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[Objectives]The response of physical and chemical indicators of fertilized breeder eggs based on spectral information was investigated. [Methods]Using Hyland Gray breeder eggs as the research object, the changes of protein, fat, moisture, pH value and color parameters between fertilized and unfertilized eggs at 0-4 d of incubation were measured and hyperspectral images was obtained, the physicochemical indicators that were significantly different between fertilized and unfertilized eggs were determined; the physicochemical indicators of fertilized eggs were correlated with the transmittance of spectral bands and the characteristic bands were screened. PLS-DA (partial least squares-discriminant analysis) and SVM (support vector machine) discriminant models for egg fertilization in the full wavelength range (400-1 000 nm) and discriminant models for fertilization in the characteristic wavelength range were established. [Results]At 0-4 d of incubation, there were significant differences between fertilized and unfertilized eggs in terms of protein, fat, pH and a* value, of which protein, fat and determined a* value were negatively correlated with the transmittance of spectral bands; pH value was positively correlated with the transmittance of spectral bands. Feature bands of 20,40,60 and 80 were screened out based on correlation analysis respectively. The accuracy of the modeling prediction set based on the full band range reached the highest at 4 d with 100.00%,and the accuracy of the modeling prediction set based on the feature band reached the highest at the feature bands of 60 and 80 with 97.50%. [Conclusions]Spectral information could well reflect the changes of physicochemical indexes of fertilized breeder eggs, which provided a tool to detect egg fertilization with hyperspectral technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] Aiming at the lack of disease description in rice diseases and pests image classification technology, a lightweight rice diseases and pests image description model was proposed in this paper to describe rice diseases and pests image more specifically. [Methods] Ten common rice pests and diseases, such as rice bacterial blight, rice bacterial streak disease, rice bakanae disease, rice three chemical borers, rice blast, rice false smut, rice sheath blight, rice planthopper, rice thrip and rice brown spot were studied, and Chinese description data set of rice pests and diseases image was constructed. Firstly, the multimodal pre-training model CLIP was used to generate image vectors, which contained basic image information and rich semantic information. The mapping network was used to map the image vectors into the text space to generate text prompt vectors. Finally, the language model GPT-2 generates image descriptions according to the prompt vectors. [Results] The test results showed that the indexes of the model in this paper were significantly superior to other models in the image description data set of rice pests and diseases. Compared with the traditional CNN_ LSTM model, the indexes of BLEU-1, BLEU-2, BLEU-3, BLEU-4, ROUGE and METEOR improved 0.26, 0.27, 0.24, 0.22, 0.22 and 0.14, respectively. And the generated image description had the advantages of accurate, detailed and rich semantics. The model was tested by using actual rice field pictures. The actual field scenes were more complex and diverse, and the generated image description index only slightly decreased compared with the data set index, which was still higher than other comparison models. The overall recognition accuracy of the model was 97.28%. [Conclusions] The image description method of rice diseases and pests based on multimodal pre-training model can accurately describe the rice diseases and pests, and provide a new idea for the detection of rice diseases and pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]Intelligent detection of diseased wheat kernels is important for the efficient, rapid, and accurate evaluation of wheat kernel quality. Existing deep neural network models for the classification of diseased wheat kernels have disadvantages such as large numbers of parameters and complexity of operations, which make it unsuitable for the deployment of the model on edge computing devices, thus affecting the efficiency of on-site classification of diseased wheat kernels. In this paper, a lightweight neural network algorithm for diseased wheat kernel classification was proposed. [Methods]In this study, the model was developed based on the lightweight network MobileNetV2 and added an improved CBAM(convolutional block attention module)attention mechanism. The improved model was fully integer quantized and deployed to mobile devices. Moreover, the proposed model was applied to classify four types of wheat kernels(fusarium-damaged kernels, common bunt of wheat kernels, broken kernels, and normal kernels). [Results]Compared to the previous MobileNetV2 network, the model combining the improved attention mechanism and MobileNetV2 network was improved, and the accuracy, precision, and recall rates for the model were improved by 3.15%, 3% and 3%, respectively. The improved model after full integer quantization achieved 99%, 94%, 99% and 96% recognition accuracy for fusarium-damaged kernels, common bunt of wheat kernels, broken kernels, and normal kernels, respectively. In addition, the size of the model was 2.36 MB, and the single inference time of this model at the edge computing device was 96.95 ms. [Conclusions]The improved algorithm of this paper has increased the model accuracy, reduced the size of the model, and accelerated the model inference speed. This study can provide guidance for the de-redundancy of fusarium-damaged kernel classification models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]Because of the limit of camera field, the walnut point cloud suffers from missing points, which detrimentally affects the accuracy of walnut phenotype analysis. To enhance the accuracy and expedite the efficiency of walnut grading and classification, this paper proposed a walnut external parameter estimation approach with three-dimensional reconstruction. [Methods]We introduced a coarse-grained realistic structure with the point cloud generation network(CGRSNet)to form a point cloud completion network with an encoding-decoding mechanism. Firstly, a new sampling algorithm was implemented to extract feature information of the original point cloud in different dimensions and thereby increased the feature extraction effectiveness of walnut phenotype. Afterward, the autoencoder was utilized to reconstruct the point cloud in multiple dimensions, and a complete walnut shape was eventually obtained. In the end, the parameters of the model were applied to estimate the volume of walnut. The walnut geometry model generated by multiple parameters was digitized into the point cloud data to feed CGRSNet and get a pre-trained walnut geometry model through shape completion. A fine-tuning process was then conducted with the real walnut point cloud data. [Results]The chamfer distance of the completion network for walnut data set was 0.196 cm. According to the linear regression analysis, the RMSE and R² score of the volume estimation were 2.47cm and 0.94, respectively, which were 0.88 cm and 0.01 higher than those of PF-Net, respectively. [Conclusions]The walnut external parameter estimation algorithm based on CGRSNet proposed in this paper presents satisfactory practicability and accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] In view of the fact that the backfat thickness of pig carcass is still measured manually in most slaughtering enterprises, and then pig carcasses are graded manually according to their weight and the backfat thickness, which results in such problems as labor intensive, time-consuming and high risk of disease transmission between humans and animals. This paper aimed to establish a prediction model for pig carcass weight. This model could be applied to predict the pig carcass weight and automatically grade pig carcass by using image processing and other technologies to obtain relevant parameters of the model from carcass. [Methods] Twenty pig carcasses removed hooves with weight 50-90 kg were selected respectively in the three periods of 14:00-15:00, 15:20-16:20 and 16:30-17:30 after pig had been slaughtered within 15 min according to standardized technology. The models for pig carcass weight prediction were established, optimized, and accuracy verified, on the basis of the measured parameters of carcasses' three widths (Lf, L1/2 and Lr), length (Lt), backfat thickness (t1/2)and weight (w). [Results] Test results showed that, by using weighted mean value of carcasses (Le) instead of t1/2, the carcass weight prediction model of w=4.05Le+0.45Lt-116.32 consisted of Lt, Le and constant, its correlation coefficient (R²)increased from 0.48 to 0.96, and significant coefficient was 0.01, and the prediction accuracy reached 94.16%. [Conclusions] The accuracy of the carcass weight prediction model established was further improved compared with other models due to reducing the error of the width by using weighted mean value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The paper aimed to investigate the characteristic aroma components of black tea from the main production areas in Jiangsu Province and distinguish the key difference components in different main production areas. [Methods] The aroma composition of representative Jiangsu black tea samples from the main production areas was analyzed using electronic nose (E-nose) and headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) technology. [Results] The electronic nose analysis showed that terpenoids and aromatic ring substances were the main volatile components in the aroma of Jiangsu black tea, and the contents of alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, sulfur components and terpenoids were significantly higher in Yixing production area than those in Jurong and Jintan production areas. HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis showed that alcohols were the volatile compounds with the highest proportion in all Jiangsu black teas, accounting for 62.06%-75.66% of the total volatile. With relative odor activity value (ROAV) greater than 1.00 as the criterion, a total of 12 key aroma presenting substances were screened out, and linalool, geraniol, citral, trans-ẞ-ionone, decanal, dimethyl sulfide might be the most critical aroma components in Jiangsu black tea (ROAV>10.00). Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) showed that there were some differences between the aroma components of black tea from different production areas. Seven variance components were screened using variable importance in projection (VIP) values greater than 1.00 as a criterion. Among them, 2-methyl-butanal and phenylacetaldehyde in fruity aroma and trans-linalool oxide (furans) in woody aroma were the key aroma components that distinguished the Jintan production area from Yixing and Jurong production areas, and cis-jasmone in floral aroma was the key aroma component that distinguished the Jurong production area from the Jintan and Yixing production areas, which were the key factor causing the aroma difference among production areas. In addition, the ratio of geraniol to linalool content in the main production areas of Jiangsu black tea was about 1:1, which was presumed to be one of the important reasons for the difference between Jiangsu black tea and other famous black teas. [Conclusions] In this study, the characteristic aroma components of Jiangsu black tea were clarified by combining HS-SPME-GC-MS and electronic nose technology, and the different aroma components of Jiangsu black tea from different production areas were explored, and the results laid a foundation for enriching the aroma theory of black tea in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] In response to the problems of unstable walking and low production efficiency of the golden chrysanthemum picking robot caused by the complex field operating environment, this paper designed an autonomous navigation system for the chrysanthemum picking robot based on LiDAR multi-dimensional point cloud optimization to achieve precise operation and efficient production of the robot in farmland. [Methods] The tracked chassis was equipped with a Velodyne 16-line LiDAR which was used to obtain 3D point cloud information in the field and coordinate correction and voxel filtering preprocessing were performed on it. A multidimensional point cloud optimization algorithm was proposed, which could adaptively obtain effective point cloud features under different coordinate axes on the characteristics of the golden chrysanthemum plant, and obtain ridge lines on both sides. The final navigation baseline was obtained using the least squares method to fit ridge lines, which was tracked by using an improved pure tracking control algorithm. [Results] Through simulation experiments on the Stanley control algorithm and the improved pure tracking control algorithm, the improved pure tracking algorithm showed more efficient tracking performance. A field experiment was conducted using the golden chrysanthemum harvesting robot at the Hushu Chrysanthemum Garden in Nanjing. The experimental results showed that the autonomous navigation algorithm based on LiDAR multi-dimensional point cloud optimization had a lateral average absolute error of 0.047 4 m, a standard deviation of 0.030 6 m, an extreme absolute position deviation of 0.078 9 m, a heading average absolute error of 2.177°, and a standard deviation of 2.589°, the lateral average absolute error was reduced by 67.13% and the degree of dispersion was reduced by 48.34%. [Conclusions] The LiDAR multi-dimensional point cloud optimization algorithm and improved pure tracking algorithm proposed in this article can effectively improve navigation accuracy, improve system anti-interference, and achieve good navigation results, thereby ensuring the precise operation of the golden chrysanthemum picking robot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The paper aimed to create a new autotetraploid material with good quality. [Methods] The cotyledon growth point of the diploid Brassica campestris LCX019 seedlings was dripped with 2 g-L colchicine solution, the autotetraploid plants were identified by morphological, anatomical, cytological and flow cytometry methods, and the agronomic and quality characteristics of diploid and tetraploid plants were analyzed and compared. [Results] The results of morphology and anatomy showed that the plant type, leaf, flower, seed pod and bolt of the autotetraploid campestris showed "gigantic" characteristics, the stomatal diameter became larger and the stomatal density decreased. The size of pollen grains was larger than diploid, and the shape of pollen grains was rugby ball or irregular. The results of cytology showed that the number of chromosomes in the root tip of tetraploid was about twice that of diploid. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the DNA fluorescence intensity of tetraploid was about twice that of diploid. The contents of soluble sugar, organic acid and cellulose in tetraploid B. campestris significantly increased by 76.17%, 13.71% and 80.34%, while the contents of chlorophyll and nitrate nitrogen significantly decreased by 25.01% and 45.10%, respectively, there was no significant change in soluble protein content. By analyzing the light response curve and photosynthetic characteristics of diploid and tetraploid plants, it was found that LCX019 had stronger ability to utilize weak light than diploid plants. [Conclusions] The new tetraploid material with high quality was obtained, which would provide new germplasm resources for the breeding of flowering Chinese cabbage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] Peak laying period is a critical period of layer breeding. The construction of a sub-health evaluation index system for laying hens during peak laying period is not only conducive to accurately evaluating the health of flocks and carrying out accurate feeding and management adjustments according to the health status of the flocks, and it can also provide reference indicators and scientific basis for non-destructive monitoring of the health status of laying hens during the peak laying period. [Methods] Based on the research on laying hen farms, data collection and expert meetings, this paper initially constructed a set of evaluation indexes for sub-health of laying hens during peak laying period from four aspects, namely, health status, behavioural performance, production performance, environment and flock information of hens, and used the expert consultation method to screen the indexes to establish the evaluation index system, and determined the indexes' weights through the hierarchical analysis method. [Results] A total of 14 experts were invited for consultation, and the effective recovery of the expert consultation questionnaire was 100%, the expert authority coefficient was 0.875, and the Kendall's coordination coefficient was 0.386, which indicated that the experts' motivation, authority, and coordination of their opinions were all better, and the final established evaluation index system included 4 first-level and 27 second-level indicators. The weights of the four first-level indicators, namely, health status, behavioural performance, production performance and henhouse environment, were 0.254, 0.245, 0.253 and 0.248, respectively. [Conclusions] This study constructed the evaluation index system of sub-health of laying hens during the peak laying period, with better reliability of expert consultation and more comprehensive coverage of evaluation indexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]This paper aimed to solve the problem of low target detection accuracy of apples with different ripeness under natural environment. [Methods]An improved YOLOv5s model SODSTR-YOLOv5s(YOLOv5s with small detection layer and omni-dimensional dynamic convolution and swin transformer block)was proposed for different ripeness apple detection. Firstly, the multi-scale target detection layer of YOLOv5s was improved, and the detection head of 160×160 feature map was constructed in Prediction to improve the detection accuracy of small-size apples with different ripeness. Secondly, Swin Transformer Block was integrated into the Backbone structure to strengthen the texture feature fusion of apples at the same level of ripeness, weaken the negative impact of the difference in texture feature distribution, and improve the generalization ability of the model. Finally, the Conv module of Neck structure was replaced by the dynamic convolution module ODConv, and the local feature mapping was refined to realize the full extraction of local apple fine-grained features. Experiments were carried out based on different ripeness apple data sets to verify the performance of the improved model. [Results]The precision, recall and average precision of the improved model SODSTR-YOLOv5s were 89.1%, 95.5% and 93.6%, respectively. The average precision of high, medium and low ripeness apples was 94.1%, 93.1% and 93.7%, respectively. The average detection time was 16 ms and the number of parameters was 7.34 M. Compared with the YOLOv5s model, the precision, recall and average precision of the improved model SODSTR-YOLOv5s increased by 3.8%, 5.0% and 2.9%, respectively, and the number of parameters and average detection time increased by 0.32 M and 5 ms, respectively. [Conclusions]The improved model SODSTR-YOLOv5s improved the detection ability of apples with different ripeness under natural environment. It can better meet the detection requirements of actual apple picking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]The paper aimed to clarify the pathogenic fungi of ‘Chuju' leaf disease and screen the effective chemical pesticides for effective control of the occurrence of diseases in ‘Chuju'. [Methods]The pathogenic fungi were isolated and purified by tissue isolated method, and morphological identification, molecular biological identification and pathogenicity determination, and the primary pathogenic fungi that caused ‘Chuju' leaf diseases were identified. The plate toxicity test was utilized to detect the antifungal effect of 13 fungicides and to screen for the effective drug and control concentration. The foliar mycelial adherence method was used to inoculate with pathogenic fungi in potted chrysanthemum seedlings, and the control effect of screening agents was further determined on live potted seedlings. [Results]The main pathogens fungi isolated from the diseased leaves of ‘Chuju' were Alternaria alternata, Alternaria longipes and Alternaria tenuissima. The results of the plate toxicity test showed that difenoconazole·azoxystrobin had the best effect on mycelial growth inhibition of Alternaria(CJ31, CJ4-1), and hexaconazole had the best effect on mycelial growth inhibition of Alternaria(CJ3-1, CJ37), iprodione had the best inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of Alternaria(CJ30), and all EC50 values were below 7 mg·L-1. According to the efficacy test of the potted medicines, the control effect on Alternaria proved better with iprodione 500 times dilution solution and hexaconazole 3 000 times dilution solution. [Conclusions]In the main production areas of ‘Chuju', the main pathogen causing leaf diseases was Alternaria, which caused black spot disease of ‘Chuju'. Iprodione, hexaconazole and difenoconazole·azoxystrobin were recommended as the pesticides of choice for controlling leaf diseases in the field of ‘Chuju'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]The purpose of this paper was to develop the certified reference material(CRM)of deoxynivalenol(DON), so as to provide materials basis for the requirements of DON detection in agricultural products. [Methods]The purity of the prepared DON CRM was determined by two methods, including mass balance method and quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance(qNMR)method. The mass balance method included the determination of DON principal component content by liquid chromatography-area normalization method, the determination of moisture content in DON purity certified reference material by Karl Fischer Coulomb method, the determination of volatile impurity content by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS), and the determination of inorganic ion impurity content by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS). With regard to qNMR approach, benzoic acid was used as the internal standard, and the purity was accurately quantified by the internal standard method with appropriate resonance peaks. The obtained DON CRM was further verified by determination of the uniformity and stability, and the uncertainties were thoroughly evaluated. [Results]The purities of DON determined by mass balance method and qNMR approach were 99.47% and 99.45%, respectively. The purity of the prepared CRM was assigned as 99.5% with the expanded uncertainty of 0.4%. The homogeneity and the stability for 12 months at storage conditions were satisfactory. [Conclusions]The newly developed CRM in this experiment fulfilled the requirements of the Regulation of Reference Materials. It had been approved as first class of National CRM and had been used in actual DON detection in agricultural products, i.e., maize and wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]The paper aimed to improve the vacuum freeze-drying rate and product quality of blueberries. [Methods]The ultrasound treatment was used as a pretreatment method to study the effects of ultrasound temperature(45, 55, 65, 75 ℃), frequency(45, 80, 100 kHz), power(600, 700, 800, 900, 1 000 W), and time(25, 30, 35, 40 min)on the drying characteristics, texture, color, nutrient retention rate, and antioxidant activity of blueberries. Then a four factors and three levels response surface optimization experiment was conducted using drying rate, anthocyanin content, color, and brittleness as indicators to select the optimal ultrasonic pretreatment process and parameters. [Results]Ultrasound temperature had a significant impact on the anthocyanin content of blueberries(P<0.001). The effect of ultrasound frequency on the drying rate, anthocyanin content, and brittleness of blueberries was significant(P<0.05). The effect of ultrasound power on blueberry brittleness was significant(P<0.05). The effect of ultrasound conditions on the ΔE value of blueberries was not significant(P>0.05). The optimize process conditions for ultrasonic pretreatment of blueberries were obtained as follows:ultrasonic temperature 55 ℃, frequency 80 kHz, power 700 W, and time 30 minutes. Under these conditions, the drying rate of blueberries was 1.69 g·g-1·h-1, anthocyanin content 0.55 mg·g-1, brittleness 2 770.00 g, and ΔE value 6.16. [Conclusions]Ultrasonic pretreatment could improve the quality of blueberry vacuum freeze-drying. The results provide the basis for the research and product development of blueberry vacuum freeze-drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]The paper was aimed to isolate a variety of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)from plant rhizosphere soil and clarify their growth-promoting characteristics and disease-resistant effects. [Methods]PGPR strains with characteristics of nitrogen fixation, ammonia production, phosphorus solubilization, potassium solubilization, indole acetic acid(IAA)secretion, siderophore production and protease production were screened from plant rhizosphere soil. Then the strains were identified by 16S rRNA. In addition, antibacterial activities against Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium gramiuearum, Plectosphaerella cucumerina, Colletotrichum musae, Alternaria alternate and Fusarium oxysporum were determined, and the growth promoting effect of strains on plants were also tested by pot experiment. [Results]A total of 191 strains of bacteria were isolated from plant rhizosphere soil, including 171 strains of nitrogen-fixing and ammonia-producing bacteria, 66 strains of organophosphorous solubilizing bacteria, 62 strains of inorganic phosphorolytic solubilizing bacteria, 28 strains of potassium solubilizing bacteria, 98 strains of siderophore producing bacteria, 41 strains of IAA producing bacteria and 45 strains of protease producing bacteria. Antimicrobial experiments showed that Bacillus velezensis C32 exhibited strong antibacterial activity against six kinds of pathogenic bacteria, and the inhibition rate was generally more than 50%. The results of pot experiment showed that a high-yielding IAA strain, Enterobacter chuandaensis 0208, had the most significant growth promotion effect on tomato and maize. Compared with the control group, plant height, stem diameter, root length, fresh weight of overground and underground part of potted maize increased by 21.49%, 19.35%, 42.98%, 19.58% and 56.67%, and the increase of potted tomato was 53.51%, 14.90%, 12.28%, 43.12% and 48.62%, respectively. [Conclusions]Several strains with efficient growth promotion and disease prevention functions were screened from the plant rhizosphere soil of subtropical region in Guangxi, which could provide high-quality bacteria resources for the development of microbial fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]The paper aimed to provide a basis for studying the function of 14-3-3 protein and breeding of Jerusalem artichoke, we identified the 14-3-3 gene family of Jerusalem artichoke and analyzed their expression patterns in response to high temperature, cold, salt and drought stresses. [Methods]Cloning and bioinformatics analysis were used to study gene properties, and RNA-seq data analysis and RT-qPCR were used to study gene response patterns to abiotic stress. [Results]Ten members of the 14-3-3 gene family, namely HtGRF1-HtGRF10(GenBank accession No.OP132618-OP132627), were cloned from Jerusalem artichoke. According to the evolutionary relationship, these genes were divided into two subfamilies, HtGRF1-HtGRF7 belonged to the non-ε group, and HtGRF8-HtGRF10 belonged to the ε group, which usually formed homologous or heterodimers. The expression level of HtGRF2/3/6/9 in sprouts, roots, stems and leaves was higher than those of other genes. The expression level of HtGRF3/5/9 was higher in stolon and tuber formation stages than that in the tuber rapid intamescentia and maturity stages during the tuber development. Comprehensive analysis of HtGRF in response to abiotic stress in roots and leaves showed that HtGRF6 expression level decreased under high temperature, salt and drought stresses, while HtGRF2/3/7/8/9 expression level decreased under salt stress, but increased under drought stress. HtGRF1 expression level increased under cold stress, HtGRF4/5 expression level decreased under drought stress, and HtGRF10 expression level did not change significantly. [Conclusions]The 14-3-3 protein family in Jerusalem artichoke was highly conserved and encoded by multiple genes, and played an important role in the growth and development and in coping with complex environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protected production has created a great profit in China which is a large country of protected agriculture. However, energy consumption caused by regulation on light and temperature environments in the facilities is huge for crop cultivation, which limits the annual crop productions in the facilities. And thus we hope to propose a reasonable way, from the perspective of the interaction between light and temperature, to reduce energy consumption of environmental management for protected production. The paper summarized the traditional methods to reduce energy consumption of temperature regulation in protected production, the methods, potential advantages and research basis of light intensity and quality combined with temperature to control. And the theoretical basis of light and temperature needed for joint control were deduced via analyzing photoreceptor roles in temperature perception and response and the similarity between light and temperature in regulatory mechanisms and common hubs in signal pathways. Meanwhile, to ensure better growth and low consumption in facility cultivation, the optimizing regulatory strategies of light intensity/ light quality combined with temperature that were put forward with the consideration of seasonal traits. Moreover, the improvement and its responsive mechanisms of crop cold resistance and heat adaptation mediated by light at molecular level were summarized. And thus the paper concluded that interactive regulation of light and temperature was a potential outlet to solve the issues of high energy consumption and high/low temperature stress in protected production and put forward that two key problems need to be solved for this purpose, and the future research directions in the aspects for application in protected production were also proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]The paper aimed to explore the viability of Ageratum conyzoides seeds in different soil environments to reveal the reasons why A.conyzoides seeds form dominant population in farmland. [Methods]This study was conducted to examine the seed viability and dynamic of A.conyzoides stored for 210 d after harvesting after storage at different temperature, humidity, depth, pH value, salt concentration and osmotic potential in soils. [Results]In the soil environment of 10-30 ℃, the optimum germination temperature was always 20 ℃. Therefore, the germination rate of seeds of A.conyzoides at 20 ℃ after the breaking of dormancy was used as a proxy for seed viability. The viability of seeds stored at 5-30 ℃ and soil humidity 20% for 120 d was higher than 90% under different soil temperature and humidity conditions. Seed viability did not decrease significantly after 180 d of storage at 20 cm of soil depth; it only decreased to 60% stored at 30 cm of soil depth. The viability of the seeds of A.conyzoides stored for 120 d at pH 4-10 was maintained above 95% with no significant differences among treatments. The seed viability of A.conyzoides stored for 150 d in different NaCl concentrations in the soil environment was unchanged more than 95%; after 180 d of storage, the viability of seeds treated with 160 mmol·L-1was significantly lower than that of the other treatments. Seed viability was maintained above 95% in all treatments when it was stored for 150 d in a soil environment with an osmotic potential above -0.8 MPa; it only decreased to 85% when it was stored for 180 d with an osmotic potential below -1 MPa. [Conclusions]It could be inferred that the seed viability of A.conyzoides showed strong adaptability and tolerance to fluctuations in soil temperature and humidity, pH value, salt concentration, osmotic potential, and burial depth in 210 d, which might be the reason for its becoming a destructive weed in agricultural fields in tropical subtropical regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]The paper aimed to investigate the specific mechanism through which isoflurane attenuated inflammation induced by microglia hyperactivation. [Methods]The microglia cells were treated by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)inducing inflammatory response in vitro, and the prepared emulsified isoflurane was used to treat to the cells. The effects of isoflurane and pathway protein inhibitors on the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators(pro-inflammatory factors, pro-inflammatory enzymes)and pathway proteins were detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot, and then the effects of different inhibitors on protein expression and the signaling pathway of isoflurane action were determined. At the same time, the effects of different treatments on the translocation of nuclear factor κB(NF-κB)in microglia cells were observed. [Results]Compared with the control group, LPS significantly increased the expressions of interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-6, nitric oxide synthase(iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2(COXⅡ)and other pro-inflammatory factors, and up-regulated the expressions of target pathway protein and the translocation of NF-κB from cytoplasm to nucleus. Isoflurane reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory media and inhibited NF-κB nuclear translocation through CaMKⅡ/ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway. [Conclusions]Isoflurane reduced the release of proinflammatory factors and alleviated the inflammatory response of microglia cells through Ca2+ signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]Combined application of organic with inorganic fertilizers technology is the main effective soil improvement way in mild saline-alkali land. The objective of this paper was to investigate the effects of different organic fertilizers partial substitution for chemical nitrogen(N)fertilizer on crop yield and soil carbon pool in maize cropping system, and find out the best ratio of organic fertilizer substitution to increase crop yield and improve carbon sequestration efficiency in farmland under smashing ridge tillage. [Methods]Field experiments on replacing nitrogen fertilizer with different proportions of organic fertilizer under the principle of equal nitrogen input in maize cultivation under the powder ridge cultivation mode were designed. Five treatments with local nitrogen fertilizer application as the control(CK), organic fertilizer substituted the whole chemical N fertilizer(CT100), 75% organic fertilizer substitution for chemical N fertilizer(CT75), 50% organic fertilizer substitution for chemical N fertilizer(CT50), 25% organic fertilizer substitution for chemical N fertilizer(CT25)were formed. The measurement of maize agricultural productivity and soil carbon pool were determined. [Results]Compared with the full application of nitrogen fertilizer, when the proportion of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer was 25%-50%, the maize grain yield increased by 8.74%-11.21%. Especially 25% organic fertilizer replaced nitrogen fertilizer, the photosynthetic rate(Pn), stomatal conductance(Gs), transpiration rate(Tr), and intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci)of maize significantly increased. The soil total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), total potassium(TK), as well as contents of available N, P, K all significantly increased. When the organic substitution ratio increased to more than 50%, there was no significant change in maize yield and soil nutrients compared with pure nitrogen fertilizer. Compared with pure nitrogen fertilizer, soil carbon storage increased by 9.47%-14.61% when the replacement ratio of organic fertilizer was 25%-75%, which was mainly dependent on the significant increase of soil organic carbon content and bulk density. There was a significant correlation between soil organic carbon content and maize yield. [Conclusions]Partial substitution of 25%-50% nitrogen fertilizer with organic fertilizer under smashing ridge tillage could significantly improve soil physical and chemical properties, increase soil carbon storage, and increase maize yield, which could be used as a recommended fertilization technique for maize cultivation in coastal dryland areas of Jiangsu Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]In order to solve the problem of multiple contact parameters and difficult calibration of organic and inorganic mixed fertilizer, according to the adhesion characteristics of organic fertilizer to inorganic fertilizer particles, a new calibration method of contact parameters for discrete element simulation was proposed in this paper. [Methods]The contact parameters between the composite ball(TCB)and steel were calibrated using free fall collision tests, static friction tests, and rolling friction tests. The Plackett-Burmen Design test, slope climbing test, and Box-Behnken response surface test were designed to obtain the optimal parameters of the mixed fertilizer contact model. The optimal parameters were verified through the stacking angle comparison test, mixing proportion of organic fertilizer to inorganic fertilizer prediction test, and fertilizer tray particle distribution comparison test. [Results]The optimal collision recovery coefficient, static friction coefficient, and rolling friction coefficient between TCB and steel were 0.323, 0.776 and 0.255, respectively. The optimal collision recovery coefficient, static friction coefficient, and rolling friction coefficient among organic fertilizers were 0.40, 0.70 and 0.14, respectively. The optimal collision recovery coefficient between organic fertilizer and steel plate were 0.44, 0.70 and 0.15 for static and rolling friction coefficients, respectively. The Hertz-Mindlin with JKR model parameter was 0.017. Comparison of the optimal parameters verified that the relative error of the stacking angle was 1.05%, and the optimal parameters could predict the stacking angle of different mixed proportion fertilizers. The maximum relative error of the distribution of the fertilizer tray throwing test column was 35.95%, and the average error was 15.86%. [Conclusions]The experimental results verified the correctness of the calibration method, and provided a basis for subsequent research on the organic fertilizer-inorganic fertilizer-mechanical interaction system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]Aiming at the problems of excessive nitrogen fertilizer application, low nitrogen efficiency and unclear nitrogen uptake and allocation rules of chrysanthemum varieties with different nitrogen nutrient characteristics in chrysanthemum production, the effects of different nitrogen levels on the growth, nitrogen efficiency, nitrogen accumulation and allocation of different cut chrysanthemum varieties were investigated in this paper to clarify the characteristics of nitrogen uptake and utilization of different cut chrysanthemum varieties. The results of this study would provide a theoretical basis for efficient production of cut chrysanthemum. [Methods]The growth indexes, nitrogen efficiency indexes and nitrogen accumulation in different parts of 9 cut chrysanthemum varieties from different families were measured under high nitrogen(800 mg per plant), normal nitrogen(400 mg per plant)and low nitrogen(50 mg per plant)levels during the whole growth stage. [Results]The growth indexes such as plant height, stem diameter, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, root dry weight, total root length, principal branch number, flower number, and nitrogen accumulation indexes such as root nitrogen accumulation, leaf nitrogen accumulation, plant nitrogen accumulation, increased with nitrogen level increasing, while the nitrogen efficiency indexes decreased with nitrogen level increasing. Under normal nitrogen level, the flower dry weight, crown breadth, flower diameter and flower nitrogen accumulation of 9 chrysanthemum varieties were the highest, and the flowering stage was the earliest. Under different nitrogen levels, ‘Nannonglihuang' was significantly higher than other varieties in stem diameter, biomass of each part, average root diameter, root volume, crown breadth, flower diameter, nitrogen uptake efficiency, agronomic nitrogen efficiency, plant nitrogen accumulation and flower nitrogen accumulation(P<0.05). The plant height, stem diameter, biomass of each part, crown breadth, flower diameter, nitrogen uptake efficiency, agronomic nitrogen efficiency and plant nitrogen accumulation of ‘Nannongxuefeng'and‘Nannongzifeng'were lower than those of other varieties. During the seedling stage and reproductive growth stage, leaf nitrogen accumulation of the 9 chrysanthemum varieties was the highest, followed by stem and root. At full-bloom stage, the proportion of nitrogen accumulation in leaves and stems decreased significantly, and the nitrogen accumulation in flowers was significantly higher than those in other organs. Under different nitrogen levels, plant nitrogen accumulation was significantly positively correlated with flower dry weight, crown breadth, flower diameter, principal branch number, flowering number and flowering date(0.39≤r≤0.83). And flower nitrogen accumulation was significantly positively correlated with flower dry weight and flowering date(0.53≤r≤0.89). [Conclusions]High nitrogen level promoted the vegetative growth of chrysanthemum, but inhibited the nitrogen efficiency and quality formation of chrysanthemum. The growth rule of chrysanthemum during the whole growth stage was consistent with nitrogen accumulation and allocation. Plant nitrogen accumulation and flower nitrogen accumulation played a key role in the formation of flowering quality of chrysanthemum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]This paper aimed to verify the function of strawberry bHLH(basic/helix-loop-helix)family transcription factor FabHLH37, and analyze the mechanism of its regulation of strawberry resistance to gray mold, so as to provide new gene resources for strawberry disease resistance breeding. [Methods]The total RNA of strawberry‘Benihoppe'was extracted and reversely transcribed into cDNA. The FabHLH37 coding region sequence was cloned and bioinformatic analysis was performed using online software. Real-time quantitative PCR(qPCR)was used to detect the relative expression of this gene in different tissues of strawberry and in fruits inoculated with Botrytis cinerea. The subcellular localization of the gene was studied using the transient expression system of tobacco. The function of FabHLH37 against Botrytis cinerea was studied by transient expression system in strawberry fruits. [Results]The total length of FabHLH37 gene CDS was 789 bp, encoding 262 amino acids. The theoretical isoelectric point(pI)was 6.61, and the relative molecular weight was 2.9×105. Analysis of homologous evolution with different species of bHLH37 protein showed that FabHLH37 protein was closely related to the bHLH37 protein in Rosaceae crops such as rose and apple. The subcellular localization results showed that FabHLH37 was specifically expressed in the nucleus. The qPCR analysis showed that the expression of FabHLH37 was the highest in strawberry roots, followed by leaves, and the expression of FabHLH37 gene was significantly induced by Botrytis cinerea infection. The transient expression of FabHLH37 in strawberry fruits showed that compared with the control, strawberry fruits with overexpression of FabHLH37 were less susceptible to Botrytis cinerea inoculation, while strawberry fruits with silence of FabHLH37 were the opposite. Further qPCR detection showed that the expression levels of FaPR1/4/5-1, FaBG2-1, FaCHI3-1, FaSOD, FaPAL and other defense genes were positively correlated with the expression levels of FabHLH37 in the transient expression system of strawberry fruits. Overexpression of FabHLH37 could significantly increase the expression of these genes, while silencing FabHLH37 could significantly decrease the expression of these genes. [Conclusions]FabHLH37 transcription factor could positively regulate resistance to Botrytis cinerea by inducing the expression of defense genes in strawberry fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]This paper aimed to elucidate the effects of oxidation(lipid and protein oxidation)and protein structural modification on the formation of Nε-carboxymethyllysine(CML)in duck breast meat with different thermal treatments(roasting, deep-frying, boiling, pan-frying and high-pressure stewing)after different frozen storage conditions(-20 ℃, stored for 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 d). [Methods]Enzymatic linked immunoassay, multispectrum analysis, correlation analysis, and other techniques were used to determine the lipid oxidation, free amino group, surface hydrophobicity, endogenous tryptophan and protein oxidation of thermal/non-thermal treated duck breast, and to explore the correlation mechanism of freezing storage on the structural modification of myofibrillar protein(MP)and the formation of CML. [Results]Under the freezing-preservation conditions of 40 d and -20 ℃, the free and protein-bound CML levels in each group were different during the freezing-preservation process, which was mainly affected by protein oxidative aggregation and lipid oxidation. During the freezing-preservation process, the CML production was mainly significantly correlated with carbonyl content, total sulfhydryl content, and lipid oxidation(P<0.05). Compared with other groups, the highest CML content was observed during the cryopreservation period in the high-pressure stewing group. Frying and high-pressure stewing promoted the carbonylation of duck breast protein and led to the change of its structure, roasting and boiling promoted the lipid oxidation process. [Conclusions]Hot processed meat after freezing-preservation could promote the degradation, secondary aggregation, and chain opening of protein molecules, thus affecting the CML production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]The paper aimed to explore the reasonable and effective application of different organic rotten materials combined with Pseudomonas fluorescein in reclaimed soil of mining area. [Methods]Maize was selected as the experimental crop to be performed in pot experiment, which was to study the effects of different organic rotten materials(sheep manure, cow manure, pig manure, chicken manure)combined with P. fluorescens on nitrogen form and enzyme activities of reclaimed soil. [Results]Based on the only application of organic rotten material, the combined application of different organic rotten material with P. fluorescens could effectively improve nitrogen content, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen contents and enzyme activities of reclaimed soil. And the application of chicken manure combined with P. fluorescens showed the most significant improvement effect on nitrogen content, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen contents and four soil enzyme activities, which significantly increased the content of ammonium nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon and protease activity by 13.12%, 20.21% and 16.11% respectively compared with the only application of chicken manure. [Conclusions]Combined application of rotten chicken manure with P. fluorescens showed the best effect, which could be used as a reasonable application method in reclaimed soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]The paper aimed to study the relationship between the polymorphisms of variants in miR-23a/27a/24 gene cluster promoter and litter size traits and its potential mechanism in Large White sow, and to provide a new potential genetic marker for molecular breeding of reproductive traits in sow. [Methods]The pooled sequencing was used to screen for variants in the promoter region of porcine miR-23a/27a/24 gene cluster, and the direct sequencing was used to detect genotype variants in a Large White sows population(n=345). The association between the polymorphisms and litter size traits was analyzed by a linear model. Different allelic promoter vectors were constructed and transfected into porcine ovarian granulosa cells(GC), and the effect of the variants on promoter activity was analyzed by luciferase activity assay. Bioinformatic methods were used to predict the potential binding of differential transcription factors in different allelic promoter, and the effect of differential transcription factors on the activity of different allelic promoters was verified by luciferase activity assay. [Results]A novel G/A variant, named g.65307469G>A, was identified at -648 nt(Chr. 2, 65 307 469 nt)in the promoter region of porcine miR-23a/27a/24 gene cluster. Three genotypes(GG, GA and AA)were observed in the Large White sow population, of which GG was the dominant genotype(89.57%)and the G allele was the dominant allele(94.64%). The association analysis revealed that the total number of piglets born(TNB)of sows with GA genotype was 0.56 higher than that of sows with GG genotype per litter(P<0.05). Luciferase activity assay showed that the activity of promoter region with G allele was significantly higher than that of promoter region with the A allele(P<0.05). A potentially binding site for transcription factor thanatos-associated protein 1(THAP1)was found in the promoter regions with the G allele, but not A allele, and a porcine THAP1 overexpression vector was successfully constructed. The results of the co-transformation experiment revealed that the THAP1 had no significant effect on the activity of the promoter regions with the G or A alleles(P>0.05). [Conclusions]The miR-23a/27a/24 gene cluster was a candidate gene cluster for litter size traits in Large White sow. The g.65307469G>A mutation affected the promoter activity of miR-23a/27a/24 gene cluster, but was not related to the transcription factor THAP1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]Aiming at the difficulty of identifying pests and diseases in the real environment of bergamot in the field, this paper proposed a method for detecting pests and diseases of bergamot based on improved SSD(single shot MultiBox detector)algorithm—SSD-Res50-3C algorithm. [Methods]The backbone network partially replaced the original VGG16 network with the ResNet50 network, and enhanced the model's ability to extract the characteristics of pests and diseases of bergamot in the real background of the field. A lightweight and efficient feature fusion module was added before predicting the feature layer to improve the multi-scale feature fusion capability of the SSD algorithm, and further improved the anti-interference ability of the SSD algorithm in the real background of the field. [Results]The mean average precision of SSD-Res50-3C algorithm was 92.86%, which was 6.61% higher than that of the original SSD algorithm, and the FPS(frames per second)reached 64.1. Compared with YOLO v3, YOLO v4, YOLO v5x6, Faster R-CNN, and EfficientDet-D3 models, the mean average precision of SSD-Res50-3C algorithm was 6.41%, 2.01%, 0.79%, 0.58%, and 5.10%, respectively, and FPS was 16.20, 40.28, 24.40, 36.20, and 54.84, respectively. [Conclusions]The pests and diseases detection method of bergamot based on the improved SSD algorithm proposed in this paper could weaken the interference information of the real environment in the field, accurately identify the target of pests and diseases of bergamot in the real environment of the field, and provide a new idea for the detection of pests and diseases of bergamot in the real environment of the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]This paper aimed to explore the effect of heat stress on partial miRNA in myoblasts,and analyze by bioinformatics and predict the target genes of miR-23a,miR-24,miR-27a-3p and miR-30a-5p,so as to reveal the mechanism of miRNA regulating the development of skeletal muscle under heat stress. [Methods]The expression of miRNA in myoblasts under heat stress was studied by RT-qPCR. The miRBase was used to obtain the precursor sequences and mature sequences of miR-23a,miR-24,miR-27a-3p and miR-30a-5p in different species,then MEGA X software was used to construct the phylogenetic trees for similarity analysis. The target genes of the above miRNA were predicted by TargetScan,miRDB,RNA22 and miRWalk,and the predicted common targets were analyzed by DAVID for GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment. Ultimately,the correlation among miRNA,common target genes and the KEGG pathway was analyzed. [Results]Heat stress significantly decreased the expression of miRNA in myoblasts at the proliferation and differentiation stages. The miR-23a,miR-24,miR-27a and miR-30a showed high conservation among different species,and except for miR-24 of Bos taurus,the mature sequences of four miRNA were basically the same,and the seed sequences were completely the same. The predicted common target genes were mainly enriched in the GO items,such as cell proliferation,cell differentiation,cell cycle,cell apoptosis and cell migration,as well as mTOR,TGFβ,MAPK,Ras,ErbB,FoxO,and PI3K-Akt and other KEGG pathways. Additionally,the correlation analysis showed that miR-24 and miR-27a-3p may target NLK and TAOK1 to participate in the MAPK and FoxO signaling pathways to regulate skeletal muscle development. [Conclusions]The miR-23a,miR-24,miR-27a and miR-30a were highly conserved in different species and the expression of partial miRNA was down-regulated in myoblasts under heat stress,thereby it might affect the development of skeletal muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]The paper aimed to study the sequence characteristics,expression patterns and transcriptional-regulation of lncRNA-269 of Hu sheep in order to provide theoretical basis for further research on its function. [Methods]Taking Hu sheep as the object,the full length of its sequence was obtained by 5'/3' RACE combined with PCR. RT-qPCR was used to identify its expression pattern in Hu sheep tissues; its promoter sequence was amplified using PCR method; the characteristics of its promoter region was identified,and its transcriptional regulation was analyzed. [Results]The total length of lncRNA-269 in Hu sheep was 3 146 bp,which was widely expressed in various tissues of Hu sheep,and significantly expressed in healthy follicles. Its expression level was positively correlated with NR5A1 mRNA and serum E2 level. The luciferase activity analysis showed that there was a transcriptional activation motif between -359 and -17 nt in lncRNA-269 promoter region,and a transcriptional inhibition motif between -1 485 and -942 nt. JASPAR software predicted that some transcription factor binding sites such as FOXO3 and PDX1 existed in transcriptional inhibition region,and SMAD4 and YY1 existed in transcriptional activation region. The overexpression of SMAD4 significantly increased the luciferase activity of lncRNA-269,and chromatin immunoprecipitation(ChIP)and PCR(ChIP-PCR)assay further confirmed the specificity of SMAD4 binding to lncRNA-269 promoter region. [Conclusions]lncRNA-269 was highly expressed in the healthy follicles of Hu sheep. There was a transcriptional activation region and a transcriptional inhibition region in its promoter region. The transcription factor SMAD4 could significantly up-regulate the promoter activity of lncRNA-269 by binding with the lncRNA-269 promoter region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]This paper was to study the effect of Trichinella spiralis calreticulin(TsCRT)on host immune system. [Methods]The recombinant calreticulin of T. spiralis(rTsCRT)was expressed by prokaryotic expression and purified, which was analysed by Western blot. Cells proliferation, apoptosis and NO releasing were detected after rTsCRT co-incubating with mouse macrophage. The transcription factors and cytokines were detected after rTsCRT co-incubating with rat peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC). [Results]Western blot showed that rTsCRT could be recognized by the sera of rat infected with T. spiralis. Cell proliferation and NO secretion of mouse macrophage were promoted. Mouse macrophage apoptosis was inhibited by rTsCRT. The mRNA levels of T-bet, Gata-3 and PU.1 were down-regulated in rat PBMC. Foxp3, Ahr, RORγt and Bcl-6 mRNA levels were up-regulated. The mRNA levels of IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-10, TGF-β, IL-9 and IL-22 mRNA levels were up-regulated in rat PBMC. IL-4 and IL-21 were down-regulated. [Conclusions]Th1, Th17, Treg, Th9 and Th22 immune responses of host were produced. Th2 and Tfh immunity were inhibited by T. spiralis calreticulin. rTsCRT had a complex effect on host immune regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]The paper aimed to investigate the effects of cold plasma treatment on the quality and antioxidant activity of fresh-cut carrots during storage, and to propose a basis for the application of cold plasma treatment in fresh-cut carrot preservation. [Methods]Fresh-cut carrots were treated with dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma at 60 kV for 5 min and stored at (10±1) ℃ for 72 h. Regular samples were taken to measure the quality parameters, polyphenols content and antioxidant activity of fresh-cut carrots. [Results]Cold plasma treatment could slow down the occurrence of white blush by inhibiting peroxidase activity and the accumulation of lignin and inhibit the growth of surface microorganisms in fresh-cut carrots. Cold plasma treatment maintained higher contents of ascorbic acid and total carotenoid in fresh-cut carrots. In addition, cold plasma treatment could improve the generation rate of ■ and H2O2 content during the early storage period, and improve the activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL),cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-coumaric acid coenzyme A ligase (4CL),and improve the contents of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and other phenolic substances and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging rate in fresh-cut carrots. [Conclusions]Cold plasma treatment could delay the quality deterioration of fresh-cut carrots, and improve the antioxidant activity by promoting the accumulation of phenolic substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]The paper aimed to investigate the effects of different starch sources and gelatinization degrees on the growth performance, nutrients digestibility and glycolipid metabolism of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) . [Methods]A 2×2 factorial design was adopted in this study. Wheat starch and corn starch were selected as two starch sources, while raw and gelatinization were designated as different gelatinization degrees. Then, four feeds were formulated respectively, including the raw wheat starch feed, the gelatinized wheat starch feed, the raw corn starch feed, and the gelatinized corn starch feed. A total of 320 juvenile blunt snout bream with an initial weight of (19.95±0.14) g were randomly divided into 4 groups. Each group had 5 replicates, and each tank held 16 fishes. The feeding trial lasted 10 weeks. [Results]Dietary starch source only significantly affected the transcription of fatty acid synthetase (fas) gene with a significantly high value observed in the corn starch group. In terms of gelatinization degree, the feed consumption, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate of raw starch were all significantly higher than those of gelatinized starch, whereas the opposite was true for dry matter digestibility, plasma glucose level, liver glycogen content and hepatic transcriptions of glucose-6-phosphate (g6pdh),fas and acetyl-CoA carboxylase α (accα) genes. In addition, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, dry matter digestibility, plasma glucose level, liver glycogen content, and the transcriptions of g6pdh and fas were all significantly affected by the interaction between starch source and gelatinization degree. The raw corn starch group obtained the highest weight gain rate and specific growth rate, while the raw wheat starch group obtained the lowest dry matter digestibility. In addition, the gelatinized corn starch group obtained the highest blood glucose level, liver glycogen content, and hepatic transcriptions of g6pdh and fas. [Conclusions]The gelatinization degree of starch significantly affected the growth performance, nutrients digestibility, and glycolipid metabolism of blunt snout bream, while the effects of the starch source were quite minor. The raw corn starch group obtained high weight gain rate and dry matter digestibility coupled with low glucose, glycogen and lipid deposition, indicating that it was a suitable starch source for blunt snout bream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]The paper aimed to study the effects of feeding different types of dietary oil on production performance, meat quality and muscle fatty acid composition of yellow-feathered broilers. [Methods]A total of 432 1-day-old fast large yellow-feathered broilers (green-footed hens),half male and half female, were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups based on the principle of similar body weight, with 6 replicates in each group and 18 birds in each replicate. The groups were control group (soybean oil),palm oil group, cottonseed oil group and lard group. The experiment lasted for 52 days and was divided into 3 feeding stages, 1-20 days old, 21-40 days old and 41-52 days old, respectively. The amount of oil added in the first stage, second stage and third stage was 1.8%,3.2%,4.2%,respectively. The body weights of broilers at the beginning of the experiment (1-day-old),20 days old, 40 days old and at the end of the experiment (52 days old) were recorded, and the weekly feed consumption of each cage broiler was recorded. The indexes of meat quality and fatty acid composition were detected. [Results]Compared with the control group, addition with palm oil or cottonseed oil had no significant effect on the growth performance of yellow-feathered broilers during 1-40 day period (P＞0.05),but greatly decreased the daily feed intake (P＜0.05) and body wight during 41-52 day period (P＜0.01) . In addition, cottonseed oil supplementation significantly increased muscle pH45 min (P＜0.05) . The addition of palm oil, cottonseed oil or lard significantly reduced polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content in the breast muscle (P＜0.01) and significantly increased saturated fatty acids (SFA) content in the leg muscle (P＜0.01) . [Conclusions]Different oil additions (soybean oil, palm oil, cottonseed oil or lard) had no significant effect on the production performance and meat quality of yellow-feathered broilers in the early stages, supplementation with palm oil, cottonseed oil or lard significantly increased the SFA content of leg muscle and significantly decreased the PUFA content of breast and leg muscle of yellow-feathered broilers compared with the addition of soybean oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract：[Objectives]The paper aimed to establish a UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in dog plasma, and to evaluate the bioequivalence of domestic amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium tablets and reference preparations orally in dogs. [Methods]Multi reaction monitoring (MRM) of acetonitrile and aqueous formic acid were used as mobile phases and gradient elution was performed on a HSS T3 column. Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid were monitored by electrospray in positive and negative ion modes, respectively. Plasma samples were precipitated with acetonitrile and extracted with dichloromethane. For the plasma sample pretreatment method of clavulanic acid, the step of n-hexane degreasing was added. After methodological validation, the concentrations of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in plasma samples were detected respectively. The bioequivalence study adopted a single-dose, two-treatment, and two-cycle randomized crossover trial design. Twenty-six healthy adult beagle dogs were selected. The reference preparation or the test preparation 250 mg were orally adminstrated on an empty stomach in order, respectively. The concentrations of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in plasma were detected by the established UPLC-MS/MS method. Pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug were calculated using the non-compartmental model of the Phoenix Winnonlin 8.1 pharmacokinetic software. The bioequivalence of Cmax,AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ was evaluated after logarithmic conversion. [Results]The specificity of the method was suitable for detecting amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. The signal response values of amoxicillin in the concentration range of 20-10 000 ng·mL-1 and clavulanic acid in the concentration range of 50-5 000 ng·mL-1 had a good linear relationship with concentration (R~2＞0.99) . Intra-batch and inter-batch accuracy deviations and precision were both within 15%. The matrix effect met the requirements. Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid were stable under the test conditions. In the reference preparation and test preparation, the Cmax of amoxicillin was (10 934.87±3 118.79) ng·mL-1 and (11 101.66±3 185.09) ng·mL-1,AUC0-t was (30 983.24±9 395.40) ng·h·mL-1 and (31 646.91±9 319.93) ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞ was (31 093.42±9 425.85) ng·h·mL-1 and (31 843.77±9 290.25) ng·h·mL-1,respectively; the Cmax of clavulanic acid was (3 494.90±1 574.11) ng·mL-1 and (3 694.26±1 701.65) ng·mL-1,AUC0-twas (5 652.61±2 409.17) ng·mL-1 and (6 041.81±2 458.42) ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞ was (5 730.52±2 392.78) ng·h·mL-1 and (6 122.80±2 469.20) ng·h·mL-1,respectively. The 90% confidence intervals of geometric mean ratio of Cmax,AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ after log conversion all fell within 80.00%-125.00%. There was no significant difference in Tmax by nonparametric test. [Conclusions]The established UPLC-MS/MS method met the requirements of biological sample analysis, and amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium tablet and reference preparation were bioequivalent in dogs.MoreReset [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]This paper aimed to study the responses of soybean GmCLC-d1/d2 genes and their promoters to NaCl stress, and to explore their physiological functions in salt stress adaptation in plants. [Methods]GmCLC-d1/d2 genes were cloned from the soybean ‘Lee68’cultivar, their plant RNA interference (RNAi) and overexpression vectors were constructed for obtaining RNAi-and overexpressed (OE) -GmCLC-d1/d2 soybean hairy root composite plants mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes and OE-GmCLC-d1/d2 Arabidopsis thaliana mediated by A. tumefaciens,respectively. The changes in plant morphological and physiological indexes under NaCl treatment were analyzed and compared. [Results]Compared with the empty vector-transformed soybean hairy root composite plants under NaCl stress, the plant fresh weight, leaf relative water content (RWC) and chlorophyll content, activities of catalase (CAT),peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in roots and leaves of RNAi-GmCLC-d1/d2 soybean plants obviously decreased, the relative electrolytic leakage (REL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in roots and leaves, and Cl-content in roots, stems and leaves apparently increased, but NO-3 content significantly decreased, which resulted in Cl-/NO-3 ratios in roots, stems and leaves, particularly raised significantly in the shoots. However, the above indexes were opposite in OE-GmCLC-d1/d2 soybean hairy root composite plants, with the enhanced salt tolerance. The seed germination rate, seedling root length, and 3-week-old plant fresh weight, leaf RWC and chlorophyll content of OE-GmCLC-d1/d2 A. thaliana were clearly better than those of wild type (WT) under salt stress, and additionally, REL and MDA content in shoots significantly decreased, the activities of CAT,POD and SOD were improved, while Cl-contents in roots and shoots decreased, and NO-3 content obviously increased, which resulted in a significant drop of Cl-/NO-3 ratio in roots and shoots, especially in the latter. [Conclusions]GmCLC-d1/d2 genes could facilitate NO-3 uptake in the roots of overexpressed soybean hairy root composite plants or A. thaliana plants, and its transport and distribution to the shoots under salt stress, and simultaneously inhibit Cl-uptake and transport to a certain extent, so as to maintain lower Cl-/NO-3 ratio, especially in the shoots, for enhancing the salt tolerance, and among them, the effect of GmCLC-d2 gene was more obvious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]The paper aimed to enrich the application technology of triclopyr in wheat field, and provide solutions for the prevention and control of dominant weeds in wheat field. [Methods]The type of combined action of iprosulfuron and its safety to wheat were studied by whole plant bioassay. The selectivity of compound preparation between wheat and weeds was determined and verified in field. [Results]The results of greenhouse experiments showed that the combination of triclopyr and isoproturon had additive or synergistic effects on Veronica persic,Lamium amplexicaule,Galium aparine,Alopecurus japonicus and Beckmannia syzigachne. The suitable ratio of the triclopyr and isoproturon was (1-2) ∶ (2.9-5.8) ;after compounding with isoproturon at a mass ratio of 1∶2.9,the herbicidal activity was significantly improved, and the selectivity index of the mixture between wheat‘Yannong 999’and the tested weeds was 2.72-21.22. The field results showed that the control effect of triclopyr combined with isoproturon on the total plant and fresh weight of G. aparine,Stellaria aquatic,A. japonicas were 86.2%-95.5% and 88.8%-96.1% at 150 d after treatment. [Conclusions]The combination of triclopyr with isoproturon could reduce the dosage and expand the herbicidal spectrum, and it was safe for wheat. It could be used to control the annual weeds in wheat field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]The purpose of this paper was to determine the safety, safe use time, dosage, and application range of florpyrauxifen-benzyl to rice, and clarify the selective mechanism of florpyrauxifen-benzyl between rice and weeds. The results provided technical guidance for the application of florpyrauxifen-benzyl in rice fields. [Methods]The whole plant bioassay method was used to determine the safety of florpyrauxifen-benzyl to rice. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),gas chromatography, and HPLC-MS were used to determine the dynamic change of plant hormones such as indoleacetic acid (IAA),ethylene (ET) and abscisic acid (ABA) in Echinochloa crusgalli and rice after florpyrauxifen-benzyl treatment. [Results]Rice with low leaf age was more sensitive to florpyrauxifen-benzyl and it was prone to drug damage. With the increase of leaf age, the sensitivity of rice to florpyrauxifen-benzyl decreased gradually, and it was safe to apply the herbicide at 30 g·hm-2 after 4.5 leaf stage of rice. The order of inhibitory effect on different types of rice was indica rice, glutinous rice and japonica rice, and the order of inhibitory effect of florpyrauxifen-benzyl on different cultivation methods of rice was dry-direct seeding, water-direct seeding and transplanting. Under the treatment of 15 g·hm-2 dose of florpyrauxifen-benzyl, the change rate of IAA,ET and ABA content in E. crusgalli was significantly higher than those in rice. The results of l-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) content, 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylate synthase (ACS) enzyme activity and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO) enzyme activity in the process of ethylene synthesis were consistent with those of ethylene. [Conclusions]Florpyrauxifen-benzyl had a strong inhibitory effect on low leaf age rice, and it was recommended to be used after 4.5 leaf stage of rice. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl had high selectivity between E. crusgalli and rice. Disturbing the hormone balance in plants was one of the important mechanisms of florpyrauxifen-benzyl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]The paper aimed to obtain double haploids of the melon (2n=2x=24) inbred line BPC-4 by distant hybridization, and analyse botanical traits and genomic changes. [Methods]The melon inbred line BPC-4 was used as the maternal parent to cross with eight different materials of the genus Cucumis. F1 generation of the obtained cross was selfed to obtain F2 and F3,which were used for chromosome number observation, SSR molecular marker analysis and plant traits consistency in the same generation to identify their double haploid feature; F2 and F3 were genome resequenced and then purified site distribution and stability of double haploid genome SNP were analyzed. [Results]Among the eight hybrid combinations, three seeds were obtained from the combination of (BPC-4×cucumber inbred line YPJ-6) (2n=2x=14),among which one seed was planted and 50 self-crossing progenies were obtained. The chromosome number of the F2 generation were identified to be 2n=2x=24. SSR identification showed that the PCR bands by 27 SSR markers in F2 generation were the same as those of the maternal parent. The PCR bands of F2 was consistent among single plants and F3 was not separated, indicating that the F2 gene loci were homozygous. Statistical analysis of botanical traits showed that the main changes in F2 were compact and dwarf compared with BPC-4. The average values of internode spacing, stem diameter, leaf length and width, and petiole length in F2 were all lower than those of BPC-4,and F2 individual plants were consistent. The above results proved that the progenies obtained from the distant crosses were double haploid, and thus F1,F2 and F3 were named as DH0,DH1 and DH2,respectively. The data of seed number and seed setting rate of dihaploid showed that fertility of DH0 was low, while fertility of DH1 and DH2 had recovered up to that of BPC-4 and could be used for seed propagation and preserved through self-crossing. The genome resequencing revealed that the double haploid SNP loci were further purified by 0.26% compared with BPC-4,and the new purified loci were distributed on all 12 chromosomes. The difference of purified loci between DH1 and DH2 of the double haploid selfing progeny was 1 016,accounting for only 0.05%,which was smaller than the heterozygosity difference of 3.13% from Mendelian theory conventional self-crossing S4 to S5,indicating that the double haploid genome had been stabilized. [Conclusions]Genome resequencing and botanical trait variation demonstrated that it was still necessary to create a double haploid in melon after four generations of self-crossing, and that the double haploids obtained could be saved by seed for further breeding and theoretical studies.  [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]This paper aimed to research on the residue behavior of emamectin benzoate and pyriproxyfen in field corn and evaluate the chronic dietary risk, so as to provide suggestions for the rational use of emamectin benzoate and pyriproxyfen on corn. [Methods]In accordance with good agricultural practices(GAP), the field trials of 12% microemulsion(3% emamectin benzoate+9% pyriproxyfen, ME)on corn were carried out across 12 regions of main corn production in China. The formulation of 12% ME was sprayed once at the dosage of 45 g·hm-2 during the incubation period of corn borer eggs, and the recommended pre-harvest interval(PHI)was 21 days. Meanwhile, a method for determination of emamectin benzoate and pyriproxyfen in corn was developed based on QuEChERS and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS), which was applied to detect the residue levels in field corn samples, and the chronic dietary risk was assessed based on field trial results. [Results]At the spiked levels of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 1 mg·kg-1, the mean recoveries of emamectin B1a and pyriproxyfen in fresh corn, corn kernels and corn straw samples were 87%-106%, with relative standard deviations(RSD)of 2.3%-7.5% and limits of quantification(LOQ)all being 0.01 mg·kg-1. In the fresh corn and corn kernel samples harvested at 21 and 28 days after application, the terminal residue levels of emamectin B1a benzoate were less than 0.011 mg·kg-1, which were lower than the maximum residue limit(MRL)of emamectin benzoate in corn in China(fresh corn:0.05 mg·kg-1; corn kernel:0.05 mg·kg-1), and the terminal residue levels of pyriproxyfen were less than 0.01 mg·kg-1(At present, the MRL of pyriproxyfen on corn had not been set in China). The chronic risk quotients of emamectin benzoate and pyriproxyfen were 78.4% and 5.8%, respectively, which were both lower than 100%, indicating a low risk to consumer's health. [Conclusions]Under the GAP conditions of applying 12% microemulsion(3% emamectin benzoate+9% pyriproxyfen)on corn, the recommended PHI of 21 days was safe. The paper could also offer a reference for China to formulate the MRL of pyriproxyfen on corn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The purpose of this paper was to reveal the regulatory mechanism of general control non-repressible 5 (GCN5) in the growth and development of grape, and to screen proteins that interacted with GCN5, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the further construction of the regulatory network of VvGCN5 in grape growth and development. [Methods] Using bioinformatics technology, the protein secondary structure, gene structure, functional domains, cis-acting elements of the promoter, as well as space-time expression and expression level of stress resistance of VvGCN5 were analyzed, and subcellular localization in tobacco was conducted to study the expression position of VvGCN5. Proteins interacting with VvGCN5 were screened by yeast two- hybrid technology and verified by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BIFC) technology. [Results] The secondary structure of VvGCN5 consisted of α-helix, extended chain, β-sheet and random coil, contained 10 intron sequences and 11 CDS sequences, and had Acetyltransf_1 and Bromodomain domains, and ARE, GTI-motif, TGACG-motif, CAT-box, CGTCA-motif and other cis-acting elements. By querying the GEO database, it was found that VvGCN5 might be affected by light and downy mildew. VvGCN5 was mainly expressed in mature stems, early germination stages, carpels and seeds of grapes. Subcellular localization found that VvGCN5 was located on the nucleus and cell membrane. In addition, using pGBKT7-V GCN5 as a bait protein, 8 positive proteins were found to interact with VvGCN5 through yeast two-hybrid technology and BIFC. [Conclusions] In this study, the basic information of VvGCN5 was identified, and 8 proteins interacting with VvGCN5 were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The purpose of this paper was to develop a method of the high throughput determination of 16 sedative drug residues in pig, cattle and sheep meat by QuEChERS(quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) combined with gas chromatography- triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). [Methods] The samples of livestock meat were extracted by acetonitrile. The extracts were dehydrated by salt-packed salting in a citric acid buffer system, purified by Na2SO4 and primary secondary amine (PSA) sorbent, separated by a TR-Pesticide II capillary column. The sedative drug residues were determined in multiple reaction monitoring mode and quantified by external standard method. [Results] The 16 sedative drugs showed good linearity in the concentration range of 1-200 ng mL-1 (R² ≥0.992 8). The limit of detection was 0.01-0.30 µg kg-1 and the limit of quantification was 0.10-1.00 µg kg-1. At the spiked levels of 0.10-10.00 µg kg-1 the recovery ranged from 64.83% to 112.04%, the intra-batch relative standard deviation (RSD) was 1.45%-8.96%, and the inter-batch RSD was 4.48%-14.88%. [Conclusions] The method was simple with high sensitivity and precision, short analysis time and good reproducibility. It could meet the need of rapid detection of various sedative drug residues in livestock meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The paper aimed to investigate the effects of early incubation temperature on yolk sac absorption and intestinal development of chicks [Methods] A total of 189 one-day-old healthy Huainan Ephedra chicks were randomly divided into 3 groups with 3 replicates in each group and 21 chicks in each replicate: 33°C group, 30 °C group and 27 °C group, respectively (After 2.5 d, the brood temperature of the three groups was uniform). At 0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5,7, 14 days old, 3 rats were collected from each replicate. After weighing, blood was collected from the heart for serum separation for antibody detection, and yolk sacs were collected for fatty acid composition analysis (within 2.5 d) at slaughter. Sections of small intestine were taken for fluorescence quantitative analysis of metabolity-related gene expression levels. [Results] The body weight of chicks at 14 days old in 30 °C group was significantly higher than those in the other two groups (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in yolk sac weight between different temperature groups except for incubation for 1.5 d(36 h). Yolk sac fatty acids were mainly composed of C16:0,C18: In9t, C18:0 and C18:2n6t, and there was no significant difference in fatty acid content among all groups (P>0.05). The spleen weight of 7 days old chicks in 30 °C group was significantly higher than those in the other two groups (P<0.05), and serum IgM and IgY were significantly higher than those in 33 °C group(P<0.05). At 14 days old, the ratio of villi to crypt to duodenum and jejunum in 30 °C group was significantly higher than those in 33 °C group, but the ratio of villi to crypt to ileum in 30 °C group was significantly lower than those in 27 °C and 33 C groups (P<0.05). The expression levels of GLUUT2 and Pep71 in ileum of chicks in 30 °C group were significantly higher than those in 27 °C group(P<0.05). [Conclusions] The temperature at the early stage of incubation had significant effects on the growth and development of chicks. Incubation at 33 °C was beneficial to the absorption of yolk sac in the first 1.5 d, and incubation at 30 °C was beneficial to the increase of body weight, small intestinal morphological development, immune level establishment and the expression of genes related to intestinal nutrient absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The urediniospores of wheat stripe rust pathogen is an important reason for the outbreak of wheat stripe rust. Aiming at the problems of low detection precision and low segmentation precision in the identification of microscopic image of urediniospores, an automatic detection method for urediniospores of wheat stripe rust pathogen based on spin Unet++ network was proposed. [Methods] According to the characteristics of dense and conglutination of the urediniospores in the microscopic image, a spinning connection structure was proposed by improving the feature extraction network of Unet ++, which optimized the segmentation precision of Unet ++ network and improved the segmentation rate of detection. According to the morphological characteristics of spores, a weighted mapping rectangle calculation formula was proposed to calculate its rectangular thermogram, so as to improve the precision of spore detection. [Results] The algorithm test results showed that the average precision of the improved algorithm reached 99.03%, and the segmentation rate was 86.45%, which met the requirements of accurate detection. Compared with the original CenterNet model, the overlap rate increased by 10.35 percentage points, the precision increased by 0.46 percentage points, and the memory usage reduced by 66.09%. [Conclusions] The model in this paper not only ensured a high precision of detection of urediniospores, but also ensured a high spore segmentation rate, which provided an effective method for the early warning of wheat stripe rust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] Under the high-density breeding mode, broilers in cages are prone to respiratory diseases, which are difficult to prevent. In this paper, a cough detection method for whole-life cycle cough of white-feathered broiler based on vocalization characteristics and deep learning was designed to automatically monitor the cough vocalization of broilers and provide early warning information in time. [Methods] Digital filtering, spectral subtraction denoising and endpoint detection were performed on the vocalization signals of broilers at three different growth stages: 10-19 days old, 20-29 days old and after 30 days of age, and the filter bank (FBank), Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) features and their respective first-order and second-order differences were used as the input of the VGG16 and ResNet18 neural networks to complete the three-category model training of cough, tweet and other vocalizations. [Results] The recognition models constructed by using different vocalization features and neural networks in each age group could accurately realize the vocalization classification, and the FBank-VGG16 model was better at 10-19 days old and 20-29 days old, and the accuracy rates were respectively 94.29% and 97.65%. The accuracy rate of the MFCC-ResNet18 model after 30 days was higher than other models at 98.66%. As the age increased, the overall recognition accuracy of each model increased, ranging from 3% to 7%. [Conclusions] This experimental method could quickly and accurately identify the cough sounds of broilers at different life stages in the actual production environment, and provided technical support for the early detection of respiratory diseases in caged broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The paper aimed to study the effects of new herbicidal compounds derived from TSC-3, Taiwanin Hand Taiwanin E on the redox potential of Arabidopsis root tip cells. [Methods] The effects of different concentrations of new herbicides on the redox potential of root cap, meristematic zone, transition zone and elongation zone of Arabidopsis thaliana were determined by using mt-roGFPI A. transgenic. [Results] Different concentrations of TSC-3, Taiwanin H and Taiwanin E could reduce the redox potential of root tip cells of the mt-roGFP1 labeled transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants, with the increase of the concentration of the compound, the greater the effect on the redox potential of the meristem zone of mt-roGFPI labeled transgenic A. thaliana plants. After being treated with TSC-3 at 0.1,1,5 and 10 µg mL-1 the mean values of the maximum variation in redox potential changes in root cells of the meristem zone were 13.06, 18.59, 27.74 and 29.92 mV, respectively. When treated with Taiwanin H and Taiwanin E at 1, -1 5 and 10 µg mL-1, the mean values of the maximum variation of redox potential in root cells of the meristem zone were 12.21, 15.72, 22.67 mV and 14.71, 24.03, 28.69 mV, respectively. [Conclusions] In a certain range, the greater the concentration of TSC-3, Taiwanin H and Taiwanin E, the greater of the redox potential changes in root cells of the meristem zone. It indicated that the redox potential response of A. thaliana root tip cells to these herbicidal compounds was dose-response related. Our results provide a basis for the study of the mechanism of novel plant-derived herbicides on root cell mitochondria by roGFPI fluorescence probe technology, and they also provide theoretical basis for the establishment of a rapid screening platform for herbicidal compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The paper aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of 5 °C low temperature treatment on seed germination of celery and its regulatory mechanism. [Methods] The seeds of Shanghai yellow heart' were treated at 5 and 20 °C to explore the germination, gibberellin(GA) and abscisic acid(ABA) contents, the dynamic changes of key genes expression in metabolic pathways, and the dynamic changes of starch and soluble sugar contents. [Results]5 °C low temperature treatment significantly inhibited the seed germination rate, seedling emergence rate, relative water absorption and embryo growth of celery, while 20 °C treatment could rapidly promote the seed germination. And after the seeds treated at 5 °C for 15 days were transferred to 20 °C (T5-20 treatment), the seeds could quickly recover their germination vitality, which indicated that 5 °C low temperature did not cause irreversible damage to the seeds. The results of seed vitality staining also indicated that low temperature did not cause damage to the embryo structure. Low temperature at 5 °C also markedly inhibited the synthesis of GA during germination, and the expression of related metabolism and downstream genes was also markedly inhibited, while 20°C treatment significantly promoted the synthesis of GA, and the high expression of GA3ox1 gene in seeds treated at 20 °C and T5-20 meant that it might play a key role in the synthesis of GA. ABA content showed a dynamic change in 5 °C treatment, but GA/ABA showed a downward trend in adults. The expression of the ABA degrading gene CYP707A1 had a significant negative correlation with ABA content in the middle and late stages of seed germination 5 °C treatment. In addition, 5 °C also significantly inhibited the sugar metabolism capacity of celery seeds. The starch content of celery seeds treated at 5 °C was significantly higher than that treated at 20 °C, but the soluble sugar content was significantly lower than that treated at 20 °C. [Conclusions] Low temperature at 5 °C induced secondary dormancy of celery seeds. GA/ABA might be an with low temperature. in important signal of celery seeds' response to ambient temperature, and GA3ox1 and CYP707A1 were potential key genes to cope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] This paper aimed to explore the toxic mechanism of nitrite on Fabrea salina. [Methods] The toxicity of sodium nitrite with different concentrations (0,9.63, 19.25, 38.50, 77.00 and 154.00 mg L-1) was examined on the population dynamics of F. salina by a static bioassay test. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and peroxidase (POD) were used as biomarkers and integrated by the biomarker response index (IBR). [Results] The chronic toxicity experiments showed that with the increase of sodium nitrite concentration, the maximum population density and specific growth rate (µ) increased first and then decreased, and reached the peak value in the 9.63 mg. L-1 treatment group, increasing by 8.8%. The minimum value was reached in the 154.00 mg L-1 treatment group, with a decrease of 20.59%. Generation time fell first and then rose. The toxicity test of antioxidant enzyme activity showed that, the activity of biomarkers had various trend under sodium nitrite stress, and the SOD activity of F. salina showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The CAT and GPx activity in the early stage of stress also increased first and then decreased with the increase of sodium nitrite concentration, and the GPx activity increased significantly in the later stage of stress. The POD activity of F. salina showed an upward trend with the increase of sodium nitrite concentration. [Conclusions] High concentration of sodium nitrite had certain biological toxicity to F. salina, including the deterioration of the population growth state and leading to oxidation stress response. As a feasible tool to quantify pollutant-induced responses to various biomarkers, the IBR index could reveal the effects of nitrite exposure on the activities of antioxidant enzymes of F. salina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] This paper aimed to study the expression pattern of BCGR2. 1 in non-heading Chinese cabbage under photooxidative stress, and explore the effects of BcGR2.1 overexpression or silencing on the plant resistance to photooxidative stress, so as to clarify the function of the gene. [Methods] The CDS sequence of BcGR2. 1 gene was cloned from non-heading Chinese cabbage, and the phylogenetic tree analysis and conserved domain alignment of the amino acid sequence encoded by BcGR2.1 were performed. The expression level of BcGR2. 1 under photooxidative stress was analyzed by RT-qPCR. BcGR2. 1-overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana and BcGR2. 1-silencing plants were obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated floral dip transformation and virus- induced gene silencing (VIGS) respectively, the effects of overexpression or silencing of BcGR2. 1 on the plant resistance to photooxidative stress were also tested. [Results] BcGR2.1 gene contained a 1 626 bp open reading frame (ORF), and had the closest evolutionary relationship with Brassica rapa. The expression level of BeGR2. 1 was up-regulated and then down-regulated under photooxidative stress induced by methyl viologen (MV) treatment. The content of ascorbic acid (AsA) increased in overexpression transgenic A. thaliana and decreased in BcGR2. I-silencing plants. Under photooxidative stress, H2O2 content was significantly lower in overexpression transgenic A. thaliana than that in wild type, while H2O2 content in BcGR2. 1-silencing plants was significantly higher than that in PTY empty plants. The chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics parameters such as FY/Fm Y(II), ETR and qP were significantly higher in BcGR2.1-overexpressing A. thaliana than those in wild type. [Conclusions] BcGR2.1 had positive regulation on AsA content in A. thaliana and non-heading Chinese cabbage, inhibited the H2O2 explosion under photooxidative stress, maintained the normal state of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and improved the tolerance of plants to photooxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The paper aimed to identify the members of VvmiR396 family (VvmiR396) and their target genes, and to investigate the mode of action of VvmiR396-VvGRFI in seed abortion/development. [Methods] Identification of VvmiR396 and its target genes was performed by miR-RACE, RLM-RACE, PPM-RACE, and in vivo validation of tobacco co-transformation, and their potential functions and evolutionary conservation were analyzed, and the temporal and spatial expression profiles of VvmiR396 and their targets in seeded and non-seeded varieties were detected, and their expressional correlation was analyzed. [Results] Compared to Wink' grapes, the seed development of 'Jingkejing' grapes was severely inhibited at 28 days after flowering, with abortion and seed atrophy, while the former seeds developed normally. The precursors of VvmiR396a, VvmiR396b, VvmiR396c and VvmiR396d and their mature sequences were identified, all of which could form a typical stem-loop structure, and their mature sequences were all located on the 5' arm of the stem-loop. VvmiR396 had a close relationship with the homologous sequences of tobacco and tomato, while it had a farther relationship with wheat. Eight potential target genes of VvmiR396 were predicted, and VuGRF1 and V GRF10 were identified as the true target genes of VvmiR396 in vitro using RLM-RACE and PPM-RACE techniques, and the cleavage sites and frequencies of VvmiR396 for VvGRFI were 10th (19/22,5/25)/11th (2/22, 2/25), cleavage sites and frequency for VvGRF10 were 9th (17/21,3/20)/11th (2/21,1/20). The cleavage roles of VvmiR396 on their target genes were further verified in vivo, and it was found that the cleavage role of VvmiR396 on VvGRFI was stronger than that of VvGRF10. Homology conservation analysis revealed that VuGRFI was closely related to species such as Populus euphratica, Populus tomentosa, Nelumbo nucifera, and Nicotiana tabacum, and GRF1 protein contained QLQ and WRC domains across different plant species. There were various hormone (gibberellin, auxin, abscisic acid, etc.) response elements on the promoters of VuMIR396 (VvmiR396 precursor genes) and VvGRFI. The quantitative results showed that the expression of VvmiR396 gradually increased during the abortive process of 'Jingkejing' seeds, and the expression was highest at the critical abortive stage (42 days after flowering), while VvGRFI showed the opposite expression pattern. In contrast, VvmiR396 expression tended to decrease in seed development of the nucleated variety,Wink', with the lowest expression at 42 days after anthesis and opposite expression patterns of target genes, indicating that VvmiR396 may mediate positive regulation of grape seed abortion by VvGRFI and negative regulation of seed development. Further correlation analysis revealed that VvmiR396b had the highest negative correlation with VuGRFI in Jingkejing' seed abortion. [Conclusions] A total of four members, VvmiR396a, VvmiR396b, VvmiR396c, and VvmiR396d, were identified in the pseudo parthenocarpy grape 'Jingkejing'; VvmiR396b-VvGRFI may be an important module involved in the regulation of grapevine seed embryo abortion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]The paper aimed to explore the toxic effect of zearalenone(ZEA)on leydig cells(LC)of Hu sheep. [Methods]Using Hu sheep LC as experimental materials, treating the LC with 200 μmol·L-1 ZEA for 8 h, cell proliferation was measured by the EdU assay. RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to detect the expression changes of genes and proteins related to cell proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress and m6A methylation modification, respectively. [Results]Compared with the control group, the activity and proliferation of LC cells in the ZEA-treated group decreased extremely significantly(P<0.01). The relative expression levels of cell proliferation related gene pcna and its related proteins decreased extremely significantly(P<0.01). The relative expression levels of pro-apoptotic genes increased(bax, caspase3, P<0.01; tp53, caspase9, P<0.05), and its related proteins increased(TP53, Caspase9, P<0.01). The relative expression levels of anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2 and its related proteins reduced significantly(P<0.05). The relative expression levels of oxidative stress-related genes increased(cat, P<0.05; gsh-px, sod2, P<0.01), and its related proteins increased(SOD2, P<0.01). The relative expression levels of m6A related genes alkbh5 reduced significantly(P<0.05), mettl3 and ythdc1 extremely significantly increased(P<0.01), ythdf3 significantly increased(P<0.05). [Conclusions]ZEA could inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of LC in Hu sheep, leading to oxidative damage and toxic effect of LC, and its toxic effect may be related to the change of m6A methylation modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]This paper aimed to study the effects of nanomaterials and natural antimicrobial substances derived from microorganisms on gelatin-carboxymethyl cellulose sodium(CMC-Na)coating liquid and the effect of modified coating liquid on blueberry preservation, so as to provide technical guidance and theoretical basis for the preservation method of green coating film for fruits and vegetables. [Methods]Using gelatin/CMC-Na as the basic coating liquid, the modified coating liquid was prepared through L9(34)orthogonal design by adding modified nano-TiO2, ε-polylysine hydrochloride and natamycin, the physiological and fungistatic indicators of different coating liquid were observed and compared, and the best proportion of modified coating liquid was selected. The modified coating liquid was used for blueberries preservation, while some physicochemical properties and qualities were evaluated during storage at 0-3 ℃, relative humidity of 90%-95%. [Results]The optimal addition proportion of modified nano-TiO2, ε-polylysine hydrochloride and natamycin was 0.2, 0.15 and 0.3 g·L-1, respectively. The fungistatic rates of modified coating liquid on Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were 5.8 and 126.6 times that of the basic coating liquid, respectively. Compared with the basic coating liquid, the physical properties of the modified coating liquid improved, and the various substances were well fused, but no new chemical bonds formed, the water vapor transmission rate and water solubility were reduced, and the light transmittance slightly decreased; the gel performance enhanced and a more regular and dense network gel structure formed. The modified coating liquid coating treatment improved the hardness, soluble solid content and resistance-related enzyme activity, reduced the weight loss rate and decay rate of blueberries, and the low temperature storage period of blueberry was extended to 40 days. [Conclusions]By adding an appropriate proportion of modified nano-TiO2, ε-polylysine hydrochloride and natamycin, the structure of the gel formed by modified coating liquid changed, the physical properties of the coating film improved, and the antifungal properties enhanced. The modified coating liquid showed good storability of blueberries during cold storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]