Search

Competition, had been feeling deeply even in small market shares because of disappearing economic boundaries, can be turned into advantage by using sources efficiently and productively. Competition advantage depends on manufacturing more output by using lesser input and using it efficiently. The aim of the study is to compare 16 firms in Paper and Paper Products, Printing and Publishing Industry, publicly traded in İMKB, with Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Input and output variables using in analysis were chosen among financial ratios, which have been using in common. As a result of the study, applied by using data of 2012, average efficiency score of sector was determined as 60.8% and HÜRRİYET, KOZA, DURAN DOĞAN and DENTAŞ use their sources precisely efficient and they were determined as reference firms. Required potential development ratios were calculated in order that the firms can be efficient and necessary suggestions were offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to examine whether the health expenditures and energy consumption affect the economic growth for Asia Pacific and Scandinavian countries for the period between 2000-2021 using panel data analysis. Most of the previous studies have focused on the relationship between health expenditures and economic growth and energy consumption and economic growth. While the recent health concerns caused by pandemics emphasize the importance of increasing resources allocated to health, the increase in energy capacity and its impact on the environment with the increase in the world population and thus production are among the issues that need to be investigated. Healthy people will be more productive and contribute more to the growth of the economy. In this context, the analysis conducted in this study shows that health expenditures affect economic growth in both Asia Pacific and Scandinavian countries. In the same period, energy consumption does not affect economic growth for both regions. In this respect, the study shows that investments in health services support economic growth. The findings obtained will help to develop economic policies in theory and practice in line with sustainable growth targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on employee engagement as a research in the industry using qualitative methods. The purpose of this paper was to define the factors that affect employee engagement, as tested within the framework of Maslow's hierarchy of needs (MHN). Key elements for measuring employee engagement were defined based on MHN. The priority of this study is to determine which factors and to what degree contribute to employee engagement in Maslow's five levels. Data was interpreted with MAXQDA 22 for thematic content analysis. As a result of this study, a strong relationship was determined between employee engagement and the key elements of MHN. The factors of employee engagement are explained as 9 codes (key elements) and defined in the relevant step of the pyramid. There is a lack of applied studies in the literature on employee engagement, making this study original in that respect. In the analysis, a significant relationship was found between self-actualization and 9 key elements. These elements are Expectations, Materials, Recognition, Care, Development, Quality, Team, Progress, and Learn & Grow. The last step is to achieve self-actualization, all these elements must work together. As a result, this study concludes that MHN can offer valuable insights regarding employee engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countries are experiencing a surge in political, economic, and financial integration, consequently shaping international market linkages. Financial crises can rapidly spread between countries, emphasizing the need to monitor and assess stock market connections. This paper investigates the degree of financial market connectedness using daily stock returns from January 1997 to August 2017 for 13 countries, both developed and developing. The connectedness measure of Diebold and Yilmaz (2009-2012) is applied to examine the connectedness of stock market returns and the direction of spillovers for all stock markets. This study also analyzes the dynamic connectedness from the U.S. stock market to all other stock markets. The results indicate that the U.S. stock market is the most influential stock market to the others. The results of the dynamic analysis show that connectedness changes over time, specifically during turmoil periods. Most developed countries are transmitters of return spillover shocks while developing countries are recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is still a hot debate about the causal relationship between interest and inflation rates. On the one hand, through Fisher Effect, it is expected that inflation is the cause while the interest rate is the result. On the other hand, among policymakers in Türkiye, it is expected opposite as inflation is the result and interest rate is the cause since it is argued that inflation is the result mostly stemming from the high-interest rates constituting the high cost of the credits. However, it is strongly argued that low interest rates—which the government has lowered below inflation—rather than high interest rates are the real cause in the Turkish case. In this regard, the key purpose of the paper is to investigate the causal relationship between the interest and inflation rates for the Turkish case for the period of 2004M01-2022M03. The findings reveal that there is a bi-directional Granger causality relationship between the interest rate and the inflation rate for the Turkish case for the relevant period. This result promotes the chicken-and-egg relationship between interest and inflation rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forensic accounting is vital in uncovering financial irregularities and needs to be based on sound standards for credibility. This study aims to outline the current state of forensic accounting standards, identify areas for improvement and suggest measures for international harmonization. The paper begins by describing the role of forensic accounting in uncovering financial crimes and supporting legal proceedings. It then analyses forensic accounting standards or legal regulations that can be used in forensic accounting practices in the USA, the UK, EU countries, Australia, India and Canada, and evaluates the main components, strengths and weaknesses of these standards. The commonalities and differences in these standards form the basis for recommendations for a unified international standard. The recommendations cover core principles, procedures, ethics and technology integration. The study further emphasizes the need for international cooperation to ensure successful implementation. By improving harmonization and comparability, these views aim to benefit stakeholders involved in financial investigations by advancing the practice of forensic accounting. Future research should confront the challenges in achieving harmonization globally and measure the practical effectiveness of the proposed framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the volatility spillover relationship between cryptocurrencies and stablecoins dynamically. Within the scope of the study, the daily closing price data of Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), BNB cryptocurrencies, and Tether (USDT) and USD Coin (USDC) stablecoins covering the period from January 1, 2019 to April 6, 2022 was analyzed using the Q-VAR model. Our results suggest that the volatility spillover between the cryptocurrency and stablecoins increased during the Covid-19 pandemic. Moreover, the direction and severity of volatility spillover between cryptocurrencies and stablecoins are affected by global events. While the relationship between cryptocurrencies and stablecoins themselves is strong, the relationship between each other is weak. Our findings suggest that global events influence the interaction between crypto-assets and that cryptocurrencies and stablecoins can be good diversifiers for each other. These findings have important implications for financial market regulators, portfolio investors, and academic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this meta-analytic study is to determine the magnitude of the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational identification, as well as whether there is a significant effect of sector variable on this relationship. In this context, the current meta-analysis contains 22 papers published between 2017 and 2022 that examined the relationships between job satisfaction and organizational identification, including correlation coefficient and sample size data and met the research's selection criteria. The "Fisher Z" coefficient was applied to compute the effect size between job satisfaction and organizational identity using the randomeffect model. Data was analyzed using Comprehensive Meta Analysis 3.0. Based on the findings, the overall effect size between job satisfaction and organizational identification was high and positive. In addition, the relationship between job satisfaction and organizatonal identification was moderated sector variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universities globally have continued to strategically increase work-integrated learning (WIL) opportunities for students to enhance graduate employability. However, meeting the needs of the increasing number of placements in industry settings places challenges on employers and academic programme coordinators. This paper examines an innovative teaching and learning initiative demonstrating non-placement WIL practice on-campus and online through an exercise prescription clinic (EPC). The benefits provided by these opportunities have not only been for student learning, but for clients, in particular those impacted by neurological and/or muscular skeletal problems. The development of the on-campus EPC has focused on key elements of good practice in WIL highlighted by Agnew, Pill and Orrell (2017). The recent Covid-19 pandemic and the related government restrictions have resulted in the on-campus EPC being flipped online, requiring adaptability and flexibility of both students and clients. This paper reinforces the importance of developing WIL experiences that enhance the learning outcomes for both the student and the client. It also highlights the transferability of authentic industry non-placement WIL clinical experiences for future health professionals to both on-campus and online settings, which enable students the opportunity to engage with a range of clients in a safe environment, enhancing both personal and professional learning outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the extent to which a compulsory non-placement work-integrated learning (WIL) activity, in the form of a simulated internship, in an Australian undergraduate accounting program, created learning outcomes for students with different levels of prior work-experience is assessed. The paper extends prior, theoretically based literature by providing an exploratory evaluation of the experiences of students undertaking a specific simulated internship. This evaluation is important because it enables students and higher education providers to evaluate the extent to which a simulation is likely to meet the learning needs and expectations of individual students and student groups. Despite the critical importance of such an evaluation, prior literature has thus far focused on theoretically based evaluations and comparisons of simulated internships, with empirical evidence being largely absent from the literature. Using a series of semi-structured interviews with students, the current paper shows that the evaluated simulation was generally able to develop cognitive, skill-based, and affective learning outcomes, and that students' learning outcomes were strongly influenced by their prior real-world work-experience. In addition, the paper also shows that the lived experiences of students within the simulation were much more multifaceted and diverse than anticipated in the prior literature. The findings of this paper are relevant for higher education providers and students planning to undertake a simulated internship, or other non-placement WIL activity. Potential challenges and opportunities for different groups of students arising in the analysed simulation are identified and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring equitable work-integrated learning (WIL) opportunities for international students can be problematic. This position paper explores this challenge within the context of the Master of Public Health course (MPH) in Australian universities. The availability and accessibility of placement and nonplacement WIL for international students are examined through a desktop audit of MPH offerings across 27 public Australian universities. These findings, interpreted through the lens of cultural, social and financial capital suggest although international students stand to benefit more from WIL than their domestic peers, their opportunity to participate is lower. The paper argues a strength-based approach is needed to mitigate this issue of inequity. Suggestions are offered to improve equity in placement and nonplacement WIL for international students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the fear of mortality struck humanity, a new age dawned in the relational styles, processes, and interactions amongst people. COVID-19 has caused a major shift in the educational landscape. While most teaching and learning activities moved online, field placement units which are fully invested in industry engagement, and once highly sought, came to a dramatic pause. For students, this produced uncertainty around completion of their degrees and for institutions who became entangled in the changing requirements of accrediting bodies as they grappled with the changing landscape. Our final year counselling and psychotherapy students on placement were instructed to retreat from their placements while some 'lucky few' joined the drifting warriors working from the safety of their homes with their assigned agencies. Crisis and contemporary times call for openness and innovation grounded in practical wisdom. But the tyranny of COVID-19 times highlighted a growing gap between professional standards and community realities. This paper alludes to the struggles of counselling postgraduate University students on placement who are caught up in the mismatch between professional standards of accreditation bodies and the emerging community expectations and practices. It draws on literature to highlight the impact of historic controversial discourses involving online counselling and face-to-face counselling on current practices. This paper aims to reflect on lessons dispensed by COVID-19 to the professional bodies and universities in order to work together in creating innovative, non-placement workintegrated learning (WIL) practices that reflect the realities within the current landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fieldtrip has long been a key component of the geography curriculum, described as a 'touchstone' for learning in, on and about place. Learning on Country provides an opportunity to embody Indigenous knowledges and experience places and people in field classes. However, such opportunities are increasingly under threat as the costs and risks of running field trips have risen, and more recently, faced challenges such as those presented by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, we describe the transformation of a third-year undergraduate geography field trip into a virtual field trip using online resources. We reflect on the processes and challenges of doing so in ways that privilege and respect Aboriginal pedagogies and practices in educational design. Drawing on the philosophies and frameworks of Jindaola, an Aboriginal way of embedding Indigenous knowledges into the curriculum, we show how the virtual field trip, as a form of non-placement work-integrated learning, can embed place-based experiential learning into online learning contexts. This paper outlines how the design, articulation and practice of that process is grounded in Country, culture and customs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of GDP, trade openness, renewable energy, energy use, FDI, carbon emission, and oil prices on innovation for selected 11 oil-importing and 11 oil-exporting countries and to compare the results from both country groups to see the differences and similarities. For this purpose, we employ Poisson regression and negative binomial fixed effect techniques from 1990 to 2018. The empirical findings illustrate that all variables are significant except for renewable energy in oil-exporting countries. Trade openness and carbon emission have a significant and negative association with innovation, GDP, energy use, foreign direct investment, and oil price have a significant and positive relationship with innovation in oil-exporting countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), known as SARS-CoV-2 is not only an unprecedented health crisis but it is also expected to become one of the most costly pandemics affecting the global economy in recent history. Recent studies (Apergis and Apergis (2020), Baig vd. (2021), Rai ve Garg (2021), Mazur ve Vega (2021)) show that the contagious effect of the COVID-19 outbreak increases the volatility of financial markets. This paper aims to examine the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the volatility of S&P 500 stock market returns using daily data over the period from January 21, 2020 to April 09, 2021. To this end, the volatility of stock returns is analyzed by using a GARCH-X model. The GARCH-X model allows us to include COVID-19 factor as an exogenous variable in the mean and conditional variance equations. The findings indicate that daily reported COVID-19 cases in the USA have statistically insignificant effect on stock returns in short-term. However, as the results indicate, the COVID-19 outbreak has a positive and statistically significant impact on the volatility of these stock returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effects of speculative-led attacks on volatility spillover through selected 20 stock markets over the period of January 03, 2013 and March 14, 2021, implementing a recently developed wavelet spectrum analysis. To assess the degree of speculation, the time scale of the study is divided into two parts as the pre-COVID-19 era and the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the potential effects of speculative-led attacks on stock markets are analyzed both through the income-based and region-based classifications. In that vein, the empirical results are built upon three parts. First, the volatility spillover is more common for the high-income economies than the rest of the other economies and it is much visible at the COVID-19 pandemic. Second, the regional differences of stock markets have also a crucial impact on the behaviors of financial investors in which the speculative-led attacks are intensified in the regions where the financial transactions are relatively much higher. Finally, the core reason behind the increase of speculative attacks in those stock markets is an ongoing stagnation in productive activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the new risk perception in financial markets, the use of derivative instruments has increased. In particular, energy derivatives, which are used to reduce the risks associated with energy price fluctuations, have been widely used worldwide and recently in Turkey. The objective of this paper is to contribute to the limited literature by analyzing the evolution of base load futures contracts traded in the Turkish electricity market. Based on a comprehensive literature review, a SWOT analysis is conducted to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of these financial instruments. It is concluded that, especially after the radical restructuring of the electricity market, a transparent, reliable and competitive investment environment has been created and electricity futures contracts are now one of the most important contracts that help market participants to manage or hedge electricity price risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the causality and cointegration relationships between seven major cryptocurrencies, namely Bitcoin (BTC), Binance Coin (BNB), Cardano (ADA), Dogecoin (DOGE), Ethereum (ETH), Polkadot (DOT) and Ripple (XRP), using Johansen Cointegration and Granger Causality tests over the period from August 21, 2020 to April 19, 2021. Results indicate that there exists cointegration among cryptocurrencies in the long run. Findings also show that there is a bi-directional causal relationship between BNB and ETH. Additionally, BNB appears to be Granger cause of ADA, DOGE and DOT. On the other hand, analyses provide evidence of one-way causality running from XRP to both DOGE and DOT. These results might have some important implications for investors in terms of portfolio management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to examine participation banks' herd behavior in their lending decisions in Turkey. Herding was analyzed by using the Lakonishock, Shleifer and Vishny (LSV) and Frey, Herbst and Walter (FHW) herding measures during the period from 2010 to 2020. The study allows to calculate the LSV and FHW measures for loans outstanding to eight different industries, as well. The results provided an evidence of significant herding in participation banks' lending decisions during the entire sample. On the other hand, banks' lending decisions tend to be affected more, in particular, during fluctuations in the market. Wholesale trade & brokerage and construction industries are dominant borrowers under these uncertain conditions. Consistently, banks do not prefer to herd in their lending decisions to industries which small sized businesses mostly operate in due to the fact that gathering information is much more difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides analysis on Cadbury, Inc and confectionery industry. The paper analyzes the external and internal forces affecting the company, the industry it operates and its business level strategy. Further, it gives detailed information about the SWOT analysis of the company. Considering the situational features such as opportunities and threats when designing the environmental analysis and making realistic marketing plan is very crucial because a company will benefit from its own strengths, eliminate its weaknesses, benefit from environmental opportunities and protect itself from environmental threats. On the simple basis of product quality and taste, Cadbury proves to be superior to other commercially available chocolate even with the seeming similarities in texture. This paper deals with two main research flows: environmental analysis and situational factors which allows organizations to compose a realistic and effective marketing plan. This study provides a framework that implement a common consensus on these research flows by specifiying some important issues for future research and by making effective strategy analysis in the confectionery industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political behavior has become separate research area which is not limited with just voting in the elections but extended with all behavior and attitudes influencing political decision making mechanisms. Especially with great impact of civil society on politics, the way of affecting politics has been enlarged. This also gives birth of distinctive researches on factors affecting varied political behavior. In this research, it is looked at the factors of political system, media, religion, environment, family, ethnicity, and economy on electorates within the administrative border of Adıyaman province in Turkey. Relying on the data gathered from the applied questionnaire, it seeks to find out that which factor is more effective than others through the range of frequencies. Even though the questionnaire was conducted in all districts of Adıyaman the paper focuses on general results regarding to Adıyaman. Thus, analysis of the paper is based on the resultant figure of Adıyaman political behavior map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The First Globalisation Era of the late 19th century following the United Kingdom (UK) based Industrial Revolution, shaped the bilateral economic relationship between Turkey, formerly, Ottoman Empire and the UK, formerly, British Empire, including both bilateral trade and direct investment flows. On the other hand, in the Second Globalisation Era, following the Information and Communications Technology revolution, in late 20th century, bilateral economic relations gained a new dimension, where “more equal relationships” were observed between the two parties. The aim of this paper is to analyse and compare the bilateral Turkish-English economic relationship including both international trade and foreign direct investment in these two globalisation eras in order to emphasise the main differences and similarities as well as the magnitude of changes affecting these economies. It is found out that the industrial revolution in the UK did not shape the economic order only but also shaped the bilateral economic relationships between the so called “centre and periphery”. In this regard, in the Second Globalisation Era after 2001 with the changing place of the Britain Empire in the new Globalisation Era “more equal relationships” between two parties compared to the First Globalisation Era is found out, at least in terms of international trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loyalty membership programs are widely used as a strategical tool in banking. In the paper a unique loyalty membership program in Turkey in which consumers are offered cash in order to convince them to switch their financial service provider, bank, is studied. Literature supports evidence for relationships between switching barriers and intention to switch, however literature lacks studies testing the assumptions of theories on consumer loyalty in specific industries. Exploratory in nature, the study tests the literature supported relationships based on a real life case. The paper aims to enligthen whether the consumers' loyalty can be bougth with cash and other provided benefits to make customers switch their current service provider into new account after a special loyalty membership program offered for an organization's employees. The purpose of the paper is to research effects of switching barriers on intention to switch in order to understand whether consumer base can be purchased, or consumers are earned. Structural Equation Modeling is performed with the data collected from a survey of 212 employees of an organization. The results suggest that, in banking sector, imitable switching barriers are not useful against switching intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies panel data regression model to investigate the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and tourism in 113 countries during the period 1995-2015. Besides this, the paper attempts to research the potential causal relationship and cointegration between tourism industry and FDI while controlling for indicators such as consumption, trade openness and human capital. The obtained results indicate a significant positive impact of tourism on FDI. Moreover, three control variables are reported to be a significant determinant of foreign direct investments. The unidirectional causal relationship running from tourism to FDI is reported, implying that tourism allows these countries to expand their FDI. Consumption, trade openness and human capital are also reported to have a unidirectional causal relationship with FDI. Westerlund ECM panel cointegration test indicates mixed results on the cointegration between variables. Taking into account the obtained results, government can consider this relationship as an important tool for policy implication to achieve sustainable growth of the economy as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Tourism Sector are two significant factors both contributing to development, directly and indirectly, and also foreign exchange need of developing world. In this regard, the paper tries to determine if there is a relationship between FDI and tourism sector in the regard of the Jamaican case by using granger causality test. It can be said that Jamaica is a typical example, which is selected out of the developing world, in terms of both the importance of the tourism sector and FDI. According to the results within the framework of the econometric analysis, it is found out that Tourism Expenditures and FDI inflows are causally related, and the Granger causality is uni-directional running from FDI Inflows to Tourism Expenditures in the Jamaican Case. In other words, in Jamaica, FDI inflows are the cause, and the tourism expenditures are the result, which can be theoretically expected. Since FDI inflows including the FDI in specifically tourism sector contribute to all the economy, by developing both tangible assets, such as infrastructure, and intangible assets, such as managerial skills of a country, it all contributes to the tourism sector as a service sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gauges the sustainability of public debt in Turkey from a time-varying perspective. The time-varying estimation techniques exhibit the whole portrait of intertemporal variations in the sustainability of public debt. We estimated a fiscal reaction function using flexible least squares method to reap this benefit of timevarying models. This method is a practical alternative to the other approaches in the literature. The results suggest that public debt sustainability has been established in Turkey through a transformation in the early 2000s, but thereafter the fiscal performance has waned gradually. In recent years, the fiscal reaction parameter has hit negative levels after some 20 years of sturdiness. This finding indicates that the public debt is likely to become unsustainable should no necessary measures are promptly implemented. Nevertheless, the Covid -- 19 pandemic appears to be an unexpected and important source of an impediment for the government to achieve short-run stabilisation goals by skyrocketing social expenditures and transfers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Kingdom continued to question some aspects of the European Union even after becoming a member state in 1973. The country's uneasiness with the European Union increased significantly in the 1990s, when the European Union member states took significant steps to deepen the level of integration in response to the changing dynamics of the international politics. Never-ending unrest in the country eventually led to the withdrawal from the EU, commonly known as the Brexit, after a decision basing upon a referendum in 2016. This paper analyses the role of the United Kingdom Independence Party in the Brexit process till the end of the referendum of 23 June 2016. The study argues that concomitant operation of the current and historical dynamics produced the result of the Brexit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The connection between international trade and logistics arises from the need to move and store merchandise quickly and reliably. It is possible to talk about a mutual relationship between these two sectors as logistics activities facilitate international trade transactions and international trade forces to strengthen logistics economy and activities. In this paper, it is designed to determine the nexus between sectors and to determine which sector's development caused the development of the other based on different variables. In this context, the panel cointegration and panel causality analyzes were compared with the infrastructure expenditures of the countries with logistic aspect of the study on the highways, railways, airlines and seaways and the current account balance data used to represent the international trade of these countries. According to the results obtained, it is determined that the current account balance and all infrastructure expenditures are cointegrated in the long run. On the other hand, there is a two-way relationship between rail infrastructure expenditures and the current account balance, and there is a one-way causality from the current account balance to the highway expenditure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inward processing regime is an incentive system that targets to increase production and export levels in the country or to procure the necessary raw materials at lower costs to increase in production and exports in Turkey. The effects of inward processing regime on industrial production and exports of Turkey are analyzed by using monthly data between 2012 and 2019 in the scope of this paper. Long-term relationships between the variables are analyzed by Gregory-Hansen cointegration test while Granger and frequency domain causality tests are used to examine causality relationships. As a result of the analysis, long-term relationships between inward processing regime, industrial production index, and export/import coverage ratio are determined. While there is a bidirectional causality relationship between industrial production index and inward processing regime, causal relationships from the industrial production index to inward processing regime in the short, medium, and long-term have also been seen. A causal relationship from inward processing regime to the industrial production index is also observed in the medium and long term. In addition; a unidirectional causality relationship from the inward processing regime to export/import coverage ratio has been revealed in the short and medium term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Position Paper explores some of the assumptions that underpin the dependence on physical WIL placements. The authors focus on the fundamental question of what exactly we are preparing students for - is it the workplace, or should we think more broadly about preparing students for the workforce? This raises other questions around the necessity of students undertaking placements in a physical workplace to learn what they need, as well as analysing what aspects of work trigger learning. Workplaces in many organisations are quite different to those of a decade ago, requiring different skills of their workers, and for some, there is no single physical workplace at all. Preparing students for this new paradigm requires us to rethink what kind of WIL experience will be most efficacious and potentially opens space for consideration of other options such as virtual WIL, project-based WIL, studio learning, and student designed start-ups. It is hoped that our thoughts and recommendations might challenge how academics and practitioners currently think about and deliver WIL, with a view to advancing new approaches to non-placement WIL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the utility of employing a student-created experiential narrative ePortfolio as a multimodal tool for reflective practice in WIL. It does so by examining a case study situated within the performing arts, where WIL discourses are rarely adopted, and few examples are present in the literature. This paper introduces a circular mentoring framework that extends Kolb's experiential learning model, whereby learning is facilitated through the interchange of roles through rehearsal and reflection. In this study, participants prepared and performed an opera in a professional venue over a five-day period of intense creative studio work. The 2017 and 2018 Inclusion Project is an innovative teaching and learning opportunity that offered authentic industry-based experience to undergraduate music students in a closely monitored, non-placement WIL setting. Participants (n=18) undertaking a semester long elective, reported their experience through online journaling in an ePortfolio allowing them to create narrative responses. A qualitative analysis using narrative inquiry on the ePortfolio reflections indicated a direct benefit for student's career readiness as creative artists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this paper is the design and development of an innovative project-based work-integrated learning (WIL) course that enables undergraduate students from all faculties to work in interdisciplinary teams with partner organisations from the public, private, and community sectors. Projects are codesigned with partners interested in students from multiple disciplines bringing insights to problems that might not otherwise be resourced by their organisation. These 'projects of consequence' are unstructured, ambiguous and complex, requiring student teams to synthesise their different disciplinary knowledge. Student learning is supported by course curriculum design that includes proven pedagogical practices such as: ongoing feedback from partners; students working in autonomous small teams; academic supervision of teamwork; learning support before and during project work; debriefing; providing a safe, supportive space to experiment with new ideas, embracing the prospect of failure and to develop resilience; all underpinned by reflection so as to process, understand and integrate students' experiences. The versatility of the course design was demonstrated by the rapid change from face-to-face delivery to an entirely online learning environment in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The challenges and adaptations include changes to the way student teams worked, the additional support needed by students, and adjustment in the mode of interactions with partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work-integrated learning (WIL) is on the rise as many universities adopt strategic targets for student workplace preparation as an element of their tertiary studies. Through WIL, students gain real world experiences, transferable skills and build professional networks. WIL is often understood as a placement activity, whereby students spend extended periods of time in industry, typically at the end or near end of their degree. These placements are designed to encapsulate the theoretical learning of a degree through the opportunity to apply knowledge and practise skills in a physical workplace. While there is much evidence in the higher education teaching and learning scholarship that attests to the benefits of placement-based WIL for all stakeholders, innovation in WIL that integrates work practices with learning is also occurring without time on placement or within a workplace. In recent years, WIL activity has extended beyond limited conceptions as describing only placements, to include a range of simulated, virtual, authentic and industry-based activities. The uptake of non-placement learning activities presents as opportunity to investigate the benefits, utility and innovation of this growing pedagogy to contribute meaningful insights to higher education scholarship and practice. This special issue is being published during the trials of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) emergency. This global pandemic has shattered economies, touching every domain of life, including completely disrupting higher education. The call for papers for this special issue was conceived and advertised well before the universal lock down. There was evidence to suggest universities were exploring and experimenting with new ways of engaging with industry partners and that these models were offering extraordinary benefits to student learning and application of knowledge. The COVID-19 situation escalated these experiments, determining virtual WIL and projects or activities leveraged through technological platforms, as the fortuitous survivors. There is no doubt that WIL pedagogies and programs have been hit hard, however, this hardship for some has been described as cause for a learning revolution. For WIL research, this could be the impetus for questioning dominant modes of WIL and extending our understandings and knowledge of the impact of alternative WIL models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work-Integrated Learning (WIL) is an important pedagogical strategy for developing employability skills by immersing students in real-world understandings, applications and practices. Increasingly, universities are focusing on how WIL can be scaffolded across a degree, to involve students in a variety of WIL activities in order to apply disciplinary knowledge and skills. While placement models appear to be the dominant mode of WIL that are easily recognised within a degree structure, non-placement forms of WIL while emerging, remain less visible. This conceptual paper presents an institutional framework that accounts for a range of placement and non-placement WIL activities, to make WIL practices overt across a degree. It introduces the Work-Integrated Learning Curriculum Classification (WILCC) Framework that supports a university-wide approach for developing, mapping and reporting WIL. The WILCC Framework promotes the visibility of WIL across the institution, offers a common language for WIL across disciplines, and provides a tool to scaffold WIL experiences throughout degree programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to investigate Turkey's longstanding problematic relations with Greece regarding the Aegean dispute and the impact of this dispute on the EU-Turkey relations and vice-versa. It argues that, first, the Aegean Sea issue is one of the main problems between Greece and Turkey as well as the European Union (EU) and Turkey. Due to the increasing debates over the sources and statues of Aegean Sea and East Mediterranean, the struggle between the Turks and Greeks to establish and extend their zones of jurisdiction over the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas maintain to be a fundamental issue between Greece and Turkey and the EU and Turkey. Second, the problematic relationship between the EU and Turkey prevents the EU from having a positive impact on the Turkish-Greek conflict as well as Turkey's policy toward the Aegean issue. The quality and peace of EU-Turkey relations are and will be, therefore, determinant in the solution of this longstanding dispute between sides as well as the transformation of Turkey's policy toward the Aegean issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing changes in consumer behavior and expectations over the course of globalization is vital for all firms trying to identify the right market to target, and to develop appropriate marketing strategies, irrespective of whether they serve to local or global markets. This paper investigates whether it is possible to study the behavior of young consumers after dividing them into natural clustered based on their global brand attitudes, global consumption orientation and innovativeness. Based on descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis and clustering analysis results obtained from a survey conducted with nearly 600 university students, the study concludes that young consumers could indeed be divided into three different clusters based on the characteristics considered in this research, allowing development of segment-specific marketing tools and policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the relationship between firms' conservatism and board structure during the 2006-2016 for 18 manufacturing firms in BİST Corporate Governance Index is investigated. The board of directors' size, the independence of the board of directors, the number of female members on the board and the CEO duality is determined as a proxy for board structure. Accrual-based model was used as a measure of firms' accounting conservatism. According to the results, the size of the board and the CEO's being the member of the board of directors have a negative effect on firms' conservatism level. In contrast, the number of independent members of the board has a positive effect on firms' conservatism level. There is no significant relationship between the number of female members and firms' conservatism level, and the CEO's being chairman of the board of directors and firms' conservatism level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid depletion of traditional energy resources and increased awareness of the damages to the environment and human health caused by such resources are becoming increasingly important in the use of renewable resources in production of electrical energy. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the production of renewable electric energy in Turkey. Turkey's annual renewable electric energy production, total electric energy consumption, share of renewable electric energy consumption in total electric energy consumption and growth rate of GDP per capita data are used in this paper for the period 1990-2015. These data are obtained from World Bank Data Bank. We performed a unit root test and found that the series were stationary in their first order differences. Co-integration analysis showed that the series move together in the long run. As a result of analysis using OLS estimate model, it is found that total electric energy consumption, share of renewable electric energy consumption in total electric energy consumption and growth rate of GDP per capita contribute significantly and positively to the production of renewable electric energy in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the relation between financial structure and profitability of privately-owned banks that operate in the Banking Sector in Turkey. The relation between the financial structure and the profitability indicators that are obtained from the financial reports for the period of 2011-2017 of 8 privately-owned banks that are registered at The Banks Association of Turkey is tested by using panel data analysis. For the analysis, while return on assets and net interest margin are used as dependent variables, total credit ratio, capital ratio, size of deposits and size of banks are used as independent variables. The results that are found from the analysis are that total deposits/total assets and capital ratio have a positive effect on return on assets and net interest margin; that while total deposits/total assets ratio has no effect on return on assets, it has a negative effect on net interest margin; that while size of assets has a positive effect on return on assets, it has a negative effect on net interest margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much debate is ongoing regarding International Investment Agreement (IIA) Regime. One of the issues is its effect on economic development strategies of developing countries. This paper aims to examine International Investment Agreements by questioning its legal implications in development perspective. By using a qualitative research design, it addresses each provision that is considered to have an impact on the issues of development and presents the development problems faced in the application of IIAs. Findings suggest that decades of experience shows unexpected results in application of certain clauses and legal implications of IIAs is insufficient in producing benefits for economic development in developing countries. For the future, nevertheless, there is still a room for improvement through renegotiation of the treaties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earnings management is one of the controversial issues in the current business environment. The value relevance of earnings is adversely influenced by earnings management. The objective of this study is to analyze the association between audit quality and earnings management for non-financial firms quoted on Borsa Istanbul. Ordinary least square regression analysis is employed in this study in analyzing the association between earnings management and audit quality. Three different proxies for audit quality (auditor independence, audit industry specialization and auditor tenure) were analyzed based on a sample of 97 nonfinancial firms quoted on Borsa Istanbul from 2013 to 2018. Empirical analysis indicates that auditor independence and audit industry specialization are significantly negatively related with likelihood of earnings management and long-term auditor and client relationship enables the management of firms to more actively engage in earnings management. This paper finds support for the notion that the high-quality audit is one of the prominent factors that can mitigate earnings management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the food products sector in Turkey. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is applied to the monthly data over the period of January 2009 to December 2016. In the model, FDI inflows are modeled as a function of the degree of openness, exchange rate, export price, and wage rate. The empirical results confirm there is an evidence of a long-run equilibrium relationship among these variables in Turkey. Findings indicate that the degree of openness and export price have a positive sign and are statistically significant, while the wage rate has a negative sign and is statistically significant. The error correction term (ECT) of the estimated model is negative (-0,92) and statistically significant which indicates that deviations of actual FDI from the previous period's shock will be converged to the long-run equilibrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the short-run and long-run macroeconomic determinants of the Turkish stock returns under the impact of the "domestic and global economic policy uncertainty" by using the ARDL method and the monthly data for the period of 1991:M1 to 2017:M12. The set of macroeconomic variables utilized in the study are the stock market price indexes of Turkey's BIST100 index (BIST) and the BIST industrial index (IND), industrial production index (IPI), real effective exchange rate (RER), consumer price index (CPI), interest rate (R), Geopolitical risk index for Turkey (GPR) and the Economic Policy Uncertainty index of the United States of America (EPU). The ARDL estimation results reveal that in the short-run the BIST stock returns are positively affected from the changes in IPI, RER and CPI. The effects of the changes in Turkish interest rate (R), EPU and the dummy representing the impact of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis on the stock returns are negative. The long-run determinants of the BIST stock returns are the changes in IPI, RER, and CPI and the EPU. The effect of the changes in the EPU on the stock returns is negative and the effect of the other variables are positive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cost rigidity defines the characteristics of cost structure which is defined as the proportion of fixed costs to variable costs of firms. When the proportion of fixed costs are higher than the variable costs, then the cost structure is defined as a rigid cost structure. The structure of operating costs of Turkish manufacturing firms between years 1995 and 2014 is tested in terms of their "rigidity" in this paper. Moreover, the effect of demand uncertainty, as measured by the standard deviation of net sales, on the cost structure of operating costs is also tested. Findings support that higher levels of demand uncertainty are associated with higher portions of fixed costs in the cost structure (i.e., more rigid cost structure). That result contradicts the common wisdom that firms tend to lower the fixed costs in their cost structure as they are confronted with uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of investment decisions is an important macroeconomic subject due to the role of fluctuations in investments on the economic performance. It is argued that investment models need to take this effect into account if uncertainty has an impact on investment. Therefore, the effects of uncertainty on investments have recently been analyzed in the theoretical and empirical literature. While developing economies face more uncertainty than industrial countries do, most empirical studies consider the uncertainty-investment relationship for developed counties. In this paper, we analyzed the effect of the macro economic uncertainties on private investment in a developing county: Poland. We constructed a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model to measure uncertainties. Then, we employed the bound testing procedure to cointegration analysis. Since our findings indicate a long-term relationship of the variables, we adopt an error correction model to capture the dynamic relationship. Our estimates imply that the real exchange rate, inflation and growth uncertainties effect private investments negatively in Poland. Therefore, we can conclude that macroeconomic stabilization is a necessary condition for the continuity of investments in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the post-Cold war era, there has been a growing tendency to suggest the classification of 'new' wars, since the perception of the threat has changed. Since threats coming from within states have recently become dominant, many scholars have studied this development. The consensus they have reached is that this type of threat represents a different kind of war. Kalevi Holsti has named it a third kind of war (1996); Martin van Creveld has named it 'Low-Intensity Conflict' (1991); and Mary Kaldor has named it 'new war' (1999). This article will embrace Mary Kaldor's 'new war' concept and use it to analyse and describe this different kind of war and compare it with old wars. In contrast to these aforementioned arguments, some scholars, such as Edward Newman and Stathis N. Kalyvas, have argued that there are no new wars in the contemporary world. According to them, many features of the so-called new wars can be seen in old wars. This paper also aims to unfold whether the new wars are in fact new or not. To better observe this, first the characteristics of new wars and old wars will be considered and then they will be compared to find out what is distinctively new about so-called new wars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an attempt to analyze the impact of the external relations of Turkey upon its process of democratization. By considering main developments in Turkey's democratic transition, the aim is to trace the influences of Turkish foreign policy choices on strengthening democracy in Turkey. In this context, this study argues that westernization had been a modernization project of Turkey with the strategic and economic concerns until the end of the Cold War. In the post-Cold War period, the political Europeanization project of Turkey has made significant contributions to the process of democratization since the Helsinki Summit of 1999. However, with the problematic relationship of Turkey-EU after the golden years (1999-2005) of rapprochement, Turkey went to a redefinition process of its orientation in modernization, democratization and foreign policy under the Justice and Development Party rule in the last decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of development represents economic development in a narrow sense. According to the Human Development Report, published by the United Nations since 1990, development is considered as an improvement in the level of life of the individual, including the human factor. and the Human Development Index (HDI) for each country are presented in the reports, the calculations made by considering the general conditions of the countries. The Human Development Index is based on three basic dimensions: a long and healthy lifestyle measured by average life expectancy, the average age of schooling and the ability to access the wisdom calculated over the course of the study and the ability to have a decent standard of living measured by gross national income per capita. The purpose of the paper is to determine the effects of human development on developments in financial markets. For the purpose, time series analysis was performed with annual data, Borsa Istanbul 100 Index (BIST) that was representative of developments in financial markets and Human Development Index (IGE) that was representative of Human Development in 1986-2015 period. It was performed Johansen-Juselius Co-Entegration Test, to detect the existence of the long term relationship between the variables, and Granger Causality Test, for determination causality. As a result of the analysis, it was determinated Co-Entegration of variables and unidirectional causality from IGE to BIST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to understand the trade structure of Turkey in a scientific base. The empirical question is how much compatible Turkey's trade is with its partners. After a literature review, we work through the indices created to gauge a market's complementarity with another and evaluate the appropriateness of these indices by examining each and making a comparison between them. Rather than relying upon one of them -of each has its own pros and cons-, we create a new index which is a combination of other indices found in the literature. In the end, by applying the related trade data to the concept, calculations show that, for the period throughout 2011 and 2015 in general, Turkey has the highest complementary trade structure with Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Uzbekistan, Qatar and Austria while Singapore, Malta, Greece, India and Japan emerge as the partner countries with the lowest complementarity with Turkey. The most important feature of this study, after all, is its being the first searching about the trade complementarity of Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes data drawn from the 2006 and 2010 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) surveys to compare how the attitudes of MEPs toward Turkey have changed. Through cross-tabulations, the paper presents some preliminary evidence that the Right in the current European Parliament (EP) is less friendly towards Turkey than was the Right in the previous EP, while the Left is friendlier towards Turkey than before. Although it needs further evidence to support this claim, one may suggest that the gap between the Right and the Left on the question of Turkish accession might be widening. Since no single group has the majority in the EP, the polarization on the question of Turkey may complicate consensus-building on Turkey, which is often necessary to vote down anti-Turkey proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]