Search

The DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is a satellite-borne, calorimetric-type, high-energy-resolution detector for the precise measurement of high-energy electrons, gamma rays, and nuclei from deep space. The DAMPE electromagnetic calorimeter consists of bismuth germanate (BGO) crystals that can measure incident hadron energies from 50 GeV to 100 TeV. For an inorganic scintillator, such as BGO, the nonlinear fluorescence response when measuring ions contributes to the difference between the experimental data and Monte Carlo simulations. This article reports the BGO quenching nonlinearity occurring in the DAMPE experiment. The ionization energy response of BGO to several kinds of ions lighter than iron is investigated by conducting beam tests and analyzing flight data. We compare the scintillator output with the energy loss according to GEANT4 simulations and determine the quenching parameters. The combined result of beam test and flight experiment shows that the quenching effect strongly depends on the density of the ionization energy loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the goals and scientific tasks of the space experiment "High Energy Rays Observatory" (HERO) are established. The preliminary design of the scientific equipment is presented, the characteristic features of which are its high geometric factor (up to ∼20 m2 sr) and adequate energy measurement resolution (20–30% or better, depending on the type of components). The ionisation tungsten-scintillator calorimeter is used for energy measurement. The total calorimeter weight is equal to 12 tons. The technical characteristics of the equipment permit the direct study of cosmic rays in a wide energy range, including the unexplored region of 1015–1016 eV. The current status of the space experiment is discussed. Currently, the HERO project is in its pre-R&D phase. The launch of the satellite is planned for between 2025 and 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract An antihydrogen detector consisting of a thin BGO disk and a surrounding plastic scintillator hodoscope has been developed. We have characterized the two-dimensional positions sensitivity of the thin BGO disk and energy deposition into the BGO was calibrated using cosmic rays by comparing experimental data with Monte-Carlo simulations. The particle tracks were defined by connecting BGO hit positions and hits on the surrounding hodoscope scintillator bars. The event rate was investigated as a function of the angles between the tracks and the energy deposition in the BGO for simulated antiproton events, and for measured and simulated cosmic ray events. Identification of the antihydrogen Monte Carlo events was performed using the energy deposited in the BGO and the particle tracks. The cosmic ray background was limited to 12 mHz with a detection efficiency of 81%. The signal-to-noise ratio was improved from 0.22 s − 1 ∕ 2 obtained with the detector in 2012 to 0.26 s − 1 ∕ 2 in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particle detectors based on scintillation light are particularly well suited for precision timing applications with resolutions of a few 10’s of ps. The large primary signal and the initial rise time of the scintillation light result in very favorable signal-to-noise conditions with fast signals. In this paper we describe timing studies using a LYSO-based sampling calorimeter with wavelength-shifting capillary light extraction and silicon photomultipliers as photosensors. We study the contributions of various steps of the signal generation to the total time resolution, and demonstrate its feasibility as a radiation-hard technology for calorimeters at high intensity hadron colliders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct detection of high-energy cosmic rays up to the PeV region is one of the major challenges for the next generation of space-borne cosmic-ray detectors. The physics performance will be primarily determined by their geometrical acceptance and energy resolution. CaloCube is a homogeneous calorimeter whose geometry allows an almost isotropic response, so as to detect particles arriving from every direction in space, thus maximizing the acceptance. A comparative study of different scintillating materials and mechanical structures has been performed by means of Monte Carlo simulation. The scintillation-Cherenkov dual read-out technique has been also considered and its benefit evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SuperNEMO is a double- β decay experiment, which will employ the successful tracker–calorimeter technique used in the recently completed NEMO-3 experiment. SuperNEMO will implement 100 kg of double- β decay isotope, reaching a sensitivity to the neutrinoless double- β decay ( 0 ν β β ) half-life of the order of 1 0 26 yr, corresponding to a Majorana neutrino mass of 50–100 meV. One of the main goals and challenges of the SuperNEMO detector development programme has been to reach a calorimeter energy resolution, Δ E ∕ E , around 3 % ∕ E ( MeV ) σ , or 7 % ∕ E ( MeV ) FWHM (full width at half maximum), using a calorimeter composed of large volume plastic scintillator blocks coupled to photomultiplier tubes. We describe the R&D programme and the final design of the SuperNEMO calorimeter that has met this challenging goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work heavy bismuth-borate glasses were studied as host matrices of Dy 2 O 3 rare earth, for potential application as scintillator materials in high energy physics experiments and in general radiation detection systems. Glass matrices were prepared from 20BaO-xBi 2 O 3 -(80-x)B 2 O 3 (x = 20, 30, 40 mol%) ternary systems and synthesized by the melt-quenching method at different temperatures in order to obtain high density and high transparency in the UV/Vis range. Particularly, the glass manifesting the higher transparency and with sufficiently high density was doped with Dy 2 O 3 (2.5 and 5 mol%) in order to induce the luminescence characteristics. The effects of Bi 2 O 3 and Dy 2 O 3 on density, thermal behaviour, transmission as well as luminescence properties under UV excitation, were investigated. The experimental results show that the synthesized glasses can be considered promising candidate materials as dense scintillators, due to the Dy 3 + centres emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several future Higgs factories are planned for the precision Higgs physics to search for the new physics. The highly granular calorimeters play a crucial role on the precision Higgs measurement. The highly granular Sc-ECAL is based on a scintillator strip readout by a SiPM to realize the 5 mm × 5 mm cell size by aligning the strips orthogonally in x–y configuration. In order to demonstrate the performance of the Sc-ECAL and the scalability to the full-scale detector, the technological prototype has been developed with full 30 layers. The per-channel calibrations and performance demonstration are successfully done by the long-term commissioning tests with LED and cosmic-ray. This article describes the results of the commissioning tests where excellent performance of the prototype has been successfully demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Calorimeter of the Mu2e experiment is a complicated detector made of crystal scintillators with dedicated read-out electronics per crystals. The compactness of the Front-End Units matrix, the complexity of the necessary services, and the limited space available after detector installation in the experimental hall make access, manipulation and maintenance of the Front-End Units very hard. This paper reports on the conceptual mechanical design of a robotic arm composed of a gantry structure for x y z positioning on the desired Front-End Unit and equipped with custom-designed grippers to perform the necessary maintenance operations. This includes the optimization of the Front-End Units cables routing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MEG II experiment is searching for new physics beyond the SM (e.g. SUSY-GUT, SUSY-seesaw) through the lepton flavor violating μ + → e + γ decay with ten times better sensitivity than the MEG experiment. The MEG collaboration published the result of B (μ + → e + γ) < 4. 2 × 1 0 − 13 at 90% C.L. in 2016, which was thirty times better result than the previous limit. As the sensitivity of the MEG experiment was already limited by the accidental background, the MEG detector had to be upgraded to reach one order of magnitude better sensitivity. The MEG experiment utilized 846 2 inch PMTs to detect scintillation light in a 900 l liquid xenon γ calorimeter. In the MEG II experiment, 216 2 inch PMTs on the γ incident face were replaced with 4092 MPPCs (SiPMs produced by Hamamatsu) to improve the energy and position resolutions. We started the detector commissioning with the full electronics readout channels for the first time in 2021, and soon after, we started the physics data taking. Here the LXe detector status including initial photon sensor calibration and performance will be summarized together with the expected detector performance. The PDE decrease of the SiPM observed in the high rate muon beam environment and our possible remedy will also be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe an algorithm which has been developed to extract fine granularity information from an electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) with strip-based readout. Such a calorimeter, based on scintillator strips, is being developed to apply particle flow reconstruction to future experiments in high energy physics. The application of this algorithm to 100 GeV hadronic jets in an ECAL with 45×5 mm 2 transverse segmentation improves the energy resolution from 3.6% to 3.0%, to be compared to the resolution of 2.9% achieved by an ECAL with 5×5 mm 2 segmentation. The performance can be further improved by the use of 10×10 mm 2 tile-shaped layers interspersed between strip layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large area Silicon PhotoMultipliers (SiPMs) are the new frontier of the development of readout systems for scintillating detectors. A SiPM consists of a matrix of parallel-connected silicon micropixels operating in limited Geiger–Muller avalanche mode, and thus working as independent photon counters with a very high gain (~10 6 ). This contribution presents the performance in terms of linearity and energy resolution of an electromagnetic homogeneous calorimeter composed of 9 ~ 18 X 0 LYSO crystals. The crystals were readout by 36 4×4 mm 2 SiPMs (4 for each crystal) produced by FBK-irst. This calorimeter was tested at the Beam Test Facility at the INFN laboratories in Frascati with a single- and multi-particle electron beam in the 100–500 MeV energy range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report an investigation on pure and doped PbFCl crystals. Optical and scintillation properties, such as emission and transmittance spectra, light output and decay kinetics, were measured at different temperatures. Three emission bands at 2.27, 2.85 and 3.39 eV are observed at 77 K. Thermal quenching effect is also observed. While a scintillation component peaked at 400 nm with 3 ns decay time is observed in all PbFCl samples, a secondary emission at 550 nm with 360 ns decay time is found in the K doped PbFCl samples. The origins of three emission bands and further development of PbFCl for the HHCAL detector concept are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: The Electron-Muon Ranger (EMR) is a totally active scintillator detector to be installed in the muon beam of the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) [1] – the main R&D project for the future neutrino factory. It is aimed at measuring the properties of the low energy beam composed of muons, electrons and pions, performing the identification particle by particle. The EMR is made of 48 stacked layers alternately measuring the X- and the Y-coordinate. Each layer consists of 59 triangular scintillator bars. It is shown that the granularity of the detector permits to identify tracks and to measure particle ranges and shower shapes. The read-out is based on FPGA custom made electronics and commercially available modules. Currently it is being built at the University of Geneva. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We report on the response to a proton beam of scintillator tiles directly coupled at the face of the tile to multi-pixel photon counters. Detailed measurements with protons show that flat tiles have high response near the photon counters while concave tiles have uniform response suggesting that tiles with this versatile configuration can be tailored to a desired uniformity. The beam response is in qualitative agreement with the response to a non-triggered radioactive source and reveals additional spatial features. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The ATLAS Tile Calorimeter is a sampling detector composed by cells made of iron-scintillator tiles. The calorimeter cell signals are digitized in the front-end electronics and transmitted to the Read-Out Drivers (RODs) at the first level trigger rate. The ROD receives triggered data from up to 9856 channels and provides the energy, phase and quality factor of the signals to the second level trigger. The back-end electronics is divided into four partitions containing eight RODs each. Therefore, a total of 32 RODs are used to process and transmit the data of the TileCal detector. In order to emulate the detector signals in the production and commissioning of ROD modules a board called ROD Injector and Multiplexer Board (RIMBO) was designed. In this paper, the RIMBO main functional blocks, PCB design and the different operation modes are described. It is described the crucial role of the board within the TileCal ROD test-bench in order to emulate the front-end electronics during the validation of ROD boards as well as during the evaluation of the ROD signal reconstruction algorithms. Finally, qualification and performance results for the injection operation mode obtained during the Tile Calorimeter ROD production tests are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The calorimeter system of the LHCb experiment consists of a scintillator layer (SPD), a preshower detector (PS), an electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) and a hadronic calorimeter (HCAL), and allows to trigger on hadron, electron and photon candidates. The time synchronization of the four sub-detectors studied with cosmic rays, LHC beam injection tests and LHC proton proton collisions is presented. Energy calibration methods for each subsystem are discussed as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We present a novel geometry of scintillator tiles developed for fiberless coupling to silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) for applications in highly granular calorimeters. A high degree of uniformity of the tile response over the full active area was achieved by a drilled slit at the coupling position of the photon sensor with 2, 4 and 5.5mm in height, width and depth. Detailed measurements of the response to penetrating electrons were performed for tiles with a lateral size of 3×3cm2 and thicknesses of 5 and 3mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies with different Large Area Avalanche Photo-Diodes (LAAPDs) coupled to ad-hoc bi-frustum shaped CsI(Tl) crystals have been carried out as a part of the R&D program for the CALIFA R³B/FAIR calorimeter. CALIFA, which is designed for the detection of light charged particles and gamma-rays in a wide energetic domain, has very stringent requirements. We report in this work our studies on the energy resolution for gamma-rays using LAAPDs as photosensors. One of the factors affecting the energy resolution is the matching between the APD active area and the crystal exit face. We present in this paper a procedure for characterizing APDs based on the measurement of their contribution to the energy resolution. The results obtained are very promising and suggest that a solution based on CsI(Tl) crystals coupled to LAAPDs could be suitable for, at least, part of the CALIFA calorimeter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The response of pions and protons in the energy range of 20–180GeV, produced at CERN''s SPS H8 test-beam line in the ATLAS iron–scintillator Tile hadron calorimeter, has been measured. The test-beam configuration allowed the measurement of the longitudinal shower development for pions and protons up to 20 nuclear interaction lengths. It was found that pions penetrate deeper in the calorimeter than protons. However, protons induce showers that are wider laterally to the direction of the impinging particle. Including the measured total energy response, the pion-to-proton energy ratio and the resolution, all observations are consistent with a higher electromagnetic energy fraction in pion-induced showers. The data are compared with GEANT4 simulations using several hadronic physics lists. The measured longitudinal shower profiles are described by an analytical shower parametrization within an accuracy of 5–10%. The amount of energy leaking out behind the calorimeter is determined and parametrized as a function of the beam energy and the calorimeter depth. This allows for a leakage correction of test-beam results in the standard projective geometry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A sampling calorimeter using cerium fluoride scintillating crystals as active material, interleaved with absorber plates made of tungsten, and read out by wavelength-shifting fibres has been tested with high-energy electron beams at the CERN SPS H4 beam line, as well as with lower-energy beams at the INFN Frascati Beam Test Facility in Italy. Energy resolution studies revealed a low stochastic term ( < 10 % / E ) . This result, combined with high radiation hardness of the material used, marks this sampling calorimeter as a good candidate for the detectors׳ forward regions during the high luminosity phase of LHC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A small-scale prototype of the CALIFA calorimeter, which is a subsystem of the detector, has been constructed and tested using the 179MeV proton beam at The Svedberg Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden. The prototype consists of 15 CsI(Tl) elements with a size of , assembled in a array. Each crystal was individually tested using sources and the light output uniformity along the longitudinal axes was adjusted to better than 0.6%. An energy resolution of has been achieved with a technique consisting of non-uniform polishing/lapping of the crystal side facets. The performance of the prototype is evaluated using experimental data and GEANT4 simulations. Results from the experiment, including multiplicity and sum spectra, show good agreement with simulations. The quality requirements for CsI(Tl) elements for construction of a high precision calorimeter/spectrometer are summarized. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The performance of a high granular analogue hadronic calorimeter (AHCAL) using scintillator tiles with built-in Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) readout is reported. A muon beam is used for the minimum ionizing particle (MIP) based calibration of the single cells. The calibration chain including corrections for the non-linearity of the SiPM is presented. The voltage and temperature dependencies of the SiPM signal have been investigated using the versatile LED system of the AHCAL. Monitoring and correction methods are discussed. Measurements from the operation 2006 and 2007 at the CERN SPS test beam and data provided by the Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP) in Moscow are compared. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We present results on the direct, i.e. fiberless coupling of scintillator tiles to Multi-pixel Photon Counters (MPPC). The fiberless option has the potential of simplifying the assembly and construction of a finely segmented scintillator-based calorimeter with MPPC readout. In this paper we show detailed studies on the response and uniformity of directly coupled tiles and describe our concept for an integrated readout layer (IRL). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A prototype sampling electromagnetic calorimeter (17.1 radiation lengths) for future linear collider experiments was built, using plastic scintillator tiles and 4mm-thick lead absorber. Wavelength-shifting fibers were used to guide the scintillation light into multi-anode photo-multiplier tubes. The calorimeter was tested at the beam test facility of the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) in 2004. In this article we present our beam test results for the tile/fiber calorimeter focusing on the linearity in energy response, the energy resolution, position resolution and uniformity across the tile front face. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The WASA multidetector system, aimed at investigating light meson production in light ion collisions and meson rare decays at the CELSIUS storage ring in Uppsala is presented. A unique feature of the system is the use of hydrogen pellets as internal targets for the first time. A detailed description of the design, together with the anticipated and achieved performance parameters are given. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

First experience with construction and positron beam tests of a scintillator tile hadron calorimeter are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of the CMS hadron calorimeter is studied using test beam facilities at CERN. Two wedges of brass-scintillator calorimeter are exposed to negative and positive beams with momenta between 3 and 300 GeV/c. Light produced in the scintillators are collected using wavelength shifting fibres and read out using hybrid photodiodes. Each of the wedges has 17 layers of scintillators. In one of these wedges signal from all 17 layers are grouped together while in the other each layer is read out separately. The response, energy resolution, longitudinal and lateral shower profiles are measured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new sampling calorimeter using very thin scintillators and the multi-pixel photon counter (MPPC) has been proposed to produce better position resolution for the international linear collider (ILC) experiment. As part of this R&D study, small plastic scintillators of different sizes, thickness and wrapping reflectors are systematically studied. The scintillation light due to beta rays from a collimated 90Sr source are collected from the scintillator by wavelength-shifting (WLS) fiber and converted into electrical signals at the PMT. The wrapped scintillator that gives the best light yield is determined by comparing the measured pulse height of each 10 x 40 x 2 mm strip scintillator covered with 3M reflective mirror film, teflon, white paint, black tape, gold, aluminum and white paint+teflon. The pulse height dependence on position, length and thickness of the 3M reflective mirror film and teflon wrapped scintillators are measured. Results show that the 3M radiant mirror film-wrapped scintillator has the greatest light yield with an average of 9.2 photoelectrons. It is observed that light yield slightly increases with scintillator length, but increases to about 100% when WLS fiber diameter is increased from 1.0 mm to 1.6 mm. The position dependence measurement along the strip scintillator showed the uniformity of light transmission from the sensor to the PMT. A dip across the strip is observed which is 40% of the maximum pulse height. The block type scintillator pulse height, on the other hand, is found to be almost proportional to scintillator thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The baseline design of the GLD calorimeter is scintillator-strip arrays interleaved with absorber plates. We present preliminary performance studies of the hit clustering with this calorimeter using a simulator. Also, simulation results of a `digital' calorimeter, which is an option of the GLD calorimeter, are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: For the future linear collider calorimetry, fine-granularity is indispensable for energy measurements based on particle flow algorithm, which could achieve better energy resolution for jets than the conventional method. To explore the possibility for such a calorimeter using scintillator, an electromagnetic calorimeter test module, made of scintillator-strips and lead plates, was constructed and tested with test beams. Performance of the test module is presented in this article, in terms of the shower profile studies as well as energy and spatial measurements. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The trigger system of the COMPASS experiment at the CERN polarized muon beam is presented. It detects muon scattering events on (polarized) nucleons with a relative energy loss exceeding a selectable value independent of the four-momentum transfer. The requirement of a minimum energy deposit in a hadron calorimeter rejects background events like scattering on electrons, elastic and quasi-elastic radiative events as well as events from beam halo tracks. The trigger system which can be considered as a tagger for quasi-real photon events is now, along with larger trigger hodoscope system for deep inelastic scattering events, in regular use for the measurement of the gluon polarisation . [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Over 2000 photomultiplier tubes have been selected as the readout device of the upgrade CDF Endplug calorimeter, a scintillator tile sampling calorimeter with wave-shifter fiber readout. The specifications were set on various properties of the tubes for the electromagnetic and hadronic compartments and a series of rigorous tests were made on 2216 Hamamatsu R4125, 10-stage 19 mm diameter tubes with green-extended bialkali photocathode. On all of the test items, the distributions of the data were well clustered with minor tails, and the original specifications based on a small ensemble were well suited for rejecting the tails of the distributions. After rejecting 5.4% of the total, 960 tubes for electromagnetic and 864 tubes for hadronic compartments were allocated to projective towers based on their linear dynamic ranges. Tubes with greater linear ranges were assigned to larger pseudo-rapidity channels where greater single-tower energy deposits were expected. This paper describes how we selected the phototubes for our calorimeter and presents the results of the study we made. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The CsI(Tl) Detector Element (CDE) is the unit of detection of the calorimeter subsystem of the Large Area Telescope (LAT) of the GLAST satellite (IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, 2002), which will be launched in September 2006. The LAT consists of 4×4 identical towers, each one including a strip silicon tracker on the top and a CsI(Tl) calorimeter on the bottom. A segmented plastic scintillator anticoincidence detector surrounds the 16 towers. The calorimeter modules, 8 layers of 12 CDEs each, have a hodoscope''s shape to allow the measurement of the gamma-ray direction.The CDE main characteristics are its Light Yield, the energy resolution and the tapering, ratio of left/right signals used for the determination of the crossing position of the particle in the crystal.The CDE have to operate in space at about −10°C. We will describe the CDE, the optimization of its main parameter, the L.Y., and finally its variation with temperature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We have measured performance of a lead/plastic scintillator sampling calorimeter in two separate beam tests at low (1–4 GeV) and high (10–200 GeV) energies. The calorimeter is composed of 8-mm-thick lead plates and 2-mm-thick plastic scintillator plates for hardware compensation, where responses to electromagnetic and hadronic showers of the same energy are identical. We find the linearity to be better than 1% in the energy range between 2 and 150 GeV for both pions and electrons. The energy resolutions are obtained to be (46.7±0.6)%/√ of E⊕(0.9±0.9)% for pions, where the energy E is given in GeV. The response ratio of electromagnetic showers to hadronic showers is measured to be 1.04±0.01 at low energies, and 0.99±0.01 at high energies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Scintillator Pad Detector (SPD) of the LHCb experiment is part of the calorimeter system, positioned just before the preshower (PS), and is meant to separate photons and electrons at level 0 of the trigger. A tagged-photon test beam allowed to test in photon signals the SPD. These signals are mainly due to pair production inside the scintillator and to particles generated in the electromagnetic shower in the PS and in the electromagnetic calorimeter (backsplash). The observed results in a test beam experiment stress the low inefficiencies in e/γ separation arising from backsplash. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The scintillator tiles with direct readout by silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) have been studied. The SiPM is placed inside the dimple machined in the center of the big face of 30×30×3 mm 3 tile. The different dimple geometries were studied. The tiles with the optimal dimple design show the uniformity of response comparable to the tiles with fiber readout. The direct-readout approach provides a reasonable way for the construction of supermultichannel calorimeters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Performance parameters of a composite detection module of Spaghetti type Calorimeter (SPACAL), which is considered for the inner part of the future LHCb Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) in Upgrade Phase 2, are simulated using GEANT4 software supported by analytical calculations. The accuracy of the timestamp is estimated in both the front and back sections of the composite detector, whereas the energy resolution is estimated for the total signal from the front and back sections of the detector. The rise time of the scintillation response used in the calculations is reconstructed using the results of the coincidence time resolution measurements with annihilation γ -quanta. The time and energy resolutions with PMT readout are compared for Ce-doped garnet- and oxyorthosilicate-type single crystal scintillators without codoping and codoped with aliovalent impurities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Development of particle-identification (PID) method between neutrons and photons by a back-anti counter (BA) is a key issue to reduce a signal-acceptance loss in the KEK-E391a experiment. For this purpose, we have upgraded the BA by replacing lead/plastic-scintillator sandwiches with segmented PbWO4 crystals. The PID method has been evaluated by using test-beam data of protons and positrons and Monte-Carlo simulations, and applied for neutrons and photons. In this paper, we report on the performance of the PID using shower-shape differences in the BA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Control over the mirror reflectivity of scintillator surfaces which is exerted due to imparting a special kind of roughness on crystal surfaces is one of the most technologically relevant, and thus commonly applied techniques of the assigned light output distribution in the detectors. As regards long-sample detectors (the ratio of crystal height to its transverse cross-section varies from 6 to 12), the use of this technique does not guarantee the stable light yield distribution on account of, firstly, the difference in activator concentration over the extent of long sample and, secondly, the local gradient in the activator concentration. This work studies such factors against the example of CsI(Tl) detectors that influence the choice of the effective mirror reflectivity of crystal surfaces. Established were such optimum values of the activator concentration and maximum admissible gradients of Tl ions concentration at which the uniform treatment of the surface guarantees the homogeneity of the light yield within ±0.5%, the sample-to-sample spread not exceeding ±2.5%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The challenges for new calorimetry for incoming experiments at the intensity frontier is to provide detectors with ultra-precise time resolution and supreme energy resolution. Two very promising materials on the market are BrilLanCe (Cerium doped Lanthanum Bromide LaBr 3 (Ce)) and LYSO (Lutetium Yttrium OxyorthoSilicate, Lu 2 (1 − x) Y 2 x SiO 5 (Ce)), supported by recent developments aiming at providing relatively large crystals. The response of LaBr 3 (Ce) and LYSO prototypes fired with gammas at an energy of 55 MeV have been studied. Very promising results were obtained. For the newly available (radius R = 4.45 cm, length L = 20.32 cm) LaBr 3 (Ce) crystal an energy resolution of σ E ∕ E ≈ 2.36(8) % and a timing resolution of σ t = 35(1) ps have been predicted. The energy resolution can be further improved by using larger crystals (either R = 6.35 cm or R = 7.62 cm, L = 20.32 cm) approaching respectively a σ E ∕ E = 1.20(3) % or a σ E ∕ E = 0.91(1) %. Due to the shorter radiation length X 0 and smaller Molière radius (R M) a LYSO crystal of the available size (radius R = 3.5 cm, L = 16 cm) performs better in terms of energy deposit compared to the currently available larger crystal made of LaBr3(Ce). An energy resolution of σ E ∕ E = 1.48(4) % can be obtained, further improved by using bigger crystals (R = 6.5 cm, L = 25 cm) to σ E ∕ E = 0.74(1) %. A timing resolution less performing than the LaBr 3 (Ce) but better than any nowadays available calorimeter working at this energy can be achieved and is expected to be σ t = 49(1) ps. Such results put these materials coupled to silicon photomultipliers at the detector forefront for future high energy calorimetry at the intensity frontier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electromagnetic calorimeter of the Belle II detector and its performance in the first SuperKEKB run during 2018 are described. It is a high-granularity calorimeter based on 8736 CsI(Tl) scintillating crystals. The scintillation light is detected by PIN photodiodes. Each calorimeter electronics readout channel includes a charge sensitive preamplifier attached to the crystal and a 2 MHz flash ADC followed by a wave form analysis (WFA) realized in FPGA which provides both amplitude and time reconstruction. Usage of the WFA reduces a contribution of the pile-up noise. High time resolution provides the beam background suppression. In the Belle II experiment the calorimeter is used for particle energy measurement, particle identification as well as for the collider luminosity measurement, it also contributes to the first-level trigger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CMS experiment at CERN will undergo significant improvements during the Phase-II Upgrade to operate with a 10-fold increase in luminosity and the associated event pileup of the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). The forward calorimetry will be exposed to very high radiation levels and the CMS collaboration is designing a new calorimeter, the High Granularity Calorimeter (CE), to replace the existing endcap calorimeters. It will have higher transverse and longitudinal segmentation for both electromagnetic (CE-E) and hadronic (CE-H) sections to facilitate particle-flow reconstruction. The fine structure of showers can be measured and used to enhance particle identification, whilst still achieving good energy resolution. The CE-E, and a large fraction of CE-H, will be based on hexagonal silicon sensors produced from 8-inch wafers, each with several hundreds of individual cells of 0.5 – 1 cm2 cell size. The remainder of the CE-H will be based on highly-segmented scintillators read out with SiPMs. The overview of the CE project presented in this paper is focused on the silicon sensors covering motivation, engineering design, expected performance and the current status of prototypes, from lab measurements to beam tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two MiniPlug calorimeters, designed to measure the energy and lateral position of particles in the pseudorapidity region of 3.6<|η|<5.1 of the CDF detector, have been installed as part of the Run II CDF upgrade at the Tevatron collider. Detector performance and first results from p¯p collision data are presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Neutrino cross-section measurements are an essential requirement for the next generation of neutrino oscillation experiments and they are presently limited by uncertainties on neutrino fluxes. In [1] we propose to instrument a neutrino decay tunnel to detect large angle positrons and tag the three-body semileptonic K + → e + π 0 ν e decays. In such a facility the absolute electron neutrino flux could be determined with unprecedented precision (O(1%)). An e + /π + separation capability of about 2% as well as a high e + efficiency is required for a diffuse particle source over a length of several tens of meters. Additional constraints, due to the harsh beam environment, involve radiation hardness and fast response. For this purpose we propose a specialized shashlik calorimeter (copper-scintillator) with a compact readout based on small-area Silicon PhotoMultipliers coupled to WLS fibers. The setup would allow an effective longitudinal segmentation for electron/hadron separation, reducing the dead zones introduced by fiber bundling. Detailed Monte Carlo simulations are in progress. The construction of a small prototype and exposures to pion and electron beams are foreseen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]