Search

The use of the term'advanced'in the title of this book is somewhat ar­ bitrary and very much relative with respect to time. Many techniques which were considered at the'cutting edge'of ultrastructural methodology just a few years ago are now rou tin ely used in numerous laboratories. One could cite freeze-fracture, cryothin sectioning, or indeed most of the field of scan­ ning electron microscopy as concrete examples. Thus the use of the term'ad­ vanced techniques'must be interpreted with regard to the present state of the art, and is useful only in informing the potential reader that this volume is not a primer to be used as an initial introduction into basic biological elec­ tron microscopy. Many excellent volumes have filled that niche in the past few years, and it is not intended that this modest book be a complete com­ pendium of the field. Furthermore, any limited selection of papers on advanc­ ed techniques necessarily reflects the preferences and arbitrary whims of the editor, thereby excluding many equally important procedures which the knowledgeable reader will readily identify. The first volume of this series appeared approximately five years ago and illustrated techniques which were thought to represent advanced and yet ba­ sically morphological methods for gaining increased ultrastructural informa­ tion from biological specimens. The present volume, on the other hand, stresses techniques which provide specific physicochemical data on the speci­ mens in addition to the structural information.

In 1988, in an article on the analysis of the measurements of the variations in the radial velocities of a number of stars, Campbell, Walker, and Yang reported an - teresting phenomenon;the radial velocity variations of Cephei seemed to suggest the existence of a Jupiter-like planet around this star. This was a very exciting and, at the same time, very surprising discovery. It was exciting because if true, it would have marked the detection of the?rst planet outside of our solar system. It was surprising because the planet-hosting star is the primary of a binary system with a separation less than 19 AU, a distance comparable to the planetary distances in our solar system. The moderatelyclose orbit of the stellar companionof Cephei raised questions about the reality of its planet. The skepticism over the interpretation of the results (which was primarily based on the idea that binary star systems with small sepa- tions would not be favorable places for planet formation) became so strong that in a subsequent paper in 1992, Walker and his colleagues suggested that the planet in the Cephei binary might not be real, and the variations in the radial velocity of this star might have been due to its chromospheric activities.

This anthology invites readers to revisit twelve timeless stories from visionary authors while pondering the scientific advancements they foreshadowed, making it ideal for fans of both science fiction and science. In Algernon Blackwood's A Victim of Higher Space, the concept of extra spatial dimensions is explored, while Miles J. Breuer's The Gostak and the Doshes examines time as a dimension in relativity. Stanley Waterloo's Love and a Triangle touches on efforts to communicate with extraterrestrial intelligence, and Max Adeler's The Fortunate Island raises questions about humanity's readiness for first contact with alien life. Machine learning and AI feature in Edward L. Sabin's The Supersensitive Golf Ball, while Saki's Filboid Studge explores targeted advertising's transformation through AI. Edward Bellamy's With the Eyes Shut predicts devices like smartphones and sparks discussions on the future of scientific publishing. G.K. Chesterton's The Tremendous Adventures of Major Brown delves into augmented, virtual, and mixed reality technologies. Edgar Wallace's The Black Grippe provides a historical lens on pandemics and communication of scientific uncertainty. J. Arbuthnot Wilson's PAUSODYNE looks at suspended animation and modern cryonics, while Edgar Allan Poe's The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar tackles advances in medical technology and definitions of death. Finally, Guy de Maupassant's The Horla explores the potential for humanity to be supplanted by new life forms.

This book illustrates advanced technologies for imaging electrons and atoms in action in various forms of matter, from atoms and diatoms to protein molecules and condensed matter. The technologies that are described employ ultrafast pulsed lasers, X-ray free electron lasers, and pulsed electron guns, with pulse durations from femtoseconds, suitable to visualize atoms in action, to attoseconds, needed to visualize ballistic electron motion. Advanced theories, indispensable for understanding such ultrafast imaging and spectroscopy data on electrons and atoms in action, are also described. The book consists of three parts. The first part describes probing methods of attosecond electron dynamics in atoms, molecules, liquids, and solids. The second part describes femtosecond structural dynamics and coupling of structural change and electron motion in molecules and solids The last part is dedicated to ultrafast photophysical processes and chemical reactions of protein molecules responsible for biological functions.

Allein in unserer Galaxie gibt es etwa eine Milliarde erdähnlicher Planeten. Im sichtbaren Universum finden sich etwa 200 Milliarden Galaxien. Liegt es daher nicht nahe, dass sich irgendwo da draußen eine Zivilisation entwickelt hat, die mindestens genauso fortgeschritten ist wie unsere eigene? Die schieren Zahlen verlangen fast danach. Aber: Wieso sind wir dann noch nicht auf Botschaften, Artefakte oder sonstige Hinweise auch nur einer einzigen außerirdischen Zivilisation gestoßen?In diesem Buch führt Stephen Webb durch fünfzig überzeugende und faszinierende Lösungen des berühmten Fermi-Paradoxons, die kurzweilig präsentiert zum Nachdenken und auch Schmunzeln anregen.

In this book, Professor Anatoly Buchachenko gives a brief and informative description of the most striking achievements and discoveries made in the major natural sciences at the turn of the century – in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The author has a rare ability to describe scientific discoveries so that these achievements and their significance are understandable not only by professionals and scientists of all specialities, but for any reader interested in modern science, its role in the existence of mankind, and its impact on human society. Originally published in Russian, Professor Buchachenko's book describes the interaction of natural sciences with social ones—philosophy and history—as well as the part played by the human factor in the development of science, especially the role of the great scientists.

Sie sind Game of Thrones-Fan und haben sich schon immer gefragt, warum in Westeros keiner weiß, wann der Winter eigentlich kommt? Wie Drachen Feuer spucken können? Was die weißen Wanderer am Leben hält und warum die Mauer nicht einfach wegschmilzt? Kurzweilig und mit viel Humor liefert Ihnen Rebecca Thompson in diesem Buch Antworten auf diese und viele weitere spannende Fragen, indem sie mit wissenschaftlichem Blick die fantastische Welt von Game of Thrones erforscht: Sie werden erstaunt sein, wieviel „echte Physik” man bei der Untersuchung der Stabilität und Zusammensetzung der Mauer lernen kann – oder hätten Sie gewusst, dass normales Eis sich wie Ketchup verhalten kann? Auch den scheinbar unvorhersehbaren Jahreszeiten, der Herstellung von valyrischem Stahl und natürlich dem Leben und der Liebe in Westeros wird wissenschaftlich auf den Zahn gefühlt. Nach der Lektüre dieses Buches wissen Sie nicht nur, dass Drachen am Ende eigentlich nur große, feuerspeiendeFledermäuse sind, sondern auch, welcher Zusammenhang tatsächlich zwischen der genetischen Vielfalt der Familien Targaryen und Lennister und deren geistiger Gesundheit besteht. Frei nach dem Motto „Valar Morghulis” darf am Ende auch eine differenzierte wissenschaftliche Betrachtung der vielfältigen Todesarten, von denen die Protagonisten der Serie ereilt werden, nicht fehlen - vom Gift bis zur goldenen Krone. Aber Achtung: Spoiler! Fans der Serie und auch alle anderen, die Spaß an Naturwissenschaft und Fantasy haben, werden durch Thompsons amüsante und unterhaltsame Erklärungen viele spannende und neue Dinge über unsere reale wie auch über die Welt von Game of Thrones erfahren. Dies Buch ist damit ein unverzichtbarer Begleiter für den nächsten Serienmarathon – denn der nächste Winter kommt bestimmt!Mit einem Vorwort von Sean Carrol

Ein schottischer Genetiker begeistert sich für Sauerstoffentzug und Stickstoffvergiftungen, pustet sich Zigarrenrauch durchs perforierte Trommelfell und steckt die eigene Gattin in seine Unterdruckkammer.Eine inselbegabte Autistin kriecht auf allen Vieren durch Schlachthöfe, entspannt sich in ihrer selbsterfundenen „Presskiste“, und steigt zur führenden Expertin für humanes Metzgerhandwerk auf.Ein Selfmade-Chemiker rottet mit seinen Erfindungen beinahe die Menschheit aus – und erwürgt sich mit einer seiner Konstruktionen versehentlich selbst.Ein Anthropologie-Professor fabriziert an der Uni illegale Drogen und wandert hinter Gitter. Nach seiner Entlassung schickt er seinem Richter vergiftete Pralinen – und bekommt lebenslänglich.Wer schon immer vermutete, dass intelligente Menschen oft auch sehr eigenartige Zeitgenossen sind – hier der Beweis: Zehn Kurzbiografien zwischen Genie und Wahnsinn – zehnmal Unerhörtes, Sagenhaftes, Haarsträubendes und Skandalöses aus der elitären Welt der Spitzenforschung.

Welträtsel und wunderbare Erscheinungen haben die Menschen von jeher fasziniert. Das vorliegende Kompendium vermittelt einen systematischen Überblick über die damit verbundenen Fragen und diskutiert sie aus einer wissenschaftlichen Perspektive. Dabei wird der Bogen vom Makrokosmos bis hin zur Welt der elementaren Teilchen gespannt; Probleme der Entstehung und des Vergehens von Leben werden ebenso behandelt wie die ungelösten Rätsel des menschlichen Bewusstseins und der Geschichte. Wie ein roter Faden zieht sich durch das Buch das faszinierende Phänomen der Emergenz, d.h. das Erscheinen von Eigenschaften in einem komplexen System, die an dessen Bestandteilen nicht zu beobachten sind. Dieses Phänomen ist nicht nur im Bereich von Natur und Gesellschaft anzutreffen, sondern auch in der Künstlichen Intelligenz. Selbst in der Religion und bei der Herausbildung eines globalen Weltbewusstseins könnte es eine entscheidende Rolle spielen.Für die zweite Auflage wurde das Werk komplett durchgesehen, überarbeitet und um aktuelle Erkenntnisse ergänzt. Außerdem sind viele konstruktive Leserhinweise berücksichtigt worden.Welträtsel und wunderbare Erscheinungen haben die Menschen von jeher fasziniert. Das vorliegende Kompendium vermittelt einen systematischen Überblick über die damit verbundenen Fragen und diskutiert sie aus einer wissenschaftlichen Perspektive. Dabei wird der Bogen vom Makrokosmos bis hin zur Welt der elementaren Teilchen gespannt; Probleme der Entstehung und des Vergehens von Leben werden ebenso behandelt wie die ungelösten Rätsel des menschlichen Bewusstseins und der Geschichte. Wie ein roter Faden zieht sich durch das Buch das faszinierende Phänomen der Emergenz, d.h. das Erscheinen von Eigenschaften in einem komplexen System, die an dessen Bestandteilen nicht zu beobachten sind. DiesesPhänomen ist nicht nur im Bereich von Natur und Gesellschaft anzutreffen, sondern auch in der Künstlichen Intelligenz. Selbst in der Religion und bei der Herausbildung eines globalen Weltbewusstseins könnte es eine entscheidende Rolle spielen.Für die zweite Auflage wurde das Werk komplett durchgesehen, überarbeitet und um aktuelle Erkenntnisse ergänzt. Außerdem sind viele konstruktive Leserhinweise berücksichtigt worden.Den Anhang finden Sie unter sn.pub/extras.

Verstehen wir die Welt? Wie ist unsere Welt entstanden? Warum gibt es so viel Materie und so wenig Antimaterie? Wie bildeten sich die weiträumigen Strukturen in unserem Universum? Und wie entstanden aus der unbelebten Materie die ersten reproduktionsfähigen Lebewesen? Welcher Anpassungsdruck erzeugte die Artenvielfalt und letztlich die Hominiden? Wie entwickelten sich Bewusstsein, Kreativität, Religion? In dem vorliegenden Buch beantworten herausragende Wissenschaftler diese und viele weitere spannende Fragen und erklären, wie aus einfachen Anfängen und simplen Regeln immer wieder komplizierte Strukturen entstanden sind. Diese sogenannte Selbstorganisation wird an Beispielen aus den verschiedensten Disziplinen demonstriert – sei es bei der Geburt des Universums, auf der Ebene der Quarks und der Atome, bei der Entstehung des Lebens und bei seiner Ausdifferenzierung in die Vielzahl der Lebensformen bis hin zum Menschen selbst, mit seinen kulturell und wissenschaftlich immer höher entwickelten Gesellschaften. Interessierte Leser können mit Hilfe dieses Buches nachvollziehen, mit welchen Erkenntnissen und Thesen die Wissenschaft heute erklärt, wie die Natur mit einfachen Grundbausteinen und Gesetzen solch komplexe Gefüge geschaffen hat.

Dieses Buch präsentiert 70 Merkwürdigkeiten der „Ausgeforscht“-Glossen der Nachrichten aus der Chemie von Michael Groß. Obskure Aspekte und Meldungen aus der Wissenschaft werden aufgespießt und die Lesenden damit sowohl zum Schmunzeln als auch zum Nachdenken angeregt. Eingehend analysiert, in Kakao inkubiert und in Heiterkeit aufgelöst wird dabei auch die Wechselwirkung zwischen Wissenschaft und Technologie, dem menschlichen Alltagsleben und Konsumverhalten: von stinkenden Socken bis hin zu den perlenden Gasblasen des Champagner.Der wissenschaftliche Hintergrund der Glossen erstreckt sich von der Biologie über die Chemie bis hin zur Quantenmechanik - der alltäglich-kuriose Vordergrund von neumodischen, völlig überflüssigen Erfindungen bis hin zu traditionellen Grundnahrungsmitteln wie Bier und Wein.Der Autor Michael Groß studierte Chemie und erforschte am Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences die biophysikalische Chemie der Proteine. Heute lebt er als freier Wissenschaftsjournalist in Oxford und schreibt regelmäßig Sachbücher und Beiträge u.a. für Spektrum der Wissenschaft, Chemie in unserer Zeit und Nachrichten aus der Chemie. 2014 wurde er von der Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker mit dem GDCh-Preis für Journalisten und Schriftsteller ausgezeichnet.

'Wie können wir in diesem Jahrhundert außeridisches Leben endgültig nachweisen? Sollte es Leben in unserem Sonnensystem geben, wird es in diesem Jahrhundert gefunden werden. Mit diesem Buch wird dem Leser der aktuellste Stand der Astrobiologie verständlich vermittelt und über die heutigen und anstehenden Missionen der Raumfahrtbehörden berichtet. Kommen Sie mit auf die Reise von der Entstehung des Lebens, über die Möglichkeiten von Leben in unserem Sonnensystem, bis hin zu Exoplaneten und fernen erdähnlichen Welten, um das Phänomen des Lebens als planetaren Prozess verstehen zu können.

Welträtsel und wunderbare Erscheinungen haben die Menschen von jeher fasziniert. Das vorliegende Kompendium vermittelt einen systematischen Überblick über die damit verbundenen Fragen und diskutiert sie aus einer wissenschaftlichen Perspektive. Dabei wird der Bogen vom Makrokosmos bis hin zur Welt der elementaren Teilchen gespannt; Probleme der Entstehung und des Vergehens von Leben werden ebenso behandelt wie die ungelösten Rätsel des menschlichen Bewusstseins und der Geschichte. Wie ein roter Faden zieht sich durch das Buch das faszinierende Phänomen der Emergenz, d.h. das Erscheinen von Eigenschaften in einem komplexen System, die an dessen Bestandteilen nicht zu beobachten sind. Dieses Phänomen ist nicht nur im Bereich von Natur und Gesellschaft anzutreffen, sondern auch in der Künstlichen Intelligenz. Selbst in der Religion und bei der Herausbildung eines globalen Weltbewusstseins könnte es eine entscheidende Rolle spielen.

This book explores humanity's thoughts and ideas about extraterrestrial life, paying close attention to the ways science and culture interact with one another to create a context of imagination and discovery related to life on other worlds. Despite the recent explosion in our knowledge of other planets and the seeming era of discovery in which we live, to date we have found no concrete evidence that we are not alone. Our thinking about life on other worlds has been and remains the product of a combination of scientific investigation and human imagination shaped by cultural values--particularly values of exploration and discovery connected to American society.The rapid growth in our awareness of other worlds makes this a crucial moment to think about and assess the influence of cultural values on the scientific search for extraterrestrial life. Here the author considers the junction of science and culture with a focus on two main themes: (1) the underlying assumptions, many ofwhich are tacitly based upon cultural values common in American society, that have shaped the ways researchers in astrobiology and SETI have conceptualized the nature of their endeavor and represented ideas about the potential influence contact might have on human civilization, and (2) the empirical evidence we can access as a way of thinking about the social impact that contact with alien intelligence might have for humanity.

In this book, Giovanni Bignami, the outstanding Italian scientist and astronomer, takes the reader on a journey through the “seven spheres”, from our own planet to neighboring stars. The author offers a gripping account of the evolution of Homo Sapiens to the stage where our species is developing capabilities, in the form of new energy propulsion systems, that will enable us to conquer space. The reader will learn how we first expanded our activities to reach beyond our planet, to the Moon, and how nuclear energy, nuclear fusion, and matter–antimatter annihilation will enable us to extend our exploration. After Mars and Jupiter we shall finally reach the nearest stars, which we now know are surrounded by numerous planets, some of which are bound to be habitable. The book includes enticing descriptions of such newly discovered planets and also brings alive key historical characters in our story, such as Jules Verne and Werner von Braun.

Once the United States landed on the moon in July 1969, it was up to President Nixon to decide what to do in space after Apollo. This book chronicles the decisions he made, including ending space exploration and approving the space shuttle. Those decisions determined the character of the US human space flight program for the next forty years.

Porous media are ubiquitous throughout nature and in many modern technologies. Because of their omnipresent nature, porous media are studied to one degree or another in almost all branches of science and engineering. This text is an outgrowth of a two-semester graduate course on multiscale porous media offered to students in applied math, physics, chemistry, engineering (civil, chemical, mechanical, agricultural), and environmental and soil science. The text is largely based on Dr Cushmans'groups efforts to build a rational approach to studying porous media over a hierarchy of spatial and temporal scales. No other text covers porous media on scales ranging from angstroms to miles. Nor does any other text develop and use such a diversity of tools for their study. The text is designed to be self-contained, as it presents all relevant mathematical and physical constructs.

This book is a review of past and current studies and future plans of the Laser Laboratory in Cincinnati and some of the contributions of laser research groups in other medical centers. Special thanks are due to the Directing Physicist of the Laser Labora­ tory, R. James Rockwell. Without his advice, constant supervision and corrections, this enthusiastic investigator would continue to upset even many more people than he has done already. The excuse, of course, is to stimulate much needed interest and controlled research and development of the laser for biology and medicine. The Associate Research Physicist, Ralph Schooley, has worked with many phases of laser research but especially in Q spoiling, Raman spectroscopy, and the almost alchemy of holography. Holography, as of now, provides many opportunities for Gumperson's Law,'If anything can go wrong, it will.'Sincere appreciation is expressed to the Surgeons in the Laser Labora­ tory, who have supplied clinical and investigative surgical supervision often under great difficulties, Dr. V. E. Siler and Dr. Bruce Henderson. We are grateful for help from the Directing Biologist of the Laser Labo­ ratory, Edmond Ritter, the Director of Laser Neurosurgery, Dr. Thomas Brown and the Professor of Neurosurgery, Dr. Robert McLaurin, for important and basic work in laser neurosurgery. Special thanks are given to Robert Meyer, who has given most of the treatments in careful and skillful fashion, and his associate, Robert Otten.

The first edition of this book, published in 1994, began with the statement that the new science of complexity would characterize the scientific develop­ ment of the 21st century. In the first decade of this century, this prediction has been confirmed by overwhelming new empirical results and theoretical insights the of physical and biological sciences, cognitive and computer sci­ ences, and social and economic sciences. Complexity and nonlinearity are still prominent features in the evolution of matter, mind, and human society. Thus, the science of complexity still aims at explanations for the emergence of order in nature and mind and in the economy and society by common principles. But a new engineering view has focused the exploration of complexity. On the one hand, we need new computational instruments to analyze com­ plex data and recognize future trends. On the other hand, the principles of complex dynamics are increasingly becoming the blueprints of gene, bio, and computer technology. Life and computer sciences are growing into a new kind of complex engineering, changing the basic conditions of human life and society. Nonlinear dynamics are implemented in nonlinear computer chips of high speed and miniaturized size, which are not only distributed in our technical equipment and environment, but also in our body and brain.

chapter 1 Time in the Classical and Medieval Worldviews From the Beginnings to the Pre-Socratic School Zeno's Time Arrow and Aristotle's Continuum 6 Time and Creation According to Saint Augustine 15 Time and Medieval Astronomy 18 20 Calendars and Clocks chapter 2 Time in the Worldview of Classical Physics 25 Absolute Time According to Newton 26 Relational Time According to Leibniz 30 Time in Classical Mechanics 31 Time in Kant's Epistemology 35 chapter 3 Relativistic Spacetime 43 Time in Special Relativity Theory 44 Time in General Relativity Theory 50 Time in Relativistic Cosmology 54 chapter 4 Time and the Quantum World 61 Time in Quantum Mechanics 62 Time in Quantum Field Theories 70 Time, Black Holes, and the Anthropic Principle 78 Time and Thermodynamics chapter 5 83 Time in Equilibrium Thermodynamics 84 Time in Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics 2 9 Time, Irreversibility, and Self-Organization 100 chapter 6 Time and Life 107 Time in Darwin's Theory of Evolution 108 Time in Molecular Evolution 111 Time Hierarchies and Biological Rhythms 117 chapter 7 Time and Consciousness 121 Temporal Rhythms and Brain Physiology 122 The Experience of Time and the Emergence of Consciousness 124 Computation Time and Artificial Intelligence 128 chapter 8 Time in History and Culture 137 Time in Historical Cultures 138 Time in Technological-Industrial Cultures 144 The Time Horizon of the Technological World and the Philosophy of Time 152 Further Reading 161 Index 167 Acknowledgments The Little Book of Time was inspired by my research in

Warum ist Einstein so populär, obwohl wir seine Theorien nur schwer verstehen? E.P. Fischer nähert sich dem Genie auf ganz neue Weise: über Einsteins Sprache und die Bedeutung von Ästhetik und Sinnlichkeit bei der Entwicklung seiner Theorien. Der gesunde Menschenverstand reicht nicht aus, um Einsteins Ideen zu begreifen. Das Buch zeigt, wie dies dennoch und ganz ohne Mathematik möglich ist.

Determinism, holism and complexity: three epistemological attitudes that have easily identifiable historical origins and developments. Galileo believed that it was necessary to'prune the impediments'to extract the mathematical essence of physical phenomena, to identify the math­ ematical structures representing the underlying laws. This Galilean method was the key element in the development of Physics, with its extraordinary successes. Nevertheless the method was later criticized because it led to a view of nature as essentially'simple and orderly', and thus by choosing not to investigate several charac­ teristics considered as an'impediment', several essential aspects of the phenomenon under investigation might be left out. The Galilean point of view also contains an acknowledgement of the central role played by the causal nexus among phenomena. The mechanistic-deterministic de­ scription of reality - for instance, a la Laplace - although acknowledging that it is not possible to predict phenomena exactly owing to unavoid­ able measurement error, is based on the recognition of the their causal nature, even in an ontological sense. Consequently, deterministic predic­ tion became the methodological fulcrum of mathematical physics. But although mechanistic determinism has had and, in many cases, still has, considerable success in Physics, in other branches of science this situa­ tion is much less favourable.

Gliese 581 is a red dwarf star some 20.3 light years from Earth. Red dwarfs are among the most numerous stars in the galaxy, and they sport diverse planetary systems. At magnitude 10, Gliese 581 is visible to amateur observers but does not stand out. So what makes this star so important? It is that professional observers have confirmed that it has at least four planets orbiting it, and in 2009, Planet d was described in the letters of The Astrophysical Journal as “the first confirmed exoplanet that could support Earth-like life.” Under a Crimson Sun looks at the nature of red dwarf systems such as Gliese as potential homes for life. Realistically, what are prospects for life on these distant worlds? Could life evolve and survive there? How do these planetary surfaces and geology evolve? How would life on a red dwarf planet differ from life on Earth? And what are the implications for finding further habitable worlds in our galaxy? Stevenson provides readers with insight into the habitability of planets and how this changes as time progresses and the central star evolves. Explore with him in this engaging, fascinating book the possibilities for finding life, from bacteria to more complex andeven intelligent organisms, on red dwarf system planets.

This volume is the record and product of the Summer School on the Physics and Mathematics of the Nervous System, held at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste from August 21-31, 1973, and jointly organized by the Institute for Information Sciences, University of Tlibingen and by the Centre. The school served to bring biologists, physicists and mathemati­ cians together to exchange ideas about the nervous system and brain, and also to introduce young scientists to the field. The program, attended by more than a hundred scientists, was interdisciplinary both in character and participation. The primary support for the school was provided by the Volkswagen Foundation of West Germany. We are particularly indebted to Drs. G. Gambke, M. -L Zarnitz, and H. Penschuck of the Foundation for their in­ terest in and help with the project. The school also received major support from the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste and its sponsoring agencies, including the use of its excellent facili­ ties. We are deeply indebted to Professor A. Salam for his kind co­ operation and also to Professor P. Budini, Dr. A. M. Hamende, and to the many members of the Centre staff whose hospitality and efficiency con­ tributed so much to the success of the school. We are pleased to acknow­ ledge the generous ~id and cooperation of the University of Tlibingen and would like to thank its President, A.

“The Soyuz Launch Vehicle” tells the story, for the first time in a single English-language book, of the extremely successful Soyuz launch vehicle. Built as the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), Soyuz was adapted to launch not only Sputnik but also the first man to orbit Earth, and has been in service for over fifty years in a variety of forms. It has launched all Soviet manned spacecraft and is now the only means of reaching the International Space Station. It was also the workhorse for launching satellites and space probes and has recently been given a second life in French Guiana, fulfilling a commercial role in a joint venture with France. No other launch vehicle has had such a long and illustrious history. This remarkable book gives a complete and accurate description of the two lives of Soyuz, chronicling the recent cooperative space endeavors of Europe and Russia. The book is presented in two parts: Christian Lardier chronicles the “first life” in Russia while Stefan Barensky explores its “second life,” covering Starsem, the Franco-Russian company and implementation of technology for the French Guiana Space Agency by ESA. Part One has been developed from Russian sources, providing a descriptive approach to very technical issues. The second part of the book tells the contemporary story of the second life of Soyuz, gathered from Western sources and interviews with key protagonists. “The Soyuz Launch Vehicle” is a detailed description of a formidable human adventure, with its political, technical, and commercial ramifications. At a time when a new order was taking shape in the space sector, the players being the United States, Russia, Europe and Asia, and when economic difficulties sometimes made it tempting to give up, this book reminds us that in the global sector, nothing is impossible.

Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and disseminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS)• at Purdue University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dis­ semination phases of the activity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the though that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all concerned if the printing and distribution of the volumes were handled by an international publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemi­ nation. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Corporation of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 37 (thesis year 1992) a total of 12,549 thesis titles from 25 Canadian and 153 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for these titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this impor­ tant annual reference work. While Volume 37 reports theses submitted in 1992, on occasion, certain uni­ versities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.

Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and disseminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS)• at Purdue University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dis­ semination phases of the activity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all concerned if the printing and distribution of the volumes were handled by an international publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Corporation of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 38 (thesis year 1993) a total of 13,787 thesis titles from 22 Canadian and 164 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for these titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this impor­ tant annual reference work. While Volume 38 reports theses submitted in 1993, on occasion, certain uni­ versities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.

Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, SIld disseminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS) • at Purdue University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the activity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all con­ cerned if the printing and distribution of the volumes were handled by an interna­ and broader dissemination. tional publishing house to assure improved service Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Cor­ poration of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 30 (thesis year 1985) a total of 12,400 theses titles from 26 Canadian and 186 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for these titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work.

Thomas Brody had one of the most powerful and wide-ranging intellects of his generation. Although primarily a physicist who worked on statistical prob­ lems in nuclear physics, on probability theory and on computational physics he had an extensive knowledge of the philosophy of science and of philosophy, and was fluent in many languages. He is well-known among physicists for the Brody-Moshinsky transformation but his extensive work on probability and on the philosophy of science remained almost unknown. This was because the originality of his ideas entailed many lengthy battles with uncomprehending referees, and he frequently published in Mexican journals of limited circula­ tion. In addition, his strongly critical spirit inhibited his willingness to publish his ideas. He was always most concerned by the very unsatisfactory situation in the philosophy of physics, that is largely due to the generally poor knowledge that physicists and philosophers have of each other's disciplines. Philosophers of science write at length about physics without any detailed first-hand knowl­ edge of how research is actually carried out. Physicists, for their part, often implicitly assume naive or erroneous philosophical ideas, and this often hinders their scientific work, besides spreading further confusion if they try to give an account of what they are doing.

Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and disseminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS) • at Purdue University in 1 957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the activity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all con­ cerned if the printing and distribution of the volumes were handled by an interna­ tional publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Cor­ poration of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 36 (thesis year 1991) a total of 11,024 thesis titles from 23 Canadian and 161 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for these titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work. While Volume 36 reports theses submitted in 1991, on occasion, certain univer­ sities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.

Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and disseminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS)• at Purdue University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dis­ semination phases of the activity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this jOint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all concerned if the printing and distribution of the volumes were handled by an international publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Corporation of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 40 (thesis year 1995) a total of 10,746 thesis titles from 19 Canadian and 144 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for these titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this impor­ tant annual reference work. While Volume 40 reports theses submitted in 1995, on occasion, certain uni­ versities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.

From the pioneering glider flights of Otto Lilienthal (1891) to the advanced avionics of today's Airbus passenger jets, aeronautical research in Germany has been at the forefront of the birth and advancement of aeronautics. On the occasion of the centennial commemoration of the Wright Brother's first powered flight (December 1903), this English-language edition of Aeronautical Research in Germany recounts and celebrates the considerable contributions made in Germany to the invention and ongoing development of aircraft. Featuring hundreds of historic photos and non-technical language, this comprehensive and scholarly account will interest historians, engineers, and, also, all serious airplane devotees. Through individual contributions by 35 aeronautical experts, it covers in fascinating detail the milestones of the first 100 years of aeronautical research in Germany, within the broader context of the scientific, political, and industrial milieus. This richly illustrated and authoritative volume constitutes a most timely and substantial overview of the crucial contributions to the foundation and advancement of aeronautics made by German scientists and engineers.

Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and disseminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS) • at Purdue University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the activity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all con­ cerned if the printing and distribution of the volumes were handled by an interna­ tional publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Cor­ poration of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 34 (thesis year 1989) a total of 13,377 theses titles from 26 Canadian and 184 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for these titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work. While Volume 34 reports theses submitted in 1989, on occasion, certain univer­ sities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.

The spontaneous formation of well organized structures out of germs or even out of chaos is one of the most fascinating phenomena and most challenging problems scientists are confronted with. Such phenomena are an experience of our daily life when we observe the growth of plants and animals. Thinking of much larger time scales, scientists are led into the problems of evolution, and, ultimately, of the origin of living matter. When we try to explain or understand in some sense these extremely complex biological phenomena it is a natural question, whether pro­ cesses of self-organization may be found in much simpler systems of the un­ animated world. In recent years it has become more and more evident that there exist numerous examples in physical and chemical systems where well organized spatial, temporal, or spatio-temporal structures arise out of chaotic states. Furthermore, as in living of these systems can be maintained only by a flux of organisms, the functioning energy (and matter) through them. In contrast to man-made machines, which are to exhibit special structures and functionings, these structures develop spon­ devised It came as a surprise to many scientists that taneously-they are self-organizing. numerous such systems show striking similarities in their behavior when passing from the disordered to the ordered state. This strongly indicates that the function­ of such systems obeys the same basic principles. In our book we wish to explain ing such basic principles and underlying conceptions and to present the mathematical tools to cope with them.

Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and disseminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS) • at Purdue University in 1 957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the activity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all con­ cerned if the printing and distribution of the volumes were handled by an interna­ tional publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Cor­ poration of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 32 (thesis year 1987) a total of 12,483 theses titles from 22 Canadian and 176 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for these titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work. While Volume 32 reports theses submitted in 1987, on occasion, certain univer­ sities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.

Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and disseminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS)• at Purdue University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dis­ semination phases of the activity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all concerned if the printing and distribution of the volumes were handled by an international publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Corporation of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 39 (thesis year 1994) a total of 13,953 thesis titles from 21 Canadian and 159 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for these titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this impor­ tant annual reference work. While Volume 39 reports theses submitted in 1994, on occasion, certain uni­ versities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.

Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and disseminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Oata Analysis and Synthesis (CINOAS) • at Purdue. University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the activity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all con­ cerned if the printing and distribution of the volumes were handled by an interna­ tional publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Cor­ poration of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 33 (thesis year 1988) a total of 13,273 theses titles from 23 Canadian and 1 85 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for these titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work. While Volume 33 reports theses submitted in 1988, on occasion, certain univer­ sities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.

Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and disseminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS) • at Purdue University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the activity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thougtit that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all con­ cerned if the printing and distribution of the volumes were handled by an interna­ tional publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Cor­ poration of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 31 (thesis year 1986) a total of 11,480 theses titles trom 24 Canadian and 182 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base tor these titles reported will greatly enhance the value ot this important annual reterence work. While Volume 31 reports theses submitted in 1986, on occasion, certain univer­ sities do re port theses submitted in previousyears but not reported at the time.

This volume contains the Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Molecular Recognition and Inclusion, ISMRI 9 which was held in Lyon, France during 7 to 12 September 1996. The articles reflect the over 50 oral presentations and 140 posters which were presnted at ISMRI 9, both in the range of topics and also in the layout of the volume which comprises five sections, Plenary, Invited, Oral and Emerging Lectures and the four poster sessions. Some words should be said about the Emerging lectures, these were a means of allowing young scientists, often doctoral students to present short 15 minute talks on their work and were one of the great scientific successes ofISMRI 9. I would again like to thank the presenters ofthese lectures for their contributions. The scientific content of ISMRI 9 reflected the logo of the conference showing the symbiotic interactions between Chemistry, Physics and Biology which contribute so strongly to the inter-and pluridisciplinary nature of Supramolecular Science. The topics ranged from Glycobiology through Membrane Systems through Synthetic Organic and Inorganic Chemistry to the construction of Complex Edifices in solution and the Solid-State to arrive at the Physics of Molecular Interactions via the understanding of Water and Gas-Clathrates. Once more to all the speakers who us the breadth of the subjects, thank you.

The monograph by A.I.Kiselev, A.A. Medvedev and Y.A.Menshikov, Astronautics: Summary and Prospects, aroused enthusiasm both among experts and the public at large. This is due to the felicitous choice of presentation that combines a simple description of complex space matters with scientificsubstantiation of the sub­ jectmatter described. The wealth of color photos makes the book still more attractive, and it was nominated for an award at the 14th International Moscow Book Fair, being singled out as the'best publication of the book fair'. The book's popularity led to a second edition, substantially revised and enlarged. Since the first edition did not sufficiently cover the issues of space impact on ecology and the prospective development of space systems, the authors revised the entire volume, including in it the chapter'Space activity and ecology'and the section'Multi-function space systems'. Using the federal monitoring system, now in the phase of system engi­ neering, as an example, the authors consider the basic principles of building and the likely principal features of the future multi-role space systems capable of fulfilling a wide range of missions. Nowadays, space activity increasingly criticized by dedicated ecologists. This is not unfair. The development and utilization of space, like any other human activity, is invariably accompanied by such an untoward effect as envi­ ronmental pollution. This criticism, however, is often prejudiced and opinion­ ated.The authors attempt to look into the matter impartially and without bias.

Physik: 10 Essays aus berufener Hand.Physik ist eine höchst lebendige Wissenschaft! Einmal gewonnene Grundlagen-Erkenntnisse lassen sich auf unübersehbar viele Anwendungsbereiche anwenden. Experimentell gesichertes Detailwissen wächst heute in wenigen Dekaden lawinenartig in eine Größenordnung, die selbst für den Fachmann im Ganzen nicht mehr überschaubar ist.Dieses Werk wählt einen neuen Zugang: Beschränkung auf wenige, exemplarische Teilgebiete der modernen Physik bei Darstellung ihrer Zusammenhänge in aller Tiefe. Verfasser der Beiträge sind herausragende Wissenschaftler mit großer Lebenserfahrung, die dem Leser in ihrem Fachgebiet Zusammenhänge erschließen und Ausblicke in zukünftige Möglichkeiten eröffnen. Mit ihrer in langjähriger Lehrtätigkeit gesammelten Erfahrung formulieren sie das in einem reichen Forscherleben gesammeltes Wissen ohne Abstriche an den Erkenntniswert so, dass es von einer elementaren Basis aus zugänglich ist.Es werden jeweils bedeutende, in sich zusammenhängende Gebiete präsentiert. Sie vermitteln dem Leser über die reine Sachinformation hinaus:Staunen über die Zusammenhänge in der Natur, Einsicht in die Möglichkeit und Grenze von Erkenntnis, Faszination des über das Alltägliche Hinausgehenden, Schönheit und Ästhetik in der Physik, Einblick in die Lebendigkeit der Forschung Eine Ahnung von der Anwendungsrelevanz von Grundlagenforschung Das Werk bietet Inspiration für alle, die einen Zugang zu der bedeutenden „Kulturleistung Physik“ suchen. In gleichem Rang bietet es aber auch Orientierung gebende Vertiefung im Rahmen einer professionellen Beschäftigung mit Physik. Physik im Diskurs der Gesellschaft Wolfgang Frühwald Quantennormale Ernst O. GöbelChaos SiegfriedGroßmannStrukturentstehung im Kosmos Günther HasingerEnergie für unser Leben Klaus HeinlothElementarteilchen Herwig SchopperHalbleiter-Quantenpunkte Dieter Bimberg, Sven Rodt und Udo W. PohlFörderung der Physik in Deutschland Hermann SchunckOrganische Elektronik Markus SchwoererMaterie im Kosmos Joachim Trümper

Since the publication of The New Science of Astrobiology in the year 2001—the first edition of the present book—two significant events have taken place raising the subject from the beginning of the present century to its present maturity. Firstly, in 2001 the Galileo Mission still had two years to complete its task, which turned out to be an outstanding survey of the Jovian system, especially of its intriguing satellite Europa. Secondly, the Cassini Huygens Mission was still on its way to Saturn. Its present success has surpassed all expectations of ESA and NASA. Astrobiologists still did not know that Titan was the fifth body in the Solar System that possibly contained a water ocean (including the Earth and the three Galilean satellites other than Io). For these reasons the book includes overviews of the evolutionary and molecular biology that are necessary. There is a discussion of other sectors of culture that are the natural frontiers of astrobiology, especially the humanities.

'Mastering Your PhD: Survival and Success in the Doctoral Years and Beyond'helps guide PhD students through their graduate student years. Filled with practical advice on getting started, communicating with your supervisor, staying the course, and planning for the future, this book is a handy guide for graduate students who need that extra bit of help getting started and making it through. While mainly directed at PhD students in the sciences, the book's scope is broad enough to encompass the obstacles and hurdles that almost all PhD students face during their doctoral training. Who should read this book? Students of the physical and life sciences, computer science, math, and medicine who are thinking about entering a PhD program; doctoral students at the beginning of their research; and any graduate student who is feeling frustrated and stuck. It's never too early -- or too late! This second edition contains a variety of new material, including additional chapters on how to communicate better with your supervisor, dealing with difficult people, how to find a mentor, and new chapters on your next career step, once you have your coveted doctoral degree in hand.

For decades experiments conducted on space stations like MIR and the ISS have been gathering data in many fields of research in the natural sciences, medicine and engineering. The EU-sponsored Ulisse Internet Portal provides metadata from space experiments of all kinds and links to the data. Complementary to the portal, this book will serve as handbook listing space experiments by type of infrastructure, area of research in the life and physical sciences, data type, what their mission was, what kind of data they have collected and how one can access this data through Ulisse for further research.The book will provide an overview of the wealth of space experiment data that can be used for research, and will inspire academics (e.g. those looking for topics for their PhD thesis) and research departments in companies for their continued development.

This book follows the evolutionary trail all the way from the Big Bang 13.7 billion years ago to conscious life today. It is an accessible introductory book written for the interested layperson – anyone interested in the ‘big picture'coming from modern science. It covers a wide range of topics including the origin and evolution of our universe, the nature and origin of life, the evolution of life including questions of birth and death, the evolution of cognition, the nature of consciousness, the possibility of extraterrestrial life and the future of the universe. The book is written in a narrative style, as these topics are all parts of a single story. It concludes with a discussion on the nature and future of science.

In Unmasking Europa, Richard Greenberg tells the story of how he and his team of researchers came to believe that the surface of Europa is in fact a crust so thin and active that it can barely hide an ocean of liquid water below. He shows how this ocean is warmed by the friction of tidal movements in this small moon as it revolves while at the same time orbiting immense Jupiter, and how those tides drive all the activity in evidence on the surface. The implications of this interpretation—which includes the idea that there are active intermittent openings from the liquid ocean to the frozen surface—are immense. The warmth, the chemistry, and the connections from ocean to surface provide the conditions necessary for the existence of life, even at this relatively remote locale in our solar system, far beyond what's normally thought of as its'habitable zone.'Unmasking Europa describes in clear but technically accurate terms—and with extensive illustrations (including more than 100 NASA mission images)—the remarkable history of research on Europa over the last four decades. The book also provides unique insights into how'big science'gets done today, and it is not always a pretty picture. From his perspective as a Professor of Planetary Sciences at the University of Arizona, and a quarter-century-long membership on the Imaging Team for the Galileo space mission, Greenberg describes how personal agendas (including his own) and political maneuvering (in which he received an education by fire) determined a lot about the funding, staffing, and even the direction of research about Europa. While he is satisfied that his team's work is now, finally, receiving fair consideration and even respect, Greenberg comes away from his decades-long experience feeling that something is fundamentally wrong with the scientific enterprise as a whole because it routinely punishes innovation, risk-taking thought, and a willingness to simply letthe evidence lead where it may. In today's scientific culture, with its careerist pressures and peer-reviewed propriety, Greenberg believes, astute scientists (and sadly many of our youngest and brightest scientists) quickly realize that the most rewarding research strategy is to stay within the mainstream—a tendency that by its very nature is at odds with the ideals of scientific investigation and thought.

Federal patronage of science was never contemplated by the framers of the Constitution, but they did seek to “promote the Progress of Science and useful Art” by granting inventors patent rights. However, direct subvention to scientists and scientific organizations was not considered appropriate activity of the central government. In the 19th Century, American science was funded almost entirely through private investors. Since WWII, however, the federal government has become the primary patron of American science. From the race-to-space in the 1950s to current furor over global warming, Bennett traces the subtle and not-so-subtle ways in which government has co-opted scientific research and reinforced a culture in which challengers to proscribed wisdom are frozen out. Citing original documents and media reports, Bennett offers a compelling, entertaining, and thought-provoking perspective on political influence on scientific research and its implications for a democratic society.'During the Nineteenth Century, almost entirely on private funding, American science grew from practically nothing to world class. Now, however, over fifty percent of American science is funded by the federal government. Dr. Bennett traces the path,'crisis'after'crisis,'by which American science became practically an arm of the federal government. His tale is a cautionary one, warning against future'crisis mongers'who would extend the government's already majority control of American science even further. His warning is a timely one, and it should be heeded.'Joseph P. Martino, author of Science Funding: Politics and Porkbarrel'Bennett's latest book offers a challenging interpretation of the rise of the American federal science establishment since World War II. Focusing primarily on the growth of the space program, Bennett argues that crisis, real or imagined, is the source of state power and state funding for science. The Doomsday Lobbyoffers what no doubt will be viewed as a controversial contribution to the history of American science policy, and more broadly to an understanding of the role of the state in society.'James D. Savage, Professor of Politics, University of Virginia, and author of Funding Science in America

[the text below needs editing and we must be careful not to say things about Dan Brown's book that could get Springer in legal trouble] Dan Brown's novel, The Da Vinci Code, was first published in 2003; its sales have reached 40 million worldwide. The book mixes a small spice of fact into a large dollop of fiction to create an entertaining novel of intrigue, adventure, romance, danger and conspiracy, which have been imaginatively worked together to cook up the successful bestseller. Most interest in the book's origins has centred on the sensational religious aspects. Dan Brown has written: ‘All of the art, architecture, secret rituals, secret societies, all of that is historical fact.'This gives an air of authenticity to the book. Brown has, however, made up the religious doctrines, or based them on questionable accounts by others. The locations of the actions of The Da Vinci Code are not, however, made up. The present book is the scientific story behind the scene of several of the book's actions that take place on the axis of France that passes through Paris. The Paris Meridian is the name of this location. It is the line running north-south through the astronomical observatory in Paris. One of the original intentions behind the founding of the Paris Observatory was to determine and measure this line. The French government financed the Paris Academy of Sciences to do so in the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. It employed both astronomers – people who study and measure the stars – and geodesists – people who study and measure the Earth. This book is about what they did and why. It is a true story behind Dan Brown's fiction. This is the first English language presentation of this historical material. It is attractively written and it features the story of the community of scientists who created the Paris Meridian. They knew each other well – some were members of the same families, in one caseof four generations. Like scientists everywhere they collaborated and formed alliances; they also split into warring factions and squabbled. They travelled to foreign countries, somehow transcending the national and political disputes, as scientists do now, their eyes fixed on ideas of accuracy, truth and objective, enduring values – save where the reception given to their own work is concerned, when some became blind to high ideals and descended into petty politics. To establish the Paris Meridian, the scientists endured hardship, survived danger and gloried in amazing adventures during a time of turmoil in Europe, the French Revolution and the Napoleonic War between France and Spain. Some were accused of witchcraft. Some of their associates lost their heads on the guillotine. Some died of disease. Some won honour and fame. One became the Head of State in France, albeit for no more than a few weeks. Some found dangerous love in foreign countries. One scientist killed in self defence when attacked by a jealous lover, another was himself killed by a jealous lover, a third brought back a woman to France and then jilted her, whereupon she joined a convent. The scientists worked on practical problems of interest to the government and to the people. They also worked on one of the important intellectual problems of the time, a problem of great interest to their fellow scientists all over the world, nothing less than the theory of universal gravitation. They succeeded in their intellectual work, while touching politics and the affairs of state. Their endeavours have left their marks on the landscape, in art and in literature.