente de Almeida wrote this work with the objective of simplifying the complexity associated with the studies of the historical grammar of the Portuguese language. To carry out this investigation archivist, bibliographic and hemerographic sources have been consulted, in order to understand the context, the grammar and the author who deserves to be remembered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theme of this article is the relationship between art and journalism and the functions of both speeches in history's recording and discussing. Based on this, this paper aims to establish a parallel between the literary text 'O mez da grippe' (1981), by Valêncio Xavier, some news published in 2020 and the series 'Fantasmagoria' (2020), by José Rufino, in order to consolidate art and journalism as influential vehicles in the collective memory and narrative's formation related to two distinct epidemic contexts, in the 20th and 21st centuries. Thus, this study, with bibliographic and comparative character, is divided into two parts: in the first section, the Valêncio Xavier's literary production is analyzed to emphasize the multimodality between fiction and news and offer readers an overview of the Curitiba's flu epidemic, in 1918; and, in the second part, the visual art by José Rufino and some newspapers that describe and problematize the covid-19 pandemic are presented. In the theoretical aspect, this research is based on the postulates by Linda Hutcheon, Maurice Halbwachs, Antonio Olinto, Ernest Fischer, among others. As result, very similar data were obtained, in the narratives corresponding to the two epidemic contexts, which supports the conclusion that, despite the historical distance and some specificities between the 1918 and 2020 epidemics, similarities are preponderant, revealing that the broad scope of these historical facts is intrinsically associated with the multiple character of subjective perceptions, opposing, respectively, individual memory and collective memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the contemporaneity it is necessary to educate citizens with the capacity to communicate significantly so they can interact in a plurality of communicative situations, digital or not. Among so many demands, sometimes social, sometimes institutional, the literacy project is an opportunity for teachers and students to get closer to working with language in social use. This paper aims at sharing experiences of an organized literacy project in order to carry out a set of activities with reading and writing as social practices. It is an intervention proposal developed in a state school in the north of Mato Grosso State, with a 9th grade class. The problem situation arose from a fact narrated and debated informally by the students in the classroom regarding to vandalism at school. The theoretical basis has followed the perspective of a literacy project by Kleiman (2009) and Oliveira, Tinoco and Santos (2014), as well as the studies developed for Marcuschi (2004, 2008), Bortoni-Ricardo (2008), Rojo (2007, 2009), Rojo & Moura (2012), Dolz, Noverraz and Schneuwly (2004), among others. It has been looked for to reconcile study and dialogue, since in the literacy project students are also agents of their learning, reading and production, providing a reflective and collaborative space. The results show that the activities provided an advance in the students' writing skills, as well as in their argumentative competence. Through the interaction with digital technologies, they built knowledge in relation to the studied social phenomenon. They developed security and autonomy, and the most relevant, out of self-interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines some key places in G. Vico's work, De antiquissima Italorum sapientia ex linguae latinae originibus eruenda (1710), in which the distinction between physics and metaphysics is never transformed into absolute distance, just as the heterogeneity of the infinite with respect to the finite is not dissolved. This is the great theme of the new metaphysics, concerned with reconciling itself with 'our religion', Christianity, and the limits of human reason in controversy with 'the first true meditated by Renato Descartes'. Man is not only the meeting point of nature and spirit but also the place of evil, of original sin, and yet vis veri, according to Augustine's lesson that helps correct Malebranche. The theoretical novelty lies in the assimilation of the ingenious faculty to the formative forces (memory, imagination and fantasy) capable of carrying out synthetic operations, devalued by Cartesian gnoseology and psychology. If the verum is the factum, the latter is the fruit of 'fictiones', i.e. of mental constructions made by the ingenium and its 'eye', the 'phantasy', capable of referring the metaphysical prototype of the divine truth to human operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate how Anthony's Down issue-attention cycle, proposed in 1972, can contribute to the current debate regarding the tripartite politics-media-environment. In order to achieve the proposed objectives of articulating a revision of the issue attention cycle theory and of ascertaining the pertinence of the cycle with regard to the media attention given to ecological issues in this century, this paper unfolds in three parts, starting with the revision of the original work of Downs, followed by a national and international literature review, ending with a proposal for a rereading of the 'cycle'. In the end, it is hoped that this research will contribute to the consolidation of an environmental concern effectively policy, aimed at our common future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]