Search

In this study, the microstructure of carbon fiber paper is modified through H 3 PO 4 etching to enhance the electrolyzer performance. The effects of different H 3 PO 4 concentrations and different soaking times on the hydrogen evolution reaction are firstly investigated. The electrochemical test results show that the best performance of etched electrodes is achieved at a H 3 PO 4 concentration of 1 M and a soaking time of 12 h, with a significant reduction in charge transfer resistance and overpotential. Subsequently, to explore the change mechanism in electrochemical properties, the microstructure of the carbon paper is investigated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP) tests, which show uniformly distributed micropores appear on the surface of the carbon fibers after etching, and the porosity increases from 0.74 to 0.8. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) tests show that the specific surface area of the carbon paper increases from 0.72 m2/g to 4.06 m2/g, which effectively increases the interfacial contact area between the catalyst layer and the liquid gas diffusion layer. Furthermore, a 3D multi-physics model is established to further elucidate the impact mechanism of changes in porosity, conductivity, and active specific surface area on the performance of anion exchange membrane electrolyzer, with changes in active specific surface area having the greatest effect. • Microporous structure of the carbon paper LGDL is modified by etching. • The etching method effectively improves the performance of AEMEL. • The increase in specific surface area and porosity greatly reduces the resistance. • Numerical modeling to analyze the impact of microscopic parameters on AEMEL. • LGDL with high specific surface area has a positive effect on AEMEL's development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon fiber paper (CFP) is one of the most widely used gas diffusion layer materials for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) due to its excellent properties such as high conductivity, high strength, high air permeability and corrosion resistance. In this study, CFP was prepared using the phenolic resin (PF) in-pulp addition method. The effect of PF content on the properties of hot-pressed paper (HPP) and CFP was investigated. The results showed that when the dosage of polyethylene oxide (PEO) was 1.5 wt%, the flocculation effect of PEO on PF was basically complete, and the water filterability and retention of carbon fiber pulp were relatively optimal. After HPP was carbonized into CFP, the hydrophobicity, average pore size, porosity, and air permeability increased, while the resistivity and tensile strength decreased. With the increase of PF content, the tensile strength of CFP gradually increased, while the average pore size, porosity, air permeability and resistivity decreased. When the PF content was 250 wt%, the average pore size of CFP was 36.5 μm, the water contact angle was 127°, the porosity was 69.7%, the air permeability was 7.81 × 103 mL mm/(cm2·h·mmHg), the resistivity was 21.1 mΩ cm, and the tensile strength was 15.7 MPa. In addition, the CFP prepared using PF in-pulp addition method had a relativity uniform pore size distribution and high air permeability. Therefore, this work shows that the CFP prepared using this technique exhibits excellent comprehensive performance, and enables the manufacturing of CFP to be more efficient, low-cost, and environmentally friendly. [Display omitted] • Carbon fiber paper was prepared efficiently using the phenolic resin in-pulp addition method. • Polyethylene oxide exhibits strong adsorption ability on phenolic resin in carbon fiber pulp. • The melting temperature of phenolic resin is a critical point in the preparation process of carbon fiber paper. • Carbon fiber paper possesses a relatively uniform pore size distribution and high air permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pulp and paper mill sludge (PPMS) landfill sites have GHG assessment challenges. • GHG fluxes measured by chambers with (F +) and without (F-) a frame were compared. • Flux relationships up to 80 % were shown between F- and F + chambers (the standard) • Correction factors for F- chambers were built to estimate fluxes from F + chambers. • The approach can refine GHG inventories on PPMS landfill sites. Assessments of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in managed areas are facing various challenges. A non-flow-through, non-steady-state (NFT-NSS) chamber coupled to a frame permanently inserted into the landfilled substrates is a standard method for quantifying GHG emissions in managed areas, such as pulp and paper mill sludge (PPMS) landfill sites. Frequent measurements are needed to minimize uncertainties on GHG emission factors at the landfill site scale. However, maintaining a frame inserted into the substrates for a long time period is often impossible due to landfilling management operations. Therefore, GHG measurements using NFT-NSS chambers placed directly on substrates' surface could be an interesting option. Our objectives were to determine the relationships between CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O fluxes measured with (F +) and without (F-) a frame inserted in the substrates' surface and to develop correction factors for fluxes measured without a frame. Measurements were made at different PPMS landfill sites in the province of Québec, Canada. Stronger GHG flux relationships were observed at the provincial (across sites) than the specific site scale: the variance in GHG fluxes from F- chambers explained up to 80 % of variance in fluxes from F + chambers. The measured CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O fluxes in F- chambers were on average 53, 78, and 63 % lower, respectively, than those estimated by the models at provincial scale. The correction factors developed with this approach could greatly extend the number of sites where in situ GHG measurements can be done and would help refining GHG inventories at the provincial and national levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon paper is one of the most widely used gas diffusion layer substrate materials due to its stable performance, relatively low cost, and easy for subsequent processing. Water-soluble phenolic resin, which is more ecologically friendly than alcohol-soluble phenolic resin, was used to prepare carbon paper as the precursor of the carbon matrix. And the effect of different resin solution concentrations on the properties of carbon paper was explored. The results showed that the graphitization, electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of carbon paper increased with the increase of resin solution concentration. When the concentration of resin solution was 20 wt%, the performance of carbon paper was relatively optimal. The graphitization of the carbon paper reached 65.45%, the porosity reached 80.74%, the resistance value at 1 MPa pressure was only 7.61 mΩ cm2, the tensile strength was 1.57 MPa, and the elastic modulus was 1210.98 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon paper as a macroporous substrate of gas diffusion layer in proton exchange membrane fuel cells directly impacts the output performance of cells. In this study, we present a straightforward strategy to improve the overall performance of carbon paper by mixing short/long (6mm/10 mm) chopped carbon fibers at an optimal concentration of phenolic resin. The results show that incorporating longer carbon fibers can increase the porosity, conductivity, gas flux, and mechanical properties of carbon paper. The membrane electrode assembly achieved a peak power density of 1182.61 mW cm−2 at 60% RH using carbon paper with a long carbon fiber content of 40 wt% and an impregnation concentration of 10 wt%. This outperforms commercially available carbon paper. Based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results, it was confirmed that our carbon paper had a lower mass transfer resistance of only 32.17 mΩ cm−2 under conditions of 2 A cm−2 and 60% RH. This was due to its sparser three−dimensional network-like pore structure which was created by mixing different lengths (6mm/10 mm) of carbon fibers. This work provides new insights into preparing high−performance carbon papers. • The nature of carbon paper is regulated by mixing short/long (6mm/10 mm) CFs ratio. • The long carbon fiber contents of 20–40 wt% present better physical properties. • The optimal carbon papers can mitigate mass transfer resistance. • MEA composed of the optimal CP shows a higher power density than commercial CP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile method is proposed in this work to prepare a carbon paper (CP) with outstanding properties by doping boron to catalyze graphitization at lower temperature. Boron was introduced into CP by impregnating carbon fiber preform into a boron/phenolic resin/ethanol solution, and then CP was obtained after the consecutive procedures of hot pressing, carbonization, and graphitization. Morphology, microstructure, composition, and physical properties of the doped and undoped CPs were thoroughly investigated via various techniques to exam the effects of boron concentration and graphitization temperature. Furthermore, the boron doped CP was fabricated into fuel cell gas diffusion layer (GDL) and membrane electrode assembly (MEA) to evaluate its performance through the single cell performance. The findings indicated CP doping with 2 wt% boron could lower the graphitization temperature by at least 200 °C. The B-doped GDL had a higher power density in comparison with the undoped GDLs made in our lab or from the commercial brands. • The innovative preparation method for carbon paper with high conductivity. • The effect of boron concentration and graphitization temperature on carbon paper. • The single cell performance of B-doped gas diffusion layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of low-cost, efficient, and stable oxygen evolution electrocatalysts is crucial for the conversion and storage of renewable energy. Therefore, an effective integrated heterostructure catalyst is needed to achieve a lower overpotential during oxygen evolution process. In this paper, cobalt-zinc bimetallic MOF precursors are used as templates to prepare bimetallic cobalt-based selenides with good oxygen evolution catalytic activity and stability on carbon fiber paper. Due to the high specific surface area and porous structure of the coupling structure of nanorods and polyhedra, and the strong electronic coupling between CoSe 2 and ZnSe on nanorods. CoSe 2 -ZnSe/CP exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity in 1 M KOH solution. It only requires an overpotential of 275 mV to reach the current density of 10 mA cm-2, and the Tafel slope is 68.9 mV dec-1. In addition, after 12 h of continuous operation of CoSe 2 -ZnSe/CP, the activity decay of the catalyst is negligible. This work provides a method for the design of heterogeneous bimetallic selenide integrated oxygen evolution electrocatalysts. [Display omitted] • The CoSe 2 -ZnSe/CP catalyst is obtained by selenization of MOF precursor at high temperature. • The catalyst has unique nanorod-coupled polyhedral morphology and high specific surface area. • The strong electron coupling between CoSe 2 and ZnSe improves the oxygen evolution activity. • CoSe 2 -ZnSe/CP exhibits low overpotential, high exchange current density and fast kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solar photocatalytic degradation of pulp and paper mill wastewater has been reported by several scientists. However, this is the first time we are reporting for solar photocatalytic hydrogen production from pulp and paper mill wastewater and simultaneous degradation of pollutants. In this work, CuO based photocatalysts and novel square type photocatalytic reactor of 5 L capacity were used. The result shows that the prepared photocatalysts are solar active, efficient in hydrogen recovery and pollutant degradation from the pulp and paper wastewater. The effects of catalyst loading, sacrificial agent, pollutant removal efficiency and stability check were investigated. At 0.25 g/L of CuO/Fe 2 O 3 , 0.2 M of sacrificial agent (Na 2 SO 3 2−) and hydrogen yield of 1000 mL from 1000 mL of wastewater was achieved. The removal efficiency of TSS, TDS, BOD, COD, turbidity and TOC are around 70, 50, 60, 65, 70 and 45% respectively. Reusability study revealed that CuO/Fe 2 O 3 was chemically stable and could be reused successively (five cycles) without significant changes in its photoactivity and intrinsic properties. [Display omitted] • Visible light active CuO mixed with novel metal oxides were employed. • Hydrogen recovery from black liquor, paper mill wastewater were 1000 mL/h/L and 850 mL/h/L. • Efficiency of degradation of pulp & paper wastewater chemicals were around 50–70%. • AcHieved high recovery of hydrogen from pulp & paper wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymes derived from microbial sources have gained increasing popularity in industrial applications over the past decades. Despite the high production cost, alkaline proteases have wide applications in industries such as tanneries, food production, and detergents. In recent years, there has been a shift towards utilizing natural carbon sources for cultivating microorganisms and extracting proteases in order to reduce production costs. This study aimed to investigate the biochemical and kinetic properties of protease enzymes obtained from Aspergillus niger cultivated in a paper waste medium and compare with the enzyme produced in a basal medium. Glucose is a more favorable carbon source compared to cellulose, so paper waste was pretreated with cellulose-degrading bacteria to convert cellulose into smaller carbohydrates. After the growth of A. niger in basal and combinational media, the enzymatic properties were compared between the extracted enzymes by using casein as substrate. The results demonstrated that A. niger could produce protease enzymes in the paper waste medium similar to the basal medium with more than 5-fold cost saving. The specific activity of the enzymes isolated from the basal and paper waste media was calculated to be 184.95 ± 10.56 U ml−1 and 169.88 ± 11.05 U ml−1, respectively. Carbon sources did not affect the optimum pH and temperature of the protease enzyme, which were found to be 8 and 37 °C, respectively. This study provides valuable insights into the production of alkaline protease from A. niger using a combinational medium (paper waste pretreated by cellulose-degrading bacteria), offering a cost-effective approach for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel highly foldable HAp ceramic paper with fire retardancy but without fiber was fabricated via novel non-solvent displacement nonaqueous precipitation strategy. The obtained HAp ceramic paper, characterized by highly smooth and glossy, is characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), curlability test, moisture absorbency and Pb2+ removal performance test. The results show that the ceramic paper is very straight, uniform, and smooth with high curlability and low moisture absorption. No fiber is detected in the ceramic paper. No defect is either detected except for at the edge area. The HAp ceramic paper is grown along the (002) crystal plane of the hydroxyapatite phase from hexagonal plate like single crystal sheets. The ceramic paper loaded for four times has formed a clear four-layer-structured, with a total thickness of about 832 nm. The thickness of each layer is very uniform, with an average thickness of about 208 nm per layer. HAp ceramic paper has excellent Pb2+ ions removal performance, curling performance, moisture absorption performance and flame retardant performance. These performances confirm this novel HAp ceramic paper has superior properties over the traditional ceramic paper with fibers and shows great application prospect in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) performances are strongly impacted by the compression of the Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL). Despite its fibrous microstructure, this material is usually considered as a continuous medium and characterized with uniform loading. However, the GDL is subjected to a heterogeneous compression onto rib/channel patterns in the fuel cell assembly. In the present study, a complex behavior of the GDL response is experimentally revealed when the material is loaded with a rib/channel pattern, compared to uniform compression. The tests are simulated by finite element modeling using a classical strain-dependent elastic law, using parameters fitted from uniform compression experiments. It is shown that the numerical results do not reproduce the effect of pattern observed experimentally. Hypotheses to interpret these results involve mechanisms at the fiber microscale including fiber fracture, cross-link breakage and fiber rearrangement, which are exacerbated by larger material deformation caused by the heterogeneous loading. • Unexpected impact of rib/channel patterns on GDL compression. • Experimental investigation of the effect of rib/channel width on GDL deformation. • Numerical study with classical model unable to reproduce experimental results. • Interpretations based on mechanisms at the fiber microscale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Paper impregnation with 10 % ATP for an effective protection of historical paper against mould development. • 3D surface topography showed no adverse effects of ATP on paper support. • Portable "on the spot" non-invasive FTIR spectroscopy in reflection mode is an effective method for a rapid and highly sensitive detection of mould biofilms. Even though contamination of historical paper by moulds causes aesthetic, physical, and biochemical biodeterioration, dissolving cellulose fibers and inks, the currently applied physical and chemical disinfection methods are either extremely dangerous to human health (ethylene oxide), may harm the underlying support material, or their efficiency is dependent on fungal species, many of which may resist. Therefore, our aim was to test a new paper impregnation agent, aminopropyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (ATP), in regards to its biological potency, ease of handling and support material safety. According to the Gelest Inc. (Morrisville, PA 19067) safety data sheet DMS-A31, ATP in solution causes eye irritation, but in dry from is relatively safe. Our biofouling experiments with four cellulase-active fungal strains, originally isolated from historical books, were conducted directly on impregnated and aged paper at verifying concentrations of ATP and at a relative humidity of 95 %. Fungal biofilm development was quantified using micro-invasive fluorescence microscopy and after incubation non-invasive FTIR spectroscopy was also employed. 3D surface topography scan results showed that ATP impregnation at a concentration of 30 % does not harm the visible structural characteristics of the tested paper and no alterations in surface roughness parameters were observed and is therefore safe for the supporting material. At least a 10 % paper impregnation was needed for an effective suppression of fungal biofilm development and tolerance to lower concentrations was species dependent, with Penicillium canescens ZIM-9717 tolerating 1 % of ATP and Aspergillus niger ZIM-9721 tolerating 1 % and 5 % of ATP. Lastly, we have shown that portable "on the spot" non-invasive FTIR spectroscopy in reflection mode can be effectively used for a rapid but highly sensitive detection and monitoring of mould biofilms on paper support materials. This is important, because sampling and fluorescence dye staining in fluorescence microscopy, will harm the integrity of cultural heritage books and documents. Therefore, non-invasive FTIR spectroscopy can provide for an initial overview or insight into the microbiological condition of library and paper materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The PBAT/PLA coated paper shows high methane yield under AD condition. • Plastic film residues remain after the digestion of PBAT/PLA coated paper. • The decrease of hydrophobicity for PBAT/PLA bags is due to the formation of PLA monomers. • The bacterial community shows difference between PBAT/PLA coated paper and bags. • Methanoculleus is enriched on the plastic surface under mesophilic AD. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) are two of biodegradable plastics with the highest production capacities in 2021. Bioplastic waste management can be easily integrated with organic waste management, especially when bioplastics are used as food packaging material, since they are potentially biodegradable. The aim of this study was to assess the biodegradability of biodegradable polymer-coated paper (BPCP) and bioplastic bags made from PBAT/PLA blend during mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion (AD) and to reveal the changes in the physicochemical properties of the bioplastics. BPCP obtained 155 NmL-CH 4 /g VS and 307.3 NmL-CH 4 /g VS under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, respectively, but left bioplastic film residues. The bioplastic bags did not exhibit significant biodegradation during the AD processes. 1H NMR results indicated that the ratio of PLA to PBAT decreased significantly after AD of the BPCP film and that PLA monomers were formed from the bioplastic bags, leading to a decrease in the hydrophobicity on the surfaces of the materials. Methanoculleus was found to be enriched on the bioplastic surface after mesophilic AD. From the perspective of coupling bioplastic waste management with the food waste management, the incorporation of BPCP into the AD reactor not only enhances system stability and methane production to a greater extent than biodegradable plastic bags but also raises concerns regarding the residual biofilm when utilizing the digestate for direct land applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present work covers the treatment of lignin enriched paper industry wastewater (LEPIW) using electrocoagulation (EC) process with stainless steel (SS) electrodes. In this study, EC operation is optimized in term of % chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and treatment cost (USD/kg COD removed). Single parameter study has been performed to study the effect of process parameters on % COD removal and treatment cost. Central composite design (CCD) of design of expert (DOE) has been used to corelate the input (time, initial COD, solution pH and current) and output parameters (% COD removal and treatment cost). Single parameter study states that maximum % COD removal of 84.4 & 77% is achieved in 40 & 60 min for initial COD:500 &1000 mg/L while 74, 66.7 & 58% can be achieved in 100 min for initial COD of 2000, 3000 & 4000 mg/L, respectively under optimum condition (solution pH:7, current: 1 A). Cost analysis summarizes that treatment cost decreases with increase in initial organic load (2.036, 2.075, 1.554, 1.247 & 1.127 USD/kg COD removed for initial COD of 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 & 4000 mg/L, respectively) at optimum condition. The caloric study states 2.31and 3.25 J/mg can be generated from the sludge and scum produced during EC process. DOE software suggests − 6.66–6.79% & − 16.73–7.95% error between experimental and designed value for % COD removal and treatment cost. [Display omitted] • COD removal range 84.4–58% is noticed for initial COD 500–4000 mg/l. • Treatment time increases from 60 to 100 min for initial COD range of 500–4000 mg/l. • Treatment cost 1.12–2.07 USD/kg COD R is noted for COD range of 500–4000 mg/l. • 2.31 and 3.25 J/mg energy is found from generated sludge and scum respectively. • Model predicts − 6.66–6.79% & − 16.73–7.95% error for COD removal & treatment cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• White acrylic paint pigment is slightly alkaline and foxing-resistant. • Acrylic-gesso-coated watercolor paper can be used as an anti-foxing backing. • Acrylic gesso coating is simple & cost-effective against foxing. One of the concerns of watercolor artworks on paper is the natural oxidation process of the paper, leading to the development of unsightly yellow-brown spots referred to as foxing. Historically, efforts to preserve watercolor pieces in museums, institutions, and private collections have relied on intricate and expensive techniques. Unfortunately, these methods are not practical for the broader community of artists and less affluent collectors. Furthermore, the introduction of foreign preservation materials, which can interact with the artwork's components, poses a risk to the original visual appeal. Consequently, watercolor art collections have lost some of their appeal compared to oil paintings on canvases. This study endeavors to offer an alternative, straightforward, and cost-efficient approach to safeguarding watercolor artworks created on high-quality watercolor paper, a type commonly used by typical watercolorists, making it a suitable candidate for this investigation. This approach also avoids introducing additional substances to the artwork. The protective technique involves the application of commercially available acrylic gesso to a fresh sheet of watercolor paper. This gesso-coated paper serves as a backing for framing and displaying the original watercolor artwork, without the need for any foreign preservation materials to be added to the artwork itself. To assess the effectiveness of this protection method, a comparison was made between the foxing tendencies of protected and unprotected paper artworks stored for a decade. These samples were subjected to various analytical techniques, including optical microscopy (OM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results revealed that, when compared to untreated samples, rarely any foxing spots were observed on any of the treated samples, and both the oxidation and degradation of cellulose fibers were diminished. Additionally, the analysis showed that the acrylic gesso comprised inorganic components such as calcium carbonate (CaCO 3), dolomite (CaMg(CO 3) 2), rutile (TiO 2), and organic acrylics. The carbonates created a mildly alkaline environment, neutralizing the acidity in the paper. The titanium dioxides exhibited biocidal and fungicidal properties due to their photocatalytic characteristics. The acrylic component bound and dispersed the inorganic constituents, and the coating formed a less impenetrable barrier layer as indicated by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results. In addition to significantly improving the resistance of the paper to foxing, the methods outlined in this study are highly cost-effective and readily accessible to artists and collectors. Importantly, they do not involve the addition of any restoration materials to the original artworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large-scale development of flexible electrode is urgently needed for water electrosplitting. Herein, the common and low-cost filter paper (FP) is utilized as the substrate to adjust the flexible property of the catalytic electrode. Through an electroless plating method, the NiFeP alloys were deposited onto the filter paper, which acted as the flexible and self-supported electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The resultant NiFeP@FPs require low overpotentials of 158 mV for HER and 282 mV for OER to deliver a current density of 10 mA cm−2, and exhibit a good stability of 30 h in 1 M KOH. The synergistic effect of Fe–Ni sites regulates electron structure and boosts the catalytic activity. Benefited from good hydrophilicity and interlaced fiber structure of filter paper, electrolyte penetration and electron transfer in the sample are promoted. The assembled two-electrode electrolyzer only requires 1.814 V to achieve 100 mA cm−2 for overall water splitting and shows excellent stability. This work provides a new strategy for the development of flexible and efficient electrodes for water splitting, which advances the development of wearable electronic devices. [Display omitted] • The flexible filter paper-based electrode was successfully synthesized. • The good hydrophilicity and porous structure facilitated electrolyte permeation. • The sample required low overpotentials of 158 mV for HER and 282 mV for OER. • The two-electrode electrolyzer provided 100 mA cm−2 at a low voltage of 1.814 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A noble-metal-free bifunctional electrocatalyst with outstanding activity and stability is of great importance for the development of rechargeable zinc-air batteries (ZABs). Herein, we employed a facile strategy to fabricate nitrogen-doped NiCo 2 O 4 nanostructures on carbon paper as a binder-free air cathode for rechargeable ZABs. An optimized process of nitrogen plasma treatment has enhanced the electrical conductivity of the metal oxide and induced abundant active sites into the crystal structures, resulting in enhanced electrocatalytic activities toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Notably, mild plasma treatment leads to efficient N doping while the morphology and specific surface area of the catalyst both remain unchanged. The air cathode with NiCo 2 O 4 doped with nitrogen in 2 min plasma treatment and integrated into a zinc-air battery with liquid electrolyte provided a small charge-discharge voltage gap and distinguished cycling stability superior to the air cathode with noble-metal catalyst counterparts. Furthermore, the solid-state zinc-air battery with this material displays excellent stability with just a small increase of the charge-discharge voltage gap over 20 h of operation. This work illustrates the promising potential of plasma treatment in the fabrication of high-performance catalysts. • N-doped NiCo 2 O 4 was prepared by hydrothermal method and N 2 plasma treatment. • Mild plasma treatment leads to efficient N doping in NiCo 2 O 4. • NiCo 2 O 4 with N 2 plasma treatment of 2 min exhibits excellent OER/ORR performances. • N–NiCo 2 O 4 -2 min worked as a binder-free air cathode in Zn-air batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of shared decision making (SDM) for informed consent has been emphasised in the updated regulatory guidelines. Errors of completion, legibility and omission have been associated with paper-based consent forms. We introduced a digital consent process and compared it against a paper-based process for quality and patient reported involvement in shared decision making. 223 patients were included in this multi-site, single centre study. Patient consent documentation was by either a paper consent form or the Concentric digital consent platform. Consent forms were assessed for errors of legibility, completion and accuracy of content. Core risks for 20 orthopaedic operations were pre-defined by a Delphi round of experts and forms analysed for omission of these risks. SDM was determined via the 'collaboRATE Top Score', a validated measure for gold-standard SDM. 72% (n = 78/109) of paper consent forms contained ≥1 error compared to 0% (n = 0/114) of digital forms (P < 0.0001). Core risks were unintentionally omitted in 63% (n = 68/109) of paper-forms compared to less than 2% (n = 2/114) of digital consent forms (P < 0.0001). 72% (n = 82/114) of patients giving consent digitally reported gold-standard SDM compared to 28% (n = 31/109) with paper consent (P < 0.001). Implementation of a digital consent process has been shown to reduce both error rate and the omission of core risks on consent forms whilst increasing the quality of SDM. This novel finding suggests that using digital consent can improve both the quality of informed consent and the patient experience of SDM. • The paper consent process is associated with errors and omissions of core risks. • A digital consent process improved error rate and omission rate of core risks. • Patients reported a higher level of shared decision making with a digital process. • Documentation of consent can be reliably standardised with an electronic record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the durability problem caused by carbon corrosion in the porous carbon paper gas diffusion layer (GDL) of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), a Cr 7 C 3 ceramic coating on porous carbon paper by molten salt method was prepared. The obtained Cr 7 C 3 coating is dense and shows good adherent with the carbon paper. Based on the corrosion resistance testes, it is concluded that the Cr 7 C 3 coated carbon paper can keep high chemical stability in the long-time acid immersion accelerated corrosion tests and simulated cathodic proton exchange membrane fuel cells environment. The carbon paper with Cr 7 C 3 coating shows a small current density with a value of about 1.1 × 10−5 A cm−2 in the potentiostatic polarization test under 1 M H 2 SO 4 + 2 ppm HF at 70 °C and1.4 V SCE for 72 h. Meanwhile, the resistivity of carbon paper with Cr 7 C 3 coating prepared is 30% lower than that of pure carbon paper, and the conductivity is 1.5 times that of pure carbon paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermodynamically favorable selective electrooxidation reactions coupled with hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a promising strategy for simultaneous production of value-added chemicals and hydrogen. In this work, a binder-free gold nanoflowers electrode based on carbon paper is prepared and used as anode catalyst, which results in good charge transfer, high stability and superior catalytic activity for electrooxidation of glycerol. We develop an integrated system of glycerol electrooxidation with HER, and the effect of potential on the distribution of anodic electrooxidation products and cathodic hydrogen production are investigated. At 1.0 V, the overall reaction reaches 10 mA cm−2 and the selectivity of glyceric acid (GLA) reaches 97.2%. At 1.2 V, hydrogen production reaches the highest value of 960 μmol L−1 and the anode product consists of a mixture of glyceric acid, glycolic acid (GA) and formic acid (FA). At 1.3 V, the selectivity of FA reaches 87.3%. Operando technique in situ infrared spectroscopy is used to monitor the immediate evolution and study the pathway of controlled glycerol electrooxidation. This work demonstrates carbon paper is a promising substrate material of binder-free electrode applied in thermodynamically favorable electrocatalytic reactions boosting hydrogen evolution. [Display omitted] • A binder-free electrode based on carbon paper is developed. • Hydrogen production is increased by 24 times with the addition of glycerol. • The selectivity of glyceric acid on carbon paper supported gold nanoflowers is 97.2%. • In situ FTIR reveals the pathway for electrooxidation of glycerol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper crumb (PC) is a type of paper sludge residue from the wastepaper recycling industry. It is a by-product from the various fiber purification stages that is particularly composed of short cellulose fibers, lignin, organic compounds and inorganic filler residues. Despite representing a reject material for the paper recycling sector, this feedstock can be turned into a bioresource to enable cross-sector industrial symbiosis in the form of a more sustainable concrete, hence an opportunity for novel Net Zero supply chains. This study sought to valorise the PC by the sequential anaerobic digestion to produce methane (CH 4) from the organic compounds, followed by utilization of the digestate as a water replacement in concrete. The 21-day digestion of PC yielded 163 ml CH 4 per gram volatile solids and the resulting digestate improved concrete compressive strength up to 50% water replacement grade, meeting the requirements for structural grade (C32/40) applications with substitution grades up to 50% and 25%, with and without the addition of plasticiser respectively. In a minor capacity, the digestate reduced workability of the concrete mix, however we demonstrate this issue can be resolved by the addition of plasticiser or increased water to cement ratios. The admixture addition is important to facilitate pumpability on site and ensure satisfactory compaction. This study highlights the potential of anaerobic digestate as a concrete supplement (additive), which would improve the sustainability of both the construction and the paper sector. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience various degrees of impairment in social interaction and communication, restricted, repetitive behaviours, interests/activities. These impairments make a significant contribution to poorer everyday adaptive functioning. Yet, there are no pharmacological therapies to effectively treat the core symptoms of ASD. Since symptoms of ASD likely emerge from a complex interplay of vulnerabilities, environmental factors and compensatory mechanisms during the early developmental period, pharmacological interventions arguably would have the greatest impact to improve long-term outcomes when implemented at a young age. It is essential therefore, that clinical development programmes of investigational drugs in ASD include the paediatric population early on in clinical trials. Such trials need to offer the prospect of direct benefit (PDB) for participants. In most cases in drug development this prospect is supported by evidence of efficacy in adults. However, the effectiveness of treatment approaches may be age-dependent, so that clinical trials in adults may not provide sufficient evidence for a PDB in children. In this white paper, we consolidate recommendations from regulatory guidelines, as well as advice from the Food and Drug Administration, USA (FDA) and the Committee for Human Medicinal Products (CHMP) consultations on various development programmes on: 1) elements to support a PDB to participants in early paediatric clinical trials in ASD, including single-gene neurodevelopment disorders, 2) aspects of study design to allow for a PDB. This white paper is intended to be complementary to existing regulatory guidelines in guiding industry and academic sponsors in their conduct of early paediatric clinical trials in ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • MAO-B was successfully immobilized onto cellulose filter paper for the first time. • A new method for ligand fishing based on CFP-DA-MAO-B was developed. • Natural MAO-B inhibitors, including one never reported before, were isolated and identified from Tibetan strawberry. • Neuroprotective effects of the inhibitors were demonstrated. • Potential of Tibetan strawberry as neuroprotective functional food was suggested. Tibetan strawberry (Fragaria nubicola) is a wild medicinal and edible plant in Tibet possessing various health benefits such as neuroprotection and anti-oxidation. However, there has been little study reported on its chemical constituents. To investigate the inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) in Tibetan strawberry, we immobilized the enzyme onto cellulose filter paper for the first time to develop a new screening method. Two known glycosides (compounds 1 and 2) and one new iridoid glucoside (Compound 3) were fished out by this method, which was found to effectively inhibit MAO-B with IC 50 values of 16.95 ± 0.93, 24.69 ± 0.20, and 46.77 ± 0.78 μM, respectively. Molecular docking and kinetic analysis were performed to reveal the inhibition mechanism of these compounds. Furthermore, compound 1 exhibited neuroprotective effects against 6-OHDA-induced injury on PC12 cells. The developed method exhibits the advantages of rapidness and effectiveness in screening of MAO-B inhibitors from complex herbal extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main mechanism that causes resistance to carbapenem, one of the most potent antibiotic available, in Enterobacterales bacterial isolates, is due to Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) production by the bacterium. KPC is spread worldwide, requiring laboratories to be capable of identifying this enzyme, however some methods can be expensive for small laboratories, especially in developing countries. Therefore, the development of methods with low cost of reagents for the detection of KPC enzyme is necessary. The objective of this study was to evaluate the detection of KPC enzyme by MALDI-TOF MS from inactivated bacteria impregnated in filter paper. A total of 129 Enterobacterales isolates were impregnated in filter paper, and after 7 days at room temperature, they were subjected to a protein extraction protocol and spectra acquisition, in triplicates, by MALDI-TOF MS. The spectra were evaluated and KPC was identified according to the presence of a peak of 28,712.62 ± 27.80 m / z. Considering the presence of the KPC peak in at least one spectrum of the triplicates, this method presented 60.8% sensitivity and 96.4% specificity. However, considering the presence of KPC peak in at least two spectra of the triplicate, a specificity of 100% was achieved. The detection of KPC enzyme from inactivated bacteria impregnated in filter paper can be used as a method to confirm the presence of KPC, which could be very significant for small laboratories with limited resources. • Detection of KPC by MALDI-TOF MS can be performed from bacteria in filter-paper. • Detection of KPC from filter-paper by MALDI-TOF MS can be a confirmatory method. • The impregnation of inactivated bacteria in filter-paper is simple and inexpensive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Water retention curves (WRCs) of municipal solid wastes (MSWs) • Hysteresis of WRCs of MSWs with decomposition. • Effects of decomposition and paper content on the WRCs. • Unsaturated hydraulic and gas conductivity of MSWs. This paper investigates the drying and wetting water retention curves (WRCs) of municipal solid wastes (MSWs) with different paper contents, dry unit weights and degrees of biodegradation (DOBs). Fresh synthetic samples were prepared based on the field composition of the MSWs at Mugga Lane Landfill, the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Australia. The degraded samples were prepared in simulators with MSWs of different initial dry unit weights and decomposition periods with leachate recirculation. The water retention curves (WRCs) of the MSWs were determined using pressure plate tests, in both drying and wetting phases. The outflow from MSWs was analysed using Gardner's method to obtain the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. The results indicate that the WRCs of the MSWs are greatly affected by the DOB, paper content and dry unit weight. When DOB < 30 %, as DOB increases, the air-entry pressure of MSWs with paper increases, and the residual moisture content decreases regardless of paper content. With DOB > 30 %, the air entry pressure and residual water content depend on the balance between organic matter and highly decomposed organic constituents. The paper content affects the WRCs of MSWs due to its water retention capacity and change in the particle size distribution with decomposition. The increase in the dry unit weight of MSWs significantly increases the air entry pressure and residual moisture content, similar to the borehole samples with combined effects of biodegradation and increase in stress level from literature. Hysteresis effects have been observed during the drying and wetting of MSWs. The hysteresis of WRCs increases with the paper content and DOB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persulfate is a potential oxidant in direct liquid fuel cells (DLFCs), and the commercial carbon paper (CP) can directly serve as the cathode due to strong oxidizability of persulfate. However, the poor catalytic activity and low specific surface area of CP limit the electrode performance. Herein, a defect-enriched, pyridine-N-dominated and self-standing carbon paper electrode with abundant carbon nanosheets is successfully prepared by hydrothermal treatment combined with in-situ electrochemical exfoliation. Benefitting from the integrated structure, plentiful defects and high-content pyridine-N dopants of the prepared electrode result in the superior electrocatalytic activity and long-term stability in persulfate reduction reaction. Remarkably, a membraneless DLFC with the prepared electrode as cathode and persulfate as the oxidant acquires prominent cell performance and extremely high open circuit voltage of 2.13 V. The maximum power density of the DLFC achieves 241.0 mW cm−2, far higher than those of the previously reported similar membraneless DLFCs. A three-dimensional computational model for the DLFC is developed, which is help to reveal the importance of improving the reaction kinetics and electrical conductivity for the cathode with persulfate as oxidant. A facile approach for in-situ preparation of highly N-doped CP electrode is provided to yield outstanding cell performance for low-cost DLFCs. [Display omitted] • A facile way to introduce high-content nitrogen on carbon paper is proposed. • Massive defective sites, carbon nanosheets and pyridine-N dopants are introduced. • N doping enhances charge transfer and electrocatalytic activity of the electrode. • Effects of hydrothermal duration and precursor concentration are discussed. • The N-doped cathode yields the outstanding cell performance for low-cost DLFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alumina-based multilayer laminates with layers of varied porosities and ceramic fiber reinforcements, which can be achieved by including paper-derived ceramic layers, are interesting candidates for chemically stable and thermal shock resistant materials. In order to investigate the complex sintering behavior of these laminates, the sintering of each alumina layer contained within a laminate, each one with its individual sintering anisotropy and sintering shrinkage, has to be considered separately. For this purpose, sintering curves are determined by dilatometry measurements, serving a consecutive examination by an analytical model. Modeling parameters specific to each layer, are applied in finite-element-type sintering simulations for symmetrical multilayer laminates. Differences in the sintering shrinkages may cause internal stresses at layer interfaces and, in turn, may influence the thermal and mechanical properties of multilayer laminates after sintering. Accordingly, the prediction of developing internal stresses within alumina-based multilayer laminates by the presented sintering simulations is a key aspect of this study. [Display omitted] • Individual laminates sintering dilatometry. • Anisotropic sintering assessment by analytic modeling. • Finite element simulation of multilayer laminates sintering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ni-doped WC/Mo 2 C composites for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) were synthesized in situ grown on carbon fiber paper (CFP) by molten salt method in argon at 1000 °C for 6 h, named as Ni-xWC-y/2Mo 2 C@CFP. The effects of different W/Mo molar ratios (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3) on the phase composition, microstructures, and HER performances were investigated. The results showed that the W/Mo molar ratio had a synergistic effect in HER of Ni-doped WC/Mo 2 C composites, and as W/Mo molar ratio at 1:1, the composite presented the best electrocatalytic activity. Meanwhile, its surface appeared to have a wrinkle-like structure, and the biphasic heterostructure emerged at the intersection of the dual-phase WC and Mo 2 C lattices. The introduction of a biphasic heterostructure could promote charge transfer and improve HER efficiency. Predictably, the electrocatalysts with the optimal W/Mo molar ratio 1:1 exhibited the best hydrogen evolution performance, needed only 43.7 mV overpotential to reach 10 mA cm−2 current density with a Tafel slope at 21.3 mV dec−1. In this work, the high-efficiency electrocatalysts of Ni-doped 1WC-1/2Mo 2 C@CFP have been prepared, which provides an insight into theoretical research of composite carbon-based electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An uniform and effective deacidification method of acidified paper was proposed. • The mechanism of uniform deacidification was elucidated with capillary action. • This method can endow the treated paper with long-lasting aging resistance. • The mechanism of excellent aging resistance was clarified from microstructure. Deacidification is a necessary and urgent means of protecting acidified paper documents. However, the contradiction between deacidification efficiency and uniformity in existing aqueous or organic phase deacidification methods has not been resolved yet, which is mainly attributed to the differences in capillary action of paper on solvents with different polarities. In this work, a strategy of two-phase deacidification was proposed to achieve efficient and uniform deacidification and long-lasting aging resistance. Impregnation of nano magnesium oxide organic dispersion of deacidified paper achieved efficient batch deacidification and sufficient alkali reserve. Using ultrasonic atomization of saturated calcium hydroxide aqueous solution, the penetration of alkaline substances into paper promoted uniform deacidification based on strong capillary action. Meanwhile, microstructural reinforcement of paper fibers was achieved based on the multiple interactions. This method can endow the treated paper with better thermal stability and long-lasting aging resistance. After artificial accelerated aging for 30 d, the treated paper samples still maintained the highest tensile index (18.46 Nm/g), folding endurance (8.5 times), tear index (3.95 mN·m2/g) and displayed negligible chromatic aberration (∆ E = 2.46 ± 0.21). This method greatly extends the lifespan of acidified paper, which has significant value for the protection of paper documents. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the fabrication and characterization of porous SiC ceramics derived from highly-filled preceramic papers. The SiC ceramics were obtained by spark plasma sintering of stacked preceramic papers at temperatures of 2100 and 2200 °C under pressures of 5–60 MPa for 10 min. The microstructure and phase composition were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. Gas permeation tests were performed using hydrogen permeation cell at room temperature. It is revealed that the porosity of sintered SiC can be varied from 9 to 45 % depending on the sintering parameters. The shrinkage of the materials during spark plasma sintering occurs in four stages. The linear shrinkage value of the material increases from 7 to 47 % at 2100 °C and from 20 to 50 % for the samples sintered at 2100 and 2200 °C, respectively. Correlation dependencies between porosity and mechanical properties of the fabricated SiC were established. The obtained porous SiC ceramics exhibit high bending strength of 165 MPa and gas permeation flux of 78 molH 2 /m2/s at the porosity of 36 % that make it suitable for ceramic-based membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a H 2 O 2 electrochemical biomimetic enzyme sensor, the stability, repeatability and sensitivity of hemin-based composites are closely connected with the loading of hemin on high-performance matrix. Herein, polypyrrole/paper-derived carbon (PPy/PC) nanocomposite was used for the construction of a hemin-based non-enzymatic sensor to detect H 2 O 2. Where the poplar wood is used to obtain crude cellulose through a straightforward paper-making process. This crude cellulose is then subjected to pyrolysis to yield the desired paper-based carbon material. The hemin-decorated PPy/PC was demonstrated possessing remarkable electrocatalytic activity for H 2 O 2 reduction, and the possible mechanism of the reactions was discussed. The electrochemical sensor, utilizing the H-PPy/PC composite, achieved a low detection limit of 30 ​nM, along with enhanced selectivity and stability under optimized conditions. The favorable results observed can primarily be attributed to the superior electrochemical performance of PPy/PC, as well as its unique 3D interconnected structure. This structure effectively impedes the self-dimerization of hemin, thereby ensuring the generation of active catalytic species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Chemical profiling of different paper grades was performed along the recycling chain. • Untargeted analysis of semi-volatiles and non-volatiles using GC- and LC-MS. • Chemometrics application to identify specific features by paper grade and site. • Exploration of the possible sources of detected compounds in the paper recycling chain. • Numerous chemical compounds associated with plastics have been detected. Paper packaging made with recycled paperboard is used to pack various consumer goods that can include amongst others, electronics, toys, food, cosmetics, and stationery. Chemical profiling of the various paper recycling grades used in the manufacture of recycled paperboard was undertaken to investigate possible sources of contaminants and their propagation in the paper recycling chain. Pre-consumer, retail and post-consumer paper-based materials were collected at papermills, corrugators, grocery stores, household waste, solid waste disposal sites and recycling facilities. In the GC-MS analysis, phthalates, long-chain aliphatic compounds, and fatty acids were the most commonly detected compounds whilst phthalates and bisphenols featured most prevalently in the LC-MS analysis. The factors that were identified as likely contributors to the detection of the different chemical compounds included the presence of wood derivatives, the use of certain chemical additives during manufacturing, and exposure of paper to contaminants from consumers, other goods and the environment. Waste mingling, recovery, sorting and reprocessing into recycled paper were also shown to influence the chemical profile of paper materials. Sparse partial least squares-discriminate analysis indicated that newspaper and office paper had unique chemical constituents, whilst cartons were shown to have higher variability. By looking at key stages of paper recycling, this study showed that the possible persistence and transformation of chemical compounds in additives must be evaluated when considering the recyclability of paper-based materials. Further, it highlighted that different separation approaches may be required to reduce contaminant exposure opportunities in post-consumer paper materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A portable paper-based enzyme-linked biosensor that integrates a multi-enzyme cascade reaction, natural enzyme, and nanozyme with filter paper, combined with smartphones, is proposed for the detection of xanthine (XA) and sarcosine (SA) in urine. The primary biological component of the sensor is horseradish peroxidase (HRP). By chemically modifying cellulose filter paper (CFP) the HRP in horseradish crude extract is specifically immobilized through boron affinity and metal chelation techniques. Furthermore, the incorporation of UiO-66 on CFP had a good synergistic effect on the electron transfer of HRP and the detection of H 2 O 2 , significantly increasing the sensor's sensitivity. Under optimized experimental conditions, the sensor demonstrated a dynamic response range of 8–400 μmol L−1 for SA with a minimum detection limit (LOD) of 5 μmol L−1, and a dynamic response range of 10–400 μmol L−1 with an LOD of 8 μmol L−1 for XA. Additionally, the well-designed detection area of the portable test strip simplifies the detection operation, reduces the detection time, and enables rapid on-site analysis. UV-Vis analysis further confirmed the sensor's accuracy in detecting disease markers in urine. The sensing platform has good reproducibility, specificity and stability, suitable for the detection of SA and XA in real human urine samples, and the sensor has the advantages of simple manufacturing, easy operation, strong portability, low reagent consumption, and low cost benefit. Therefore, the development of this paper-based enzyme-linked biosensor offers a novel approach to the detection of disease markers in urine and has potential applications in medical testing. [Display omitted] • Paper-based enzyme-linked biosensor was successfully prepared. • Smartphone-assisted test paper detected xanthine and sarcosine in urine. • The sensor immobilizes HRP from horseradish by modifying the filter paper. • The addition of UiO-66 had good synergistic effect on the HRP's electron transfer. • The portable test paper can realize the simultaneous detection of multiple copies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable management of residual waste streams generated from the pulp and paper industry (PPI) has garnered increasing concerns due to the energy crisis and the pressing environmental threats posed by substantial effluent discharges. Using renewable lignocellulosic waste for resource generation presents a revolutionary approach to achieve environmental sustainability. Integrating the PPI with biorefinery processes allows for diversification beyond paper production and facilitates resource recovery. This review critically evaluates the valorization of waste streams from the PPI, with a pronounced emphasis on expanding into bioenergy and biofuels production, while also fostering the development of innovative biomaterials, such as biochar and activated carbon for applications with high added-value, such as environmental remediation and supercapacitors development, thus ensuring long-term sustainability. The review also emphasizes the significance of adopting a circular economy and its role in achieving environmental sustainability, with a particular emphasis on thermochemical technologies, which hold promise for resource recovery from wastewater. Furthermore, the review identifies critical bottlenecks in the path of waste stream valorization and engages in a forward-looking discussion on future prospects within the PPI. [Display omitted] • Black liquor contains major inhibitors e.g., furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. • Black liquor is used as a low-cost sugar, to produce e.g., bioethanol, biobutanol. • Paper mill wastewater used e.g., graphene sheet development, biochar, carbon fuel cell. • Porous carbon by black liquor showed capacitances for supercapacitor electrode. • Integrated biorefineries can achieve sustainability by Kraft pulp conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rewritable paper is of great significance for environmental and sustainable development. Specially, the water rewritable paper based on hydrochromism has aroused extensive research interesting for being clean, convenient and compatible with the current ink jet printer. Nevertheless, previously reported water rewritable paper requires complex and time-consuming fabricating process. Here, we report a facile strategy to fabricate structural colored water rewritable paper simply via two step infiltration on commercially available paper. After infiltration of graphene laminates and SiO 2 colloidal spheres in sequence, the obtained paper is integrated with assembled graphene laminates (AGLs)/amorphous colloidal arrays (ACAs) hierarchical composite structure. Owing to the advantageous micro-topography, selective separation capacity and high visible light absorption property of the underlying AGLs, SiO 2 ACAs with vivid structure color can be realized. Moreover, the hydrochomism of the hierarchical composite structure is resulted from the synergistic contribution of the hydrophilic structural color and the visible light absorption property of AGLs. Our strategy is based on the environmental-friendly structural color and convenient to realized, which offers a promising alternative to rapidly fabricate colored water rewritable paper. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Semi-automated generation of regionalized paper recycling life-cycle inventories. • National impacts on climate change of recycling three paper grades in 191 countries. • Life-cycle assessment case study of Quebec's mixed wastepaper recycling system. Recycling is a commonly acknowledged strategy to reduce the environmental impacts linked to primary resource exploitation. Large regional variations can be observed in recycling processes' parameters, like efficiency, energy mix and treatment of rejects. Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is widely used to evaluate the environmental impacts of recycling processes, but existing studies are neither harmonized nor sufficient to provide a comprehensive geographical and technological coverage of recycling processes. The purpose of this research is to develop an efficient and iterative approach for the parametrized generation of semi-automated regionalized life-cycle inventories that take into account technological and geographical variabilities in the recycling sector. The regionalization framework is then applied to create a parametrized paper recycling regionalization tool. This tool is used in the results section to compare the national climate change impacts of recycling three paper grades. Results show a significant global warming impact variability between countries for recycled graphic paper (0.36 to 2.25 kg CO 2 -Eq/kg wastepaper recycled), newsprint (0.27 to 1.84 kg CO 2 -Eq/kg wastepaper recycled) and corrugated cardboard (0.28 to 1.68 kg CO 2 -Eq/kg wastepaper recycled) productions. A regionalized LCA of the international recycling of the mixed wastepaper exported from Quebec's (Canada) sorting centers is also performed with the tool and compared to the non-regionalized mixed wastepaper recycling process available in the ecoinvent database. Only nine midpoint ReCiPe impact categories remain environmentally advantageous compared to virgin paper production when applying the regionalization methodology, compared to sixteen when using the ecoinvent process, illustrating how regionalization can substantially influence LCA results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black liquor (BL) bioconversion into valuable by-products is essential to develop a bioeconomy strategy; however, its furfural content hinders microbial fermentation activities. Hence, this study utilizes paper mill sludge (PMS) to provide extracellular enzymes, furfural-degrading microbial consortia, and electron donor required for promoting the BL hydrogenesis potential. Three up-flow anaerobic sequential batch reactors (UASBRs) are fed with PMS (UASBR1), BL (UASBR2), and PMS + BL (UASBR3) and operated in parallel at 15 min fill, 72 h reaction, and 4 h settling. The UASBR3 achieves the maximum volumetric H 2 of 1.483 ± 0.088 L/L/d and H 2 yield of 2.06 ± 0.12 mol/mol glucose, which drops by 88% in UASBR2 and 24% in UASBR1. The insufficient H 2 productivity values in UASBR2 could be due to a lack of nutrients availability (C:N = 440:1 and C:P = 19:1), higher furfural concentration (2116 ± 422 mg/L), and involvement of the butyrate fermentation pathway. The synergetic effect between PMS and BL overcomes these limitations and enriches the fermentation medium with Proteobacteria phyla (22.8%) and Acinetobacter sp. degrading furfural (6.1%). The microbial community at the phylum level (e.g., Proteobacteria , Firmicutes , and Actinobacteria) in UASBR3 maximizes the migration of electrons (e−eq = 9.34 ± 0.54%) towards efficient H 2 formation. [Display omitted] • Paper mill sludge (PMS) mitigated inhibitory effect of furfural in black liquor (BL). • PMS improved H 2 yield from the BL by 8.3-folds and accounted for 2.1 mol/mol glucose. • e– eq transferred to H 2 was 9.3% in the PMS:BL, 7.4% in PMS, and 1.27% in BL. • Acinetobacter degrading furfural (6.1%) was abundant with PMS addition. • Bacilli (8.9%) and Clostridia (5.4%) was dominant in the hydrogenesis of PMS:BL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The recycling of paper and board (PB) yields economic and environmental advantages compared to primary paper production. However, PB from lightweight packaging (LWP) waste is currently not comprehensively reintegrated into the paper value stream. To develop an adapted recycling process for PB from LWP, PB quantities, qualities, and fluctuations ranges in LWP are required. Currently, no sufficient database is available. Therefore, we developed a methodical approach and conducted a case study to access the PB potential in LWP sorting plants using manual analysis and sensor-based material flow monitoring. Differences resulting from seasonal variations, materials from different settlement structures, and fluctuation ranges in LWP composition over two weeks have been investigated. PB contents in the input of 6.5 wt% (ww) and 5.9 wt% (ww) were determined for winter and summer sampling campaigns, respectively. The PB product stream amounted to 5.7 wt% (ww, winter) and 4.8 wt% (ww, summer). Around 45 wt% (ww) of PB from the PB product stream was classified as misplaced by the consumer and should have been discarded in separate paper collections. Based on the determined PB quantities and qualities, a potential of usable and in the PB product stream available PB in LWP was determined. The technically available and usable PB potential in German LWP waste amounts to 89,000 to 100,000 tons per year (average PB yield of around 65 wt% (ww)). The methodical approach can be adapted for sorting plant balances. The results can contribute to developing an adapted recycling process for PB from LWP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro Fuel cells or microfluidic fuel cells (μMFCs) are one of the most promising power supplies for portable electronics. However, the necessary electrode spacing is required to prevent fuel-crossover and maintain the stable operation, introducing the unavoidable ohmic resistance and retarding the miniaturization. Herein, we propose a novel μMFC device combining the cellulose paper as separator, with selective catalysts at the cathode side to eliminate the unwanted side reactions and increase the system compactness. One single reactant solution containing fuel and electrolyte is applied to keep the device stable operation. The power-generation properties are evaluated in typical alkaline conditions. A great construction simplification makes the device a substantial high-power density of 2.14 W cm−3 and maximum current density of 15.82 A cm−3. The μMFC stacks are arranged in series and parallel manners, which delivers a maximum power output of 23.6 mW and current of 194.6 mA. It is expected that innovative and customizable performance from commercial paper and low-cost carbonaceous catalysts can provide a forum for future advancement in chip-based electrochemical energy generation and storage devices. • Filter paper served as a membrane for μMFC is proposed. • The electrode-pair distance is greatly minimized (∼140 μm). • The optimized μMFC delivers an ultrahigh power density of 2.14 W cm−3. • The μMFC stacks power output of 23.6 mW and current output of 194.6 mA are achievable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-targeted analysis and suspect screening of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in various matrices have gained traction with advancements in accurate mass analytical instruments. This study employed ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry for PFAS suspect screening of paper grades used in the paper recycling chain. The samples were prepared using two extraction techniques; selective accelerated solvent extraction with weak anionic exchange solid-phase extraction and non-selective ultrasonic-assisted extraction. A suspect screening protocol was established to tentatively identify suspected PFAS against spectral databases using a systematic approach of peak filtering and study-specific thresholds for reporting, linked to a confidence level. The possible prevalence of previously unreported PFAS in several paper materials across the various collection sites in the paper recycling chain was inferred by the common detection of short-chain polyfluoroalkyl ketones and diketones in the paper recycling chain. The suspect screening tentatively identified 41 unique PFAS, with 3 common to both pre-treatment techniques. The detection of unique PFAS by the two sample pre-treatment techniques highlighted the significance of both selective and non-selective extraction in PFAS screening endeavours. Further, it showed the importance of understanding the acquisition mechanisms employed in mass spectrometry where data-dependent acquisition triggered fragmentation in certain identified compounds, and not in others. The tentatively identified PFAS indicated that there were several previously unreported PFAS in the paper recycling chain and that additional studies were required to investigate their abundance, possible persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity, in relation to their functional groups and carbon chains. [Display omitted] • Two extraction techniques were employed for PFAS suspect screening of paper. • ASE with WAX SPE for selective extraction and UAE for non-selective extraction. • 41 unique PFAS tentatively identified with 3 common to both pre-treatment techniques. • Per- and polyfluoroalkyl ketones, diketones and amines were predominantly identified. • Study showed the influence of method selectivity in the detected PFAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Comprehensive analysis of the insert influence on flow control in filter papers. • Qualitative characterization of insert saturation by mean-intensity analysis. • Insert location, amount, and cascading effect on flow control and dynamics. • Flow-time delay analysis for the influencing parameters. • Imbibition dynamics model for analyzing flow control in insert-laden paper membrane. • Reusability studies of insert-laden paper pads using different drying methods. Regulating fluid transport and efficiently controlling imbibition dynamics across the surface of paper assays may increase the detection sensitivity in medical diagnostic applications. The present paper deals with inert additives strategically implemented on various cellulose-based filter-paper membrane surfaces to control the flow dynamics. Studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of additive positioning, additive amount, and the cascading effect of the additive on time delay. Fluid-imbibed images have been processed via mean grayscale intensity variation to understand the saturation extent qualitatively. The tactical application of additives resulted in a flow time increment of up to 121.6 %. A flow time delay analysis was carried out to display the effect of the influencing parameters. Further, imbibition dynamics in the additive-laden paper membrane were captured using a modified Lucas-Washburn model. Finally, the extent of reusability of the paper membranes used was investigated using various drying procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • All the feeding conditions were stable for the sufficient support from mineral alkalinity. • VS and COD removal maintained about 80% all along the experiment. • Prokaryotic community decreased in diversity and shifted greatly for PW = 50 %. • PW contents as 40% is TS (13.1% in total weights) was suggested. • Mesophilic co-digestion of PW with FW recovered biomethane as 445 ∼ 350 NL/kg-VS fed. Biomethane recovery from paper waste (PW) was achieved by mesophilic co-digestion with food waste. The feeding material containing 0%, 20%, 40% and 50% of PW in total solids (TS) were investigated in the long-term continuous operation. The results showed that the biogas production, pH, alkalinity and biodegradation of volatile solids (79.8 ± 3.6%) were stable for PW contents no more than 50%. The PW = 50% condition was considered the critical limit for the reasons of pump clogging, sufficient alkalinity (2.0 ± 0.3 g-CaCO 3 /L) and depletion of ammonia. Prokaryotic diversity indices decreased with the increased PW contents. Great shifts were observed in the prokaryotic communities before and after the PW contents reaches 50% as TS (18.4% as total weights). Biomethane recovery yields were deceasing from 445 to 350 NL-CH 4 /kg-fed-volatile-solids. The PW contents as 40% as TS (13.1% as total weights) obtained the optimal performance among all the feeding conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasingly strict supervision of the ecological environment and the continuous improvement of pollution control requirements, there are many options for water pollution control technology in the pulp and paper industry. How to choose reasonable and effective control technology has become the focus of attention. In this paper, a water pollution control technology evaluation model based on the Pythagorean language neutrosophic set (PLNS) is proposed for the first time. Firstly, the concept of PLNS is defined and its characteristics are discussed. Then the score function and accuracy function of the Pythagorean language neutral number (PLNN) are defined. To apply PLNNs to multi-attribute decision-making, PLNN power-weighted geometric operator (PLNNPWG) and PLNNPWG geometric Heronian mean operator (PLNNPWG-GHM) are proposed and a multi-attribute decision-making method is proposed. Finally, this method is used to evaluate the water pollution control technology of the pulp and paper industry. Through the experimental results, it can be seen that if the comprehensive weights are used, elemental chlorine-free (ECF) clean bleaching technology is the best choice, when using single weights to calculate, in technical characteristics, ECF clean bleaching performed best. In economic cost, chlorination, enhanced alkali treatment, hypochlorite (CEH) three-stage bleaching performed best. In operation management and environmental impact, ECF clean bleaching and total chlorine-free (TCF) clean bleaching had almost the same score. This model can provide a reliable basis for enterprises to choose the appropriate water pollution control technology and also provide strong support for the management department to recommend the best feasible technology. [Display omitted] • Propose the Pythagorean language neutrosophic set (PLNS). • Define the score function and accuracy function of Pythagorean language neutral number (PLNN). • Propose the PLNN power-weighted geometric (PLNNPWG) and PLNNPWG geometric Heronian mean (PLNNPWG-GHM) operators. • Propose a decision-making method to evaluate the water pollution control technology of pulp and paper industry. • Provide strong support for the management department to recommend the best feasible technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased evaporative losses and flow obstructions can present substantial impediments to current paper analytical devices (µPADs) for efficient on-site testing of biological fluids. Strategic enhancements in wicking rates of paper may thereby counter these limitations and enable on-demand healthcare monitoring. Therefore, herein we have leveraged the features of paper fold-crease regions and developed a novel fast-flowing platform using laser printing to accelerate fluid flow through paper. A series of extensive experiments have been conducted to optimize the design and maximize wicking rates of µPADs for smaller liquid volumes, making it well-suited for analysing biofluids. The investigation delves into structural alterations within the creased regions, employing both static and dynamic force application strategies. A first-generation Washburn type model in excellent agreement with the experimental findings is developed, providing a comprehensive insight into the fundamental physics involved. Finally, the folded channels are utilized for a distance-based hematocrit sensor employing grade-1 filter paper at very low-cost, simplified fabrication, lesser sample volume and faster analysis. The findings of this work unveil a plethora of potentialities for employing paper and paper folds to develop affordable medical devices with advanced analytical functionalities, specifically tailored for the resource-constrained settings. [Display omitted] • An innovative method to accelerate smaller fluid volumes is proposed by exploiting fold and creased areas of paper. • Mathematical model modifying Lucas-Washburn equation is developed providing insights into physics of rapid flow. • Developed devices are employed for accurately measuring blood hematocrit at significantly low cost and testing time. • The devices precisely differentiate Hct ranges with 90.74 % sensitivity when validated with a commercial haematocytometer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerogel composites reinforced by fibers have found extensive applications in the field of thermal insulation and energy conservation. However, the composites are hindered by their high infrared radiation transmittance and weak interface adhesion in practical applications. Herein, we designed and prepared a novel thin composite called 'fiber/whisker/aerogel paper' (SWAP) with a thickness of less than 1 mm. The SWAP integrated SiC nanowhiskers (SiC nw) as opacifiers and ultrafine SiO 2 fibers as reinforcement, fabricated through wet manufacturing and sol-gel process. The 'fiber/aerogel paper' (SAP) and SWAP exhibited low thermal conductivity at room temperature, measuring 0.025 W/(m·K) and 0.033 W/(m·K), respectively. Additionally, they exhibited low densities of 0.195 g/cm3 and 0.225 g/cm3, respectively. Notably, SWAP exhibited excellent high-temperature insulation performance, primarily due to its low infrared transmittance (50% at 3 μm). The incorporation of SiC nw and ultrafine SiO 2 fibers collectively enhanced the interfacial adhesion with the aerogel matrix even amidst rigorous testing (weight loss less than 3%). SWAP also demonstrated flexibility, high thermal stability, hydrophobicity, and flame resistance. Furthermore, a comprehensive investigation into the performance variations and influencing g factors of the material was conducted under different heat treatment conditions. This research provides guidance for the application of such materials under high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ZrO 2 fiber paper exhibits excellent thermal insulation properties, however, its limited mechanical strength and insufficient thermal stability hinder its widespread applications. The composite fiber papers, using mullite fibers possessing a high aspect ratio and exceptional thermal stability combined with ZrO 2 fibers, were fabricated via a vacuum-assisted filtration method. This method involved the successive stacking of composite fibers with alumina sol, using vacuum-induced directed water flow to create a layered structure reminiscent of nacre. The layered structure of the nacre, which demonstrates remarkable strength and hardness, has also served as a source of inspiration for the architectural design of the fiber paper. The tensile strength of pure ZrO 2 fiber paper was significantly enhanced by the addition of 7 wt% mullite fibers, resulting in a remarkable increase to 0.1805 kN/m. The paper exhibited exceptional resistance to bending, maintaining 96 % of its bending strength even after undergoing 100 cycles. The thermal shrinkage of the composite paper, containing 15 wt% mullite fibers, was reduced from 17.75 % observed in pure ZrO 2 fiber paper to a mere 1.32 % after undergoing heat treatment at a temperature of 1300 °C for 2 h. The composite paper, measuring 5 mm in thickness and consisting of 7 wt% compositions, displayed exceptional thermal insulation properties when exposed to a hot side temperature of 1370 °C. It effectively insulated temperatures up to approximately 1000 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Detrusor underactivity (DU) is a urodynamic diagnosis and underactive bladder is a terminology that should be reserved for describing symptoms and clinical features related to DU. 2. Invasive urodynamics is the only widely accepted method for diagnosing DU. 3. In patients with persistently elevated postvoid residual (ie, >300 ml), intermittent catheterization is indicated and preferred over indwelling catheters. 4. Medical and surgical therapies are discussed, but the level of evidence is low. The European Association of Urology (EAU) Guidelines Panel on non-neurogenic male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) aimed to develop a new subchapter on underactive bladder (UAB) in non-neurogenic men to inform health care providers of current best evidence and practice. Here, we present a summary of the UAB subchapter that is incorporated into the 2024 version of the EAU guidelines on non-neurogenic male LUTS. A systematic literature search was conducted from 2002 to 2022, and articles with the highest certainty evidence were selected. A strength rating has been provided for each recommendation according to the EAU Guideline Office methodology. Detrusor underactivity (DU) is a urodynamic diagnosis defined as a contraction of reduced strength and/or duration, resulting in prolonged bladder emptying and/or failure to achieve complete bladder emptying within a normal time span. UAB is a terminology that should be reserved for describing symptoms and clinical features related to DU. Invasive urodynamics is the only widely accepted method for diagnosing DU. In patients with persistently elevated postvoid residual (ie, >300 ml), intermittent catheterization is indicated and preferred to indwelling catheters. Alpha-adrenergic blockers are recommended before more invasive techniques, but the level of evidence is low. In men with DU and concomitant benign prostatic obstruction (BPO), benign prostatic surgery should be considered only after appropriate counseling. In men with DU and no BPO, a test phase of sacral neuromodulation may be considered. The current text represents a summary of the new subchapter on UAB. For more detailed information, refer to the full-text version available on the EAU website (https://uroweb.org/guidelines/management-of-non-neurogenic-male-luts). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Femoral deformities are highly prevalent in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and can have a severe impact on patients' gait abilities. While the mechanical stress regime within the distal femoral growth plate remains underexplored, understanding it is crucial given bone's adaptive response to mechanical stimuli. We quantified stresses at the distal femoral growth plate to deepen our understanding of the relationship between healthy and pathological gait patterns, internal loading, and femoral growth patterns. This study included three-dimensional motion capture data and magnetic resonance images of 13 typically developing children and twelve participants with cerebral palsy. Employing a multi-scale mechanobiological approach, integrating musculoskeletal simulations and subject-specific finite element analysis, we investigated the orientation of the distal femoral growth plate and the stresses within it. Limbs of participants with CP were grouped depending on their knee flexion kinematics during stance phase as this potentially changes the stresses induced by knee and patellofemoral joint contact forces. Despite similar growth plate orientation across groups, significant differences were observed in the shape and distribution of growth values. Higher growth rates were noted in the anterior compartment in CP limbs with high knee flexion while CP limbs with normal knee flexion showed high similarity to the group of healthy participants. Results indicate that the knee flexion angle during the stance phase is of high relevance for typical bone growth at the distal femur. The evaluated growth rates reveal plausible results, as long-term promoted growth in the anterior compartment leads to anterior bending of the femur which was confirmed for the group with high knee flexion through analyses of the femoral geometry. The framework for these multi-scale simulations has been made accessible on GitHub, empowering peers to conduct similar mechanobiological studies. Advancing our understanding of femoral bone development could ultimately support clinical decision-making. • Distal femoral growth plate stresses quantified with subject-specific simulations. • Large dataset of 50 femurs – 26 healthy, 24 femurs of participants with cerebral palsy. • Knee flexion angle is of high relevance for typical bone growth at the distal femur. • Workflow reveals plausible growth results supported by geometrical analysis. • Multi-scale workflow based on free software published on GitHub. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, tremendous technological advances have emerged in human motion analysis (HMA). How has technology for analysing human motion evolved over the past decades, and what clinical applications has it enabled? The literature on HMA has been extensively reviewed, focusing on three main approaches: Fully-Instrumented Gait Analysis (FGA), Wearable Sensor Analysis (WSA), and Deep-Learning Video Analysis (DVA), considering both technical and clinical aspects. FGA techniques relying on data collected using stereophotogrammetric systems, force plates, and electromyographic sensors have been dramatically improved providing highly accurate estimates of the biomechanics of motion. WSA techniques have been developed with the advances in data collection at home and in community settings. DVA techniques have emerged through artificial intelligence, which has marked the last decade. Some authors have considered WSA and DVA techniques as alternatives to "traditional" HMA techniques. They have suggested that WSA and DVA techniques are destined to replace FGA. We argue that FGA, WSA, and DVA complement each other and hence should be accounted as "synergistic" in the context of modern HMA and its clinical applications. We point out that DVA techniques are especially attractive as screening techniques, WSA methods enable data collection in the home and community for extensive periods of time, and FGA does maintain superior accuracy and should be the preferred technique when a complete and highly accurate biomechanical data is required. Accordingly, we envision that future clinical applications of HMA would favour screening patients using DVA in the outpatient setting. If deemed clinically appropriate, then WSA would be used to collect data in the home and community to derive relevant information. If accurate kinetic data is needed, then patients should be referred to specialized centres where an FGA system is available, together with medical imaging and thorough clinical assessments. • Gait analysis by stereophotogrammetry provides highly accurate biomechanics of motion. • Wearable sensors enable ecological data collection at home and in community setting. • Deep-learning video analysis can perform motion capture without instruments on subjects. • Several authors suggest more modern technologies shall replace traditional gait analysis. • We argue that these three technologies complement each other and shall be "synergistic". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the advent of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can be cured in almost all infected patients. This has led to a number of clinical questions regarding the optimal management of the millions of patients cured of HCV. This position statement provides specific guidance on the appropriate follow-up after a sustained virological response in patients without advanced fibrosis, those with compensated advanced chronic liver disease, and those with decompensated cirrhosis. Guidance on hepatocellular carcinoma risk assessment and the management of extrahepatic manifestations of HCV is also provided. Finally, guidance is provided on the monitoring and treatment of reinfection in at-risk patients. The recommendations are based on the best available evidence and are intended to help healthcare professionals involved in the management of patients after treatment for HCV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]