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Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is the most common Congenital Abnormalities of Kidney and Urinary Tract (CAKUT) in clinical practice. Its etiology and pathogenesis are still controversial and obstruction is a generally accepted causative assumption. Obstetric ultrasound is the gold standard for prenatal diagnosis and for the detection of other associated malformations. Prenatal management is based on ultrasound monitoring of pregnancy, of the disease, of the occurrence of other anomalies and of the amount of amniotic fluid. This study aims to report our experience in the Department of Gynecology-Obstetrics 2 at the University Hospital Hassan II-Fez in order to clarify the epidemiology of MCDK, highlight the role of obstetric ultrasound in positive and etiological diagnosis while describing the various sonographic appearances. It is essential to schedule for screening tests during pregnancy in order to assess the evolution of the disease diagnosed in the prenatal period, to implement a strategy in postpartum care and to establish a prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Cette revue iconographique se propose dans un premier temps de faire le point sur les grands principes de l’approche segmentaire des cardiopathies congénitales, son origine, ses définitions et ses objectifs en particulier. Dans un second temps, au travers d’illustrations échographiques nous envisagerons son application pratique en dépistage prénatal. Enfin, par des exemples iconographiques en échographie et en IRM, nous discuterons son utilisation potentielle en évaluation diagnostique fœtale. This pictorial essay will initially present the origin, definitions, objectives and main principles of the segmental approach to congenital heart diseases. Then, through ultrasound scans iconography we will consider its practical applications to prenatal screening. Eventually, through both ultrasound and MRI cases, we will discuss its potential use in fetal diagnostic evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectif Les anomalies du développement maxillofacial concernent 1 pour 700 naissances. Environ 30 % des diagnostics anténatals (fentes du palais primaire isolée associée ou non à une atteinte du palais secondaire) sont corrigés en postnatal. Cette étude observationnelle rétrospective a pour but d’analyser la corrélation entre le dépistage échographique et l’aspect postnatal dans le cadre des fentes toutes confondues, en comparant les données anté- et postnatales. Méthodes Tous les enfants nés entre le 1er décembre 2009 et le 31 janvier 2014 dans un centre de référence de diagnostic anténatal et présentant une fente du palais primaire et/ou secondaire ont été inclus. Les malformations associées à une fente ont été exclus. Une comparaison a été réalisée entre les données anténatales selon les comptes rendus d’échographie et celles postnatales décrites par le chirurgien maxillofacial lors de la chirurgie. Résultats Quarante-quatre enfants ont été inclus et 3 exclus en raison d’une anomalie associée. Parmi ces 41 enfants, 27 enfants ont bénéficié d’un dépistage. Le diagnostic échographique et clinique était identique pour 23 cas (85,2 %) et inexact pour 4 patientes (14,8 %). En cas d’atteinte du palais primaire un diagnostic anténatal a été réalisé pour 19 cas sur 21 (90,5 %), mais seulement 8 sur 20 si l’atteinte concernait uniquement le palais secondaire (42,1 %) dont 7 avec une séquence de Pierre-Robin. Discussion La sensibilité du dépistage anténatal des fentes du palais primaire et secondaire augmente ces dernières années avec un taux de 85,2 % dans notre série. Par contre, pour les fentes du palais secondaire seules, la caractérisation semble être plus difficile et l’échographie 3D n’améliore pas toujours la performance du dépistage. Conclusion L’échographie 2D semblerait suffisante pour le dépistage de la fente du palais primaire et secondaire. L’échographie 3D pourrait être utile pour une meilleure représentation de la fente pour les futurs parents. Un même langage concernant la classification des fentes, faciliteraient l’harmonisation des comptes rendus et une meilleure compréhension entre les professionnels. La présence du chirurgien maxillofacial en salle d’échographie, permettrait à l’échographiste d’orienter son échographie de façon précise, voire d’améliorer sa courbe d’apprentissage. Objectives Anomalies of the maxillofacial development concern 1 for 700 births. About 30 % of prenatal diagnoses of isolated primary cleft palate or associated with a cleft of secondary palate will be corrected in postnatal. This retrospective observational study was designed to compare the antenatal data and postnatal diagnosis regarding a series of clefts. Materials and methods All children born between 1 December 2009 and 31 January 2014 in a prenatal diagnostic reference center and having a cleft palate were included. Newborns with an abnormality associated with the cleft were excluded. A comparison was made between the data in the antenatal ultrasound reports and postnatal those described by the surgeon during surgery. Results Forty-four children were included and three infants were excluded due to associated anomalies. Of those 41 children, 27 children have been screened. Ultrasound and clinical diagnosis was the same for 23 cases (85.2 %) and inaccurate for 4 patients (14.8 %). In case of primary cleft palate prenatal diagnosis was performed to 19 cases of 21 (90.5 %), but only 8 of 20 if only secondary cleft palate (42.1 %) including 7 with a Pierre-Robin sequence. Discussion Antenatal screening sensitivity of primary and secondary cleft palate increase in recent years with a rate of 85.2 % in our series. By contrast, diagnosis of isolated secondary cleft palate seems to be more difficult and 3D ultrasound does not always improve screening performance. Conclusion Ultrasound 2D seem sufficient for screening of primary and secondary cleft palate. The 3D ultrasound may be useful for a better representation of the cleft for future parents. The same language concerning the classification of the clefts facilitates harmonization of reporting and understanding between professionals. The presence of the maxillofacial surgeon ultrasound room would allow the sonographer to direct its ultrasound accurately or improve its learning curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Objectifs: Répertorier les signes échographiques mis en évidence lors de la suspicion d’un placenta accreta. Les objectifs secondaires sont d’analyser la pertinence du diagnostic en échographie et en imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM), et de connaître les circonstances diagnostiques afin d’identifier une population à risque. Patientes et méthodes: Il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective monocentrique. Les cas de placentas accreta pris en charge au centre hospitalo-universitaire de Lille entre 2005 et 2010, suspectés en anténatal ou découverts per-partum, ont été recensés. Résultats: Vingt-sept patientes ont présenté un placenta accreta sur cette période. 22 cas étaient suspectés en anténatal, dont 21 confirmés à la naissance. Six cas étaient découverts per-partum. Le diagnostic était suspecté dans 41 % des cas suite à un épisode de métrorragies. Cent pourcent des patientes suivies au diagnostic anténatal avaient un utérus au moins unicicatriciel et un placenta antérieur inséré bas. Cinquante pourcent des patientes non dépistées avaient un placenta postérieur non inséré bas. Les signes échographiques les plus fréquents étaient ű lacune placentaire Ƈ (85,7 %), ű vascularisation anormale Ƈ (71,4 %), ű perte du liseré hypoéchogène du myomètre Ƈ (66,7 %), ű irrégularité de la paroi vésicale Ƈ (57,1 %). La sensibilité de l’échographie de dépistage est de 78 %. Vingt et une IRM, réalisées en deuxième intention confirmaient le diagnostic dans 66,7 % des cas. Discussion et conclusion: L’échographie est un examen pertinent pour le diagnostic de placenta accreta. Les placentas postérieurs, plus difficiles d’accès, ne doivent pas être négligés. Les placentas antérieurs praevia chez les patientes multipares ayant un utérus cicatriciel doivent requérir toute l’attention de l’examinateur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Coarctations of the aorta can be associated with severe neonatal consequences. Screening for and diagnosis of this prenatal malformation remain difficult. We review the various tools currently available to us, and their respective limits, to minimize the rate of false negatives and false positives associated with prenatal screening for this situation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of this study is to describe the diagnosis, the care and the prognosis of the fetuses with an antenataly diagnosed megacystis. Patients and methods: Six year retrospective study about 46 cases of megacystis (26 diagnosed during 1st trimester; 14 during 2nd trimester; 9 during 3rd trimester) referred in the prenatal fetal medicine unit of the Femme–Mère-Enfant hospital in Lyon (France). Results: The main aetiology is urethral occlusion, particularly for megacystis discovered during the 1st and the 2nd trimesters. Twenty-two terminations of pregnancy were performed (47.8%) and 6 pregnancies arrested spontaneously (13%). Eighteen children were born alive, but 2 died in neonatal period. Finally, 16 children survived (34.8%). Chromosomal abnormalities are frequent (22%). Discussion and conclusion: Antenatal discovery of a megacystis is a complex situation, and often of poor fetal prognosis. It requires a multidisciplinary approach to allow the concerned couple to be determined on the best care of this pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Evaluation of the fetus using prenatal ultrasound has resulted in increased detection of asymptomatic adnexal masses during pregnancy. Such masses are rarely malignant (1/10 000 to 1/50 000 pregnancies), but the possibility of borderline or cancer must be considered. It is a common assumption by both patients and physicians that if an ovarian cancer is diagnosed during pregnancy, treatment necessitates sacrificing the well-being of the fetus. However, in most cases, it is possible to offer appropriate treatment to the mother without placing the fetus at serious risk. The care of a pregnant woman with cancer involves evaluation of sometimes competing maternal and fetal risks and benefits. These recommendation approaches attempt to balance these risks and benefits; however, they should be considered advisory and should not replace specific interdisciplinary consultation with specialists in maternal-fetal medicine, gynecologic oncology, and pediatrics, as well as imaging and pathology, as needed. Second level ultrasound including Doppler is needed. MRI is not often necessary, and CA 125 is of low contribution. We suggest surgery be performed after 15 SA for ovarian masses which (1) persist into the second trimester, (2) are greater than 5 to 10 cm in diameter, or (3) have solid or mixed solid and cystic ultrasound characteristics. During antepartum surgical staging and debulking, homolateral salpingo-oophorectomy and peritoneal cytology and exploration are necessary. Women found to have advanced stage epithelial ovarian cancer should consider having completion of the debulking of the reproductive organs at the conclusion of the pregnancy. If chemotherapy is indicated, we recommend delaying administration, if possible, after the delivery or at least after 20 SA in order to minimize the potential fetal toxicity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The exploration of the foetal digestive tract is not systematized and the ends (thoracic oesophagus and anorectal area) are often excluded from the examination excluded from screening. Only the foetal digestive pathology of liquid expression (digestive obstruction, digestive duplication) is easily detected. The most frequent digestive pathologies (oesophagus atresia, anorectal malformation) are still very often a neonatal discovery. With echography or MRI, the antenatal analysis of the digestive tract is optimized by the acquisition of coronal (thoracic oesophagus, small intestine, and colon) and sagittal median cuts (rectal reference mark, sacral concavity). The interpretation of the echosignal of the contents of the digestive tract (liquid or meconial) takes into account the transition periods responsible for the physiological modifications in charge of the modification of images (24–26 WA and 29–30 WA). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Exponential improvements in imaging techniques over the last ten years, through patients’ and physicians’ wishes for less invasive fetal work-up, now allow us to better explore and understand fetal lung physiology during pregnancy. Diagnostic and prognostic consequences at stake are huge, especially for fetuses at risk of pulmonary hypoplasia. We will decline in three parts (normal lung, malformative lung and pulmonary hypoplasia), through a review of the literature and enlightened by our experience, the potentialities and limitations of all imaging modalities (Ultrasound, Doppler, 3D, MRI). Then, we will dwell on future leads and the need for large-scale collaborative studies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]