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Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) is successfully performed in water in the presence of a poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) macromolecular chain transfer agent (macroCTA) leading to the formation of self‐stabilized PMAA‐b‐PMMA amphiphilic block copolymer particles. At pH 3.7, the reactions are well‐controlled with narrow molar mass distributions. Increasing the initial pH, particularly above 5.6, results in a partial loss of reactivity of the PMAA macroCTA. The effect of the degree of polymerization (DPn) of the PMMA block, the solids content, the nature of the hydrophobic segment, and the pH on the morphology of the obtained diblock copolymer particles is then investigated. Worm‐like micelles are formed for a DPn of PMMA of 20 (PMMA20), while "onion‐like" particles and spherical vesicles are obtained for PMMA30 and PMMA50, respectively. In contrast, spherical particles are obtained for the DPns higher than 150. This unusual evolution of particle morphologies upon increasing the DPn of the PMMA block seems to be related to hydrogen bonds between hydrophilic MAA and hydrophobic MMA units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Localized chemotherapy is emerging as a potential strategy for cancer treatment due to its low systemic toxicity. However, the immune evasion of tumor cells and the lack of an intelligent design of the delivery system limit its clinical application. Herein, photothermal responsive microcarriers are designed by microfluidic electrospray for colorectal tumor treatment. The microcarriers loaded with Cangrelor, 5‐FU and MXene (G‐M@F/C+NIR) show sustained delivery of antiplatelet drug Cangrelor, thus inhibiting the activity of platelets, interactions of platelet‐tumor cell, as well as the tumor cells invasion and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). In addition, the sustained delivery of chemotherapeutics 5‐FU and the photothermal effect provided by MXene enable the microcarriers to inhibit tumor cells proliferation and migration. In vivo studies validate that the G‐M@F/C+NIR microcarriers significantly inhibites tumor growth, decreased the expression of Ki‐67 in tumor cells and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the tumor microenvironment, while increased the expression of E‐cadherin. It is believe that by means of the proposed photothermal responsive microcarriers, the synergistic strategy of platelet inhibition, chemotherapy, and photothermal therapy can find practical applications in cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of the packing material under an alternating electric field are an important factor in the removal of FCCS particles. In this study, the electric field distribution of a separation unit consisting of packed spheres under an alternating electric field is simulated, and the movement mechanism of catalyst particles is analysed. An "effective contact point" model is derived to predict the adsorption of filler contact points on catalyst particles under the alternating electric field, and the model is validated by simulations and experiments. The numerical calculation and experimental results indicate that the electrical properties of the filler spheres, the filler angle q, and the frequency f of the alternating electric field affect the adsorption of catalyst particles. As the frequency of the electric field increases, the particle removal efficiency of the high-conductivity filler (silicon carbide) increases and then settles, and the separation efficiency of the low-conductivity filler (glass, zirconia) is not sensitive to the change in electric field frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mist chemical vapor deposition (mist‐CVD) is expected to be a potentially low‐environment‐impact and low‐cost crystal growth technique. With mist‐CVD, soluble materials are usually selected as raw materials, and mist is usually generated from an aqueous solution including raw materials. However, any substances to be included in the mist can be potentially supplied as raw materials. Namely, there is no need for the substances to be dissolved in some solvent. Therefore, as a trial, it is demonstrated that mist including poorly soluble particles are used as raw materials for mist‐CVD crystal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oncologic surgical resection is the standard of care for extremity and truncal soft tissue sarcoma (STS), often accompanied by the addition of pre- or postoperative radiation therapy (RT). Preoperative RT may decrease the risk of joint stiffness and fibrosis at the cost of higher rates of wound complications. Hypofractionated, preoperative RT has been shown to provide acceptable outcomes in prospective trials. Proton beam therapy (PBT) provides the means to decrease dose to surrounding organs at risk, such as the skin, bone, soft tissues, and adjacent joint(s), and has not yet been studied in patients with extremity and truncal sarcoma. Methods: Our study titled "PROspective phase II trial of preoperative hypofractionated protoN therapy for extremity and Truncal soft tissue sarcOma (PRONTO)" is a non-randomized, prospective phase II trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of preoperative, hypofractionated PBT for patients with STS of the extremity and trunk planned for surgical resection. Adult patients with Eastern Cooperative Group Performance Status ≤ 2 with resectable extremity and truncal STS will be included, with the aim to accrue 40 patients. Treatment will consist of 30 Gy radiobiological equivalent of PBT in 5 fractions delivered every other day, followed by surgical resection 2–12 weeks later. The primary outcome is rate of major wound complications as defined according to the National Cancer Institute of Canada Sarcoma2 (NCIC-SR2) Multicenter Trial. Secondary objectives include rate of late grade ≥ 2 toxicity, local recurrence-free survival and distant metastasis-free survival at 1- and 2-years, functional outcomes, quality of life, and pathologic response. Discussion: PRONTO represents the first trial evaluating the use of hypofractionated PBT for STS. We aim to prove the safety and efficacy of this approach and to compare our results to historical outcomes established by previous trials. Given the low number of proton centers and limited availability, the short course of PBT may provide the opportunity to treat patients who would otherwise be limited when treating with daily RT over several weeks. We hope that this trial will lead to increased referral patterns, offer benefits towards patient convenience and clinic workflow efficiency, and provide evidence supporting the use of PBT in this setting. Trial registration: NCT05917301 (registered 23/6/2023). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary goal of this article is to present recent developments in erosion research and associated particles in centrifugal slurry pumps. Solid particles in transported liquid cause severe erosion of components in centrifugal pumps causing poor performance and reduced lifespan. Erosion necessitates frequent repairs and maintenance replacements, resulting in significant financial losses. This article summarizes the effect of slurry erosion on the performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps handling different fluid and solid mixtures, as well as methods to reduce erosion. According to the majority of the literature, particle properties, pump geometry, and operating parameters have a paramount influence on pump characteristics. Recently, researchers attempted to improve the performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps by employing various flow visualization techniques, which also aid in understanding the solid particle interaction with various pump components. Therefore, recent advancements in flow visualization technology inside the centrifugal pump are also included. Further, specific studies on erosion in centrifugal slurry pumps from different industries are also provided. This study is beneficial to designers, process managers and researchers involved with slurry centrifugal pumps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in synthesizing functional materials from natural compounds has increased recently. For this reason, compound particles attract attention due to their multifunctional properties. Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Okra) is a vegetable species belonging to the Hibiscus family, widely used for its edible unripe fruit. This study synthesized the particle from the Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra) extract (Oe) by emulsion polymerization. In this synthesis, ammonium persulfate (APS, initiator) to form free radicals at the Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra) extract (Oe) and ethylene glycol di methacrylate to cross-link the formed radicals were used. The synthesized poly(Okra) ((p(O)) particles structure Field emission scanning and Fourier transform infrared and biological activities (biocompatible, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging) were characterized. The p(O) particle showed good antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. It has been measured to have high antioxidant and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity with p(O) particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The objective was to investigate self-reported hand eczema, and skin complaints at other skin locations among workers exposed to particulate matter, especially ultrafine particles. Method: We conducted a cross-sectional study on workers from one ferro-silicon smelter plant, eight chimney sweeper stations and one firefighter station across Norway. Participants answered an extended version of the Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire (NOSQ-2022), with additional questions about whole-body skin complaints and visible dust deposition. Results are presented as descriptive data using firefighters as reference group. Odds ratio (OR) was calculated using logistic regression on lifetime prevalence of hand eczema adjusted for potential confounders and mediators. P-values were calculated using likelihood ratio test against the crude OR. Results: A total of 186 participants answered the questionnaire: 74 chimney sweepers, 52 firefighters and 60 smelter workers. Participation rate was 95.0, 94.5 and 63.6%, respectively. Lifetime prevalence of hand eczema was 9.5, 9.6, and 28.3%, respectively. The point prevalence of hand eczema was 1.4, 1.9 and 10.0%, respectively. We estimated OR for lifetime hand eczema in smelter workers to 4.36 [95% CI: 1.31–14.43, p = 0.016] and for lifetime skin complaints in other locations to 2.25 [95% CI: 0.98–5.18, p = 0.058]. The lifetime prevalence of skin complaints at other locations was 18.9, 23.1 and 40.0%, respectively. The point prevalence was 14.9, 9.6 and 16.7%, respectively. These estimates were not statistically significant but indicates that smelter workers have more skin complaints also at other locations. Conclusion: This study reports a more than four-fold increased risk of hand eczema in smelter workers, and possibly a higher risk of skin complaints in other body locations, compared to the other occupations. Longitudinal studies with larger population are needed to verify the marked increased risk of eczema among smelters and establish causation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanomaterials are unique with excellent functionality and diverse structures. However, agglomerated structures are commonly formed because of small‐size effects and surface effects. Their hierarchical assembly into micro particles enables carbon nanomaterials to break the boundaries of classical Geldart particle classification before stable fluidization under gas‐solid interactions. Currently, there are few systematic reports regarding the structural evolution and fluidization mechanism of carbon nano agglomerations. Based on existing research on carbon nanomaterials, this article reviews the fluidized structure control and fluidization principles of prototypical carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as well as their nanocomposites. The controlled agglomerate fluidization technology leads to the successful mass production of agglomerated and aligned CNTs. In addition, the self‐similar agglomeration of individual ultralong CNTs and nanocomposites with silicon as model systems further exemplify the important role of surface structure and particle‐fluid interactions. These emerging nano agglomerations have endowed classical fluidization technology with more innovations in advanced applications like energy storage, biomedical, and electronics. This review aims to provide insights into the connections between fluidization and carbon nanomaterials by highlighting their hierarchical structural evolution and the principle of agglomerated fluidization, expecting to showcase the vitality and connotation of fluidization science and technology in the new era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On June 24, 2017, a catastrophic landslide destroyed the village of Xinmo (Maoxian County, Sichuan, China). A 2.87 × 106 m3 rock mass in source area collapsed and entrained the surface soil layer along the run-out path. This disaster took eighty-three people's lives and destroyed more than 103 houses. It is worth noting that rock fragmentation and grinding could expand the spreading area of danger zone in a landslide event. The Xinmo landslide provided a rare opportunity to infer the dynamic fragmentation and grinding of rock masses from the particle size and shape distribution in the entrainment and deposition area. A field investigation combined with an automatic image analysis system was conducted to study the characteristics of particle size and shape distribution along the debris channel. The image analysis of these field data showed that the median size (D50) of particles ranged from 0.41 to 27.71 m in the landslide area. Particle fractal dimension (D) obtained from the Number-size distribution ranged from 1.77 to 2.97 over the entire study area. Moreover, the evolution of D50 and D along the run-out path confirmed that the degree of cumulative rock fragmentation increased as the travel distance increased. Additionally, the particle roundness (R) ranged from 0.51 to 0.88 along the run-out path, which peaked twice during the motion of granular flow, once was in the entrainment area, and another was in the end of the deposition area. Rock scraping occurred in the entrainment area could increase the degree of rock grinding, and reshape coarse stones into smooth particles of large R values (larger roundness of particles could lead to longer spreading distance in a landslide event, due to the lower internal friction among particles). Based on analysis above, the rock scraping phenomena occurred between the source materials and entrainment materials were confirmed to influence the translation and spread of granular flows in landslides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of new and used catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) with different catalyst loadings on the particulate emissions including the particle mass (PM), particle number (PN), particle size distribution (PSD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) from a diesel vehicle were investigated based on a heavy chassis dynamometer. Results showed that more than 97.9% of the PN and 95.4% of the PM were reduced by the CDPF, and the reduction efficiency was enhanced by the catalyst loading. After using the CDPF, the PSD transformed from bimodal to trimodal with the peak shifting towards smaller particle size, more nucleation mode particles were reduced compared with accumulation mode ones, but the reduction effect on the accumulation mode particles was more significantly influenced by the catalyst loading. Notably, the CDPF increased the accumulation mode particles proportion, producing a larger GMD. For the used CDPF, its reduction effect on the particulate emissions enhanced, especially for the PM in accumulation mode. The PSD returned to bimodal, but the peak at accumulation mode began to be higher than that at nucleation mode, illustrating that more nucleation mode particles was removed. The aging of the CDPF resulted in greater effect on the PN-based PSD than that of PM-based PSD, but the effect of catalyst loading on the PN and PM emission factors was weakened. The used CDPF further increased the GMD, and the effect of catalyst loading on the GMD was strengthened, a higher catalyst loading led to a reduction in the GMD. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are extremely versatile naturally occurring membrane particles that convey complex signals between cells. EVs of different cellular sources are capable of inducing striking therapeutic responses in neurological disease models. Differently from pharmacological compounds that act by modulating defined signalling pathways, EV-based therapeutics possess multiple abilities via a variety of effectors, thus allowing the modulation of complex disease processes that may have very potent effects on brain tissue recovery. When applied in vivo in experimental models of neurological diseases, EV-based therapeutics have revealed remarkable effects on immune responses, cell metabolism and neuronal plasticity. This multimodal modulation of neuroimmune networks by EVs profoundly influences disease processes in a highly synergistic and context-dependent way. Ultimately, the EV-mediated restoration of cellular functions helps to set the stage for neurological recovery. With this review we first outline the current understanding of the mechanisms of action of EVs, describing how EVs released from various cellular sources identify their cellular targets and convey signals to recipient cells. Then, mechanisms of action applicable to key neurological conditions such as stroke, multiple sclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases are presented. Pathways that deserve attention in specific disease contexts are discussed. We subsequently showcase considerations about EV biodistribution and delineate genetic engineering strategies aiming at enhancing brain uptake and signalling. By sketching a broad view of EV-orchestrated brain plasticity and recovery, we finally define possible future clinical EV applications and propose necessary information to be provided ahead of clinical trials. Our goal is to provide a steppingstone that can be used to critically discuss EVs as next generation therapeutics for brain diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During the early days of COVID-19 pandemic, due to the shortage of N95 respirators in hospitals and healthcare centers, the reuse of N95 respirators was posed as a crisis capacity strategy. Several studies have evaluated the efficacy of various decontamination methods on N95 respirators of well-known and approved brands. However, fundamental question is whether decontamination and reuse methods can be applied to all types of respirators. Methods: Six types of respirators were selected from well-known and lesser-known brands which their manufacturers claimed to be N95. The selected respirators decontaminated with dry heat, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, and ethylene oxide methods in seven consecutive cycles and their particle filtration efficiency and pressure drop were measured before and after each decontamination cycle. Results: As the initial measurements revealed, 4 respirators (group A) showed a sharp drop in efficiency and also, negative efficiency in removing 2.5 and 4 µm particles in most of the experiments. In these respirators (group A), the maximum efficiency in removing 0.5 µm particles was 74.4 %, while the last two respirators (group B) achieved an efficiency of 98 %. Subsequent experiments following the decontamination process revealed that the non-authentic N95 respirators within group A which were not resistant to decontamination. However, the second group demonstrated a removal rate of over 95 % of particles ranging from 0.5 to 10 µm after six consecutive decontamination cycles using all three methods. The results demonstrated that ultraviolet germicidal irradiation and ethylene oxide methods could eradicate the covid-19 virus from respirators. Conclusion: The results indicated that decontamination can be successfully applied to original N95 respirators, not low-quality respirators, even under critical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heterogeneity of the glioma subtype glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) challenges effective neuropathological treatment. The reliance on in vitro studies and xenografted animal models to simulate human GBM has proven ineffective. Currently, a dearth of knowledge exists regarding the applicability of cell line biomolecules to the realm of GBM pathogenesis. Our study's objectives were to address this preclinical issue and assess prominin-1, ICAM-1, PARTICLE and GAS5 as potential GBM diagnostic targets. The methodologies included haemoxylin and eosin staining, immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR. The findings identified that morphology correlates with malignancy in GBM patient pathology. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy revealed prominin-1 in pseudo-palisades adjacent to necrotic foci in both animal and human GBM. Evidence is presented for an ICAM-1 association with degenerating vasculature. Significantly elevated nuclear PARTICLE expression from in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR reflected its role as a tumor activator. GAS5 identified within necrotic GBM validated this potential prognostic biomolecule with extended survival. Here we present evidence for the stem cell marker prominin-1 and the chemotherapeutic target ICAM-1 in a glioma animal model and GBM pathology sections from patients that elicited alternative responses to adjuvant chemotherapy. This foremost study introduces the long non-coding RNA PARTICLE into the context of human GBM pathogenesis while substantiating the role of GAS5 as a tumor suppressor. The validation of GBM biomarkers from cellular models contributes to the advancement towards superior detection, therapeutic responders and the ultimate attainment of promising prognoses for this currently incurable brain cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporal changes in the volume of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) following middle meningeal artery (MMA) embolization vary. We aimed to determine whether CSDH density on computed tomography is related to hematoma resolution following particle MMA embolization. Patients who underwent MMA embolization for CSDH were enrolled. The CSDHs were quantitatively divided into 2 hematoma groups based on the hematoma density at 1-week postembolization: low-density or high-density. The temporal change in the volume of CSDHs was then analyzed between the groups. Thirty patients were enrolled in this study. Three patients with high-density hematomas required rescue surgery. The hematoma volume was significantly lower in low-density hematomas than in high-density hematoma at 1-week (P = 0.006), 1-month (P = 0.003), and 2-month (P = 0.004) postembolization; although the volume converged to a similar value at 3-month (P > 0.05). There was a positive correlation between hematoma density at 1-week postembolization and percentage hematoma volume at 1-week and 1-month postembolization (P = 0.004 and P < 0.001, respectively), but no correlation was observed between hematoma density before MMA embolization and percentage hematoma volume at 1-week and 1-month postembolization (P = 0.54 and P = 0.17, respectively). Rapid resolution of CSDH following MMA embolization was associated with low hematoma density at 1-week postembolization. Based on hematoma density on computed tomography at 1-week postembolization, a 1-month follow-up would be sufficient in cases of low density, but a 3-month follow-up would be required in cases of high-density hematoma. Larger studies and clinical trials are needed to confirm our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particles and crystals constitute a unique class of toxic agents that humans are constantly exposed to both endogenously and from the environment. Deposition of particulates in the body is associated with a range of diseases and toxicity. The mechanism by which particulates cause disease remains poorly understood due to the lack of mechanistic insights into particle-biological interactions. Recent research has revealed that many particles and crystals activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, an intracellular pattern-recognition receptor. Activated NLRP3 forms a supramolecular complex with an adaptor protein to activate caspase 1, which in turn activates IL-1β and IL-18 to instigate inflammation. Genetic ablation and pharmacological inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome dampen inflammatory responses to particulates. Nonetheless, how particulates activate NLRP3 remains a challenging question. From this perspective, we discuss our current understanding of and progress on revealing the function and mode of action of the NLRP3 inflammasome in mediating adaptive and pathologic responses to particulates in health and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) is the most important and advanced part of the after-treatment technology route. After the exhaust passes through DOC, CO, and HC will be significantly reduced, while particles are mainly captured by the Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) device behind. In order to further investigate the effect of DOC on the nano-structure characteristics of diesel emission particles. The particles before and after DOC of 186FA diesel engine at 2700 r/min, 100% load, and 3600 r/min, 100% load are collected. The nano-structure characteristics of particles are investigated using field emission transmission electron microscopy (FETEM) combined with small angle X-ray scattering radiation technique (SAXS). Based on FETEM and SAXS analysis of particles, a nano-scale particle spatial structure model including particle size, pores, and visual boundary layer is proposed. The results show that the average radius, interface layer thickness, and fractal dimension of the particles are reduced after the DOC. In contrast, the specific surface area of the particles is increased after the DOC. At 3600 r/min 100% load, the average radius is reduced from 23.3 to 21.5 nm, accounting for 7.8%. Interface layer thickness is reduced from 13.3 to 12.9 nm. The specific surface area of the particles is increased from 0.146 to 0.166 m² /mm³ . The research results provide a theoretical basis for the regeneration and oxidation of particles in DPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the air quality and infection risk in classrooms were the focus of many investigations. Despite general recommendations for sufficient ventilation, quantitative analyses were often lacking due to the large number of combinations of boundary conditions. Hence, in this paper, we describe a computational fluid dynamics model that predicts the time-resolved airflow for a typical 45 min classroom scenario. We model 28 students and a teacher, each emitting CO2 and an individual aerosol. We investigated 13 ventilation setups with window or mechanical ventilation and different positions and operating conditions of an additional air purifier. The ventilation performance is assessed by evaluating the ventilation effectiveness, aerosol removal effectiveness, local air exchange efficiency and overall inhaled aerosol mass of the occupants, which is a measure of the infection risk. If the window is opened according to the "20-5-20" recommendation, the incoming airflow reduces both the CO2 and aerosol concentration whilst decreasing the thermal comfort at low ambient temperatures. An active air purifier enhances aerosol removal, but, depending on the position, the local air exchange efficiency and individual aerosol inhalation vary. If mechanical ventilation with 700 m3/h is utilised, the CO2 concentration is kept below 1250 ppm while also effectively removing aerosol from the classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motion and distribution of ash from coal gasification during the scrubbing and cooling process are crucial for revealing the fluid flow pattern and improving the efficiency of multiphase separation. Experimental measurements of the local solid holdup (ε s) in the liquid pool of a laboratory-scale gas-liquid-solid three-phase scrubbing-cooling chamber were carried out using an optical fiber probe. The fluctuations of ε s in time and frequency domains under different operating conditions were discussed. The axial and radial distribution of ε s was quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that inter-particle collision and particle-fluid interaction are the key factors leading to a fluctuation in particle concentration. Axial uniformity of particle concentration can be quantified by solid-phase volume fraction, particle Reynolds number, Archimedes number, and Morton number; ε s in different regions is expressed according to the degree of influence of bubble wake as a correlation equation consisting only of cross-sectional average solid holdup and dimensionless radial position; a dimensionless expression for ε s concerning operating conditions was established. [Display omitted] • The particle concentration fluctuation and distribution uniformity were studied. • The correlation equation of Ho quantifies the uniformity of the axial distribution of ε s. • The application of the radial distribution model of ε s expressed by ε s ¯ and r / R is extended. • The established power-law expressions for ε s predict well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impetus to write this paper was an analysis of the expression as if (akoby) as a component of the "equivalence" principle and the determination of its legitimacy as a component of the "behavior" principle. The study is focused on the search for further connections between the verbal behavior of the speaker and the linguistic aspects of as if (akoby) because it is used as a manifestation of motivated, ego-related and assertive verbal behavior. As if (akoby) can be viewed as: (a) a component of the principle of verbal behavior that attributes an egocentric meaning to the speaker's behavior; (b) an egocentric expression of the hypotaxis with an implicit speaker and the semantics of circumstantial and characteristic contexts; (c) a pragmatic marker of the speaker's ego-related interpretation of facts. Interpretation, which is grasped at the following two levels, is the methodological framework of the monitored aspects: (i) in the sense of the ego-related evaluation of a fact or event by the speaker, i.e. in the sense of participatory interpretation, and (ii) in the sense of explaining the verbal behavior of the speaker, i.e. in the sense of searching for the motives, intentions and goals that form the preconditions for his/her verbal behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research proposes a novel type of variable stiffness tuned particle damper (TPD) for reducing vibrations in boring bars. The TPD integrates the developments of particle damping and dynamical vibration absorber, whose frequency tuning principle is established through an equivalent theoretical model. Based on the multiphase flow theory of gas-solid, it is effective to obtain the equivalent damping and stiffness of the particle damping. The dynamic equations of the coupled system, consisting of a boring bar with the TPD, are built by Hamilton's principle. The vibration suppression of the TPD is assessed by calculating the amplitude responses of the boring bar both with and without the TPD by the Newmark-beta algorithm. Moreover, an improvement is proposed to the existing gas-solid flow theory, and a comparative analysis of introducing the stiffness term on the damping effect is presented. The parameters of the TPD are optimized by the genetic algorithm, and the results indicate that the optimized TPD effectively reduces the peak response of the boring bar system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In the process of conveying the solid–liquid two-phase medium of the centrifugal slurry pump, the wear of the flow-passing parts is an important problem affecting its life and safe operation. Therefore, a numerical investigation on the wear characteristics of the centrifugal slurry pump under different particle conditions was conducted. Design/methodology/approach: A solid-liquid two-phase model based on CFD-DEM coupling is established and used to analyze the flow field and the wear characteristics of the flow-passing parts with different particle densities, volume fractions and sizes. Findings: Particle conditions will affect the pump flow field. To analyze the pump wear characteristics, the wear distribution, wear value and cumulative force laws of flow-passing parts under different particle conditions are obtained. In each flow-passing part, with the increase of particle density, volume fraction and size, the wear area is concentrated and the wear depth increases. Under different particle conditions, the wear is mainly on the volute chamber and the blade pressure surface, and the tangential cumulative force of flow-passing parts is much larger than the normal cumulative force. Originality/value: An accurate model and a coupled simulation method for predicting the wear of the slurry pump are obtained, and the wear characteristic law can provide a reference for the design of the slurry pump to reduce friction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firstly, this paper used a laser particle size analyzer to test the particle size distribution characteristics of four specific surface areas of phosphate slag powder particles. Then, it used the powder fractal theory to determine the fractal dimension of the different specific surface areas of the phosphate slag powder particle group. Finally, the effect of the fractal dimension of the phosphate slag powder particle group on the mechanical strength and activity index of the phosphate slag powder-cement cementitious system at 3 d, 28 d, and 180 d ages were studied. The results showed that the phosphate slag powder with different specific surface areas has self-similar fractal characteristics; the larger the specific surface area of phosphate slag powder, the higher the fractal dimension, and the fractal dimension of phosphate slag powder particle can characterize the properties of phosphate slag powder's fineness and particle gradation in the process of grinding and refining. The phosphorus slag powder particle fractal dimension, the mechanical strength, and activity index of the phosphorus slag powder-cement cementitious system have linear correlation characteristics; the larger the fractal dimension, the higher the mechanical strength and activity index of the cementitious system with phosphate slag powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noble metal nanoparticles supported on porous silica materials represent an important class of heterogeneous catalysts. Recently, a remarkable progress has been made concerning the synthesis, characterization, and catalytic application of noble metal nanoparticles immobilized on zeolites and mesoporous silica‐based materials. Various synthesis strategies have been developed, including the application of ligand‐assisted metal precursors, multistep synthesis procedures, post‐synthetic modifications, and magnetic mesoporous silica particles. Emphasis has been laid on the introduction of green procedures, based on the utilization of environmentally friendly solvents, efficient stabilizing agents, non‐toxic reagents, and mild reaction conditions. Palladium nanoparticles have long been recognized as the most efficient catalysts in a wide range of organic transformations, including the Heck, Suzuki, Stille, and Sonogashira reactions. Although these transformations have been extensively investigated in homogeneous catalytic systems, the application of heterogeneous catalysts, including silica‐supported Pd0 nanoparticles, has gained in increasing importance. This may be due to the easy handling and recovery of the latter catalysts, which facilitates their repeated applications. The aim of this review is to provide an outlook on the current research progress achieved on the development of novel synthetic procedures, affording highly dispersed Pd0 nanoparticles immobilized on porous silica materials, which proved to be efficient and recyclable catalysts in C−C coupling and cross‐coupling reactions. The focus of this review is on results published in the last six years with a handful of examples in previous years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pain relief in lumbar disc hernias is a challenging condition. This study retrospectively compared particulate steroids, methylprednisolone acetate (mid-term effective), against betamethasone acetate (long-term effective) on ultrasound-guided caudal epidural injection for lumbar disc herniation. A total of 40 patients with L4-5 and/or L5-S1 disc herniation were treated with ultrasound-guided caudal epidural injection between September 2021 and June 2022. Nineteen patients who were given methylprednisolone acetate (group A) as a steroid and a total of 21 patients who were used betamethasone acetate (Group B) were retrospectively collected, and their pain levels and functional improvement were compared retrospectively before, immediately after, and 3 weeks after the injection in terms of the visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) as the efficacy value. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding age, gender, and body mass index (P > 0.05). In group A, preop VAS was 8.84 ± 0.76, immediate postop period 3.10 ± 1.37, and postop third week was 4.73 ± 2.32. In group B, the preop VAS was 8.76 ± 0.76, the postop early period was 3.14 ± 1.27, and the postop third week was 3.12 ± 1.30. In group A preop ODI was 49.84 ± 9.11 and postop third week was 22.84 ± 6.44. In group B, the preop ODI was 46.71 ± 16.15 and postop third week was 30.80 ± 17.65. Significant changes were observed in the reduction of VAS values after the procedure in both groups during the early postoperative period and the third week (P value < 0.05). However, a significant difference was not found between the changes in VAS values between the groups (P value > 0.005). Similarly, significant changes were observed in the decrease of ODI values after the procedure in both groups during the early postoperative period and the third week (P value < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in the ODI scores between the two groups. No significant difference was observed between betamethasone and methylprednisolone. Both steroid groups showed a substantial improvement in the preoperative pain scores of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The internal structure of grains, as well as the amplitude of internal stresses and their sources, in ultrafine grained technically pure nickel obtained by equal-channel angular pressing deformation was studied by the method of transmission electron microscopy. Under equal-channel angular pressing, the samples have been subjected to shear deformation by compression along two intersecting channels of equal diameter at an angle of 120° and temperature T = 400°C without intermediate annealing. Number of passes n = 4. The equal-channel angular pressing is found to lead to the formation of particles of secondary phases in ultrafine grained nickel with nanometer size and localized inside, at the boundaries and the joints of grains. The sources of internal stresses are revealed and their amplitude is determined. Determination of the amplitude of internal stresses is based on the determination of the curvature–torsion of the crystal lattice along bending extinction contours. It has been established that the sources of internal stresses are grain joints in which particles of secondary phases are present or absent; grain boundaries at which particles of secondary phases are present or absent; particles located on dislocations inside grains, and, finally, the dislocation structure in grains or parts of grains in which there are no particles of secondary phases. It has been found that internal stresses from all sources involve all grains regardless of their internal structure and are predominantly elastic in nature. This means that equal-channel angular pressing led mainly to the elastic distortion of nickel lattice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In subtractive manufacturing processes, swarf, burrs or other residues are produced, which can impair the function of a tribological system (e.g., journal bearings). To prevent premature engine damage, cleanliness requirements are defined for production processes. Damaging particle tests are an experimental approach for validating these defined cleanliness requirements. This methodical approach is not yet widely used. For one, the test setup must be developed and proven for the respective application. For another, in order to carry out the tests in a systematic manner, defined test particles with properties similar to those of the contaminants encountered in reality are required. In the second part of the paper, the process chain for manufacturing artificial test swarf by micro powder injection molding (MicroPIM) is described. The size and shape of the swarf were derived from real swarf via several abstraction processes. Although certain design guidelines for MicroPIM parts could not be taken into account, the targeted manufacturing tolerances were achieved in most cases. During demolding, it became apparent that the higher ejection forces of the free-formed geometries must be taken more into account in the design of the mold. The experiments on the test setup also revealed that the artificial test swarf was unexpectedly brittle and was therefore ground up in the bearing gap without causing any substantial damage to the bearing. Thus, the artificial test swarf in its current sintered state is not a suitable substitute for micromilled swarf. However, MicroPIM could still be used to manufacture test particles in applications involving lower mechanical forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorbent is a solid substance that can absorb certain components from the liquid phase. Most of the adsorbents are porous materials and the adsorption process takes place, especially in the porous wall or certain location inside that particle. The main objective of this research is to study the influence of the adsorbent's surface area based on shape variation from corn stalk with adsorption ability to reduce the water river's turbidity, the influence of time with adsorption capacity in reducing river water's turbidity, the influence of adsorbent with water river and adsorption capacity, and defining adsorption kinetics from corn stalks. The shape of corn stalks that have been used such as spherical, half of spherical shape, and quarter of spherical shape. The volume of the sample is 250 mL. The measurement time is 300 minutes. The mass variations that have been used are 10 g, 15 g, and 20 g. The variation of sample takeover in the morning, afternoon, and evening. The measurement of adsorbent adsorption capacity in term of decreasing the turbidity of Babura River's water is done by inputting the adsorbent into the sample, then the measurement of the water's turbidity proceed by using a turbidity meter. The analysis result for the influence of the adsorbent's surface area in decreasing Babura River's water in the shape's variation from spherical, half of spherical shape, and quarter of spherical shape is obtained in quarter of spherical shape. The highest amount of adsorbent in decreasing the turbidity of Babura River's water is 20 g. Adsorption kinetics that has been used in the measurement of decreasing Babura River's water turbidity is second order kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particles in the ultrasonic field by the influence of acoustic radiation force, its motion characteristics will be changed. Based on the simplified ultrasonic cleaning assumption, numerical simulation is used to construct a simulation model of suspended particles in the ultrasonic field in liquid water environment, and to study the law of ultrasonic waves on the motion characteristics of suspended particles in water. The research results show that the ultrasonic arrangement of the array makes the ultrasonic waves produce ultrasonic focusing on the propagation path. The alternating fluctuations of ultrasonic positive and negative sound pressure are in the horizontal line parallel to the bottom, and the vibration amplitude of suspended particles in the middle region is the largest. For the vertical position perpendicular to the bottom, the region with larger vibration amplitude of suspended particles is at 1/5 from the bottom. The particles in the high sound pressure area are pushed to the gathering area, and the particle vibration amplitude in the low sound pressure area is small, which proves that the gathering area of the particles is often the low sound pressure area. The research results will contribute to the study of particle motion in the ultrasonic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing population and lack of change in resources of cultivated land have led to the search for more efficient farming solutions. The recovery of soil is facilitated by using chemicals designed for the enrichment of cultivated soil. Fertilisers are made of a combination of various substances that determine not only the chemical but also the shape characteristics of the fertiliser pellets. The effect of the quality of fertilisation on yield size is related to even distribution. Shape and size are closely related to the quality of the fertilisation process. The intense control of the production process would not be possible without automatised and quick measurements within the production line. Constant control is necessary to ensure that the products meet quality standards. The contactless assessment of pellet sizes allows a quick reaction to changes in production quality and reduces the costs arising from the reprocessing of defective pellets. The results of the assessment of pellet volume using their two-dimensional image are presented in this publication. Pellets must be analysed according to their most characteristic position, which can provide valuable information about their properties. The aim is to determine the placement positions of the equipment based on calculations and to compare the results with those of gold-standard equipment. Correctly calibrated equipment ensures that the measurement results match the results of the control equipment of fertiliser producers. Reliable non-contact measurements can reduce the reaction time to production changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural and phase state of the surface layers of technically pure titanium (VT1-0 alloy) implanted with aluminum ions in three states (submicrocrystalline, ultrafine-grained, and fine-grained) obtained by multiple uniaxial pressing (abc pressing) followed by multipass rolling in groove rolls at room temperature and subsequent annealing at 573, 673, and 773 K for 1 h, respectively, has been studied by transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy on foils cut perpendicular to the machined sample surface. Ion implantation has been performed for 8 h and 20 min at an irradiation dose of 10 × 1017 ions/cm2 and a temperature of 623 K. It has been found that the implantation led to the formation of a gradient structure consisting of five layers. For each layer, the thickness, phase composition, and shape and arrangement of second-phase particles have been determined and the α-Ti grain size and the size, distribution density, and volume fractions of separated particles have been measured. It has been established that the implantation causes the formation of Ti3Al and TiAl3 intermetallic phases. Ti3Al particles have a lamellar shape and are located inside parts of α-Ti grains, while TiAl3 particles have a rounded shape and are arranged randomly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the wear resistance of the centrifugal slurry pump, the inlet structure is optimized, and an equal-diameter inlet section structure is designed. Considering the particle-particle and particle-wall interactions, a two-phase flow simulation model based on CFD-DEM (computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method) coupling is established under the sparse particle condition. The Archard wear model and Relative wear model are used for quantitative and qualitative wear analysis. The flow field and particle trajectory analysis are carried out under an equal-diameter inlet section structure and a different-diameter inlet section structure. The wear characteristics of the flow-passing parts are carried out. The results show that the simulation model has good accuracy. The error between the numerical simulation results and the experimental results is less than 5%. Under the equal-diameter inlet section structure, the overall wear of the slurry pump is reduced by 15%, the wear of the volute chamber is reduced by 17.5%, and the wear of the inlet section is reduced by 93.8%. The equal-diameter inlet section structure can reduce the turbulent intensity and make the flow field stable. And the equal-diameter inlet section structure helps to reduce the wear degree and wear area of the pump. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper describes the preparation of metallic aluminum (Al) nanoparticles in an aqueous solution. An aqueous colloidal solution containing metallic Al nanoparticles was prepared by electrolyzing an Al salt aqueous solution using two metallic Al plate electrodes. Simultaneous electrolysis and sonication was necessary for the successful synthesis of metallic Al particles with a cubic crystal structure. Metallic Al particles were mainly produced on the cathode. Electrolysis under sonication was performed under various conditions. The morphology of the particles strongly depended on the temperature, electrolysis time, and sonication frequency, which could be mainly explained by changes in particle collision frequency and dissolution, particle collision frequency, and attenuation in the medium and/or cavitation stability, respectively. Metallic Al particles could be prepared using a stainless-steel plate as the cathode. Under the appropriate conditions, metallic Al particles with particle sizes of ca. 75–130 nm could be synthesized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psalm 1 is a poem drawing on a number of "prose particles," which strongly inform its antithetical poetics and worldview. One dimension of this literary construction is the overlooked chiastic "sonant parallelism" between rěšā'îm ("wicked ones") and the relative "prose particle" 'ăšer ("that, which"). Psalm 1's "prose particles" are further suggestive of the possibility that the psalm originated as a written work, per-haps produced by Levitical scribes as a tôrâ-introduction to the Psalter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dielectric constants, dielectric degradation and A.C. conductivity have been calculated according to the doping material frequency and composition. High AC-conductivity and low dielectric constant were observed at higher frequencies. The above hypothesis can be clarified by 'Maxwell Wagner Model' and may offer new insights into the manufacture of dialectically conceivable nanomaterials. The degradation of Rhoda mine B in the UV visible light has been investigated for the photocatalytic function of our samples. The analysis of photocatalyst provides a convenient way to determine your destiny by various reutilizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric aerosols have important impacts on global radiative forcing, air pollution, and human health. This study investigated the optical and physical properties of aerosol layers over Australia from 2007 to 2019 using the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) Level 2 aerosol products. Australia was divided into three sub-regions (western highlands, central plains, and eastern ranges). Interannual and seasonal optical property variations in aerosol layers in the three sub-regions were analyzed and compared. Results showed that annual mean values of AODL (lowest aerosol layer AOD) and AODT (total AOD of all aerosol layers) were always higher in the eastern ranges region than the other two regions from 2007 to 2019. The reason could be that Australian population was predominantly located in the eastern ranges region, where more human activities could bring significant aerosol loadings. BL (base height of the lowest aerosol layer), HL (top height of the lowest aerosol layer), and HH (top height of the highest aerosol layer) all showed trends of "western highlands > eastern mountains > central plains", indicating that the higher the elevation, the higher the BL, HL, and HH. TL (thickness of the lowest aerosol layer) was higher during the day than at night, which might account for increased diurnal atmospheric convection and nocturnal aerosol deposition. DRL (depolarization ratio of the lowest aerosol layer) was higher in the western highlands and central plains than the eastern mountains, probably because these two regions have large deserts with more irregularly shaped dust aerosols. CRL (color ratio of the lowest aerosol layer) had slightly higher values in the eastern ranges than the other two regions, probably due to the wet climate of the eastern ranges, where aerosols were more hygroscopic and had larger particle sizes. This study can provide technical support for the control and management of regional air pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, thermodynamic modelling of the process of thermal destruction of oil-contaminated soil of Ozenmunaigas JSC, which includes compounds such as carbon, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chromium, phosphorus, manganese, copper, titanium, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, and water, was carried out. The physicochemical and thermodynamic parameters of the complex system were calculated at P=0.1 MPa, T=598-3000 K. The concentration distribution of components, particles, and condensed phases in the gas phase has been established. In the process of thermal destruction of oil-contaminated soil, the formation of condensed phases was as follows: SiO2(c), Al2O3(c), AlO3H3(c), Cu(c), Cu2O(c), FeO(c), Fe2O3(c), Fe3O4(c), Fe2SiO4(c), NiO(c), MnO(c), Mn3O4(c), MnO2H2(c), Cr2O3(c), MoO2(c), V2O3(c), V2O4(c), TiO2(c), MgSiO3(c), Mg2SiO4(c), MgTi2O5(c), Ca3P2O8(c), Mg2SiO4(c), MgTi2O5(c), Ca3P2O8(c), CaCO3(c), CaSiO3(c), CaTiO3(c), Na2Si2O5(c), K2Si4O9(c). At the same time, the amount of condensed calcium silicate CaSiO3(c) was significant and amounted to 3.2 mol/kg, which is due to the initial standard content of oxides of the type (g/kg): SiO2-473,7, CaO-181,5 in oil-contaminated soil. The formation of various types of condensed phases (from 10-30 to 10-4 mol/kg) during thermal degradation can help reduce the synergism and toxicity of metal particles in oil-contaminated soils. In the process of thermal destruction of oil-contaminated soil, its carbon-containing components (mg/kg: C12-6,27; C13-10,98; C14-15,69; C15-18,82; C16-23,52; C17-31,37; C18-27,80; C19-17,25; C20-29,80) were mainly converted into oxide, carbon dioxide, and water, and thereby neutralized the organic mass of the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the vertical distribution of aerosol optical characteristics in Nanyang City, a ground-based dual-wavelength (532 nm and 355 nm) lidar system was developed for aerosol observation at the Nanyang Normal University Station (NYNU) from November 2021 to December 2022. Spatio-temporal dynamics information on vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties during polluted and non-polluted days was obtained. Aerosols were characterized by low altitudes (up to 2 km), thinner layers, and high-altitude (up to 4 km) thick layers during non-polluted and polluted days, with extinction coefficient values of ~0.03 km−1 and ~0.2 km−1, respectively. The mean values of the extinction coefficient at different altitudes (0~5 km) were all about ten-times higher on polluted days (0.04~0.19 km−1) than on non-polluted days (0.004~0.02 km−1). These results indicate that aerosol loadings and variations at different altitudes (0~5 km) were much higher and more prominent on polluted days than non-polluted days. The results show ten-times larger aerosol optical depth (AOD) values (0.4~0.6) on polluted days than on non-polluted days (0.05~0.08). At the same time, AOD values on both polluted and non-polluted days slightly decreased from 19:00 to 05:00, possibly due to dry depositions at nighttime. For the first time, this study established a ground-based lidar remote sensing system to investigate the vertical distribution of atmospheric aerosol optical characteristics in Henan Province. The experimental results can provide scientific dataset support for the local government to prevent and control air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetically assisted separation method is a rapid and easy technique based on the separation and isolation of magnetic substance by the application of an external magnetic field. However, the service life of absorbents using polystyrene as skeleton is heavily shorted by the intrinsic brittleness of polystyrene. A novel method of preparing porous magnetic polystyrene particles modified with EVA targeting to eliminate the problems of homogeneous polystyrene is described. The optimum hydrophile-lipophilic-balance (HLB) value, phase inversion temperature, and cloud point of the combined emulsifier selected in this work are analyzed and the optimized preparation conditions are determined accordingly. TEM and SEM show that the particles have a morphology structure that most of Fe3O4 particles are embedded in the interior. The dimension distribution of the pores in porous PS/EVA/Fe3O4 particles mainly belongs to mesopore. XRD indicates that the Fe3O4 particles keep their intrinsic crystal structure in the prepared porous magnetic particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of artificial silk spinning approaches are attempted to mimic the natural spinning process found in silkworms and spiders, yet instantaneous silk fiber formation with hierarchical structure under physiological and ambient conditions without post‐treatment procedures remains unaddressed. Here, this work reports a new strategy to fabricate silk protein‐based aerosols and silk fibers instantaneously in situ using a spray device, avoiding complicated and costly advanced manufacturing techniques. The key to success is the instantaneous conformational transition of silk fibroin from random coil to β‐sheet right before spraying by mixing silk and polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions in the spray device, allowing aerosols and silk fibers to be sprayed, with further control achieved via the molecular weight of silk. The spinning process of the spray device is based on the use of green solvents, that is, all steps of instant conformational transition of silk fibroin are carried out in aqueous conditions or with buffers at ambient conditions, in combination with shear and elongational flow caused by the hydraulic pressure generated in the spray container. The system supports a portable and user‐friendly system that could be used for drug delivery carriers, wound coating materials, and rapid silk fiber conformal coatings on surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the interrelationship between two events taking place simultaneously in Odysseus' megaron : Phemius' performance and the conversation between Telemachus and Athena. I argue that at Hom. Od. 1.298–302 Athena, in her mention of Orestes' kleos , refers directly to Phemius' song that Telemachus can hear from where he is sitting. This reading sheds new light on the characters' receptions of Phemius' song. Between the well-known contrasting responses of the nearest and the farthest audiences – the suitors' silence and Penelope's over-reaction – stands Athena's cognitively constructive use of it, by which the goddess attempts to establish a shared understanding with Telemachus, whose kleos is one of the main concerns of her visit to Ithaca. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper numerically investigates the effect of pulsating flow on the settling dynamics of rigid circular particles. This is an interdisciplinary subject and spans several areas ranging from mathematical and numerical modeling to fluid mechanics. For this purpose, pulsatile flow characteristics are embedded in the combination of the direct‐forcing immersed boundary method and the split‐forcing lattice Boltzmann method. Inter‐collision forces between the solid boundaries (particles and boundaries) and the added mass force due to acceleration are considered. Adequate verification tests are done to ensure the credibility of the findings. The critical parameters of pulsating flow, such as amplitude and frequency of pulsation, are investigated in detail. The paper especially puts emphasis on the interaction between particles and studies the well‐known drafting, kissing, and tumbling (DKT) phenomena. Two different scenarios are taken into account and also compared with the stationary flow. The first case is when the pulsating flow is in the direction of gravity (co‐flow), while in the latter, there is an opposing flow (counterflow). The sedimentation manners of 12 particles in a vertical channel are also presented. The findings shed light on the importance of pulsating flow and the extension of the proposed computational method for such problems. It is also revealed that pulsation and its variables can alter DKT by either postponing or speeding up the process. Also, in some cases, the cycle of DKT can be maintained incompletely, and particles would just stick together. The results can be useful for various engineering problems like filtration and particle sorting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under practical conditions, one of the possible solutions to the problem of treatment of hydrogen-sulfide-containing industrial wastewater is the electrochemical oxidation of sulfides. In this work, the model system Fe–NaCl–Na2S–H2SO4–H2O is considered, an experimental setup is constructed, and the electrocoagulation process is studied in a wide (288–308 K) range of temperatures of an aqueous solution of hydrogen sulfide. The optimal ratios between the initial components in the system are determined. The experimental and calculated pH of the solution are found. The system is thermodynamically modeled by minimizing the Gibbs energy, and the concentration distribution of individual molecules and other species (cations, anions) in the solution is characterized. Possible chemical reactions in the system Fe–NaCl–Na2S–H2SO4–H2O during the electrocoagulation of hydrogen-sulfide-containing wastewater are identified. Eh–pH diagrams are constructed to compare the redox potentials of the systems Fe–H2O, Fe–H2O–S, and Fe–NaCl–Na2S–H2SO4–H2O based on the determined concentrations of iron- and sulfur-containing particles in the solution. A calculation formula for the redox potential Eh of the system is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using what has become a celebrated catchphrase, Philip W. Anderson once wrote that "more is different" (Science, Vol. 177, Issue 4047, pp. 393–396, 1972). First formulated in the context of condensed matter, this statement carries far beyond the sole limits of solid-state physics. It emphasizes that collective behavior can be more than the mere sum of what happens for elementary constituents or the mere collation of the evolution of each degree of freedom. Said otherwise, complex phenomena can arise out of the interplay between multiple sub-phenomena each of which can be relatively simple. The process of particle resuspension, in which discrete particles adhering on a surface are pulled off and carried away by a fluid flow, is another example involving a web of phenomena pertaining to fluid mechanics, particle dynamics and interface chemistry whose cross-effects create an intricate topic. The purpose of this review is to analyze the physics at play in particle resuspension in order to bring insights into the rich complexity of this common but challenging concern. Following the more-is-different vision, this is performed by starting from a range of practical observations and experimental data. We then work our way through the investigation of the key mechanisms which play a role in the overall process. In turn, these mechanisms reveal an array of fundamental interactions, such as particle–fluid, particle–particle and particle–surface, whose combined effects create the tapestry of current applications. At the core of this analysis are descriptions of these physical phenomena and the different ways through which they are intertwined to build up various models used to provide quantitative assessment of particle resuspension. The physics of particle resuspension implies to hold together processes occurring at extremely different space and time scales and models are key in providing a single vehicle to lead us through such multiscale journeys. This raises questions on what makes up a model and one objective of the present work is to clarify the essence of a modeling approach. In spite of its ubiquitous nature, particle resuspension is still at the early stages of developments. Many extensions need to be worked out and revisiting the art of modeling is not a moot point. The need to consider more complex objects than small and spherical particles and, moreover, to come up with unified descriptions of mono- and multilayer resuspension put the emphasis on solid model foundations if we are to go beyond current limits. This is very much modeling in the making and new ideas are proposed to stimulate interest into this everyday but challenging issue in physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of numerical simulation of the particle-laden supersonic flows expanding from converging–diverging nozzle into a rarefied atmosphere are presented. To calculate flow quantities in a wide range of nozzle pressure ratios and investigate a possibility of a strong turn of the flow at the nozzle outlet, a marching scheme and finite volume method are applied. The marching calculations of the supersonic jet starts from the nozzle section, in which supersonic flow velocities are realized. The trajectories of motion of solid particles during the flow expansion are provided. The influence of the particle size and coordinates of the particle injection point into the flow on their transport by a supersonic flow is discussed. The results of calculations obtained in the framework of the Stokes approximation for the drag coefficient of an individual particle and with corrections for the inertia of the particle and rarefaction of the gas flow are compared. Conclusions are drawn about the effect of the dispersed phase on the distribution of gas flow quantities. The calculation results are of interest for studying supersonic particle-laden flows around bodies and for calculating oblique shock waves. • Simulation of gas–particle flow expanding into a rarefied atmosphere is performed. • Various flow regimes of gas and particles are investigated. • Computational results are compared with experimental and literature data. • Particles significantly affect the flow deflection angle to pure gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive research has been carried out to develop a method for obtaining particle size standards based on aqueous suspensions of polystyrene latex spheres. For the synthesis of suspensions, a method of seeded emulsion polymerization of styrene under excess amount of dispersion medium is proposed. The equipment from the State Primary Standard of Units of Dispersed Parameters of Aerosols, Suspensions and Powder Materials (GET 163-2020) was used in the work. The particle size distribution of the suspension samples synthesized during the study was analyzed by the methods of dynamic light scattering and laser diffraction. The metrological characteristics of synthesized suspensions have been studied. It was established that depending on the methods of emulsion polymerization and micro-emulsification of styrene, monodisperse microspheres of polystyrene latex of various diameters can be obtained. The effect of the amount of introduced surfactant on the process of quasi-spontaneous micro-emulsification of the monomer during seeded polymerization was studied. Based on the study results, aqueous suspensions of monodisperse polystyrene latex spheres with a median particle diameter of 0.31 and 0.54 μm were proposed as particle size standards. The study results can be used to obtain monodisperse particles larger than 1 μm by seeded polymerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erythrocytes are the most abundant cells in the blood. As the results of long‐term natural selection, their specific biconcave discoid morphology and cellular composition are responsible for gaining excellent biological performance. Inspired by the intrinsic features of erythrocytes, various artificial biomaterials emerge and find broad prospects in biomedical applications such as therapeutic delivery, bioimaging, and tissue engineering. Here, a comprehensive review from the fabrication to the applications of erythrocyte‐inspired functional materials is given. After summarizing the biomaterials mimicking the biological functions of erythrocytes, the synthesis strategies of particles with erythrocyte‐inspired morphologies are presented. The emphasis is on practical biomedical applications of these bioinspired functional materials. The perspectives for the future possibilities of the advanced erythrocyte‐inspired biomaterials are also discussed. It is hoped that the summary of existing studies can inspire researchers to develop novel biomaterials; thus, accelerating the progress of these biomaterials toward clinical biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]