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This book discusses how important nanotechnology is for increasing agricultural production through better management of the soil and water. The book looks at how soil characteristics, water retention, and nutrient availability may all be improved by nanoparticles. It draws attention to the use of nanoparticles in precision agriculture as well as their potential for cleaning up polluted soils. The book provides creative answers to problems like water shortages and soil degradation by fusing nanoscience with conventional methods, eventually advancing sustainable farming methods. The significance of nanotechnology in building resilient agroecosystems for future food security is highlighted by this interdisciplinary approach.

Agricultural Sustainability through Nanotechnology focuses on the innovative intersection of agriculture and nanotechnology, offering a comprehensive exploration of how nanotechnological applications are revolutionizing sustainable farming practices. This book is a pioneering work that not only elucidates the immense potential of nanotechnology in agriculture but also provides practical insights into its implementation for enhanced sustainability.With a focus on addressing pressing agricultural challenges, this book sets itself apart by bridging the gap between cutting-edge nanotechnology research and its real-world applications in sustainable agriculture for better productivity. Readers will discover a wealth of knowledge on how nanotechnology can optimize crop production, mitigate environmental impacts, and improve resource efficiency in farming practices.This book is essential reading for researchers, academics, and professionals in the fields of agriculture, nanotechnology, and environmental science. It serves as a valuable resource for readers seeking to understand and harness the momentum of nanotechnology for sustainable agricultural practices.

This new volume provides a comprehensive overview of the new and diverse technologies in food packaging of fruits and vegetables, providing an emphasis on new commercially available packaging technologies for fresh produce.The book first looks at important biopolymeric films for fresh produce packaging along with a historical overview, followed by coverage of the mechanical, physical, and permeability properties and recent developments in investigative techniques of biopolymers as well as their applications in modified atmosphere packaging used in fresh produce packaging.The volume then discusses the detailed application of natural/organic active agents, including oxygen scavengers, ethylene scavengers, antioxidants, antimicrobial agents, etc., for the fabrication of active packaging for maintaining the quality of fresh produce during storage and transportation. Chapters cover active (antimicrobial, antioxidant) edible films and coatings used to preserve the quality of fresh produce. Protective packaging, package designing aspects, and safety and security packaging for agricultural produce in the supply chain are also explored. Also considered are intelligent packaging technologies that monitor the condition of packaged food using data carriers, indicators, and sensors.Novel Packaging Systems for Fruits and Vegetables provides a thorough presentation of the most important and innovative technologies for the packaging and safety of fruits and vegetables. This volume will be valuable for advanced students as well as for faculty, researchers, and industry professionals in food science and engineering, packaging technology, and postharvest technology.

The current trend is to develop novel sustainable composite materials to enhance their properties for use in wider range of applications. With an emphasis on SDG 9, SDG 11 and SDG 12, academicians and industrialists have intensified R&D on sustainable composite materials for use in myriad applications such as construction, membrane technology, water purification and energy capture. This book aims to provide comprehensive understanding of fundamentals, properties and applications of sustainable composite materials. The book, comprising of 21 chapters, promises to be highly beneficial for academicians and early career researchers working in the field of sustainable composite materials.

Chinese Materia Medica - Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applications provides comprehensive and up-to-date information on the chemistry and pharmacology of commonly-used Chinese herbs. It gives an in-depth profile of the traditional experience of Chinese materia medica with modern scientific explanations. It also features the theories and concepts of Chinese materia medica from the Western medical perspectives, and the sources, production and quality control of Chinese materia medica. This book can be used both as a reference book and a textbook for specialized university and on-the-job training courses. It is essential reading for all students and practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine. It should also be of interest to those in education and research in natural products, pharmaceutical sciences and medicine.

For sustainable environmental management as a whole, the roles of phytoremediation and biofortification as two sides of the same coin must be highlighted. Phytoremediation is a process in which biological organisms are used to eliminate or nullify an environmental pollutant by a metabolic course of action. Biofortification, in contrast, is an agrarian process that enhances the micronutrient content of a food crop through plant breeding, genetic modification, use of enriched fertilizers, or management of agricultural practices. These two strategies, although targeting different objectives, both work on the same principle of the bio-extraction process that involves uptake, accretion, removal, and modification of micro- and macro-nutrient elements from the soil. This volume offers a comprehensive overview of phytoremediation and biofortification of Zn, Fe, Cu, and Cd, etc., and illustrates the emerging and innovative combination of these technologies.With chapters written by experts, the book highlights a wide range of topics and discusses the integration of advanced phytoremediation and biofortification approaches for sustainable ecological and health management. Topics include phytoremediation and biofortification strategies that use nanotechnology; algae, fungi, and other plants; CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome engineering; and more for decontamination of water and soil and for fortifying plants against climate change, toxic chemicals, and other challenges.Key features: reviews and integrates the currently available information on phytoremediation and biofortification from molecular, biochemical, and physiological levels provides a direction towards implementation of programs and practices to enable the sustainable production of crops, resilient to climatic alterations This volume will be valuable for investigators who are working or have an interest in sustainable environmental management as well as for research students, teachers, scientists, and engineers, whether in academia, industry, or government, and those who have an interest in environmental remediation and micronutrient fields.

Medicinal herbs and trees are some of the most trusted sources of traditional cures for most common diseases, even in the present day. The onset of COVID- 19 has increased the popularity of medicinal and herbal plants as well as their products over modern medicines in several instances. There is a considerable gap between demand and supply as most of these plants are not conventionally cultivated and are collected from forests. Most of the knowledge of the identification and utilization of medicinal and herbal plants is orally passed on from one generation to another and only occasionally documented.Propagation to Pharmacopeia: Modern Approaches in Medicinal Plants explores various aspects of medicinal and herbal plants, including cultivation, biotechnological aspects, diversity, bioprospecting, sustainable utilization of medicinal plants, extension, ethnobotany/ modern and traditional uses, and conservation of medicinal plants. This book will serve the purpose of providing scientific information about medicinal plants and herbal plants, their uses, biotechnological aspects, chemical profiling, and conservation.Features: A systematic overview of trees and herbs with medicinal importance Outline of medicinal plants, formulations, and herbal medicines effective to treat SARS-CoV-2 Strategies for ameliorated production, extraction, and quantification of plant secondary metabolites Approaches for propagation, genetic transformation, and conservation of medicinal plant germplasms This book serves as a resource of helpful information for academicians, biotechnologists, foresters, agriculture practitioners, researchers, as well as those in industries manufacturing herbal drugs, nutraceuticals, and supplementary products. From this book, readers will gain extensive knowledge of widely used medicinal and herbal plants and a perspective on how they can be cultivated, commercialized, and sustainably utilized for the benefit of human health.

Written out of the author's experience at the laboratories in the Institute of Agricultural Sciences at Banaras Hindu University, this book addresses the need for identifying and addressing deficiencies in soil, water, and plants. Techniques to evaluate soil fertility constraints based on soil chemical extraction and analysis of the plants that grow on such soils are discussed. This book also presents standard methods from different sources – these have been compiled and adapted for routine analyses in the Indian subcontinent.This book is aimed at aimed at research scientists, technicians, and students.Print edition not for sale in South Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan or Bhutan)

This book, Functional Nanocomposites and Their Applications, explains innovative developments in nanocomposites. It covers novel findings and various applications of nanocomposites in different emerging fields. Chapters cover several types of nanocomposites as well as their synthesis, manufacturing, characteristics, and applications. Special emphasis is given to innovative works on functional nanocomposites and their relevant areas of use. The authors depict the stability and functionality of nanocomposites and their applications in various sectors, such as industrial, structural, biomedical, etc. Nanocomposites in wastewater treatment, MnO2 and graphene nanostructures, computer modeling of structure and mechanical behavior, polythiophene nanocomposites, and other topics are covered in the chapters.Nanocomposites have a high surface-to-volume ratio and hence have strong mechanical characteristics, making them suitable for application in the automotive and construction sectors. Nanocomposites show better property enhancement over conventional composites i.e., properties such as electrical, thermal, mechanical, and barrier. They have good transparency and also reduce the property of flammability. Other uses include power tool housing, electronic covers, and so forth.This book will help readers easily understand the effective implementation of different types of nanocomposites, such as for environmental remediation, biomedical applications, lightweight designed goods with better mechanical, thermal, or chemical resistance qualities, etc. This book will be valuable for scientists and engineers both in academics and industry.

OrthoBiologics provides state-of-the-art knowledge of current biologic therapies for a variety of orthopaedic conditions in a single source. The content is presented in a straightforward manner, including defining all currently available orthobiologic options, discussing processing characteristics and appropriate clinical use, and finally, summarizing clinical applications and outcomes as well as future potential directions.In addition to covering current approaches and applications, the editors aim for this book to present'best practices'for those practicing and researching orthopaedic pathologies and orthobiologic treatments, including blood and cellular based therapies. The editors are world-renown experts in the field and this book fills a gap in the market. - Presents the current state-of-the-art treatments for orthobiologics, including PRP, stem cell therapy, growth factors, scaffolds, and more - Includes a comprehensive overview of orthobiologics, including definitions, terminology, processing characteristics, clinical outcomes, and more - Presents current information on the ever-changing regulatory environment - Provides real-time information on clinical and surgical utilization of orthobiologics - Written for clinicians, researchers, and students, with content relevant to all those who participate in orthobiologic research and treatment, including orthopaedic surgeons, sports medicine specialists, rheumatologists, physiatrists, and any/all clinicians and researchers with an interest in orthobiologics and regenerative medicine.

This guide covers all aspects pertaining to the use of zebrafish including their basic biology, humane care and management, husbandry, life support systems, regulatory compliance, technical procedures, veterinary care, and water quality management. The zebrafish is now a mainstream model animal employed by scientists to study everything from stem cells to the basis of behavioral changes induced by drug addiction. However, there are few accepted and established standards for husbandry, management, and care for the fish in laboratory settings and even fewer comprehensive and constantly reliable resources. To this end, the goal of this handbook is to provide managers, veterinarians, investigators, technicians, and regulatory personnel with a concise yet thorough reference on zebrafish biology, care, husbandry, and management. The new edition includes more figures, tables and bullet points, a wealth of new full-color images, major updates on health and welfare (including colony health surveillance and viruses), and a complete overhaul of the compliance section to address more international concerns.

Encyclopedia of Libraries, Librarianship, and Information Science, Four Volume Set is the definitive, essential, state-of-the-art reference work in this field. The last 40 years have seen a revolution in the way in which information and knowledge has been created, stored, disseminated, and exploited. Seismic shifts are set to continue, with COVID and climate change being but two of the most significant challenges to human existence and endeavor at the present time. The crucial role of library and information services has been recognized and revitalized during the recent pandemic.This reference is ideal for undergraduate and postgraduate students, plus teaching staff and librarians who have an interest in this field. Coverage includes:, Types of Libraries, Information Media, AI, Informatics, Metadata, Collection Management and Development, Operation and Management, Information Access/Freedom, and Copyright/Intellectual Property. - Provides a single source for key information in library and information science, and is the only publication of its type in the field - Fully comprehensive, current, and truly global in coverage - Incorporates proven forecasting techniques (e.g., Delphi) - Underpinned by interdisciplinary approaches - introduces new chapter templates to ensure content consistency

This reference book discusses the applications of microorganisms as a crucial solution for the sustainable management of toxic pollutants. It describes the microbial remediation of different kinds of pollutants like wastewater, antibiotics, and toxic chemicals. It highlights the technical, scientific, regulatory, safety, and societal impacts of various sustainable biodegradation approaches. The book describes various sensors in environmental pollution monitoring and pollutant detection.KEY FEATURES Provides a deep understanding of the use of sensors in environmental water monitoring and pollutant detection Covers exciting topics like biological upcycling of plastic wastes into value-added chemicals Presents future research needs on biodegradation and scientific challenges in the mitigation of environmental pollutants Brings out the latest themes, such as eco-design study of bio-nanomaterials, bio-nanofilters, and assessment for the treatment of emerging pollutants Reviews the biodegradation of toxicants to improve the quality of water and air and environmental sustainability This book is meant for scientists, ecologists, microbiologists, industry experts, researchers, students, innovators involved in biotechnology research, and policymakers focused on bioremediation.

African Plant-Based Products as a Source of Potent Drugs to Overcome Cancers and their Chemoresistance: Part Two: Potent Botanicals to Overcome Cancers and their Chemoresistance offers detailed information on the best African medicinal plants that could be useful for the development of efficient herbal drugs, as well as the best phytochemicals that could be explored as potential pharmaceuticals to efficiently overcome cancers and their drug resistance. The book identifies and comments on the best cytotoxic African medicinal plants. The book also provides knowledge on ethnomedicinal uses of the identified plants, their pharmacological potency, and their phytochemistry.An overview of the relationship between cancer and other human diseases healed in the traditional health system with the plants documented is also highlighted. The book appears a unique tool for Scientists to have state-of-the-art of the best cytotoxic plants from the African flora. - Provides a unique tool compiling the best of African plants with amazing potential toward various cancer cell lines, including the multidrug-resistant phenotypes - Discusses in highlights the geographic distribution of the best cytotoxic African plants - Compiles the ethnomedicinal, pharmacological, and phytochemistry information of the best antiproliferative African plants

Hayes'Principles and Methods of Toxicology has long been established as a reliable and informative reference for the concepts, methodologies, and assessments integral to toxicology. The new edition contains updated and new chapters with the addition of new authors while maintaining the same high standards that have made this book a benchmark resource in the field. Key Features: The comprehensive yet concise coverage of various aspects of fundamental and applied toxicology makes this book a valuable resource for educators, students, and professionals. Questions provided at the end of each chapter allow readers to test their knowledge and understanding of the material covered. All chapters have been updated and over 60 new authors have been added to reflect the dynamic nature of toxicological sciences New topics in this edition include Safety Assessment of Cosmetics and Personal Care Products, The Importance of the Dose/Rate Response, Novel Approaches and Alternative Models, Epigenetic Toxicology, and an Expanded Glossary. The volume is divided into 4 major sections, addressing fundamental principles of toxicology (Section I.'Principles of Toxicology'), major classes of established chemical hazards (Section II.'Agents'), current methods used for the assessment of various endpoints indicative of chemical toxicity (Section III.'Methods'), as well as toxicology of specific target systems and organs (Section IV.'Organ- and System-Specific Toxicology'). This volume will be a valuable tool for the audience that wishes to broaden their understanding of hazards and mechanisms of toxicity and to stay on top of the emerging methods and concepts of the rapidly advancing field of toxicology and risk assessment.

Natural products are a marvel of evolution. Plants are chemical factories and have produced a vast number of highly diverse and interesting natural substances with their extraordinary properties, which we humans have been using for centuries to relieve and cure diseases. At the latest since the discovery of penicillin, natural substances have become an important source of medicines, but we know only very few of the presumably many millions that are still waiting to be discovered. Important antibiotics, immunosuppressants, anticancer agents, hormones, and antiviral agents are among the natural products. But do natural products still matter in the age of biotechnology and genetic engineering? Yes, more than ever, because medicinal chemists draw creative inspiration for their syntheses from nature to develop the next blockbuster in medicine. Oliver Kayser tells the story of natural products and medicinal plants in this book in a highly informative and amusing way from a new perspective. He explores how natural products from naturopathy gave birth to the pharmaceutical industry, how they shaped our society as medicines and remedies, enabled wars, and paved the way to Nobel Prizes. The author paints a fascinating panorama of natural product chemistry in plants, microorganisms, and animals. Starting with the first isolations at the beginning of the industrial revolution, he leads us with the ideas and enthusiasm of many scientists into the modern era of drug testing, computer chemistry, and the highly successful serendipitous discoveries of active ingredients. Natural product research in the laboratory has an enormous impact on our lives today. The author offers a glimpse over the shoulder of how the search for the new drugs of tomorrow works today. This book is the ultimate book from the pen of a scientist deeply rooted in research, providing the reader with an enlightening and at the same time entertaining insight into how scientists think and how arduous research can be.

'Nanotechnology for Environmental Management'is your gateway to the latest advancements in environmental science and technology. Edited by leading international scientists, this book delves into the diverse approaches and applications of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies, offering insights into their potential for environmental remediation, energy management, and sustainable development. Each chapter showcases cutting-edge innovations, making this book an essential reference for students, researchers, scientists, technicians, and professionals in environmental management and regulation.Explore the promises and challenges of nanotechnology in addressing environmental issues, and gain valuable perspectives on the future of sustainable development. With its thorough examination of state-of-the-art nanotechnological solutions,'Nanotechnology for Environmental Management'is your indispensable guide to navigating the complexities of environmental science and technology.

This new 3-volume set provides informative reviews on the physiology of sponges, cnidarians, round and flat worms, annelids, echinoderms, and crustaceans, advancing our knowledge of the physiology of these major invertebrate groups (Phyla). Invertebrates exhibit the largest number of species and occupy virtually every conceivable ecological niche. They are economically important in food chains, they recycle organic waste, and they are crucial pollinators of plants and sources of food. They are also medically relevant as parasites that cause major diseases in both humans and livestock.Volume 1 looks at non-Bilaterians (sponges, cnidarians, placozoans). The focus on sponge biology has recently been on symbiosis, nutrient uptake, and sensory biology. The section on cnidarians covers biomineralization, the nervous system, and development. The biology of placozoans is described in depth, including the role of neuropeptides in feeding.Volume 2 and covers crustacean physiology and diverse physiological topics, ranging from molting, respiration, water balance, biomineralization, bioreceptors, and temperature regulation to the land adaptation of terrestrial crustaceans. Echinoderms and annelids are covered in Volume 3.

Most of the time, industrial wastes contain recoverable resources that would be useful in other applications. For example, greywater have enough nutrient to support the growth of microalgal biomass that are useful for biofuel production. Similarly, solid waste generated in metal extraction industries often contain high concentration of other metals that could be extracted using various processes. This book presents a critical overview on the current nanotechnologies that are being utilized for extraction of valuable resources from various industrial and domestic wastes. This book presents research, reviews, and case studies on the extraction of metal, organic compounds, energy and nutrients from waste through nanotechnological interventions.

The book discusses nano-phytoremediation: the use of nanotechnology in combination with phytoremediation to restore polluted environs. The potentiality of plants in association with nanomaterials to effectively remediate polluted areas is elaborated meritoriously in this book. New strategies are necessary because anthropogenic actions represent a serious threat to life on Earth. This book has given enough space for a discussion of innovative and efficient technologies to restore damaged environs primarily focused on nano-phytoremediation. The first part of the book is dedicated to exploring organic and inorganic pollution and the threats they pose to living forms. The second part explores the joint use of plants and nanomaterials and the nano-phytoremediation of water and soil ecosystems. The book offers readers extensive knowledge on nano-phytoremediation as a feasible strategy to clean environmental pollution. The key features of the book are as follows: Nano-phytoremediation strategies to remediate soil and water ecosystems. Special chapters dedicated to different kinds of pollutants and methods of phytoremediation. Strategies to evaluate the success of nano-phytoremediation strategies, cost-effectiveness, and nano informatics to safe nanotechnology. The book can be used as a primary or supplementary text in undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate courses such as biotechnology, biochemistry, and environmental engineering. It is an interesting edition for instructors, researchers, and scientists working on environmental management and pollution control.

Emergence of lifestyle diseases, e.g., type II diabetes, cancers, obesity, cardiovascular disorders, liver cirrhosis, etc., are exponentially increasing day by day. Modern drifts toward the utilization of herbal medicines in different healthcare aspects necessitate (demand) the replacement of synthetic molecules with phytoconstituents because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, economic extraction process, and ready availability from the natural source. This book provides a thorough insight into the comprehensive and up-to-date trends of phytomedicines in the management of lifestyle diseases and its mechanisms, modern methods of extraction and purification of phytoconstituents, and chemical characterization as well as standardization of phytoconstituents using modern equipments.

With changing consumer preferences and a focus on developing resilient food systems, food processing is finding its place in key policies, government interventions, global trade, and the overall food and nutritional security. Given this, this new 3-volume set presents a compilation of emerging and futuristic food processing technologies, introducing fundamental concepts of food technology, trending applications, and a range of interdisciplinary concepts that have found numerous interwoven applications in the food industry.Volume 2 focuses on nonthermal processing and its applications, which includes high-pressure processing, ultrasound processing, high intensity pulsed light technology, pulsed electric field processing, cold plasma, ozone processing, as well as the use of sub- and supercritical processing. It also discusses emerging electrohydrodynamic technologies: electrospinning and electrospraying. This volume provides rich content on fundamental concepts, applications, and challenges in nonthermal processing, throwing light on the scope of developing sustainable technologies for the food industry.The other volumes in the series are Volume 1: Fundamentals of Food Processing Technology, which presents the basics of food preservation, covering hurdle technology, aspects of minimal processing, ohmic heating of foods, edible coatings, and electromagnetics and allied applications in food processing; and Volume 3: ICT Applications and Future Trends in Food Processing, which provides an exploration of the future of food processing, highlighting certain emerging and disruptive technologies and their gaining influence in the food sector.

Metallic materials are used in many medical devices due to their high mechanical reliability and their excellent strength and toughness. They account for more than 70% of internally implantable devices (implants). This book helps understand the necessity and problems of metal materials used in medical applications. This book was written with the goal of helping students learn the essentials of metallic biomaterials and acquire knowledge that can be applied in a progressive manner. The target audience for this book are students, graduate students, engineers, medical doctors, and others who need knowledge about metallic biomaterials.

Natural Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering is a comprehensive reference that provides in-depth principles for supporting and enabling knowledge during the tissue production process, focusing on different cell systems. The tissue fabrication process is illustrated with specific examples for more than 30 tissues, which may soon lead to new tissue engineering therapies. The section coverage includes an overall introduction, decellularization protocols specific to each tissue, characterization, materials and methods, cell seeding process, preclinical evaluation in laboratory animals, clinical applications, limitations, conclusion, and future challenges. Readers may turn to this up-to-date coverage for a widespread understanding of regenerative medicine, which will be useful to students and experts alike. - Covers the basics of regenerative medicine to more advanced topics for clinical applications of tissue-engineered scaffolds - Includes chapters that explore in-depth principles for tissue production process - Provides over 30 tissue examples

The eco-friendly remediation technologies for the degraded environment are indeed the “need of the hour”. Even though the regulatory mechanisms are in place to control the discharge of untreated contaminants into the natural environment, still, we could see a different picture; hence, remediation and restoration of the environment becomes an ardent requisite. The present-day fast pace of industrialization without proper disposal planning is impacting the water bodies adversely, generating the need for green management technologies. It is worth mentioning that these environment-friendly technologies are most cost-effective as well. The advancements in biotechnology have paved the way to mitigate the problem.The primary audience of this book are the students and researchers who are working in the field of toxicology and bioremediation of aquatic environments. We have primarily focused in this book on bioremediation of aquatic system toxicity, considering this as an environment-friendly system and having the least adverse effects. Hence this book aims to bring forward together on a single platform the latest research in aquatic resource management, which includes the discussions and discourses on the degradation and the effect and the remediation.This book includes a discussion on the different sources of contamination from industries or by the usage of commercial pesticides or even fertilizers. These contaminants, if discharged in their toxic form as effluent, cause harm to the aquatic systems and the subsoil and create the possibility of groundwater contamination. This book includes a discussion on the different routes of contamination and the food-chain transport possibilities of pesticide pollutants, which are very contemporary and required topics of research. It also includes relevant discussions on how to get rid of the toxicity.

There has been an enormous growth of interest in the field of toxicologic pathology and particularly on its impact on nonclinical safety assessment in global drug development and in the environment. Toxicologic pathologists play an important role in detecting test article-related adverse effects by characterizing morphologic changes in animal tissues and/or body fluids under prescribed study conditions or less clearly defined conditions in the environment and in the interpretation of these findings relative to human risk. In fact, pathology evaluation is often the single most important decision-making factor in nonclinical safety assessments as 80% of drug candidate attrition has been attributed to pathology findings in toxicity studies. There are currently no primers or basic overviews covering the field of toxicologic pathology, whereas there are at least several basic books that cover the sister field of toxicology.Toxicologic Pathology: A Primer is a practical, easy-to-use reference designed to contain core information provided by board-certified veterinary pathologists, all experts in the field. The Primer contains the basic, underlying principles of toxicologic pathology at the introductory level; thus it will be valuable to the veterinary pathology student who may be considering a career in the field as well as a companion to the seasoned toxicologic pathologist who wants a succinct refresher. The Primer is arranged as chapters presenting each major organ system preceded by an overview chapter covering the field of toxicologic pathology followed by a “concept” chapter describing the role of toxicologic pathology in drug development. Photomicrographs and illustrations provide visual context.The organ system chapters provide histopathologic descriptions of lesions observed in toxicity studies of test articles in drug development and testing of chemicals that may negatively impact the environment. Each organ system chapter provides additional information related to a particular lesion to aid the reader in better understanding its toxicologic significance relative to human risk.Each organ system chapter contains: A brief introduction A succinct description of the anatomy and physiology of the system Descriptions of the most important pathological lesions Differential diagnoses Biological consequences, pathogenesis, and/or mechanism of lesion formation Associated clinical pathology correlates Nonclinical safety scientists such as study directors, non-pathology-oriented contributing scientists such as senior toxicology report reviewers, scientific management of Contract Research Organizations (CROs), and students should find the Primer useful in helping them understand the fundamentals of toxicologic pathology.

With changing consumer preferences and the focus on developing resilient food systems, food processing is finding its place in key policies, government interventions, global trade, and the overall food and nutritional security. Given this, this new 3-volume collection offers a compilation of emerging and futuristic food processing technologies, presenting fundamental concepts of food technology, trending applications, and a range of interdisciplinary concepts that have found numerous interwoven applications in the food industry.Volume 3 is an exploration of the future of food processing, highlighting certain emerging and disruptive technologies and their gaining influence in the food sector. The first five chapters focus on computers and information technology-linked applications such as CFD modeling, robotics, automation, artificial intelligence, big data, the Internet of Things, cloud computing, and blockchain management for the food industry. The book then details selected interesting concepts that have made phenomenal advancements in recent years: approaches for improved delivery of nutrients, micro- and nanofluidics, novel drying technologies, smart and intelligent packaging, as well as 3D food printing technology.The other volumes in the series are Volume 1: Fundamentals of Food Processing Technology, which presents the basics of food preservation, covering hurdle technology, aspects of minimal processing, ohmic heating of foods, edible coatings, and electromagnetics and allied applications in food processing; and Volume 2: Advances in Nonthermal Processing Technologies, which focuses on the interesting field of nonthermal processing and its applications.

Porous media exist in different modern materials. It presents great surface areas with small pore size distribution. These types of materials with controllable and adjustable pore diameters are given considerable attention due to their suitable properties and applications in several fields. Porous materials have many applications in our daily life. We use different types of porous materials to clean our drinking water, for instance.This new research-oriented volume focuses on exploring the wide range of porous materials. In this new volume, original contributions from international authors along with case studies on the synthesis, design, characterization, and applications of different types of porous materials and solids are presented in detail. The book covers different types of porous materials in the broad sense by considering experimental and theoretical aspects of materials science related to porous materials and solids. The book aims to help approach characterizing a particular types of materials for more in-depth analysis.This book is divided into three parts to determine the best techniques for solving particular porous materials problems, and in each part, the fabrication and characterization of porous materials are explored with applications, describing new methodologies to gain the required information along with limitations of various methods.To make this new title a practical reference book for research students and for engineers and scientists of different disciplines working with porous materials and solids, the editors have selected a very comprehensive range of case studies as well, designed to cover the basic concepts of porosity. These case studies also describe different types of pores and surfaces for readers.

Naturstoffe sind ein Wunderwerk der Evolution. Pflanzen sind chemische Fabriken und haben mit ihren außergewöhnlichen Eigenschaften eine riesige Anzahl sehr vielfältiger interessanter Naturstoffe hervorgebracht, die wir Menschen seit Jahrhunderten zur Linderung und Heilung von Krankheiten nutzen. Spätestens seit der Entdeckung des Penicillins sind Naturstoffe zu einer wichtigen Quelle für Medikamente geworden, aber wir kennen nur sehr wenige der vermutlich vielen Millionen, die auf ihre Entdeckung warten. Zu den Naturstoffen gehören wichtige Antibiotika, Immunsuppressiva, Antikrebsmittel, Hormone und auch antivirale Wirkstoffe. Aber haben Naturstoffe im Zeitalter der Bio- und Gentechnologie überhaupt noch eine Bedeutung? Ja, mehr denn je, denn Medizinalchemiker holen sich kreative Anregungen für ihre Synthesen aus der Natur, um den nächsten Blockbuster in der Medizin zu entwickeln. Oliver Kayser erzählt in diesem Buch die Geschichte der Naturstoffe und Medizinpflanzen auf höchst informative und amüsante Weise aus einem neuen Blickwinkel. Er geht der Frage nach, wie Naturstoffe aus der Naturheilkunde die pharmazeutische Industrie ins Leben riefen, wie sie als Arznei- und Heilmittel unsere Gesellschaft prägten, wie sie Kriege ermöglichten und den Weg zu Nobelpreisen ebneten. Der Autor zeichnet ein faszinierendes Panorama der Naturstoffchemie in Pflanzen, Mikroorganismen und Tieren. Beginnend mit den ersten Isolierungen zu Anfang der industriellen Revolution führt er uns mit den Ideen und der Begeisterung vieler Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler in die Moderne der Wirkstofftests, der Computerchemie und der höchst erfolgreichen Zufallsentdeckungen von Wirkstoffen. Die Naturstoffforschung im Labor hat einen enormen Einfluss auf unser heutiges Leben. Der Autor lässt sich über die Schulter schauen, wie heute die Suche nach den neuen Medikamenten von morgen funktioniert. Das Buch ist das ultimative Buch aus der Feder eines Wissenschaftlers, der tief in der Forschung verwurzelt ist und dem Leser einen erhellenden und zugleich kurzweiligen Einblick gibt, wie Wissenschaftler ticken und wie mühsam Forschung sein kann.

The field of medicinal/aromatic plant breeding is growing and changing?this resource will help you stay up to date! In this essential book, researchers from large and small laboratories and institutions throughout Europe and the Mediterranean region explore recent developments in the selection and breeding of aromatic and medicinal plants. They take varied approaches?from traditional breeding to the use of molecular markers?and complement them with up-to-date information on biodiversity and resource conservation. From the editors:?It is widely recognized that a strategy of `conservation through use,? by which plant collection via wild harvesting is replaced by controlled cultivation, is the best way forward if we are to balance human demands with the necessary conservation of the biodiversity represented by these species. That provides one major driving force for research in this field. Another concerns the very real need for improving the quality control of products on the market, both to satisfy consumer demand and to conform with the (justifiably) increasing requirements for standardization and precise identification of the composition of the plant materials being sold for human use. We hope that this volume will give readers a taste of the exciting developments in the field.? Breeding Research on Aromatic and Medicinal Plants examines: breeding for resistance and abiotic factors manipulating natural product accumulation through genetic engineering biochemical and molecular regulation of essential oil accumulation economic and legal considerations that breeders will encounter the ethical aspects of breeding these plants

This new volume explores the recent innovations in active, intelligent, and smart packaging systems that embrace packaging potential to not only provide protection to food but to also improve its nutritive value, reduce contamination by releasing antimicrobials, and provide real-time status of food quality. The book presents novel edible food packaging, nanotechnology-based improvements in food packaging, and biodegradation and bio-based approaches for management of food waste and plastic waste from packaging.

Stem Cell Laboratory Techniques: A Guide for Researchers and Students introduces the reader to stem cell culture, handling techniques and versatile applications used by researchers. Sections introduce stem cells, including definitions, types and basic use of stem cells in biomedical science research. The book explains laboratory procedures and techniques ranging from the extraction of stem cells from animals, cell seeding and culture, harvest and maintenance of stem cells, stem cell characterization, accurate recording, quality control, and more. In addition, it guides researchers on topics such as transcriptome analysis, proliferation study analysis, and microphysiological study. Final sections cover useful and recent applications in stem cells, such as gene editing techniques and the preparation of stem cells for in vitro study, as well as stem cell lab design and equipment used in the lab. Lastly, human and animal research ethics are discussed. - Introduces readers to the stem cell culture and moves to handling techniques and versatile applications - Includes coverage of gene editing techniques for stem cells and stem cells for in vitro study - Presents stem cell lab design and equipment used in the lab

Stem cell therapy is a fast-growing field of medicine with remarkable prospects in a broad spectrum of diseases. Stem Cell Therapy: Practical Considerations addresses the biological properties of stem cells, mechanisms of action; as well as actual therapeutic decisions such as cell type, source, dose, manipulation, and route of injection. After discussing all this data, the book will illustrate how to travel through the idea from abstract question to laboratory experiment, animal experiment and then on to design a clinical trial throughout all its phases. Written for scientists and postgraduate students in the field of stem cell research and therapy. The authors will cover practical therapeutic issues they have long experienced in the field. - Provides readers the basics and clinical practice of stem cell therapy - Helps to debunk controversies regarding data fabrication in the field - Guides the reader through the mechanisms of the regenerative function of stem cells; as well as the therapeutic decisions such as delivery route, delivery timing, cell doses, and follow-up

Basic concepts on biodegradable biopolymer science are presented in this book, as well as techniques, analyses, standards, and essential criteria for the characterization of biodegradable materials obtained from biopolymers. The development and innovation of products and processes considering the environment are highlighted in this book. All of the applications described have been discussed from the point of view of sustainability. Additionally, this book highlights that biodegradability is a great burden when trying to replace, modify, and/or design existing products, and processes that are highly polluting. Finally, the present book concludes with reflections on the development of biopolymers in different areas, and some of their consequences depending on their biodegradability.

Microbial enzymes are important because they can be used for a wide variety of industrial purposes. There is dispersed and scanty information available with respect to microbial enzymes and their industrial applications. In this edited book, leading scientists have covered the various aspects of microbial enzymes and their industrial applications. Using microbial enzymes can help expedite various manufacturing processes and contribute to sustainable development, which is a priority worldwide. Research gaps in the entrainment of microbial enzymes with their direct application in product development are a major focus of this volume.Key Features• Covers microbial enzymes with comprehensive and in-depth information• Benefits students by describing recent advancements into microbial enzymology• Provides updates regarding microbial enzymes for researchers and industrial scientists• Includes findings on the microbial actions for better life

This new 2-volume set offers a comprehensive review of more than 80 medicinal plant species, providing information on the bioactives and pharmacology of these beneficial plants. It describes the structures of the secondary metabolites found in these plants, the functions of these compounds in human and plant biology, and the biosynthesis of these compounds.Each chapter begins with a brief introduction about the species. The chapters then delve into the bioactive phytochemicals from the plant along with its chemical structure. The published literature on pharmacological activities on that species is comprehensively reviewed. A wide array of the biological activities and potential health benefits of the medicinal plant (which include antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties as well as protective effects on liver, kidney, heart and nervous system) are given.Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacy of Medicinal Plants aims to be valuable source book for scientists, researchers, industry professionals, faculty and students for the development of new and effective drugs from medicinal plants.

Emerging technologies in wastewater treatment plant is an ecological, profitable and natural technology designed to eliminate heavy metals, radionuclides, xenobiotic compounds, organic waste, pesticides, etc. from contaminated sites or industrial downloads through biological means. Since this technology is used in conditions on site, it does not physically disturb the site unlike conventional methods, that is, chemical or mechanical methods. In this technology, higher plants or microbes are used alone or in combination for the phytoextraction of heavy metals from sites contaminated with metals. Through microbial interventions, metals are immobilized or mobilized through redox conversions in contaminated sites. If they are mobilized, accumulating metal plants are placed to accumulate metals in their bodies. Next, metal-loaded plants are collected and recycled to reduce the volume of waste and then, disposed of as hazardous materials or used for the recovery of precious metals, if possible. In case of immobilization, metals are no longer available to be toxic to organisms. There are very few books published on the proposed theme. A good number of books have been published on environmental bioremediation, but the proposed book is a new and an innovative proposal specifically in wastewater treatment. Looking into the importance of emerging technologies in wastewater treatment research, the book will have a high and applicable value in industrial wastewater treatment research.Features: The book highlights the importance of emerging technologies in the wastewater treatment plant to clean up the environment from pollution caused by human activities. It assesses the potential application of several existing bioremediation techniques and introduces new emerging technologies. It is an updated vision of the existing emerging technologies in environmental bioremediation strategies with their limitations and challenges and their potential application to remove environmental pollutants. It also introduces the new trends and advances in environmental bioremediation with a thorough discussion of recent developments in this field. Highlights the importance of bioremediation to deal with the ever-increasing number of environmental pollutants.

Nanotechnology and biosensors show how nanotechnology is used to create affordable, mass-produced, portable, small-sized nanosensors to directly monitor food toxicants and environmental pollutants. In addition, it provides the market with systems for applications in food analysis, environmental monitoring and health diagnostics. Nanotechnology has led to a dramatic improvement in the performance, sensitivity and selectivity of biosensor devices. Metal-oxides and carbon nanostructures, gold and magnetite nanoparticles, and the integration of dendrimers in biosensors using nanotechnology, have contributed greatly to making nanosensors more effective and affordable in the market. This book provides a timely resource on the subject.

This book provides a comprehensive reference for various plant bioactive compounds for research and pharmacological significance across the entire spectrum of phytochemical genomics. The book opens with general information on diversity, analysis and genomic basis of phytochemicals, computational approaches, databases for responsible genes, and biosynthetic pathways, and it delves very much into the details behind phytochemical diversity and diverse roles of plant metabolites. The later parts of the book also explore the direct drug discovery and omics approaches including metabolomics, transcriptomics, as well as gene editing technology experiments to further inspire readers into its unlimited potentials. Each chapter includes detailed analysis and relevant experiments for better and deeper understanding of the concepts. The book will be an invaluable aid for medicinal plant researchers and a rich source of information and advice for advanced undergraduates and graduates in the fields of medicine, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, flavor, and fragrance studies.

This book provides examples applications of nanotechnology in addressing problems and challenges in agriculture as well as environmental sciences and provides an overview of innovations in nanopesticides, nanofertilizers, bionanosensors and nano-based delivery system for improving different aspects of plant productivity including pre-harvest and post-harvest strategies as well detection of contaminants that could be useful for enhancing soil health. Recycling of agricultural waste to beneficial products using nanotechnologies; bionanosensors; fate of nanomaterials and the ecological consequences of their delivery into the environment; safety and nanotoxicity issues are other topics being dealt with in this book. Chapters have been written by internationally recognized researchers and experts with special reference to the innovations and latest developments in the mentioned areas of nanobiotechnology that have applications and commercial importance, especially for crop fields and post-harvest management. Despite the research and development used to promote the use of nanotechnology in agriculture and the environmental, knowledge gaps and uncertainties about how to fill the gaps are more prevalent than scientific certainties about the public health and environmental effects of nanomaterials. The book thus addresses the issue of toxicity of nanomaterials in agricultural nanotechnology products. The book will be useful for active researchers and scientists in the agricultural sector, academia as well as industry, including nanotechnologists, plant pathologists, agronomists, agrochemists, environmental technologists and all scientists working for sustainability in agriculture. The book will encourage future and active researchers and scientists in the agriculture sector, academia as well as industry.

3D Bioprinting in Tissue and Organ Regeneration covers state-of-the-art advances and applications in bioprinting. Beginning with an introduction that considers techniques, bioinks and construct design, the authors then move onto a detailed review of applications of bioprinting in different biomedical fields (skin, cartilage, bone, vascularized tissue, etc.). This is followed by a chapter overview of intraoperative bioprinting, which is widely considered one of the important future trends in this area. Finally, the authors tackle ethical and regulation concerns regarding the utilization of bioprinting.The book is written by three global experts for an audience of students and professionals with some basic knowledge of bioprinting, but who seek a deeper understanding of the biomedical applications involved in bioprinting. - Introduces readers to bioprinting modalities, as well as pre-bioprinting, bioprinting and post-bioprinting procedures - Focuses on biomedical applications used in bioprinting in chapters specific to skin, cartilage, bone and vascularized tissue - Provides readers with original ideas from engineering and clinical points-of-view that are based on the authors'extensive experience in this field, as well as the possibilities of future translation of bioprinting technologies from bench to bedside

Chemical processing industry plays a pivotal role in the economy of a country, as chemicals are required in every sphere of our lives. This book covers chemical processing of dyes, pigments, drugs and pharmaceutical products, fermented products, agrochemicals, explosives, polymers, Period II and III chemicals, chemicals, sugar, coatings, starches, soaps and detergents, paper, pulp, glass, and cement. It includes sources of natural materials, collection process, purification, and extraction of different chemicals from natural materials like petroleum, coal and ores from the Earth. It includes manufacturing details of C1 to C4 and aromatic compounds obtained from natural materials. The book covers both traditional and modern sectors of the chemical processing industry. It provides knowledge on the properties of the chemical and manufacturing process (such as raw materials, chemical reactions, quantitative requirement, flow sheet diagram, procedure) and its uses. The book is based on the author's expertise and has been developed with an awareness of the quantitative requirement for manufacturing chemicals. Data has been collected from industry, thus it will be useful to industry personnel, research groups, academicians and institutional organizations.

Nanotechnology has the potential to drastically transform the agri-food sector with its significant applications to improve agricultural productivity and the efficiency of agrochemicals. The food sector has benefitted from the inclusion of nanoparticles in food matrixes and the nanoencapsulation of nutraceuticals. Smart packaging materials designed with the help of nanotechnology have been used for increasing the shelf life of stored food products. Nanomaterials have been extensively used for the delivery of important agrochemicals to enhance their bioefficacy, prevent their degradation, and control their release. Various nanomaterials have been explored for remediation of arising environmental issues. Nanotechnology has also made a useful contribution to the utilization of huge agricultural and food wastes for production of valuable products. The existing and emerging applications of nanotechnology will contribute to environmental sustainability.Nanotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture, Food and Environment has been structured to provide a widespread coverage and up-to-date progress of nanotechnology and its applications in the agri-food sector and environmental remediation. Synthesis of value-added nanomaterials from agri-food wastes and their potential applications in environmental remediation have been explored. In addition, toxicity issues with nanomaterials have also been discussed.Features: Elaborated information on the use of nanotechnology for sustainable agriculture In-depth study about valorization of agri-food waste An overview of applications of nanotechnology in environmental remediation Toxicity analysis of nanotechnology-based products We aim to satisfy the need for a reference book for scientists, researchers, academicians and students in nanotechnology, agricultural, food, nutraceuticals, environmental and material sectors.

This book is a compendium of knowledge about nanomaterials and strategies for bioremediation over hazardous environmental pollutants. The book is divided into 2 sections. Section 1 deals with the polluted environment, where it explains that soil is in serious danger and highlights the primary hazardous pollutants. Besides, this section covers algae, autochthonous, introduced, or genetically modified organisms that are used to degrade hazardous contaminants. In Section 2, Bio- and Nanoremediation are shown through synthesis, green synthesis and molecular farming, and their applications or impacts. Moreover, this discusses bio- and nano-remediation, working together for better performance, organisms, and nanomaterials for environmental remediation.

The book presents a multi-disciplinary approach to understanding mechanisms regulating the formation of mineral in vertebrate skeletal and dental tissues. The focus of the book is directed toward the mineralization process, an evolutionarily conserved system in which cells synthesize a complex and unique extracellular matrix into which mineral is deposited. Regulatory control is viewed though lenses that emphasize the genetic, physical-chemical, biochemical, structural, cellular and extracellular aspects of the mineralization process as they relate to crystal nucleation, growth and maturation. Throughout the book, defects in regulation at the genetic and transcriptional levels are linked to the numerous clinical problems associated with the mineralization of bone, cartilage, tendon, tooth, and soft tissues. The book serves as a comprehensive text for basic scientists and scholars working in the many areas that comprise hard tissue research, as well as undergraduate and graduate students, postdoctoral fellows and those contemplating working in the field of biomineralization or who need a review of a specific mineralization topic. The information contained in the book is relevant for clinicians and clinical scientists in the fields of orthopaedic surgery, veterinary medicine, dentistry, endocrinology, aging and genetics.

Since ancient times, plants serve as a valuable source of traditional herbal medicines. Unlike modern medicines, herbal medicines have consistently demonstrated health advantages, including a lack of serious adverse side effects, long-lasting curative impacts and overall cost-effectiveness. Even today, with various modern pharmaceutical medicines commonly available, plant-based medicines and aromatics are increasingly in demand throughout the health sector globally, where they are used not only for the treatment of disease, but also, preventatively for maintaining good health. People are seeking alternatives to modern medical treatments turning to phytomedicine for primary health care. However, an inadvertent consequence of this increased demand for herbal medicines has resulted in medicinal plants being threatened due to their initial small population sizes, narrow distribution areas, habitat specificity, and increasingly destructive non-sustainable harvesting. This book critically examines and reviews the status of medicinal plants and includes several important case studies of representative plant species. It contains information on aspects concerning phytochemistry, natural products, cultivation, conservation techniques, environmental interactions, and therapeutic features of medicinal aromatic plants.Features Evaluates plants as medicine and aromatics covering pharmacognosy and ecology of plants having therapeutic values. Discusses how plants can play a role in treatment of diseases and as potential therapeutics standards for maintaining good health. Presents conventional and contemporary approaches to conservation of such plants with commercial feasibility.

Multiscale Cell-Biomaterials Interplay in Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine addresses the key concepts involved in the interactions between cells and biomaterials in the musculoskeletal tissue engineering and regenerative medicine field. The updated developments and challenges of the mechanisms/mechanobiology and structure-function properties of those interactions, as well as emerging technologies underlying tissue-engineered scaffolding, are carefully discussed. Lastly, cell engineering and cell-based therapies, growth factors/drugs properties, vascularization, immunomodulation are also outlined. Given the large number of musculoskeletal disorders and related injuries that can affect muscles, bones and joints and lead to severe complications of the neuromuscular system, it is imperative to develop new treatment strategies to delay or repair associated diseases and to promote optimal long-term health. - Presents the fundamentals of the complex interplay of cells with biomaterials in musculoskeletal tissue engineering - Includes coverage of stem cells and cell-based therapies, in vitro and in vivo models, nanotechnology, bioprinting, computational modeling, regulatory and clinical translation, and much more - Written by global leaders in the field

This textbook provides an overview of applications of advanced nanomaterials, basic lab set up and requirements in for their synthesis, techniques and career scope of nanotechnology in industries and research. Pollution of air, water, soil is an ever increasing environmental problem attributed to increasing population, global industrialization and unplanned urbanization, has acquired alarming dimensions. It is the most dangerous and worst problem that puts the lives of people, animals, and plants on the earth in danger. An effective, efficient and sustainable approach for managing pollution related problems requires the utmost attention of the scientific community to tackle this menace for the society to lead a healthy and quality life. A number of techniques and books, literatures have been developed in recent years to treat environmental contaminants. However, most of these are not economically viable, environmentally benign and suffer due to cumbersome multi-step manipulations. The purpose of this textbook is to inform students about the application of functionalized nanoparticles as a new approach to supplement traditional treatment methods in cost and time effective manner. The simplistic means to assemble nanoparticles to the constituents of next generation technologies in environment cleanup and sensing are the main objectives of the book. The toxicological footprinting of released advanced functional nanomaterials in ecosystem will also be discussed in the book.

Tissue Engineering: Current Status and Challenges bridges the gap between biomedical scientists and clinical practitioners. The work reviews the history of tissue engineering, covers the basics required for the beginner, and inspires those in the field toward future research and application emerging in this fast-moving field. Written by global experts in the field for those studying and researching tissue engineering, the book reviews regenerative technologies, stem cell research and regeneration of organs. It then moves to soft tissue engineering (heart, vascular, muscle and 3D scaffolding and printing), hard tissue engineering (bone, dental myocardial and musculoskeletal) and translational avenues in the field. - Introduces readers to the history and benefits of tissue engineering - Includes coverage of new techniques and technologies, such as nanotechnology and nanoengineering - Presents concepts, ideology and theories which form the foundation for next-generation tissue engineering

Although it is the defining organ of the Chordata, the notochord and its cells are one of the least understood vertebrate organs. This may be because large parts of the notochord are often replaced with cartilaginous or bony vertebral bodies. The presence of cartilage in the notochord raises questions about the evolutionary relationships between notochord cells and cartilage cells. This book integrates classical analytical studies with recent palaeontological, experimental, and molecular studies in both developmental and evolutionary contexts. For example, although the early signaling function of the notochord is conserved across the vertebrates, many will be surprised to find that the role of the notochord in vertebral body development in tetrapods is not the blueprint for all vertebrates. Recent studies on zebrafish and medaka embryos have uncovered the molecular mechanisms of a somite-independent notochord-driven segmentation process that establishes vertebral centra and intervertebral spaces. As this process is not restricted to teleosts, the authors have written a general discussion about the role of the notochord in vertebral formation. Modularity and segmentation of the vertebral column are related topics. Further overarching themes are the structure, function and fate of the notochord in adult vertebrates and notochord–cartilage relationships.Key Features The first book devoted to notochord development, function and evolution Includes and integrates information on the notochord from studies going back 169 years Integrates developmental, molecular, functional, experimental and palaeontological studies Documents the fate of the notochord across the vertebrates Extensively illustrated with classical and new images Related TitlesBard, J. Evolution: The Origins and Mechanisms of Diversity (ISNB 978-0-3673-5701-6)Leys, S. and Hejnol. A. Origin and Evolution of Metazoan Cell Types (ISBN 978-1-1380-3269-9)