Search

In this paper the results of a theoretical research on the category of social exclusion are presented, research performed from 2022 to early 2023. From a series of analysis related to the absence of a theoretical base for such category, the purpose was to identify, through document review, which theoretical background this category could be related with. The argument in this paper is that structural functionalism is an alternative for theoretical ground, because with Robert Merton was found that social exclusion is a problem addressed in his theory through the concept of anomie in his sociology of deviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In issue 183 of the Journal of Social Sciences, different studies are presented on voices and career paths, identities, and resistances. One of the studies analyzes the working conditions of call center workers in Costa Rica and their perspective on their work. Another study investigates the waist weaving done by female artisans in Peru and their contribution to the preservation of cultures and identities. The implementation of the Supported Employment method in companies in Mérida, Mexico, for people with disabilities is also examined. In addition, bibliometric analyses of graduation papers in Anthropology are presented, as well as reflections on mobilizations in El Salvador, the perception of insecurity among university students in Ecuador, Bourdieu's social critique, and the concept of inequality in political discourse in Costa Rica. [Extracted from the article]

In this paper, we propose an ideal-typical distinction between conservatism and fundamentalism based on three criteria: 1) How do they relate to those who do not conform to their way of thinking; 2) How they relate to the public space, and 3) The type of political strategies they use. Based on this distinction, we analyze the possible relationship between new political and religious leaderships with populist discourses and the emergence of conservative groups in Latin America, in general, and in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centered in ecosocialist and ecofeminist perspectives, this paper examines the negative impact of extractivism as an economic activity that removes a huge number of natural resources and evaluates how global capital's ecological management, which I call "greening," has developed in Central and South America. Three questions are addressed: how the regional and local network on the governance of nature in Latin America has been organized; why extractivism strikes women hardest; and to what extent and how movements against extractivism have become involved in contesting global trends as well as national and local policies supporting them. The paper exposes the United Nations as a key force in the permanent model of colonialism, economic dependence, patriarchy, and geopolitical power characterizing extractivism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the transformations that took place in Villa Barranca Yaco (Córdoba, Argentina) in the 1970s: subjectivation practices that existed before the coup, mutations it generated and the strategic sense these transformations had for the subsequent development of neoliberalism. Genealogy, as methodological theoretical framework, allows the construction of intelligibility over the conditions of possibility of the present, making the struggles that support it visible. Interviews with people linked to the neighborhood and analysis of secondary sources were conducted. The paper gives an account of a time prior to neoliberalism with characteristics opposed to the social fragmentation of the present, a time of active community. Then, the reorganizing genocide generated a destitution of collectivizing subjectivation practices. Destitution that is configured as a condition of possibility of a neoliberal society organized around individualism and competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how violence conditions the use of public transportation is the main objective of this paper. Specifically, the paper asks if individuals from diverse social strata differently refrain from using public transportation due to security concerns. The paper is based on an analysis of the National Survey on Victimization and Perception of Public Security 2018, carried out by the National Bureau of Statistics (inegi). The paper shows that individuals from upper stratum are two times more likely to stop using public transportation due to security concerns compared with individuals from lower stratum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a look at the social conflicts that have taken place in Costa Rica during the Covid-19 pandemic (January 2020 and December 2021). This study comes from the registered collective actions and the experiences of the "Community Observatory of Collective Actions." Based on this data, four axes of conflict were identified during this period: a) The demand for rights and defense of indigenous territories, b) Communities in defense of water and the environment, c) Draft laws that threaten common goods, d) Labor conflicts and pollution in the production of monocultives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the crisis of the Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (ccss) according to the health unions. The study has been made considering the pronouncements of the Unión Nacional de Empleados de la Caja y la Seguridad Social (undeca) and the Sindicato de Profesionales de Ciencias Médicas de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social e Instituciones Afines (siprocimeca), in order to identify request and proposals of these union organizations, during the years 2012-2016. In this paper are identified the requests for dialogue to solve the crisis, as well as the specific actions for its attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the treatment of cannabis in the Spanish newspapers La Razón, El Mundo, El País, and ABC during the year 2019. The sources used, the authorship of the texts, and the dominant thematic areas are identified. The results show a predominance of informative genres and topics related to criminal actions, as well as the lack of institutional information on addiction prevention campaigns. Companies and organizations related to research, production, and sale of medicinal cannabis in Spain and other countries are also mentioned. In addition, the social debate and legislative changes regarding cannabis in Spain are discussed, as well as the role of the media in shaping public perception of cannabis. [Extracted from the article]

In this paper, it is exploring the discourses on sexuality that, in the context of the covid-19 pandemic, are reproduce and circulate on Instagram accounts of six Argentine sexologists who do sex education and publicize their professional work through these social media. From digital ethnographic explorations we analyze how these professionals construct a way of narrating the knowledge of sexology on the internet; deploy pedagogical activities that position them as new references in the field of national sexology and configure a network of "instagramers" dedicated to sex education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to propose and validate a model for the representation of lgbti+ characters in audiovisual content, which will serve as a tool for content generators to create characters that are in keeping with the reality of this population group and that are appropriate in their representation. In addition to the model, a validation of the model is sought, considering its implementation in a sample of original content from the Netflix streaming platform. In conclusion, it is identified that despite the increasing presence of lgbti+ characters in the media, the representation continues to be biased and stereotyped. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2018 general elections in Costa Rica showed a discursive confrontation that seemed unlikely. During the second round of the elections, where the presidency was disputed, the "Acción Ciudadana" Party (pac) led by Carlos Alvarado and the "Restauración Nacional" (rn) party led by Fabricio Alvarado showed a dialectical discursivity. On the one hand, the social democratic tradition is expected. However, on the other hand, and worryingly, there is a restoration of conservative and religious fundamentalism. From this discursive duality, these messages are comparatively analyzed starting from contrasting assumed and assigned symbols from the discursive strategies of the two political parties in electoral conflict. The central interest of this paper is to show the thrust of the religious allegorical discourse that permeated the presidential campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents and analyzes socio-communitarian rural processes in the Provinces of Buenos Aires and Chaco, Argentina, documented from 1991 and 2015 -respectively-through a collaborative ethnographys approach and using sociolinguistic methodologies. In order to build a theoretical framework, these disciplines are put in relationship to other areas of knowledge i.e., philosophy, social psychology and sociology. In doing so, it is possible to uncover and interpret actions that otherwise remain invisible, such as singular processes of subjectivation, the creation of coalitions and the struggle against the obliteration of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drug use, abuse and addiction focused from the protagonist' voices is the topic of the ethnographic research project whose partial results are shown in this paper. Based on ethnographic material, especially derived from in-depth interviews, we analyze through an assembly of stories how heroin addicts in Ciudad Juárez build an alternative subjectivity to biomedical and legal discourses. In sum, this subjectivity is building by their appropriation of the healthcare's speech which is embedded in their folk culture, thus generating their own discourse and subjectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the news produced by two online media organizations, Nacion.com and CRHoy.com, during May of 2017. Through a content analysis of the news offered and of the most read daily news on these websites, this paper highlights the media agenda and its level of correspondence with consumers/citizens' interests. Results show a relative similarity between the supply and demand of news regarding non-public matters, in both media. Based upon these findings, this paper challenges the notion of "news gap" and suggests that the lack of interest in public affairs in Costa Rica is more structural than episodic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper seeks to argue that the Popular Unity represents an important progress regarding the Mapuche people, by incorporating it into its political program; by furthering the Agrarian Reform which increased the amount of land given to the Mapuche; and by promoting the participation of the Mapuche in the elaboration of Indigenous policies. However, it did have a peasant class bias and also an assimilation component, its extreme institutionalism, perhaps unintentionally, attempted against mapuche's interests. At the end, it could not transform the structural relationship of domination of the Mapuche by the Chilean State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an analytic-realistic scrutiny about the well known debate PetersonŽižek, "Hapiness: Capitalism vs. Marxism". Such examination makes it evident that Žižek's ways to approach (essentialism, intellectualist fallacy, etc.) suffer from oversimplification, great indeterminacy (empty formulae) and, in general, theoretical escapism. Anyhow, this was a pseudo-'debate': there were no fundamental contradictions, strictly speaking, between what was alleged by those two speakers in their initial expositions ("vorbeireden"); and both agreed even about the paratheological foundations towards which they directed their main attention on the second part of that event. Finally, some observations are added regarding certain further considerations by Žižek: his harangues about hopeful futurology (and as usual in the mood wordmusic), now based on the current work of covid-19--very welcome for it should bring the salvific definitive globalist social engineering, managed through the sovereign imperium of UN officers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes to address the context and application of the Economic Stabilization and Structural Adjustment Plans (saps) implemented in the African continent during the 1980s. The aim of this work is to dialogue with three facets of analysis, based on the literature and the reports on the subject: globalization, indebtedness, and implementation of economic stabilization plans. To do this, different works on the subject are analyzed and contrasted according to the structure of the proposal. It has been found that the saps constitute a first order element to explain part of the economic future in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the emergence of smes in Costa Rica from an economic-historical perspective, during the years of 1950-2018. This periodization corresponds to the political structure of each period, according to the business development and the context to be studied during the import substitution development models (1948-1979) and the economic liberation (1982-2018). From the study, it is highlighted that, although at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century the number of smes increases, they face greater business challenges, because the State's economic policy is more inclined to globalized markets, aspects in which the previous enterprises do not have competitive advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine, from the concept of social representations, the strategies of the municipal government of Culiacán in Mexico, in order to analyze the high index of insecurity at the beginning of 1994, where the authorities sought to diminish the freedoms of young people by trying to restrict their schedules on public roads, prohibit the use of miniskirts and necklines in girls and long hair in men. For the methodology, literature for the conceptual framework and for the background information was consulted, as well as newspapers that, at the time, provided testimonies of the problematic in the public sphere. The actions of young people forced the authorities to reverse the tactics implemented to overcome insecurity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of income inequality on economic growth by state in Mexico. For this, a brief literature review is made, a descriptive analysis of the variables used is performed and an econometric model of panel data is applied. Variables such as the Gross Domestic Product per capita, school enrollment, gross fixed capital formation and the Gini coefficient by federal entity are used. The results of the model indicate that the increase in inequality generates a negative impact on economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to review the construction and representation of modernity in Papel Periodico Ilustrado, in its social environment and inside the National Museum of Colombia. Representations about this late 19th century publication and its link in the museum with curatorial script in the last decade of the 20th century are introduced. The documentary review demonstrates meanings about the nineteenth century nation and the construction of a historical narrative from the written and visual plane in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sustains that between 1990 and 2016, development of tourisim in Guanacaste, Costa Rica, has not improved the living standards of the local population. Thus, through the analisis of statistical official data and theoretical documents, it can be demonstrated that the development of tourisim has not solved the high levels of poverty, unemployment and inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the results of a systematic work of monitoring social protest in Costa Rica during the four-year term of the government of Luis Guillermo Solís (May 2014-May 2018), using the Protest Event Analysis (aep) methodology. The document is structured in two parts. The first focuses on describing and characterizing the general tendencies of the protest during the study period, it looks at the protest repertoires, the demanding actors, the demands and the demanded actors. From this part, it is concluded that the protest actions decreased year after year and that the strategies and action routines were differentiated according to the demands. The second part proposes exploring the relationship between the reduction of protest actions and the political opportunities opened by the Solis government as a working hypothesis for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Argentina from 2003 to 2015 the social policies promoted by the Ministry of Social Development of the Nation during the progressive governments of the Front for Victory have promoted principles of the social and solidarity economy. For this, they used the cooperative of work with territorial anchoring as an instrument of social inclusion. One of the programs that became more relevant was the Argentina Trabaja-Social Income Working Program. The objective of this paper is to investigate the nature and particularities that work cooperatives acquire under its orbit. We have identified the ways in which it is disputed at the territorial level where the municipality is responsible for shaping them and assigning tasks to them. In this sense, we are in the presence of regulated cooperatives that contribute to the heterogeneous universe of cooperativism by being constituted through public policies that foster cooperativism and self-managed experiences. The methodology we use is qualitative based on empirical research developed in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires (AMBA), Argentina, from 2013 to 2018. It was an investigation in which the analysis corpus was made up of Resolution 3182/09 that gave rise to it, as well as academic articles as preliminary inquiries, participant observations, transcriptions of field notes and semi-structured interviews with cooperative members and municipal officials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the relations between the business elite grouped in the main Costa Rican business association and the state elite during the cafta political juncture, 2002-2007. It employs the conjuncture analysis supported on documentary resources and testimonies of key witnesses. This was a social process that articulated significant sociopolitical tensions linked to the neoliberal accumulation strategy and the correlation between the interest of the business and the political elites, as well as their differences regarding the control of the social conflict in this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper describes how indigenous leaders revert their subordinate position trough their local and ethno-political practice, according to different negotiation instances. The following reflections arise from the ethnographic work with a group of diverse indigenous communities established in the municipality of Almirante Brown of the Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires, who since the beginning of the 2000 year have been protagonizing a visibility and local ethno-political organization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents rural youth`s practices and representations about their work and space mobilities in small producers families in Argentina. From an ethnographic methodology, the research was made from june 2016 to june 2017. The main contributions refers to invisibilization and gender inequalities at work and characterization of the daily spatial mobility between that they identify as antagonistic spaces: “the countryside” and “the city”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose one of the elements that in our opinion explain the growing and widespread manifestations of social unrest among the most diverse peoples of the Earth. The accumulation of capital, as a foundation for the growth of global production, implies limitations for efficient and effective use of scarce resources on the planet. These limitations impose forms of distribution of wealth among peoples resulting in inadequate social production for general needs, creating general social unrest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay is a critical reflection about the pressing problem area of inequality becoming acute in the globalized present. The paper is inscribed within the acknowledgement of the right citizens have to not be discriminated, to live pursuant to their needs and to fulfill themselves as individuals and socially. Increasing national and international sensitivity exists about these aspects; yet, it behooves to be mentioned that the epistemological, theoretical, historical, cultural, and other implicit aspects are not always coincidental nor do contextual conditions appear explicitly that make viable, reproduce and deepen the inequality among individuals, classes, and peoples of the global village. These aspects are deemed to be analyzed and understood from a relatively different perspective. The multi-dimensionality of inequality determines its complexity and the various positions in interpretation hinder the possibility of finding agreement about the causes, effects, and measures that resolve a social condition that has accompanied humanity along its history and that is presently growing worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to reflect from the perspective of the National Front of Indigenous Peoples, on the processes for human rights, from its cultural dimension, which are historical, political and dynamic constructions, the contributions of the FRENAPI are read from the sociology of absences and the sociology of emergencies, in its conclusions stands out how the movement presents a project of human rights located to the reality of the country, which includes autonomy, self-determination, land-territory among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the articulation that exists between the 2009 coup d’état in Honduras and the increase of journalists murders in that country, as a result of the reconfiguration of power relations between local and international social actors at that time; as well as the concealment of the coup d’état carried out by the written press, through the examination of the ideological-political discourse used in different newspaper articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers some reflections on the ways in which ecological economics, in its various manifestations, approaches the ongoing ecological crisis. At the same time, it discusses the limits of that heterogeneous discipline by means of an analysis based on the concept of social metabolism that makes use of Jason Moore's recent theorizations on the effects of capitalism on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a wide array of meanings for «rationality», they are mainly used in order to achieve heterogeneous goals for the so called practical Reason. The choices between those language uses (whether precise or imprecise) are indeed optional, a kind of voluntaristic knowledge; the present study underlines the emotional-rhetorical connotation (persuasive language) that they often carry with them. In addition, an extensive bibliography on the subject is included at the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses how users interact with news content published by Costa Rican online news sites on Facebook. Drawing on a mixed-method research design that combined social network analysis and content analysis, we examined the data published by six major Costa Rican news sites during four months of 2016. We identified a clear user preference for content about non-public affair issues, such as crimes, sports, and entertainment. In contrast, news about public affairs, such as politics, economy, and government, received relatively much less interaction. We also examined a structural difference in how users interacted with the content published by news sites. We conclude with a discussion of the analytical opportunities afforded by the circulation of news on Facebook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to test, even tentatively and circumstantially, the impact of gender violence associated with conflict and post-conflict settings, human rights and their guarantees. The research methodology has been based on the collection of primary data on the ground, through the specific work of the author in the field of human rights in the cities of Peja (Kosovo) and Foca (Bosnia Herzegovina). Also, it has been essential to make a rigorous selection and analysis of available bibliographical materials, mainly from Anglo-Saxon and American authors. The result of the investigation and analysis shows the practice of sexual terrorism, so jealously hidden as diverse in its manifestations, that allows to verify and to identify how the law fails when it comes to acknowledge the gender nature of the crimes and to draw some conclusions about the need to integrate the specific impact of women's rights into the question of effectiveness, protection and guarantee of human rights in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the history of Costa Rican self-managed agrarian cooperativism, from 1970 to 1980. The concept of self-management, mainly referring to community-owned peasant relations, became important in the political debate for rural development as a tool for agricultural modernization and access to resources by landless peasants. The impulse, conformation and control of community enterprises, without being an exclusive task of the Costa Rican State, is presented as a space of confluence of multiple actors, of negotiations and conflicts, in which the peasants played a leading role. This is analyzed through the literature review, the search of internal documentation of the cooperatives and the dialogue between the peasant leader Ernesto Pérez and the researcher Oscar Leiva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the methodological apparatus set forth by O. G. Oexle, in his mainly studies Oexle's works entitled L'historisme en débat: de Nietzsche à Kantorowicz, Krise des Historismus, Krise der Wirklichkeit, and Das Problem der Problemgeschichte. This paper emphasizes the development of Oexle's methodology, its theoretical implications and its applicability in the Latin American context. The consequences of this methodology for the social and natural sciences in contemporary academy remain of vital importance for this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The starting point of a social research design brings up several substantial questions; this paper is addressed to two of them, which consist of problematizing on the considerations when engaging the empirical delimitation of the research proposal and its justification, namely, the choice of such a topic is grounded; both questions are inherently intertwined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the religious-conservative agenda in the political discourse during the national electoral campaign in Costa Rica (2013-2014). To perform the analysis, ideas established by aspiring parties in their Government Programs were studied, as well as the statements that were offered by the main aspirants to the Presidency during televisive debates. It is concluded that the religious-conservative agenda did not play a predominant role in the political-electoral discourse, nevertheless, it seems to be still important as a discursive strategy for vote capture and political attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the studies that take as object the Althusserian production in the first half of the sixties, marked by the publication of two of his most famous works (Lire Le Capital and Pour Marx), turn their attention to the epistemological dimension. In contrast, and as a specific contribution to the studies on the subject, in this paper it is identified and discussed political concepts destined to account for the relation between political power and popular classes, and those intimately related, in seeking to define its specificity political and ideological practices under capitalism, showing that it is a fertile production and full of long-winded questions. Some examples of this conceptual device, as shown, is the result of Althusser's encounter with Machiavelli's and Lenin's reflections: the political practice of the masses is an organic relationship with ideological practices in conflict; the state puts into play an ideological policy of organization of consensus; el consensus of the masses is not entirely ideological: state policy and repression have their own effectiveness; repression is constituent of political action; there is differential history and autonomy of the different contradictions in any given circumstances; any contradiction is uneven and overdetermined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central America has the reputation of being a violent region with high crime rates, youth gangs, drug traffic, and ubiquitous insecurity. Politicians, the media, and social scientists in and outside the region often claim that the societies are in complete agreement with their judgment of the situation and that all society members are calling for law and order and social segregation. Focusing on Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, the paper analyzes the social perception of violence and crime. On the basis of essays written by secondary school students and interviews with citizens from all walks of life in the three countries, the paper points out how elite arguments on violence and crime are translated into everyday life, and what society members suggest be done to deal with these problems. The sources prove that there are noticeable hegemonic discourses on violence and crime in Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Nicaragua. Simultaneously, a majority of the respondents call for social and integrative solutions rather than the so-called "iron fist." The repressive trend in Central American policies therefore does not necessarily receive the presumed affirmation asserted by many authorities on and in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent presidential elections in Costa Rica (2013-2014) left to see a number of circumstances ranging from historical trends, through fractures to socio-symbolic breaks that have recomposed the scene of political messages. This paper makes an introduction to the study of that process from three interrelated dimensions: political parties, candidates and political elements of the Costa Rican culture. The study concludes by analyzing the trend of personalization as a basic factor in the age of media and individualization, a fracturein the dispute over the legitimate political symbols such as centrality, and finally with a break in the sense of a recent addition in terminology used in speeches and electoral messages that gives different horizons for the study of Costa Rican political communication tone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the newspaper's coverage on the subject of renewable energy and renewable energy technologies and how that information has been exhibited in the Costa Rican case by the newspapers La Nacion and El Financiero between January 2006 and December 2011 (considered the period of emergence and establishment of the most important public discussions on the issue). It's presented a general analysis of the form of presentation of information and content through the representations analysis on the subject, taking as a starting point some works that have emerged in recent years in Latin America and the rest of the world, concerning to the communication of science and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to analyze the rationality of the act of terror and the reasons that motivate such attacks. To achieve this, we intend to make an approach from the elsterian theory of rationality, which stresses the need for a deeper study of the choosing act, beyond the act or its consequences. The article concludes, inter alia, that the beliefs that support the behavior should be the centerpiece of any approach to terrorist acts and that the bias in these elements and their evidence is decisive when judging the reasonableness of an act horror. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relation between inequality, social suffering and social movements. To analyze this relation, it explores some researches that shows how has been studied this field of knowledge. Afterwards, this paper examines the work realized in the Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales (IIS) of the Universidad de Costa Rica, to contribute to the analysis of social movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green Capitalism, as presented at the three linked United Nations Conferences on Environment and Development, has been proposed as a means to confront the environmental (ecological) and social (poverty) crises currently being experienced around the world. This "greening" is a new stage of capital accumulation that entails: the use of financial mechanisms, such as debt-for-nature exchanges; the license of environmental NGOS to broker the indebted countries' resources with large corporations, and to establish the monetary values of the 'global commons'. Meanwhile, the new labourers are peasants and Indigenous women and men who have acquired new roles as service providers in the new industries, such as eco-tourism. This paper considers this stage of capitalism in Costa Rica and the critiques to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aim is to make a comparison between two nomadic markets of the metropolitan area of Toluca, México. It shows the origin of each one of the products that are exchanged in these markets and the forms of articulation of urban and country or indigenous economies, contrasting them with global markets. This work recognizes the importance of street markets in the supply and demand economical cycle, which tendency, is to consider only supermarkets and elite markets into the economical competition rates of a city. Street markets are commonly left behind, but for societies like Toluca, they represent a common place of recognition and gathering processes. Tianguis (as in the pre-Hispanic word) from Toluca and Ixtlahuaca are been analyzed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the measures to transfer income to the households (elderly and children) in Argentina between 2003-2013. This reconstructs these ten years in two stages, identifying an intermediate considered "transitional". The other hypothesis guiding this paper is that an analysis of the set of income transfers should be focused on the institutional mechanisms that allowed increased coverage, which means thinking not only their ability to maintain the coverage achieved but the consequences of a fragmented political offer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is part of a general study of the institutional evolution of the Central American Integration System (SICA). It's analyzed the changing roles and attitudes of regional actors and, in such a perspective, the progressive establishment of a supranational civil service in Central America. This paper of political sociology is based on field work, analysis of archives and more than 60 interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]