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This book provides a transdisciplinary assessment of multiple countries'legal and policy frameworks vis-à-vis the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication, adopted in 2014 by the Committee on Fisheries of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Based on an appraisal framework used to facilitate the unpacking of those frameworks, this book collects country experiences and regional perspectives on a range of cross-cutting issues underpinning the protection of the rights and the promotion of justice for small-scale fishers and their communities.This book aims to be the first collection to present a systematic and in-depth assessment of existing national legal and policy frameworks vis-à-vis the SSF Guidelines. This assessment is done through the transdisciplinary and collaborative work of researchers, governments, and civil society organizations for the analysis of the cross-thematic questions, which the contributors of this book aim to address. Firstly, what are the relevant laws and policies that matter for securing rights of small-scale fishers and their communities? How are small-scale fisheries defined by national laws and policies? How are small-scale fisheries treated (i.e., specifically or generally) in these instruments? Are there specific provisions and references to small-scale fisheries or any of its associated terminologies (e.g., artisanal, subsistence, traditional, indigenous)? Secondly, how the relevant instruments address the 8 small-scale fisheries key issues outlined in that rapid appraisal study? What are the strengths and gaps in these instruments? Do they address issues that are not covered by the SSF Guidelines? Do they contribute to clarifying other legal issues that are relevant for sustainable small-scale fisheries? Finally, since the book also aims to explore the accessibility of these legal and policy instruments for those to which they matter the most (the small-scale fishers), the following questions were also considered: What challenges do they face in knowing and understanding the relevant laws and policies in place? Which tools, measures and processes are available in the countries to ensure small-scale fishers can claim for their rights? To what extent judicial courts have recognized and/or granted rights to small-scale fishers?Chapters 11 and 20 are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This anthology of studies is a follow-up to Political Humor Worldwide: The Cultural Context of Political Comedy, Satire, and Parody. It further examines political humor as a distinct sub-discipline of political communication, influenced and shaped by a country's culture. The book's contributors, experts drawn from the academic fields of political science, communication, linguistics, sociology, culture studies, political psychology, and others, offer an assortment of studies from multiple disciplinary perspectives. Focusing on political humor in the media, the authors offer a panorama of political humor—including political satire, parody, and cartooning—in Spain, Poland, Montenegro, Turkey, Japan, Australia, Iran, Brazil, Argentina, Malaysia, and Indonesia, among others. They detail political humor's multifaceted and versatile nature, suggesting that national culture and political humor expressed in the news media are intertwined; thus, understanding political humor requires looking at the cultural landscape of a given country or society. The book helps readers to better understand the factors that shape political humor across the globe in a variety of political and media systems.

This book examines how immigration law impacts U.S. immigrant families. It addresses how admission and border policies shape family formation and contribute to prolonged family separation; how immigration enforcement affects parenting practices; and how immigrants'unique challenges spill over to influence broader kinship support networks. Chapters describe family reunification and separation policies; return migration and binational family life; how young immigrants reconnect with family abroad and navigate romantic relationships in the United States; parents'engagement with surveilling actors and institutions; the impact of immigration policy on parenting, including during the pandemic; the health and well-being of DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals)-eligible adults and their children; aging and family dynamics among Asian immigrant families; and the impact of immigrant legal status across generations. Finally, the volume offers recommendations for family researchers on ways to advance our understanding of the short and longer-term effects of immigration law and policies on the formation, structure, and functioning of immigrant families. Key areas of coverage include: Immigrant laws and policies that shape the formation and separation of immigrant families. Immigrant parenting in the context of immigration enforcement. Effects of DACA and other immigrant policies on child and adult health and well-being. Long-term impacts of immigration policy over time and across generations. Opportunities for family research to better understand how immigration policies and practices shape families, parenting, and child health and well-being. Immigration Policy and Immigrant Families is a must-have resource for researchers, professors, and graduate students as well as clinicians, therapists, and other professionals in developmental psychology, family studies, sociology, and such interrelated disciplines as demography, social work, prevention science, public health, educational policy, political science, and economics.

This book provides a focused and comprehensive understanding of the conflict surrounding the Rohingya displacement, using a unique peace and conflict transformation viewpoint. Divided into four sections and nineteen chapters, it covers significant themes related to the conflict. It provides an in-depth examination of its security implications, media impact, and the need for a long-term transformation strategy. The authors offer a sharp perspective on the crisis, covering a wide range of topics, including human rights abuses, geopolitics, media influence, and repatriation of the Rohingya. Each chapter focuses on a different aspect of the conflict, providing readers with a thorough understanding of the Rohingya displacement-related conflict. The authors advocate for a peaceful end to the conflict through repatriation, offering valuable conflict transformation tools for decision-makers in Bangladesh and around the world. This book is essential for anyone seeking a deeper understandingof the conflict's security implications and highlights original research from academics on the role of the media. It is relevant for scholars, politicians, decision-makers in the security and refugee management fields, academics studying the media, and humanitarian actors.

This original book systematically examines Japan's defense engagement with its strategic partners since the end of the Cold War based on Japan's national security strategy. The author maps three defense engagement activities: military exercises, capacity building, and defense equipment transfer and technology cooperation – and subsequently evaluates these against the three national security objectives: deterrence, cooperative security, and the Free and Open Indo-Pacific vision. The book asks two important research questions: why is Japan active in defense engagement with the armed forces of its strategic partners? And, what purposes do Japan's self-defense forces pursue? Through the ten carefully selected cases of strategic partners: Australia, India, Indonesia, Vietnam, the Philippines, ASEAN, the UK, France, NATO, and the EU, the book follows a structured, cross-case comparison based on the analytical framework developed for the research. It also discusses the evolution of Japan's postwar defense policy, providing a solid background for the case studies. The book overall argues that, while the Japan-US alliance is still the most indispensable, Japan's strategic partnerships are a valuable instrument of deterrence that contributes to Japan's national security objectives. In order to more effectively pursue these objectives and thus secure the national interest, Japan must pursue a purpose-driven defense engagement.

This monograph discusses the concept of solidarity. Using Germany as a case study, the book investigates how political actors – political parties in specific – use the term solidarity in their programmatic documents. It maps out the attitudes, features, and behaviors that the parties continuously denote as expressions of solidarity and reconstructs the generalized concept of solidarity held by each party. It categorizes earlier ideas of solidarity into micro and macro perspectives and uses both theoretical and empirical considerations to build a model of solidarity and identify the elements that make solidarity what it is.Departing from the typical procedure in intellectual history research, this volume takes inspiration from Wittgenstein, starting with the language and tracing it back to its historical setting. Thus, it avoids the trap of speaking of only one meaning of solidarity and allows for more attuned analysis of the differences in understanding the concept. Furthermore, it links the scientific study of the concept of solidarity with research on political competition, and – in broader sense – political theory and party politics research. Closing the gap in scientific coverage of the concept of solidarity, this book will be of interest to students and researchers studying political theory, political sociology, political philosophy, political history, and political parties.

This book presents a collection of studies related to populism in contemporary political discourse. Following growing scholarly interest in the topic, this volume offers a wide panorama on the discursive construction of populism across the political spectrum worldwide. International experts from different backgrounds provide a comprehensive analysis of populist communication in present-day politics. Each chapter in the book constitutes a case study from a different country, altogether offering a global perspective on the construction of populism in political discourse. In particular, the book presents studies from fourteen different countries across the globe: Belgium, France, Spain, the United States of America, Portugal, Montenegro, Italy, Ghana, the United Kingdom, Turkey, Japan, Russia, Poland, and Israel. Here, readers can (1) get acquainted with discourse on populism in the media; (2) have access to ample descriptions of populist communication strategies across frontiers; (3)explore populist discourse by contemporary societies'well-known political leaders from different countries; and (4) examine the intertwining of populism, policymaking, and religion. Rooted in different frameworks, the various chapters offer a comprehensive understanding of the complex phenomenon of populism. The volume also enables the reader to globally grasp similarities and differences in the way populist discourse is built from West to East. International and interdisciplinary approaches form the cornerstone of this volume that will appeal to scholars from diverse academic backgrounds.

This edited collection develops a more balanced understanding of the dilemmas, challenges and opportunities associated with youth policy formulation and implementation in contemporary Saudi Arabia. It does so by considering the dilemmas, challenges and opportunities present in the contemporary Saudi sociopolitical, socioeconomic, and sociocultural spheres, as well as ways and means by which these can be addressed. Underpinning this is a comprehension of the necessity in understanding policies and processes as related to youth policy formulation and implementation. With regards to Saudi youth policy, decision makers want to be able to prioritize the most important issues. As such, policy and decision makers need ‘direction'in terms of policy formulation, policy recommendations and policy implementation - that is, they are often searching for viable policies that resonate with young Saudis. Furthermore, lessons can be learnt from previous youth policy initiatives by asking: Why was thispolicy successful? If this policy failed, what were the reasons? Did this policy resonate with young nationals? This edited book unpacks the ways in which comprehending policies and processes are important for youth policy development and implementation in Saudi Arabia. It is relevant to policymakers, as well as scholars in Gulf Studies, and Middle Eastern Studies more broadly, as well as those in youth studies, area studies, and social studies.

This book reflects on the nature of the rule of law in the European Union and the present and future consequences of the attacks that are undermining it. Presenting various case studies, it analyses violations of the rule of law and their impact on the quality of European democracy and on the workings of civil and political society. Written from an interdisciplinary perspective, the book connects legal aspects related to infringements of the rule of law with their political and sociological consequences at both a general and the EU level.The book is divided into three parts. The first focuses on the rule of law in the European context and the threats to democracy posed by its violations. It examines how populist movements and parties utilize the erosion of the checks and balances in liberal democracies to weaken resisting intermediate bodies, such as dissenting civil society groups. The second part concentrates on the political perspectives, which it approaches both in terms of its general features and through a set of case studies related to violations of the rule of law. The third part provides a legal perspective on these issues and examines the impact of the rule of law and its infringement in several areas, impacting both the internal and external dimensions of the EU.

This open access book explores some of the struggles and challenges that researchers and practitioners face when conducting research in the Central Asian research setting. Written for scholars still in the planning stages of their research, it addresses key questions, including: How shall we problematize and reconceptualize the concept of positionality through lenses of local voices from the region? How does practitioners'and scholars'positionality contribute to their experiences of inclusion, exclusion, and access to the field? How do scholars navigate issues of personal safety and mental well-being in the more closely monitored societies of Central Asia? The book includes contributors from both Central Asia and Western countries, paying particular attention to the ways researchers'subjectivity shape how they are received in the region, which, in turn, influences how they write about and disseminate their research. In featuring an even greater variety of voices, this book fills an important gap in the literature on field research and knowledge production in and on Central Asia.

This book discusses experiences of women leaders in decentralised government structure in India and their participation in governance. The book also examines contribution of women leaders to the development of local area and economy through improved delivery of public services. In India, the policy of reserving seats and executive positions to women in the Panchayati Raj Institutions (grassroot governance bodies in India) at the village, sub-district and district levels, and urban local bodies was introduced three decades ago to improve representation of women at the grassroots level and enable them to access political decision-making at the local level. Because of the policy, about half of three million leaders in local government are currently women. The book explores the impact of this significant representation of women on decentralised governance and development. It looks at why this impressive representation of women in the local government has not translated into improved participation of women at the provincial and national parliament. The book discusses successful models, experiences of women leaders from different parts in India, and challenges faced by them. It offers new interpretations of findings and new methodologies to assess the contribution of women to decentralised governance and development. It is a rich source of material for researchers, teachers, practitioners, policymakers, NGOs, and think tanks.

Putins Krieg in der Ukraine wird nicht nur auf dem Schlachtfeld ausgetragen. Gekämpft wird auch an der digitalen Front. Worte und Informationen sind die Munition der modernen, der hybriden Kriegsführung - gegen das gegnerische Militär, aber insbesondere gegen Zivilisten. Es geht um Manipulation und Kontrolle. Um Verwirrung und Ablenkung von dem, was wirklich geschieht. Doch das Internet wird nicht nur zur Propaganda, sondern auch für die Aufklärung und die Logistik genutzt. Und dabei hinterlässt Russland eine Menge Spuren. Analyst Steven Broschart zeigt in verständlicher Sprache, die kein Vorwissen erfordert, welche psychologischen und kommunikativen Mittel an Putins digitaler Frontlinie zum Einsatz kommen.

Counterterrorism and cybersecurity are the top two priorities at the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Graduated from the FBI Citizens Academy in 2021, Prof. Newton Lee offers a broad survey of counterterrorism and cybersecurity history, strategies, and technologies in the 3rd edition of his riveting book that examines the role of the intelligence community, cures for terrorism, war and peace, cyber warfare, and quantum computing security. From September 11 attacks and Sony-pocalypse to Israel's 9/11 and MOAB (Mother of All Breaches), the author shares insights from Hollywood such as 24, Homeland, The Americans, and The X-Files. In real life, the unsung heroes at the FBI have thwarted a myriad of terrorist attacks and cybercrimes. The FBI has worked diligently to improve its public image and build trust through community outreach and pop culture. Imagine Sherlock Holmes meets James Bond in crime fighting, FBI Director Christopher Wray says, “We've got technically trained personnel—with cutting-edge tools and skills you might never have imagined seeing outside of a James Bond movie—covering roughly 400 offices around the country.” This book is indispensable for anyone who is contemplating a career at the FBI, think tanks, or law enforcement agencies worldwide. It is also a must-read for every executive to safeguard their organization against cyberattacks that have caused more than $10 billion in damages. In the spirit of President John F. Kennedy, one may proclaim: “Ask not what counterterrorism and cybersecurity can do for you, ask what you can do for counterterrorism and cybersecurity.” Praise for the First Edition: “The book presents a crisp narrative on cyberattacks and how to protect against these attacks. … The author views terrorism as a disease that may be cured through education and communication. … The book is a relevant, useful, and genial mix of history, current times, practical advice, and policy goals.” - Brad Reid, ACM Computing Reviews “Very professional and well researched.” - Eleanor Clift, Newsweek and The Daily Beast

This book addresses how sustainability discourse and advocacy can translate to impactful policies especially when bridging the divide between sustainability, climate change and gender. The book explores various areas, such as conservation, climate action, sustainable fashion, and corporate sustainability, and defines the existing sustainability gaps in the selected cases (country/sector/region). It highlights the value of sustainability science and climate change on innovative approaches to research, education, capacity-building, and practice to transform rhetoric into impact sustainability while encompassing cases from various industries, sectors, and geographical contexts. While emphasizing SDG 5, the book chapters also show the transboundary implications of gender equality and inclusivity to other sustainable development and climate change goals and targets. The contributions are exemplary in highlighting the relation of gender inclusivity in strengthening efforts to protect andsafeguard the world's cultural and natural heritage and making cities and human settlements inclusive and safe (Goal 11), protecting, restoring, and promoting sustainable management of terrestrial ecosystems and reverse land degradation (Goal 15), ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all (Goal 7), promoting sustainable and inclusive economic growth with productive and decent employment for all (Goal 8), promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialization (Goal 9), adopt policies to reduce inequalities (Goal 10), ensure sustainable consumption and production pattern (Goal 12), addressing climate change impacts and building resilience (Goal 13), and ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all (Goal 6).

This book argues that, in the development of science, three principles have been used; transparency of results; transparency of procedures; financial transparency. Though the topic of transparency has been researched from various angles by many academics, none have made a comparison between the development of science in the last 350 years and the aforementioned principles. The author uniquely explains how these elements contributed to the rapid development of science and consequently that of technology and human wellbeing and suggests legislation for ensuring transparency in the public sector. In addition, this book provides numerous examples of successful new ways of using these principles in other activities in the public sector as well as possibilities of including the transparency principles from science publishing into general and internet media.

This book delves into the multifaceted interplay between gender, migration, and development. It challenges conventional theories by sharing the unique experiences of migrants, particularly women, and their profound impact on development in the global South. It contributes significantly to the theory of intersectionality, which illuminates how various forms of oppression and privilege intertwine to shape individuals'experiences. It ventures beyond traditional boundaries, recognizing migration and development as transnational processes that transcend singular actors and spaces. It highlights the interconnectedness of people, cultures, and economies across national borders, unraveling the complex tapestry of migration and development. It provides invaluable feminist perspectives, illuminating pathways toward inclusivity and equity in development. Through its nuanced analysis, this book paves the way for a more inclusive, equitable, and empowering future for individuals and communities. It is a valuable resource for policymakers, practitioners, and scholars seeking to promote social justice and gender equality in migration and development contexts.

Engineers represent the (industrial) modern age like no other profession. In the German Empire and the Weimar Republic, however, the enormous numerical expansion of the profession was contrasted by comparatively unfavorable working conditions and incomes. This was particularly true of the graduate engineers, whose academization failed to meet industrial requirements. Can the völkisch, right-wing political radicalization of many technical experts on the eve of the'Third Reich'actually be fully explained by these professional-social frictions?Data on the professional-social situation, consumption, leisure time and political behaviour of engineers in the higher and academic professions, which have been made available for the first time, already reveal the contours of late-modern, contemporary society in the period under consideration. This makes more complex explanatory approaches necessary and enables general insights into the dynamics of social crises.This study of (historical) professional, inequality, and political sociology is published in its third, fully revised edition.This book is a translation of an original German edition. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation.

In this volume the sciences of peace psychology and character strengths integrate in a substantive way to examine how the positive parts of our personality can contribute and impact each “level” of peace - inner, relational, group, community, international, and ecological peace. Readers will discover a wide range of insights, models, and scholarship; new studies conducted for this volume; and practical strategies to bring greater peace to oneself, one's relationships, and the world.

The 2024 U.S. presidential election will hinge on two very different basic approaches to domestic and foreign policy, two very different sets of underlying premises, and two very different types of presidential and high-level official personalities at the administrative helm putting them into effect. Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump is campaigning on a nationalist conservative preservation platform. It is a direct antithesis of the Biden-Harris- Waltz progressive transformation agenda. This volume comparatively analyzes the choices of presidential doctrine that are likely to define the principles, beliefs, and nature of U.S. foreign policy in the years following the election of either candidate and their vastly different agendas.'Renshon, Suedfeld, and contributors do an excellent job of analyzing the different foreign policy assumptions and implications associated with the Trump and Biden presidencies at a time of deepening international crisis.'Richard Ned Lebow, King's College London'I can think of no better book to objectively compare and contrast President Biden's foreign policy with that of the Trump administration. A very useful and fair-minded collection of essays containing a range of perspectives.'Colin Dueck, George Mason University

This book reveals how the Chinese Party-State uses'ideo-political education'to inculcate young citizens with official narratives on law. It provides an account of China's version of'rule of law'under the Yifa Zhiguo paradigm, arguing that authorities see law as a tool to apply when convenient and ignore when it impedes Party-State goals. Moving beyond the question of whether China's system can count as a rule of law order, this book identifies three consistent features of Chinese law reform since the Opening and Reform era began: the supremacy of the Communist Party of China over the law, instrumentalism, and reform-repression dualism. This book uniquely combines the'what'with the'how'of China's'rule of law'efforts. China law researchers will benefit from understanding how China's young adults learn about official law narratives. A more general audience interested in China's legal and political system will gain valuable insights from the analysis of China's'rule of law.'The growing tensions between China and the West mean that now, more than ever, scholars and policymakers need to properly understand China. Understanding what Chinese officials mean when they talk about the rule of law in China helps avoid policy errors made from mistakenly assuming that Western definitions are universal. The contents of this book can also inform government and university efforts to properly accommodate Chinese students in the West while mitigating harmful manifestations of the nationalist ideology, in part implanted by ideo-political education.

In this updated version of a contemporary classic of discourse research, Reiner Keller develops the theoretical and methodological foundations of the Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse (SKAD). Translated from the original German into English for the first time, this book brings together two previously unconnected domains of knowledge analysis in social science: the rich traditions of sociology of knowledge and symbolic interactionism on one hand and the works of discourse studies, especially in relation to Michel Foucault, on the other. It presents a critical discussion of key developments in sociology of knowledge, symbolic interactionist, and related interpretive approaches, explains the communicational turn of recent work in the field, and examines how traditions within sociology of knowledge shifted focus or converged over time. Following this, the book discusses the development of discourse theory and discourse analysis since the 1960s, including critical discourse analysis, hegemony analysis, or cultural studies approaches. Embarking from a profound reconstruction of Michel Foucault's work, the book then sets its own distinctive course by integrating major elements of Foucault's perspective with the sociology of knowledge. Along this path, Reiner Keller establishes the heuristics and methodology for a sociology of knowledge approach to discourse, providing a comprehensive research programme for the study of social relations of knowledge and politics of knowledge. Since its first publication in 2005, SKAD has informed a multitude of studies worldwide and across several academic disciplines. Today it can be considered as one of the major perspectives in discourse research in social science and beyond.

The concept of Hybrid Warfare has gained prominence in recent decades. It is a novel terminology, but the concept is detectable since antiquity: Ancient Chinese, Ancient Greeks and the Jews of Exodus were all well familiar, so well to have let us know. Similarly, bioagents have been used malevolently since always. What is novel is that these two, in the present context, are not only interfacing smoothly, but in an enhanced context: The Hybrid Warfare, which has now enriched its portfolio, from actions of provocation, insurgency, economic warfare, special operations, proxy warfare and social destabilization to the Residual domain, the cyberspace, while the conventional, 3D space expands. Now the Space and the Deep are included in the topography of the friction zone. In this, the bio- factor becomes not only relevant but also an amplifier: using the technology malevolently, all the advances made to combat disease may be used to cause, further, or perplex and complicate disease. Improved or totally novel or even alien germs may replace explosives in bombs, shells or suicidal /kamimaze drones and taint bullets and fragments. Microrobots may deliver cancer cells to targeted individuals to foster cancer, or specific supergerms for an infection to rage unchallenged. And what happens if the mechanism of these cancers and infections is intentionally provided with an Abort signal? Global extortions would become probable, not just possible. Far from Science Fiction, this dystopia becomes more probable by the day. The Artificial Intelligence simply makes it easier to occur. Technology allows manipulation and intervention in levels and extends only imagined in the Past, but the application of these capabilities is clearly of dual use, with the destructive potential leveraged by the complexity of the social and state structure. Within this book, we explore the “How” (occasionally the “What” also) in some of these instances. From cyber terrorists to aggressive bioindustrialists and “democratized” ballistic and cruise missile technology, it could be coined as'The Book of Modern Mayhem”.

This proceedings book provides selections from the 2022 Topical Issues in International Political Geography (TIPG) meeting. It addresses the main issues of contemporary political geography and international relations, providing a platform for discussion and collaboration of experts primarily in the fields of Political Geography, Geopolitics, and International Relations. Participants from all over the world consider the controversies and challenges posed by globalization, focusing, in particular, on the ideologies of globalization and regionalism, migration crises, prevention of ethnic conflicts, and measures to promote sustainable development. The content of the book will be interesting to experts, academics, and students in these communities.

The present work discusses the phenomenon of conservativism from a qualitative, cultural-psychological perspective. As such, the text breaks with current mainstream research about political ideologies wanting to assess a political culture within the simple administration of a questionnaire. The SpringerBrief will oppose such a perspective trying to assess how the conservative-minded person will structure space and time in peculiar ways. In the first part of the study, participants were invited to reflect about how they preserve or conserve meaning in various activities whereas the second part of the study tried to shed light onto how something preservable or conservable comes into being and what it actually makes it preservable. Here, an autoethnographic study revealed that something becomes meaningfully preservable when it satisfies multiple demands of the Self as well as of the environment. Readers will realize the insufficiency of the positivistic attitude analyzing conservativism from a simple quantitative perspective, and researchers are shown how political ideologies or cultures can be assessed ecologically – something that has not yet been undertaken. This leads to an appeal for scientists to study the phenomenon of conservativism more wholistically.

This authoritative handbook looks at the entire news cycle and provides a bridge between the theoretical and academic study of journalism and its actual contemporary practice. The book's main merit is that it brings theory and practice together, with contributors discussing these issues from different perspectives in a way that scholars, students, and practitioners can find useful in the study of journalism. The handbook is also unique as it undertakes an international scope across regions and cultures, both from the West and the Global South, while providing an overview which balances the (over-) emphasis on content in most academic approaches to journalism.The book is divided into four major parts: (1) Conceptual foundations, (2) Interlink between journalism as scholarship and journalism as practice, (3) Regions and cultures, and (4) The practitioner world. The first two sections lay down the foundation for section (3) which provides an overview of journalism practice in different regions and cultures. Section (4) includes contributions by practitioners in which they attempt to respond to some of the issues raised in preceding sections.This handbook will appeal to academics, practitioners, and professionals alike, who are interested in a better understanding of the academic study of journalism and its actual contemporary practice.

In today's rapidly changing media landscape, Public Service Media (PSM) stands as a beacon of trust, credibility, and quality. As technological advancements reshape communication, PSM must adapt to new formats while tackling the challenges and threats that arise. This edited volume explores the vital role of PSM in an evolving media ecosystem, focusing on reinforcing trust and highlighting its indispensable features. Divided into three distinct sections, this book offers a comprehensive exploration of the challenges and discussions surrounding PSM. The first section delves into the corporate culture, governance systems, and public service values that define PSM as a trustworthy institution. The second section focuses on innovation, collaboration, and new approaches within the digital sphere. The final section sheds light on the impact of technology on PSM, including AI, algorithm-based technologies, and the game-changing potential of 5G. Drawing on the expertise of 40 academics from 20 universities across a dozen countries, this volume presents a proactive and confidence-driven perspective, reaffirming the purpose and legitimacy of PSM in a democratic, informed society. As such it will be of use to students and scholars interested in political science, communication, media, public administration, and policy studies.

Der Krieg in der Ukraine hält die Welt in Atem. Die aktuelle Berichterstattung ist emotionalisiert und beschränkt sich weitgehend auf die militärischen Entwicklungen des Kriegsverlaufs. Beiträge der Friedens- und Konfliktforschung wurden und werden in der aktuellen Debatte nur unzureichend berücksichtigt. Sie sind sogar Gegenstand antipazifistischer Kritik. Wenig findet sich zu der Frage, was für einen nachhaltigen Frieden notwendig wäre. Diese Frage ist umso wichtiger, als dieser Krieg in seinen Tiefendimensionen eine hochbrisante globale Tragweite aufweist, mit indirekten Verbindungen zu anderen Territorialkonflikten, wie z.B. dem China-Taiwan-Konflikt. Parallel zum Krieg ist eine zunehmende globale Blockbildung zwischen Ost und West mit ungewissem Ausgang zu beobachten. Einige Beobachter•innen sprechen von einem „Neuen Kalten Krieg“ mit den beiden Supermächten USA und China sowie der EU und Russland als Hauptakteuren. Gleichzeitig scheint der Krieg als Katalysator für eine neue multilaterale Weltordnung zu wirken. Das Buch skizziert in knapper und allgemeinverständlicher Form, wie eine multidimensionale Analyse komplexer Konflikte wie des Russland-Ukraine-Krieges angegangen werden kann und wie sich daraus auch Ansätze für eine komplexitätsadäquate Konfliktintervention und Außenpolitik ableiten lassen. Darüber hinaus werden Impulse für die Weiterentwicklung der Friedensforschung zu einem multiparadigmatischen Forschungsfeld gegeben.

This book proposes a holistic transdisciplinary approach to sustainability and post-fossil societies as a subject of social sciences - at a time when post-fossilisation is becoming a core political concern due to the aggressive foreign policy of autocracies, also for reasons beyond sustainability. Furthermore, the book shows new ways, as perspectives of philosophy, political science, law, economics, sociology, cultural studies and others are here no longer regarded separately. Instead, integrated perspectives on the key issues are carved out: Perspectives on conditions of transformation to sustainability, on key instruments and the normative questions. This allows for a concise answer to urgent and controversial questions such as the following: Is the EU an environmental pioneer? Is it possible to achieve sustainability by purely technical means? If not: will that mean to end of the growth society? How to deal with the follow-up problems? How will societal change be successful? Are political power and capitalism the main barriers to sustainability? What is the role of emotions and conceptions of normality in the transformation process? To which degree are rebound and shifting effects the reason why sustainability politics fail? How much climate protection can be claimed ethically and legally e.g. on grounds of human rights? And what is freedom? Despite all rhetoric, the weak transition in energy, climate, agriculture and conservation serves as key example in this book. It is shown how the Paris Agreement is weak with regard to details and at the same time overrules the growth society by means of a radical 1,5 degrees temperature limit. It is shown how emissions trading must – and can – be reformed radically. It is shown why CSR, education, cooperation and happiness research are overrated. And we will see what an integrated politics on climate, biodiversity, nitrogen and soil might look like. This book deals with conditions of transformation, governance instruments, ethics and law of sustainability. The relevance of the humanities to sustainability has never before been demonstrated so vividly and broadly as here. And in every area it opens up some completely new perspectives.

This book tells the story of the 2020 presidential election campaign, exploring how Joe Biden secured the Democratic nomination and defeated Donald Trump in the general election. It argues that Democratic Party elites paved the way for Biden's victory, enabling him to overcome numerous campaign missteps to defeat one of the largest, wealthiest, most competitive fields in history. It details how elites discouraged potential rivals from entering the race, orchestrated rules to truncate the field, and steered voters toward Biden's candidacy both directly and indirectly. It shows how they helped the Biden campaign overcome early defeats in the first several contests and turn his campaign around. And it shows the critical role they played in mobilizing partisans to help Biden win the general election campaign and thwarting efforts to undermine his victory. Simply put, the book demonstrates that Biden would not have won the White House without maneuvering and manipulation by the Democratic establishment.

The internet has become a battleground for global power struggles, with nations and even terrorist organizations wielding cyber-attacks to exert control. As the absence of binding international laws and norms leaves cyberspace largely unchecked, countries are seeking to establish their Sovereign Cyber Domains (SCD) - tightly controlled cyberspaces. In this illuminating monograph, the author explores how Russia, China, Iran, and others perceive the internet as a means for the United States and its allies to maintain global dominance and influence foreign audiences, driving their pursuit of strict regulations over domestic cyber affairs and mass communication. Yet, even the United States is now susceptible to foreign cyber operations, mainly foreign influence that undermines its domestic affairs. Even International Blocs like the European Union had expressed concerns about foreign influence and privacy rights abuses, leading to regulatory initiatives like the General Data Protection Regulation, Digital Services Act and the Digital Markets Act. As nations prioritize cybersecurity and sovereignty over free speech and convenience, the book predicts a future of increased regulation across all layers of the cyber domain, mirroring the historical emergence of the concept of sovereignty.Drawing on a combination of political science, international relations, and cyber domain practices, this monograph offers valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, researchers, and students. By analyzing existing cyber sovereignty processes and predicting future trends, the book contributes to international relations theories, sheds light on the challenges of an unregulated cyber domain, and provides guidance for a secure and controlled digital future.

This book shows how multiple developments have caused the world to move from “an information society” to a “dream society”. Ongoing social and technological forces are pushing us from a world of words, rationality, and truth into a world of images, performance, and make-belief. Rather than deny or reject this transformation, this book argues that one should understand and embrace it as waves of new futures that the world must strive to surf for fame and fun. As a political scientist and futurist, the author also offers hints of new goals and forms of governance fit for a dream society, as he demonstrates that all current systems are ineffective and dangerously obsolete. This book is of great interest to political philosophers, futures scientists, sociologists, and those interested in cultural studies.

This open access edited book attempts to break new ground in investigating multiple facets of Vietnamese language, education and change in global contexts, engaging with global Vietnam through complex lenses of language and education. Issues of language, globalization, and global identities have often been framed through the lens of hierarchical/binary power relations, and/or through a dichotomy between hyper-central languages, such as English, and revisualized or marginalized local language and cultures. In this book, this dichotomy is turned on its head by considering how Vietnam and Vietnamese are constructed in and outside Vietnam and enacted in global spaces of classrooms, textbooks, student mobility, community engagement, curriculum, and intercultural contacts. Vietnamese is among the world's most spoken languages and is ranked in the top 20th in terms the number of speakers. Yet, at the same time, as a ‘peripheral'or ‘southern'global language as often seen in the Global North-Global South spectrum, the dynamics of multilingual and multicultural encounters involving Vietnamese generate distinctive dilemmas and tensions, as well as pointing to alternative ways of thinking about global phenomena from a fresh angle. Rather than being outside of the global, Vietnamese - like many other ‘non-central'global languages - is present in diasporas, commercial, and transnational structures of higher education, schooling, and in the more conventional settings of primary and secondary school, in which visions of culture and language also evoke notions of heritage and tradition as well as bring to the fore deep seated ideological conflicts across time, space, communities, and generations. Relevant to students and scholars researching language, education, identity, multiculturalism, and their intersections, particularly related to Vietnam, but also in Southeast Asia and beyond, this volume is a pioneering investigation into overlooked contexts and languages from a global, southern-oriented perspective.'This book presents an eclectic collection of 15 chapters unified by an interest in developing and teaching the Vietnamese language. To my knowledge, there has been no previous attempt to make the national language of Vietnam a focus for as many perspectives as are documented in the book. In this regard, the book makes an original and intriguing contribution to the literature on Vietnamese culture, including the culture of Vietnam's expanding diaspora. The book is pioneering in the extent to which it draws attention to the many roles played by a national language in a nation's political, social and cultural development. It also documents the challenges of preserving a national language in settings where it is at risk of being marginalized. It is pleasing that so many of the contributing authors are young Vietnamese scholars who can provide a distinctly Vietnamese perspective on concepts and practices of global significance.'- Dr. MartinHayden, Emeritus Professor of Higher Education, Southern Cross University, Australia'Vietnamese Language, Education and Change In and Outside Vietnam brings together an excellent collection of chapters that highlight the diverse and important but under-explored roles Vietnamese language plays in different settings within and outside Vietnam. The fifteen chapters of this much needed book provide unique insights into various aspects and meanings of Vietnamese language. Collectively, the volume contributes to broadening our view about the evolution and transformation of Vietnamese language under the impacts of local, national, regional and global forces. The book invites readers to engage in a reflective and intersectional approach to rethinking and re-examining our understandings of the changes and developments of Vietnamese language over the history of the country.'- Dr Ly Tran, Professor, Centre for Research for Educational Im

The textbook is primarily aimed at students and younger researchers and offers a concise but systematic practical guide to planning and conducting qualitative expert interviews in political science. It provides a methodologically sound and application- or problem-oriented approach to this form of independent qualitative data collection. The English translation of this book, originally in German, was facilitated by artificial intelligence. The content was later revised by the author for accuracy and adapted to an international readership.

This book, by noted German sociologist Wilhelm Heitmeyer, analyses capitalist development in Western Europe, with a focus on Germany, since the 1990s and its consequences for open society and liberal democracy. Following Heitmeyer's long-term interest in extremism, this book highlights two main threads of discussion: the causes and distribution of authoritarian tendencies, and the processes and steps of escalation of these tendencies through right-wing alliances. It critically views capitalism and capitalist governance in times of crises against problems of political representation and the devaluation of certain groups. It looks at a broad spectrum of attitudes in the population on the bases of a representative longitudinal study called ‘group-focused enmity'. Using the model of a ‘concentric escalation continuum', this book also analyses the steps of differentiation and dynamization of the right-wing spectrum in the process of development of successful right-wing alliances. Heitmeyer meticulously studies how violent processes escalate and increases as a danger for the open society and liberal democracy, especially in times of crisis and unsecured future. The book has important gleanings for anyone seeking to understand and address extremism and political alienation in societies today.

Since its existence in the 1950s, consumer policy in Germany has been understood and pursued primarily as a bundle of actions and measures initiated and institutionalised by the state. In many cases, the state has also issued corresponding mandates and set up support models, which has created the impression that we are basically dealing with a'consumer policy from above'imposed by macro-politics. Not that there have not been repeated attempts in the past decades to give impetus to consumer policy from the middle of civil society - often in the form of small citizens'initiatives. And in recent years in particular, a number of new consumer organisations have emerged which operate much closer to the grass roots. Nevertheless, the impression seems to have taken root among the large, government-related'players'in the field, who have been in the'business'for decades, not to mention government-internal consumer policy, that consumer policy concerns a policy field that is essentiallyordered by a collaboration of the state on the one hand, and consumer protection organisations representing all consumers equally on the other, while the many small consumer initiatives, not even started by individual committed consumers, regularly fall behind in comparison. This perspective refers largely to the view of and from the centre of politics. This volume is intended to go some way towards countering the institutionally prevailing impression that, in principle, there is only'consumer policy from above'that is really effective and assertive.The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content.

This book addresses the transformation of primary education in the former Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic) after the fall of the communist regime in 1989. It follows the overall transformation of education and school policy and offers original insights into the everyday life of the schools at that time. It also provides a unique perspective on the whole transformation process. The work discusses the school environment in the context of specific local characteristics, such as parents, community, regional institutions, and national and international contexts. The book specifically focuses on the changes in primary school management in terms of economics, organization, and personnel. The processes of pedagogical change are an essential theme of the book. They cover how teachers proceeded through the changes in their work at the time of the transformation and the reasons for their resistance to change, including the challenges that the transformation introduced into their work and personal lives. The book also monitors how the teachers navigated the selection and use of new textbooks and tools, such as digital tools. The work originates in historical-pedagogical research, based primarily on the oral history method and complemented by the study of contemporary documents.

This book charts John W. Burton's transition from practitioner in diplomacy to pioneer in the theory of peace research, thinking on world society and conflict resolution. Born in 1915, given his father's name, it was assumed that he would follow his father and become a Christian missionary. He did not: he joined the Australian Public Service. From a junior position he rose rapidly. He was forthright and some found him irritating, or worse. He progressed to the highest levels of policy-making. Amidst some controversy, he resigned abruptly in 1951. He then worked on his farm outside Canberra, writing avidly. He did not intend to become an academic, but in 1963 he was offered a position in International Relations at University College in London and he accepted. He was key to the foundation of the International Peace Research Association (IPRA) in 1964 and of the Conflict Research Society in the UK, because he thought that words and ideas were not enough: there needed to be instrumentsof change. Looking back, he was, in fact, a secular missionary. His aim? Simple: to change the world.· This book is an exploration of how conflict should be reinterpreted.· The ideas of his work are a product not of any metaphysical approach, but of experience. · Burton knew the field: Cold War diplomacy, civil strife, reforming organisations, resistance to change. He had'been there'and he found much to criticise. · This book illustrates what he had to offer and explains why. These readings reveal shifts in his ideas, cohering incrementally, integrated into a new framework. · This book presents his pioneering and relevant work. Transcending disciplinary boundaries it will be of interest to students, as well as professionals who address conflict at all levels of society, from family to state.

Based on a deliberative democracy, this book uses a hermeneutic-critical methodology to study bibliographical sources and practical issues in order to analyse the possibilities, limits and consequences of the digital transformation of democracy. Drawing on a two-way democracy, the aim of this book is intended as an aid for thinking through viable alternatives to the current state of democracy with regard to its ethical foundations and the moral knowledge implicit in or assumed by the way we perceive and understand democracy. It is intended to stimulate reflection and discussion on the basis that, by addressing what we understand as democracy, we can inevitably influence the reality known as democracy. Democracy's evident regression in today's world makes this all too apparent: it has become a hostage to all kinds of autocracies and technopopulisms, which are supported to a greater or lesser extent by the current algorithmic revolution.

This collection of original chapters reflects the increasing interest over the past few decades in the relationship between political humor (as a distinct form of political discourse) and a country's culture: Beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and processes that are affected, shaped by, and related to historical experiences, socialization processes, social structure, religion, the economic system, and majority/minority relations. Written by contributors from various fields of study – political science, communication, linguistics, sociology, culture studies, and political psychology – the book looks at the central role played by “culture” in shaping and affecting the sundry aspects of political humor, including satire and parody. The chapters, focusing on diverse countries such as the USA, UK, Greece, Philippines, Israel, Poland, Italy, and Spain, as well as ethnic groups, offer a comprehensive overview of political humor as used by public figures, including politicians, artists, performers, as well as comedians, talk shows hosts and the general public. By presenting fresh perspectives on the relationship between culture and political humor as employed during political debates in parliament, in media interviews and shows, on the internet and in art, the book opens up new avenues for discussion regarding the factors that shape political humor across the globe in a variety of political and media systems.

The second edition of this book (updated to February 24, 2024) presents a comprehensive evaluation of the strategy implemented by China to manage its modernization process. The author evaluates to what extent the economy has been developed, whether the imbalances due to the priority given to economic development have been corrected, and whether the improvements of science and technology have allowed China to develop world class high-tech sectors and a modern defence. Clearly, the end of the XX Century saw the fulfilment of Zhou En Lai ‘four modernizations', i.e. the acquisition of power resources that fulfilled Mao's proud 1949 statement: ‘we stood up', thereby projecting China into the international arena as a re-emerging world power. The author insists on the fundamental difference between American and Chinese ideologies as the main drivers of their foreign policy, i.e., the extreme rigidity of the former compared to the remarkable flexibility and adaptability of the latter. He further explains the consequences of the increasingly aggressive American foreign policy, i.e. the US pretence to act as the leader of the existential struggle between ‘democracy and dictatorship'. This posture reached its apex during the Ukrainian and the Middle East crises, that unveiled the irreversible decline of the West, and have become two formidable accelerators of the transition from the unipolar world ‘América made'to the multipolar world promoted by China, Russia and the BRICS.

Schon mehrere Jahrzehnte arbeitet Deutschland an der Energiewende, aber trotz gigantischer Kosten gehen die Treibhausgasemissionen viel zu langsam zurück. Bei diesem „Tempo“ wird die Klimaneutralität erst im nächsten Jahrhundert erreicht. Eine ausführliche Betrachtung der Thematik aus verschiedenen Perspektiven macht deutlich, dass die Energiewende nur ganzheitlich diskutiert werden kann und ein polarisierendes „schwarz-weiß-Denken“ uns nicht weiterbringt. Das Buch möchte eine Orientierung in dem komplexen Umfeld der Energiewende bieten und liefert Antworten auf Fragen wie diese: Welche Folgen hat die Energiewende für Deutschland? Wie sinnvoll sind Elektromobilität und Wasserstoffspeicher wirklich? Ist die Politik für Klimaschutz verantwortlich oder rettet nur persönlicher Verzicht das Klima? Die 2., aktualisierte Auflage.

This open-access book is an exceptional contribution to the burgeoning fields of higher education development and higher education internationalization as it empirically examines the impact of the study abroad experiences of faculty members on individual and institutional development. The research and its outcomes presented here utilize results from a large-scale survey and interviews of faculty at ten leading universities in Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Cambodia. The analyses show that the study abroad experiences of faculty members impact not only improvements in research quality and development of educational programs but also serve as the foundation for international activities at the university, crucially important in today's higher education landscape. On the other hand, the research reveals the rapid development of higher education at the local and regional levels including the development of graduate programs for faculty training in the home country leading to increasing rates of study abroad within Southeast Asia. Through the analyses presented, this book offers a new understanding of higher education development and internationalization in Southeast Asia by examining the impact of study abroad on the academic profession, higher education institutions and the higher education sector.

This volume provides a critical perspective on the Soviet legacy of global competition and status anxiety in international higher education. Investigating tensions generated by the traditional power instruments of coercion, money and attraction, the book looks into the dynamics of multi-level forces that either advance progressive university policies and practices or lead to hyper-centralization, indoctrination and unfreedom of inquiry in higher education. The volume provides insights into political sources that champion the anxiety about superpower status over the agenda of social equality, fairness, and freedom in universities and their communities. The manuscript offers an excellent collation of studies shedding light on the phenomenon of de-Sovietization which was previously largely overlooked and underexplored in the higher education literature. The book appeals to policy-makers, practitioners and scholars of higher education who seek to understand historical and political conditions that affect the currency of Chinese and Russian scholarship. As de-Sovietization of higher education may often be aspiration than reality in the two post-totalitarian countries, this books offers a unique, thought-provoking frame of analysis urging for more studies in the area as well as encouraging enhanced responsibility in creating sufficient room for freedom of critical inquiry.

The interconnections of economy, society and politics so obviously determine socio-economic and political structures and problem situations, current ways of thinking and acting as well as the collective perception of solution options that their still low attention in university teaching and school education is surprising. Phenomena such as pandemics, climate change, migration or authoritarianism make the close, complex and contradictory connections between economy, society and politics tangible. Against this background, socioeconomic research, teaching and education are urgently needed. The theme volume aims to contribute to this by presenting research contributions on problem complexes such as economy and democracy, perspectivity and multiperspectivity, situation, interest and politics, subject and subjectification, and discipline and curriculum.

The book explores the prohibition and prosecution of hate speech in international law. Building on the international legal framework, the invaluable jurisprudence of the Trial and Appeal Chambers of the UN ad hoc Tribunals (the ICTY and the ICTR), and views of scholars in the social sciences, the book focuses on two inter-related complexities in prosecuting hate speech in international criminal law: criminal participation and causation. A hypothetical scenario is developed, with numerous actors playing various roles in that given context, with the impact of altering their criminal liability, and raising further questions that touch on the issue of causation in criminal law.

This edited volume proffers a sociological outlook on the challenges contemporary societies face when states attempt to govern religious and cultural diversity and still protect freedoms of and from religion claimed by individuals, communities, and institutions. The collection of chapters brings readers into both theoretical discussions and empirical research. It illustrates how the promise of religious freedom has become a burgeoning social issue at the center of struggles over equity, inclusion, and cohesion in both public institutions and everyday interactions. The book is divided into three parts: the state's legal and political mechanisms governing religious freedom; the challenges of religious pluralism for public institutions and global communities; social perceptions of religious freedom as an indicator and criterion of human rights culture in society. An international group of authors provide reviews, case studies, and data-driven research for students, researchers and practitioners working in the sociology of religion.

This textbook introduces fundamental concepts of game theory and demonstrates its uses and application in the social sciences. Written in plain English and without overwhelming mathematical jargon, it serves as an invaluable resource for undergraduate students in economics, law, political sciences, and related social sciences. Starting from non-cooperative games and progressing to cooperative games, it explores a wide range of topics, including the analysis of zero-sum games, voting rules and their practical implications, and other applications of game theory. Uniquely, it emphasizes cooperative concepts and their normative applications, providing a fresh perspective. With'Game Theory for the Social Sciences', readers will be equipped with the analytical tools to analyze conflict resolution, bargaining strategies, cooperative decision-making, and the dynamics of power relationships. Through engaging examples drawn from real-world scenarios, readers will develop a solid understanding of how game theory can be applied to diverse fields in social sciences. “Pierre Dehez offers a consistent kit of classic game theoretic tools, from equilibrium concepts to bargaining solutions and power indices, all illustrated with insightful examples and applications.” Françoise Forges, Professor of Economics, Université Paris Dauphine-PSL “This book is written clearly and pedagogically without resorting to difficult mathematics. It provides many different and interesting examples from problems of fair sharing, bargaining to voting systems and many others. It is a perfect introduction to this subject too often quoted but too often misunderstood.” Alan Kirman, Directeur d'études, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, and Emeritus Professor, Aix-Marseille University

This book discusses theories of crisis management and the radical right, to shed light on how responses to crisis influence radical right parties in their presence, discourse, and evolution. The book offers a comparative perspective by examining case studies with various traditions of radical right actors, presenting data on how crisis exploitation can assist in exploring, reconsidering, bargaining, and learning about the prospects of change of political parties. The book focuses on the debate on radicalization and crisis management. Similar to the already existing economic, political, post-Brexit, and migration crises in Europe, discourses of fear around the latest health crisis are paving the way for further radicalised discourse from the far right. The book looks into how radical right parties in Europe have responded to these crises. It monitors and explores how crisis exploitation impacts political strategies, opportunity-seeking behaviours, and the evolution of the discourse of radical right parties in the contemporary political landscape. Therefore, this book is a must-read for researchers, students, and policy-makers, interested in a better understanding of populism, radical right parties, electoral studies, as well as comparative politics in general.

This book addresses three innovative aspects for the study of International Relations: first, proposes a novel theoretical-methodological framework for the study of national power, and based on this, a quantitative analysis technique is formulated that allows us to study the evolution of state power over almost five decades. Second, states play a fundamental role in the international system, which is why the study of their roles in the world cannot be limited to old, insufficient, and contradictory categorizations. Having new categories of states becomes an even more urgent task in the rapidly changing international order than it is today. This book proposes nine categories of powers and states that cover all the countries that currently exist. Third, the international geostructure of world power is proposed, which represents a new theoretical notion that helps to explain how the international insertion of states and their possibilities of action are conditioned by the unequal distribution of national power and by their structural positioning in the international system. This book is for all students of International Relations, academics, and people who want to understand national power as a fundamental factor in relations between countries.

The book by the well-known German party researcher Elmar Wiesendahl presents the development, theoretical perspectives, research approaches, and fields of investigation in party research in light of the state of the art.