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This book focuses on laser-triggered nanobiomaterials for tumor inhibition. In this book, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-mediated cancer PTT through intratumoral or/and intravenous injection is introduced first. The benefits of intratumoral injection and the main factors affecting the retention of materials and permeability in solid tumors have been discussed. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to explore the performance of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles after intravenous injection for tumor-targeted PTT based on several strategies. The latter part probes the gaps to improve magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-mediated PTT through intratumoral and intravenous injection modes. This book also includes discussion on drug-loaded magnetic nanocomposites, magnetic iron oxide/Au nanocomposites, and magnetic iron oxide/semiconductor nanocrystal nanocomposites for combination cancer therapy, and enhanced cancer PTT has also been included as an integral part. This book also summarizes the most investigated photothermal agents, including noble metal nanoparticles, especially gold nanostars, hollow mesoporous copper sulfide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles, especially carbon nanotubes and graphic carbon nanocages, black phosphorous nanosheets, conjugated polymer nanoparticles, and organic dye nanoparticles. This book is useful for undergraduate and postgraduate students to better understand this research area. It may also provide useful information for technical nonspecialists whose background is in nanoscience and nanotechnology, biology, medicine, pharmacy, materials, chemistry, and physics.

The book is a practical and concise guide to PET tracers actually useful for PET/CT and PET/MR imaging.Gaining knowledge on radiopharmaceuticals is often difficult, since their features can be only found in single original journal articles.This book aims to present to the reader, in one single place, clinical features, indications and future trends for PET imaging with a large amount of tracers. While 18F-FDG still remains the miliar stone across PET tracer, new emerging fields of application of PET imaging are consolidated by using disease specific tracers in specific clinical settings.Each chapter is focused on a single tracer or on a group of similar tracers. The basis and structure of the chapters is the same throughout the book: essential information on synthesis and in vivo distribution of a tracer, clinical cases, eloquently showing clinical indications and usefulness, future trends, scientific literature. Featuring over 30 radiopharmaceuticals and 240 clinical cases, the 3rd edition has been enriched with additional chapters on the clinical indications and/or common pitfalls for 18F-fluciclovine PET/CT in prostate cancer imaging and for 18F-MISO in PET tumor hypoxia imaging, as well as applications and future directions for 18F-FES and other PET radiopharmaceuticals.All other chapters of the previous edition have been revised and updated, in particular those chapters covering 18F-DOPA, radiolabeled choline, and 18F-NAF, due to emerging clinical applications for these tracers, 18F-choline for imaging of parathyroid adenoma and 18F-DOPA for restaging of medullary thyroid cancer. The book will be an invaluable guide for professionals and residents in nuclear medicine, radiology, oncology.

Gastrointestinal cancers are among the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, with high rate of global cancer incidence and cancer-related death. Gastrointestinal cancers include esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and liver cancer, which all, except the last one, are covered in this volume. The fourth volume of the “Interdisciplinary Cancer Research” series, entitled “Gastrointestinal Cancers: An Interdisciplinary Approach” publishes comprehensive volumes on mechanisms of gastrointestinal cancers and novel immunotherapy opportunities and presents the most updated and peer-reviewed chapters on gastrointestinal cancers therapy. This interdisciplinary series is of special value to researchers working on cell biology, immunology, biochemistry, genetics, and practitioners working on oncology and gastroenterology. This is the main concept of Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), which is a part of Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). This interdisciplinary book will be of special value for researchers, oncologists, and gastroenterologists who wish to extend their knowledge on gastrointestinal cancers.

In the vast landscape of medical literature, we now have a groundbreaking book that unveils the intricate details of our body's inner workings. In Vivo Microscopy takes readers on a captivating journey through the microscopic realms of organs and systems, offering unprecedented insights into the new technologies that allow the visualization of tissues at a cellular level.Authored by leading experts in the field, this comprehensive guide delves into the cellular mechanisms of various organs, shedding light on the microscopic events underpinning the full spectrum of disease processes, especially inflammatory conditions and cancer. In vivo microscopy allows the visualization of living tissues in real-time. This allows us to explore the dynamic interaction of cells and their microenvironment, providing a profound understanding of the manifestations of each of these conditions.In Vivo Microscopy not only educates but also inspires. Its rich visuals, coupled with compelling narratives, make it an enthralling read for anyone with an interest in the microanatomy of the human body and the novel technologies the book details. It also serves as a valuable resource for healthcare professionals seeking to deepen their understanding of the pathologic basis of disease, as well as for researchers aiming to uncover novel therapeutic targets.As we continue to unravel the complexities of our body, this book serves as a guiding light, encouraging us to investigate the microscopic universe within and paving the way for advancements in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.

Much research has focused on the basic cellular and molecular biological aspects of stem cells. Much of this research has been fueled by their potential for use in regenerative medicine applications, which has in turn spurred growing numbers of translational and clinical studies. However, more work is needed if the potential is to be realized for improvement of the lives and well-being of patients with numerous diseases and conditions.This book series'Cell Biology and Translational Medicine (CBTMED)'as part of Springer Nature's longstanding and very successful Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology book series, has the goal to accelerate advances by timely information exchange. Emerging areas of regenerative medicine and translational aspects of stem cells are covered in each volume. Outstanding researchers are recruited to highlight developments and remaining challenges in both the basic research and clinical arenas. This current book is the 21stvolume of a continuing series.

This volume explores in detail the molecular biology, genetics and immunology of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori that causes serious gastric diseases such as gastric cancer. The book provides in-depth insights into the mechanisms of H. pylori-induced pathogenicity, gives an overview of how the bacterium colonizes the human gut, how it manages to persist in the body and which factors play a role in the development of H. pylori-induced gastric cancer. Furthermore, the interaction between the Gram-negative bacterium and the human gut microbiome is explored, and clinical management and treatment strategies to combat gastric cancer are discussed.Helicobacter pylori is an extremely successful pathogen that persistently colonizes the gut of about 50% of the world's population. H. pylori and its human host share a long co-evolutionary relationship that dates back for at least last 100,000 years and possibly longer. Infection by thisbacterium is a high-risk factor for the development of gastric diseases, including gastric cancer. Gastric cancer is associated with high morbidity and mortality and represents the 5th most common malignant tumour and the 4th leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. H. pylori is the first bacterium that has been classified as a type-I carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Recent research progress identified crucial bacterial, host and environmental factors which control H. pylori-induced gastric malignancy. New studies also suggest that specific human germline mutations and other genetic aberrations have an important impact on H. pylori-induced pathology. In this volume, all these recently discovered mechanisms are reviewed in the light of gastric cancer development, and H. pylori epidemiology, virulence factors, immune evasion, pathophysiology, cancer signalling and novel therapeutic protocols are presented. This volume is aimed at researchers in the fields of immunology, genetics, microbiology and medicine who are interested in the detailed mechanisms of the pathogenicity of this carcinogenic stomach bacterium.

This book covers foundational topics in the emerging field of radiopharmaceutical therapy. It is divided into three sections: fundamentals, deeper dives, and special topics. In the first section, the authors examine the field from a bird's-eye view, covering topics including the history of radiopharmaceutical therapy, the radiobiology of radiopharmaceutical therapy, and the radiopharmaceutical chemistry of both metallic and non-metallic radionuclides. The second section provides a more in-depth look at specific radiotherapeutics. Chapters include broader discussions of the different platforms for radiopharmaceutical therapy as well as more focused case studies covering individual radiotherapeutics. The third and final section explores a number of areas for further study, including medical physics, artificial intelligence, in vivo pretargeting, theranostic imaging, and the regulatory review process for radiotherapeutics.This book is the first of its kind andis useful for a broad audience of scientists, researchers, physicians, and students across a range of fields, including biochemistry, cancer biology, nuclear medicine, radiology, and radiation oncology.

There have been many advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, but it is still a feared disease with a lot of work left to be done. The importance of gastrointestinal cancer as a frequently occurring disease goes without saying. It accounts for half of human cancer cases but differs from other forms of cancer. Complete prevention is possible through proper treatment of precancerous lesions. There is still no comprehensive book about prevention, early diagnosis, and proper treatment of precancerous lesions and new developed diagnostic modality, and treatment such as endoscopic treatment and minimal invasive surgery and chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Also, this book will contain conservative treatment methods for patients suffering from diverse complications. There will be plentiful clinical cases including endoscopic findings, radiologic images, pathology and treatment outcome in this book. For these reasons, this book will give very valuable information to many gastroenterologists, oncologists, surgeons and general physicians.

This book highlights the use of artificial intelligence (AI), big data and precision oncology for medical decision making in cancer screening, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Precision oncology has long been thought of as ideal for the management and treatment of cancer. This strategy promises to revolutionize the treatment, control, and prevention of cancer by tailoring tests, treatments and predictions to specific individuals or population groups. In order to accomplish these goals, vast amounts of patient or population group specific data needs to be integrated and analysed to be able to identify key patterns or features which can be used to define or characterize the disease or the response to the disease in these individuals. These patterns or features can be as varied as molecular patterns or features in medical images. This level of data analysis and integration can only be achieved through the use of AI. The book is divided into three parts starting with a section on the use of artificial intelligence for screening, diagnosis and monitoring in precision oncology. The second part: Artificial intelligence and Omics in precision oncology, highlights the use of AI and epigenetics, metabolomics, microbiomics in precision oncology. The third part covers artificial intelligence in cancer therapy and its clinical applications. It also highlights the use of AI tools for risk prediction, early detection, diagnosis and accurate prognosis. This book, written by experts in the field from academia and industry, will appeal to cancer researchers, clinical oncologists, pathologists, medical students, academic teaching staff and medical residents interested in cancer research as well as those specialising as clinical oncologists.

This book serves as a hands-on reference for practitioners specializing in oncology, general physicians, medical students and residents engaged at the point of care or'battleground.'The book contains 64 chapters divided into 14 sections, each focusing on individual diseases that are frequently or occasionally encountered in the geographic locations observed (Central and South America, along with the Caribbean). The role of multidisciplinary care is concisely yet thoroughly discussed, including the role of diagnostic physicians (such as pathologists and radiologists), as well as treating physicians including medical, surgical, and radiation oncologists. Attention guidelines for specific cancer entities are likewise developed, including the assessment of oncology care priorities in the context of specific diseases when resources may be scarce. Among many important changes, this third edition includes a brand-new section (Section XIV) proposing training procedures targeted to various roles involved in patient care. There are dedicated chapters for main physician specialties involved in cancer treatment (oncologist, radiologist, surgeon, etc.), presenting an integral starting point to steer and support newly-minted professionals and seasoned physicians alike. This new edition also includes major updates in other areas, and some passages have been revised and reorganized for better comprehension.

The present work corresponds to a compilation of independent contributions in the fields of endocrinology, immunity, cancer, neurobiology, and myology. Revision of current advances as well as novel findings in the form of original articles are presented in a balanced fashion. The book has been divided into three sections in line with the main subject: Molecular pathology of immune, inflammatory, and hemostatic disorders; Molecular pathology of endocrine and muscular disorders; and Molecular pathology of cancer: determinants and potential therapies. In the first section, contributing authors take the reader through the molecular pathology of immune responses, inflammation, and hemostasis, by collating an update on systemic autoimmune diseases, the therapeutic potential of statins in hemostasis, the effects of adrenergic stimulation on coagulation, the emerging field of physical burnout due to the mobility restrictions in response to the 2020 SARS-CoV-2 pandemic imposed worldwide, and the success of community-oriented muscular kinesic rehabilitation. The second section presents engaging results from a survey of iodine intake through the diet of pregnant females, an appraisal of the neuroprotective effect of dexmedetomidine, novel evidence on muscle physiopathology, describing the upregulation of CCL5/RANTES during cholestatic liver disease, the fibrotic response emerging in response to cholic and deoxycholic acids, and the altering effects of bile acids in autophagy and mitogenesis. In the third section, a comprehensive revision of cancer literature is offered with an emphasis on melanoma, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, microRNA-based diagnostic approaches, and new avenues for cancer immunotherapy. Altogether, these individual contributions offer a comprehensive and up-to-date outlook of the current state in the field of molecular pathology.Chapter 14 is available open access under a CreativeCommons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Designed for quick, everyday reference, Handbook of Targeted Cancer Therapy and Immunotherapy, 3rd Edition, includes clinical trial results of more than 250 state-of-the-art targeted therapy and immunotherapy agents, providing a practical, intuitive, colorful overview of this rapidly advancing field. Comprehensive yet concise, this easy-access resource by Drs. Daniel D. Karp, Gerald S. Falchook, and JoAnn D. Lim, helps you navigate through the newest research reports and apply the most recent discoveries as they pertain to specific tumor types, actionable molecular targets, and clinical performance of investigational targeted agents and combinations of agents. This handbook presents information distilled by dozens of translational research clinicians and other healthcare experts with hundreds of years of cumulative experience in the revolutionary area of genomically based precision oncology.

This book comprehensively reviews the role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in cancer initiation, progression, and resistance to anticancer therapies. The initial chapters examine the methods and procedure of the detection, isolation, and characterization of CSCs. It also introduces various epigenetic pathways that contribute to cancer initiation and tumorigenesis, particularly regarding the maintenance and survival of CSCs. It also explores the role of CSCs metabolism and the mechanisms of metabolic plasticity of CSCs in cancer biology. Further, it also presents the implications of CSCs on the origin of tumor heterogeneity and on heterogeneity of the therapeutic response. Towards the end, this book highlights the different immunotherapeutic approaches targeting CSCs with the potential of strongly improving cancer outcomes. This book offers a broad framework to scientists and clinicians into the state-of-the-art knowledge on cancer stem cell biology and highlights their therapeutic implications. ​

This book sheds light on how dysregulated organelle functions contribute to the pathology and progression of human diseases. To offer a broad perspective, they discuss basic, translational, and clinical aspects across scales, from molecules to cells, tissues and organisms. Rather than providing a comprehensive introduction to the field, the authors focus on recent advances in organelle research, with each chapter inviting readers to consider today's key questions in the respective field.This book reviews the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi Appartus, Lysosomes and other membrane-enclosed organelles, demonstrating how their dysregulated function contributes to various pathologies. The chapters not only offer a platform for new perspectives but also stimulate further investigations. Given the translational nature of this subject, this book is a valuable resource for physiologists and clinicians alike.Chapter'Lipid Droplets in Cancer'is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This book provides an overview of the available evidence surrounding immunotherapy in gastrointestinal cancers, and discusses its future place in clinical practice.Immunotherapy has celebrated some astonishing therapeutic successes in a variety of cancer types and is becoming increasingly relevant in daily clinical practice. Currently, the predominant class of immunotherapeutic drugs is the so-called checkpoint inhibitors, which disengage the physiological brakes on the immune system, enabling a more effective anti-cancer immune response. Malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract, which account for the majority of cancer cases worldwide, are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, creating an urgent need for more effective therapies. A large number of clinical trials have evaluated the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy in gastrointestinal malignancies and demonstrated its potential in certain subsets of patients. This book will appeal to a wide readership, including oncologists, health care professionals in general and biomedical scientists.

This book reviews the central role of hypoxia in cancer initiation and progression. It discusses the mechanisms of hypoxia in chemoresistance, radioresistance, angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, metastasis, metabolic, and genomic instability. It also explores the potential of hypoxia in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The book provides an overview of hypoxia imaging, its biological relevance, and mechanism of action. It helps in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the regulation of senescence by hypoxia. It explores the contribution of hypoxia to immune resistance and immune suppression/tolerance and determines the hypoxia-responsive long non-coding RNAs in regulating hypoxic gene expression at chromatin, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels. Further, it presents the functional link between hypoxia and miRNA expressions and hypoxia-regulated miRNAs in cancer cell survival in a low oxygen environment. Lastly, it discusses the applications of tumor-on-a-chip technology for the understanding of hypoxia-tumor microenvironment. This book is a valuable source for oncologists and scientists working to understand the role of hypoxia in cancer and therapeutic approaches.

This book, now published in its second edition, covers a wide range of topics relating to the use of radiopharmaceuticals. The basics of nuclear chemistry, radiochemistry, and radiopharmacology are considered in detail, regulatory issues are reviewed, and potential applications in drug development, translational medicine, clinical diagnostics, and targeted therapy are discussed. Compared with the first edition, the chapters on targeted therapy with alpha- and beta-emitting radiopharmaceuticals and theranostics are completely new. Other chapters have been updated and revised as necessary. Radioisotope-based molecular imaging probes (radiopharmaceuticals) provide unprecedented insights into biochemistry and function in both normal and diseased states of living systems, with unbiased in vivo measurements of regional radiotracer activities offering very high specificity and sensitivity. No other molecular imaging technology, including functional magnetic resonance imaging, can provide such high sensitivity and specificity at a tracer level. This book, written by an experienced radiochemist and scientist, offers valuable insights into the full range of applications of this technology.

This is an interdisciplinary book that presents the applications of novel laser spectroscopy and imaging techniques for the detection of cancers recently developed by some of the world's most renown researchers. The book consists of three parts and a total of 16 chapters. Each chapter is written by leading experts who are actively seeking to develop novel spectroscopic and analytical methods for cancer detection and diagnosis.In Part I, the authors present fundamentals on optics, atoms and molecules, biophysics, cancer and machine learning. These chapters are intended for those who are not experts in the field but wish to learn about fundamentals'aspects of some of the key topics that are addressed in this book. Particular attention has been given to providing key references for those who wish to go further into the fundamental aspects of atoms and molecules, light-matter interaction, optical instrumentation, machine learning and cancer.In Part II, the authors present key applications of various laser spectroscopic methods in cancer diagnosis. They have provided recent progress in cancer diagnostics obtained by combining laser spectroscopy and machine learning for the analysis of the spectra acquired from biomedical tissues and biofluids.In Part III, the authors present chapters that discuss key developments in the applications of various laser imaging techniques for cancer detection.This is one of the few books that addresses cancer detection and diagnosis using laser spectroscopic and imaging tools with an eye on providing the reader the scientific tools, including machine learning ones.

This book provides a practical, evidence-based approach to controversies in the management of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Thyroid nodules are a commonly encountered clinical entity, identified in 2-6% of the population by palpation, and 20-35% by ultrasound. DTC is the solid organ cancer with the most rapidly increasing incidence (>50,000 new cases in the U.S. annually). Despite extensive research and multiple published comprehensive practice guidelines, numerous controversies remain within this field covering a wide range of issues, including incidence and epidemiology, radiographic evaluation, criteria for needle biopsy, cytopathologic and molecular diagnostics, active surveillance vs. operation for low-risk tumors, extent of surgery, indications for radioactive iodine treatment and external beam radiation, and optimal protocols for follow-up. The book takes a case-based approach: each chapter will begin with a patient presentationhighlighting a particular controversial subject in thyroid nodules and DTC. The remainder of the chapter discusses the controversy within the context of current scientific understanding and clinical practice, using the latest evidence-based practice guidelines. Chapters conclude with a final review and discussion of the opening case, with options and recommendations for next steps provided. The recommendations are evidence-based and practical, intended to help guide practitioners in their ongoing care of patients with thyroid nodules and DTC. Each chapter was written by a recognized expert in the area of controversy, including endocrine surgeons, endocrinologists, radiologists, medical oncologists, and nuclear medicine specialists. Controversies in Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Case-Based Approach is an excellent guide for oncologists, endocrinologists, otorhinolaryngologists, surgeons, and practitioners of all types that care for patients with thyroid nodules and DTC.

Genetic polymorphisms are important determinants of phenotypic variations and may modulate the risk to or even cause various diseases including genetic disorders and multifactorial diseases. Genetic polymorphisms also serve as important genetic, population and evolutionary markers that allow the study of genetic and evolutionary aspects of individuals, populations and organisms and aid in tracing the evolutionary and parental lineages. Genetic polymorphisms in low penetrance genes are responsible for the alterations in the gene expression of critical signal transduction proteins and metabolic enzymes. Some of these polymorphisms are linked to increased susceptibility to various diseases especially cancers, cardiovascular diseases, immune disorders, neurological pathologies. This book collates the reviews on the roles played by polymorphisms in critical metabolic, signal transduction, cell cycle or DNA repair genes either directly or indirectly in the disease mechanisms. The focus is on various techniques for identifying the various Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). Polymorphism studies document the affect SNPs, and their expressions have upon the functionality of the enzymes, proteins. Key Features Describes the genetic polymorphism and its various types Discusses the role of genetic polymorphisms in modulating the risk of various human diseases Explores various molecular techniques used for detecting GPs Characterizes the role of SNPs in modulating the susceptibility of human diseases Provides a genetic basis for individual variations in response to therapeutics

Krebs ist besser behandelbar geworden, als die meisten Menschen vermuten. Schon heute können 2 von 3 Patienten mit Krebs dauerhaft geheilt werden. Das Sachbuch vermittelt in kompakter und gut verständlicher Form das derzeitige Wissen über Krebs. Die Ursachen und die Entstehung der Krebserkrankung werden erklärt und die modernen, personalisierten Strategien zur Vorbeugung und Therapie vorgestellt.Die 2. Auflage wurde auf den aktuellen Stand gebracht und informiert über die neuesten Therapien. Direkt umsetzbare Ratschläge zeigen, wie man sich effektiv vor Krebs schützen kann. Zehn praxisnahe, konkrete Empfehlungen aus der langjährigen Erfahrung des Autors geben dem von einer Krebserkrankung Betroffenen Rat und Orientierung.

The book offers a comprehensive overview of all parathyroid gland disorders both, benign and malignant. It emphases established concepts, presents the ongoing controversies, challenges and debates on diagnosis and treatment of different parathyroid gland disorders, with a view of clarifying some uncertainties, making suggestions to resolve others, and establishing strategies to reach therapeutic success.In addition to general information on parathyroid gland embryology, surgical anatomy, histology and physiology, the chapters explore hyperparathyroidism, osteitis fibrosa cystica, hypoparathyroidism, hungry bone syndrome, the importance of calcium in the human body and differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia. The last chapters investigate post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia, thyroid cancer, recent intra-operative localizing tools, and illustrate new techniques of parathyroidectomy, as well as parathyroid transplantation. The book will be an invaluable and indispensable source of knowledge and reference for all specialists and trainees entrusted with the care of patients suffering from parathyroid disease.

The Evolution of Radionanotargeting towards Clinical Precision Oncology is a remarkable book honoring Professor Kalevi Kairemo, who is known among academic and medical circles as a pioneer in novel radiolabeled therapeutics. This festschrift provides an overview of key advances in the field of radionanotargeting, and the directions for future development in patient care. Prof Kairemo s research is based on multiomics, which involves multiple elements: genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, epigenomics, exposome, imaging, and precision medicine, which is reflected by the unique collection of articles presented. The articles start from the angle of radionanotargeting and theragnostics leading to imaging and therapy, which includes sections for thyroid cancer, head and neck cancer, genitourinary cancers and neuroendocrine neoplasms. Theragnostics, nanoparticles and precision oncology have also been covered in their own segments, while also giving a glimpse of research in metabolic imaging, cardiovascular radionuclide imaging, and bone therapies. The sequence of chapters demonstrates how, through Professor Kairemo s efforts, radionanotargeting has evolved to a practice changing therapeutic approach in the clinic, particularly in oncology. Finally, Professor Kairemo s own memoir, Seven decades in health care and memoirs from colleagues including a personal introduction to him with a photographic cavalcade reveals the world of a multitasking person with a multidisciplinary approach to science, that ushered his development of significant expertise across the fields of chemistry, biology, engineering, physics and clinical medicine. This book is excellent for medical historians, trainees and specialists in clinical and radiological oncology in expanding their understanding of the role of radionuclide imaging over the years, making it an ideal tribute that belongs in the library of anyone involved in the field.

This book aims to examine all immunohistochemical and molecular pathological biomarkers that can be useful and effective in patient diagnosis, prognosis and treatment decision, especially when faced with a carcinoma of unknown primary. For this purpose, epithelial malignancies of all systems and related biomarkers are examined one by one, and to look at the subject through the metastatic regions window, biomarkers that can be used to determine the primary focus for carcinomas seen in the areas most frequently metastasized are emphasized. With this bi-directional perspective, the reader is able to find biomarkers of any type of carcinoma on a system basis, as well as access to which biomarkers can be used when faced with a metastatic carcinoma. The importance of biomarkers in patient follow-up and treatment is also conveyed through the clinician's eye, and so biomarkers are handled with a holistic approach in all aspects. This book primarily targets pathologists, as well as clinicians (oncologists and surgeons) who manage cancer patients.

This book discusses the novel metabolic cross-talk between immune and tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment that promotes their growth and progression. It also describes deregulated metabolism in cancer cells that promotes suppressive and cancer cell-favourable microenvironment. Further, the book provides novel insights on the metabolic changes in immune cells that promote tumor cell growth and survival. In turn, it also reviews the involvement of immuno-onco metabolic cross-talk in the development of resistance to chemo-radiation therapy (CRT) in tumor cells. Lastly, it also explores the potential of immuno-oncology metabolism as a therapeutic approach against tumor cells.

This volume includes seven chapters that present some of the latest advancements in cancer research. Chapter One studies the correlation between smoking and cancer using the sequenced human genome. Chapter Two discusses glucose-regulated protein 78-mediated regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, the apoptotic and autophagic signaling pathways, and how it can be used as a therapeutic against cancer. Chapter Three discusses new approaches in the treatment of hodgkin lymphoma. Chapter Four includes a review of the etiology, diagnosis and therapeutic management of rare pancreatic tumors. Chapter Five introduces recent progress on the mechanism of action and predictive biomarkers of mitomycin C using a genome-scale CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screening approach. Chapter Six discusses ultrasonography, endometrial sampling, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography in the context of endometrial cancers. Finally, Chapter Seven discusses treatment options for papillary thyroid carcinoma.

This book introduces the most important and best studied extracellular and pericellular molecules of the tumor microenvironment. It gives a comprehensive overview of their role in tumor development and cancer progression.Twelve chapters deal with the biochemical and biophysical background of extracellular matrix (ECM) changes in the tumor stroma compared to the physiological state. The reader learns about the major ECM components that are deregulated during cancer development and how they are associated with cancer progression associated with survival, inflammation process, among others. These are followed by recent data about the cooperative activity of extracellular matrix in tumor metabolism, promoting cancer progression.Two chapters focus specifically on the critical role of the ECM in tumor angiogenesis, linking this process to cellular infiltration and metastatic behavior of tumors. The final part describes how the ECM influences the success of immuno- and chemotherapy in cancer patients, its potential as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic target, as well as the mechanism of resistance-associated changes in the ECM. This book is an interesting read for anyone who want to know more about ECM and cancer biology. Early career scientists can use it as an introduction to the field, offering an excellent tool for studying ECM. Advanced researchers and clinicians can gain a broader overview of the subject, considering the role of ECM for influencing every cancer hallmark as well as in the response of cancer treatments. The work serves to inspire future research and shows that the ECM should be considered as an important factor in the development of cancer therapeutics. The series'Biology of Extracellular Matrix'is published in collaboration with the American Society for Matrix Biology and the International Society for Matrix Biology.

Now, it its second edition, this book summarizes the role of immune cells in tumor suppression and progression. It describes in detail why tumor cells can survive and spread in spite of the antitumor response of immune cells. Since immunotherapy is an attractive approach to cancer therapy, this book also provides information on the two main strategies: monoclonal antibodies and adaptive T cell immunotherapy, with a focus on recent human clinical trials. A newly added chapter also focuses on the role of Natural Killer cells in tumor progression. The book provides a state-of-the-art, comprehensive overview of immune cells in cancer and is an indispensable resource for researchers and practitioners working or lecturing in the field of cancer research and immunology.

This book provides an update on the latest development in the field of microRNAs in cancer research with an emphasis on translational research. Since the early 2000s, microRNAs have been recognized as important and ubiquitous regulators of gene expression. Soon it became evident that their deregulation can cause human diseases including cancer. This book focuses on the emerging opportunities for the application of microRNA research in clinical practice. In this context, computer models are presented that can help to identify novel biomarkers, e.g. in circulating microRNAs, and tools that can help to design microRNA-based therapeutic interventions. Other chapters evaluate the role of microRNAs in immunotherapy, immune responses and drug resistance. Covering key topics on microRNAs in cancer research this book is a valuable resource for both emerging and established microRNA researchers who want to explore the potential of microRNAs as therapeutic targets or co-adjuvants in cancer therapies.

This book serves as a hands-on reference for practitioners specializing in oncology, general physicians, medical students and residents engaged at the point of care or'battleground.'The book also bridges the critical gap in clinical knowledge over key elements of multidisciplinary cancer care, focusing on malignant diseases of prevalence in Central and South America as well as the Caribbean, a vast and diverse catchment area in which cancer is emerging as a major health challenge on an individual and population-wide basis. The book contains 55 chapters divided into 13 sections, each focusing on individual diseases that are frequently or occasionally encountered in the geographic locations observed. The role of multidisciplinary care is concisely yet thoroughly discussed, including the role of diagnostic physicians (such as pathologists and radiologists), as well as treating physicians including medical, surgical, and radiation oncologists. Attention guidelines for specific cancer entities are likewise developed, including the assessment of oncology care priorities in the context of specific diseases when resources may be scarce.

This book serves as a hands-on reference for practitioners specializing in oncology, general physicians, medical students and residents engaged at the point of care or'battleground.'This new edition has been prepared specifically to include important observations and propose attention protocols for cancer patients within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as general updates to the previously released chapters. The book contains 58 chapters divided into 13 sections, each focusing on individual diseases that are frequently or occasionally encountered in the geographic locations observed (Central and South America, along with the Caribbean). The role of multidisciplinary care is concisely yet thoroughly discussed, including the role of diagnostic physicians (such as pathologists and radiologists), as well as treating physicians including medical, surgical, and radiation oncologists. Attention guidelines for specific cancer entities are likewise developed, including the assessment of oncology care priorities in the context of specific diseases when resources may be scarce.

This book encapsulates recent applications of CI methods in the field of computational oncology, especially cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and its optimized therapeutics. The cancer has been known as a heterogeneous disease categorized in several different subtypes. According to WHO's recent report, cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for over 10 million deaths in the year 2020. Therefore, its early diagnosis, prognosis, and classification to a subtype have become necessary as it facilitates the subsequent clinical management and therapeutics plan. Computational intelligence (CI) methods, including artificial neural networks (ANNs), fuzzy logic, evolutionary computations, various machine learning and deep learning, and nature-inspired algorithms, have been widely utilized in various aspects of oncology research, viz. diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutics, and optimized clinical management. Appreciable progress has been made toward the understanding the hallmarks of cancer development, progression, and its effective therapeutics. However, notwithstanding the extrinsic and intrinsic factors which lead to drastic increment in incidence cases, the detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics remain an apex challenge for the medical fraternity. With the advent in CI-based approaches, including nature-inspired techniques, and availability of clinical data from various high-throughput experiments, medical consultants, researchers, and oncologists have seen a hope to devise and employ CI in various aspects of oncology. The main aim of the book is to occupy state-of-the-art applications of CI methods which have been derived from core computer sciences to back medical oncology. This edited book covers artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic and fuzzy inference systems, evolutionary algorithms, various nature-inspired algorithms, and hybrid intelligent systems which are widely appreciated for the diagnosis, prognosis, and optimization of therapeutics of various cancers. Besides, this book also covers multi-omics exploration, gene expression analysis, gene signature identification of cancers, genomic characterization of tumors, anti-cancer drug design and discovery, drug response prediction by means of CI, and applications of IoT, IoMT, and blockchain technology in cancer research.

This book presents in a consistent format data on ~50 PET radiopharmaceuticals in clinical use. Parameters include basic chemical data, normal biodistribution and excretion, activity administered, radiation dosimetry, patient preparation, and clinical utility, together with a few key references. In some cases a representative image is presented. The organisation is first by clinical specialty (oncology, cardiology, neurology) and within each section by radionuclide (F-18, C-11, etc). This book will be of interest mostly to nuclear medicine physicians and trainees, but also to a wider medical community including radiologists, oncologists and radiotherapists.

This book illustrates the basics and underlying molecular machinery of cancer cells and biochemical assays that detect the type and stage of cancer through cell signaling biomarkers. It starts with a brief introduction to cancer biomarkers and addresses technologies for identifying and validating cancer biomarkers, biomarkers for cancer drug development, prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers, and microbiome as cancer biomarkers. It reviews predictive biomarkers for anticancer drugs, biomarkers in cancer survival and drug resistance, biomarkers in tumor recurrence and metastasis, the role of the biomarker in immunotherapy and personalized medicine, and the development of a novel cancer biomarker. Finally, this book also underpins the role of nanotechnology in the use and detection of cancer biomarkers for enhanced sensitivity and specificity. Lastly, it discusses the challenges with biomarkers in cancer drug discovery and development. This volume is an indispensable tool for researchers working in the field of cancer and also for clinical oncologists.

Nutritional Oncology: Nutrition in Cancer Prevention, Treatment, and Survivorship presents evidence-based approaches to the study and application of nutrition in all phases of cancer including prevention, treatment, and survivorship.There is a long history of interest in the role of nutrition in cancer but only in the last 50 years has this interdisciplinary field developed scientific evidence from a combination of population studies, basic research, and clinical studies. Precision oncology, targeted therapies and immunonutrition have led to advances in cancer treatment and prevention. Highlighting insights from Precision Oncology and Precision Nutrition to improve cancer prevention, treatment and survival is the core mission of this book. The editors have over 40 years of clinical and research experience integrating science with practical advice based on available evidence for healthcare professionals while highlighting research vistas for the scientific community.Features: Comprehensive treatment of all aspects of nutrition and cancer, including prevention, response to treatment, avoidance of relapse and promotion of quality of life for cancer survivors. Examines alternative medicines and botanical dietary supplements and identifies hypotheses for future research based on science. This book is written for doctors, dietitians, and other health care professional advising cancer patients, cancer survivors and the general public.

This textbook includes 70 chapters contributed by an exceptional group of experts in all areas of hepato-pancreato-biliary diseases, bringing a multi-disciplinary approach to treatments. The book is designed to cover all aspects of the liver and pancreatic anatomy and pathology, as well as therapy. The topics are comprehensively reviewed, and as well as summarizing the previous works, the authors provide discussions of practice-changing techniques and approaches to therapy of HBP cancers. Treating the diseases in hepato-pancreato-biliary regions is particularly difficult due to the complex anatomy, aggressive biological behavior, and poor prognosis. Therefore, ample illustrations are included to tackle these challenges.The IASGO Textbook of Multi-Disciplinary Management of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases aims to update the academic and non-academic medical professionals, such as surgeons, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, gastroenterologists, interventional radiologists, radiologists, basic scientists. In collaboration with the International Association of Surgeons, Gastroenterologists and Oncologists (IASGO), delivers a valuable and well-organized textbook for medical professionals.

This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of current endoscopic ultrasound use in all aspects of pancreatology, from diagnosis to therapy, i.e., from tissue acquisition, with standard fine-needle aspiration and the newer biopsy needles, to less invasive techniques such as contrast-enhanced ultrasound and elastography. It also covers novel therapeutic strategies, with a particular focus on ablative treatments and lumen-apposing stents, and describes techniques developed by the editors, in particular combined celiac plexus neurolysis with pancreatic tumor ethanol ablation and elastography-guided fine-needle aspiration. All topics are developed by pursuing an evidence-based approach and several recent meta-analyses, the majority of which were published by the authors. Due to several recent advances in the field, endoscopic ultrasound has taken on a pivotal role in the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of pancreatic lesions; as such, the present volume offers an invaluable tool for staying abreast of the state-of-the-art in this field.

The field of transplant medicine has evolved significantly since the first kidney transplant was performed in 1954. Innovations in transplant immunosuppression have lowered the risk of organ rejection so that infectious complications are now the leading cause of hospitalization and mortality after solid organ transplant. Infection is also cited as the leading cause of non-relapse mortality after stem cell transplantation. As transplant centers have recognized the importance of transplant specific expertise in patient outcomes, the field of transplant infectious diseases has expanded into a recognized and highly valued subspecialty. International growth in solid organ and stem cell transplantation has outpaced access to such expertise, with some centers employing microbiology laboratory directors and transplant nephrologists as their lead infectious diseases consultants. This has been a particular challenge as the use of novel immunosuppressive regimens in new geographic and immigrant populations have fueled the emergence of new infection syndromes, with the initial presentation sometimes occurring in this most vulnerable patient population. This digital-first book is designed to meet the needs of practitioners engaged in transplant infectious disease practice who need more depth than they are able to find in UpToDate. It provides an overview of emerging infectious disease challenges with clinically relevant information regarding the epidemiology, diagnosis, management, and prevention of infections in solid organ and stem cell transplant recipients. Each chapter focuses on a clinical syndrome or pathogen with new or emerging implications for transplant patients. Given the rapidly evolving nature of emerging infections and topics in transplant infections, no resource has been published on these increasingly notorious issues; this this text is written by top, global experts who regularly update the material to ensure that readers will always have access to the most cutting edge material available. The editorial team consists of three experienced leaders in the field, all of whom have a strong record of scholarship and publication, as well as an international reputation. All three have focused their academic careers on emerging infectious diseases in transplantation, including a current and a past president of various infectious diseases and transplantation societies. The editors are also experienced reviewers and authors who have collaborated on multiple previous projects. All are committed to this project as a unique opportunity to make an important contribution to their field.

This book is the first to focus on the range of innovations that have been critical to the emergence of modern endocrine surgery. It provides a state-of-the art review of these developments, providing surgeons a single resource to better understand them. The text is broken into five parts. The first two parts cover the diagnosis and preoperative work-up of thyroid disease and parathyroid disease. Part three and four cover surgical adjuncts and surgical techniques. Finally, part five covers post-operative management and reviews developments that have allowed for ambulatory management to become a standard aspect of endocrine surgery. The book is written by experts that have been the primary proponents of the individual innovations. Chapters discuss the challenges and issues that the innovation address, its current state or use, and potential short- and long-term future directions/advances. Equipped with the knowledge provided by this text, surgeons can assess their own practiceand choose to integrate innovations that may improve their patients'outcomes. Innovations in Modern Endocrine Surgery serves as a valuable resource for all physicians and trainees interested in the how and why of performing modern thyroid and parathyroid surgery. It also allows surgeons to measure the state of their current practice against the most progressive techniques and determine if opportunities exist to update their approach.

This book provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art overview of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). The text is structured to effectively present a broad yet concise overview of bile duct cancer, its relevant definitions, classification schemata, clinical management tenets, translational (including molecular and cellular) facets, and future directions. The book features numerous high-yield illustrations and is authored by an eclectic range of renowned experts in various areas of CCA, reflecting the multidisciplinary nature of the field.Filling a critical gap in the field, Diagnosis and Management of Cholangiocarcinoma: A Multidisciplinary Approach is a valuable resource for clinicians and practitioners who treat patients with bile duct cancer.

This reference comprehensively covers the clinical aspects of head and neck neoplasms while also highlighting the relationship that exists between inflammation and these cancers. This relationship is critical as it dictates the risks, assessment, treatment, and prognosis of head and neck cancer patients. The book starts with an introduction to the inflammation ecosystem in head and neck malignancy, followed by detailed discussions on the types of head and neck malignancy and their histological classification. The book then provides information about specialized topics relevant to the specialty of head and neck oncology.Key Features:- Comprehensive coverage of head and neck cancers with topic-based chapters- Introductory text explaining the basics of inflammation- Detailed information on the relationship between inflammation and head and neck neoplasms- Information about the classification of head and neck cancers- Methods for diagnosis and treatment- Special topics such as complications caused by HPV infections, chemoradiation, immune-targeted therapy, and inflammatory biomarkers- References for further readingThe combination of basic and advanced topics makes this book an informative reference for medical students and professionals at all levels. Residents specializing in otolaryngology, oncology, and surgery as well as researchers studying inflammation will also gain an understanding of the subject in relation to oncogenesis.

This book provides an overview of the latest experimental work on sex-based differences in lung function and inflammation. Readers will learn how these differences relate to individual predispositions for the development of lung disease in men and women, and in different stages of their reproductive lives. Further, the book focuses on diseases that predominantly affect women or men, with an emphasis on the physiological mechanisms underlying their pathobiology. In turn, these findings are complemented by chapters on recent studies, which investigate how circulating sex hormone levels impact the lung's innate immune response to environmental agents and air pollution. The pathogeneses of asthma and viral respiratory infection are also major focus areas. As an outlook, the book also discusses current and future research directions aimed at developing sex-specific therapies for lung disease. To examine these anatomical and physiological differences in the male and female respiratory systems, the authors employ a broad range of methods from molecular and clinical biology. Accordingly, the book will be a fascinating read for physiologists and clinicians alike.

This book focuses on lipid metabolism in tumor immunity, covering the application of lipidomics in tumor immunity and all aspects of lipid metabolism in tumor microenvironment. During the progression of tumors, tumor cells and immune cells interact in a dynamic microenvironment. Targeting the immune system has a high potential for treating cancer. However, due to the high heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment, only a small percentage of patients experience such clinical benefits of tumor immunotherapy. Therefore, understanding the tumor microenvironment is crucial for tumor immunity. Recently, lipid metabolism is an emerging research direction and contributes to cell survival and biofunctions in tumor microenvironment, which is of great interest and significance to be elucidated. This book provides the doctors, researchers, and scientists with a cutting-edge overview of the lipid metabolism and its role in tumor immunity. It also yields benefits for pharmaceutical companies regarding drug discovery.

This comprehensive book presents the latest evidence-based data on pancreatobiliary malignancies, including the epidemiology, examination, treatment and endoscopic management. It explores a range of topics, such as risk factors, detection strategies, and novel treatment approaches like precision medicine and immunotherapy.Although there have been rapid improvements in the management of these diseases, the survival period has not yet reached a satisfactory level. This book will help those doctors needing to share the latest information with the patients and their families. It provides a wealth of practical information to help surgeons, endoscopists and oncologists as well as physicians, basic researchers and professionals at medical device and pharmaceutical companies broaden their understanding of the current treatment and management strategies for pancreatobiliary malignancies.

Recent scientific advances have revolutionized cancer research and practice, creating a body of molecular biology information that is important to research scientists and clinical oncologists alike. Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology: Primer of the Molecular Biology of Cancer, 3rd Edition, keeps you up to date with all that's new in this rapidly changing field. Derived from DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg's Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology – widely regarded as the definitive clinical reference in oncology – the third edition of this popular Primer provides a single-volume, highly focused reference on every important frontier in the molecular biology of cancer.

Now in its second edition utilizing brand new clinical case material, this popular, user-friendly text presents the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer and related clinical issues, providing clinicians in endocrinology and oncology with the best real-world strategies to properly manage the various manifestations of thyroid cancer that they may encounter. Each chapter is a case report that opens with a unique clinical presentation, followed by a description of the diagnosis, assessment and therapy, as well as the case outcome, literature review, clinical pearls and pitfalls, and bibliography. All recommendations are based on evidence-based clinical practice guidelines and recent literature. Written by experts in the field, these cases illustrate treatment for both low- and high-risk differentiated thyroid cancer, including surgical approaches, radioiodine therapy, and novel chemotherapies and targeted therapies, as well as postoperative follow-up and special issues. Additional cases demonstrate the management of medullary thyroid cancer and anaplastic thyroid cancer. Topics new to the second edition include information on management of small thyroid cancers with “active surveillance” (without surgery), new chemotherapeutic approaches to advanced thyroid cancer, and new information on a lesion that is no longer considered to be thyroid cancer (Neoplastic Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Features [NIFTP]), as well as material on external beam radiotherapy and new approaches to the management of anaplastic thyroid cancer.Pragmatic and reader-friendly, this second edition of Thyroid Cancer: A Case-Based Approach will be an excellent resource for clinical endocrinologists and oncologists, endocrine fellows, residents and students alike.

Endoscopy in Early Gastrointestinal Cancers, Volume 1: Diagnosis provides detailed information of the technique of novel endoscopic diagnostic tools including magnifying endoscopy, narrow band imaging system (NBI), autofluorescence endoscopy (AFI), endocytoscopy, FICE and confocal endomicroscopy. Carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract remained a major health issue worldwide, which is, however notoriously difficult to treat. One of the major reasons for such a poor result is that these cancers are diagnosed at advanced stage. There is a recent increase in the number of gastrointestinal cancers diagnosed at early stage. This is attributed to an increasing recognition of these early stage cancers through a recent development in the technology of endoscopy. This book on the endoscopic diagnosis of early GI neoplasia, containing lots of illustrations, artwork and numerous short video clips, serves as a bridge between the recent development in endoscopy and the knowledge of gastroenterologist, endoscopist and surgeons.

This thoroughly revised and extended second edition of the book clearly explains the nature of colon polyps and their relationship to colorectal cancer in light of new developments. It discusses in detail new topics, including polyp development, risk factors and prevention measures, and also describes surgical, medical oncology and radiotherapy treatments of colon cancer. In cases of advanced colon cancer, it clearly demonstrates how to perform surgical interventions in the presence of urinary tract metastases and gynecologic organ metastases. The book also includes chapters on medical treatment and radiotherapy in distant metastases of colorectal cancer. Further, it presents resection of liver metastases and transplantation options. Carefully examining the risk factors, and the treatment of colon cancer from the early to the advanced stages, the book is invaluable not only for medical specialists and students, but also for general readers and patients.

​This book provides a trove of insightful perspectives on the current state and the realization of digital surgery. Digital surgery entails the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning toward automation in robotic-assisted surgery. More generally, the objective is to digitally define the patient, the surgical field, and the surgical problem or task at hand; to operate based on information, rather than based on anatomic planes alone. But digital surgery has shapeshifted into other, equally intriguing faces – many of which are exemplified by topics throughout this book. Digital surgery is fundamental to 3D-printed organs, mind-controlled limbs, image-guided navigation, and tele-mentoring. It is the key that unlocks the metaphorical doorway to surgical access, thereby creating a global framework for surgical training, education, planning, and much more. This text provides methods of measurement and perception outside of the human umwelt – including the ability to visualize fields beyond the visible light spectrum, via near infrared fluorescent organic dyes which are rapidly being bioengineered to target specific tumors, as well as native anatomic structures of interest. Written by experts in the field, Digital Surgery is designed to help surgeons operate with an enriched understanding of an individual's specific attributes: including the human phenome, physiome, microbiome, genome, and epigenome. It also aids surgeons in harnessing the power and fluidity of the cloud, which is emerging as a significant resource for surgeons both regionally and globally.

Molecular Targeted Radiosensitizers: Opportunities and Challenges provides the reader with a comprehensive review of key pre-clinical research components required to identify effective radiosensitizing drugs. The book features discussions on the mechanisms and markers of clinical radioresistance, pre-clinical screening of targeted radiosensitizers, 3D radiation biology for studying radiosensitizers, in vivo determinations of local tumor control, genetically engineered mouse models for studying radiosensitizers, targeting the DNA damage response for radiosensitization, targeting tumor metabolism to overcome radioresistance, radiosensitizers in the era of immuno-oncology, and more. Additionally, the book features discussions on high-throughput drug screening, predictive biomarkers, pre-clinical tumor models, and the influence of the tumor microenvironment and the immune system, with a specific focus on the challenges radiation oncologists and medical oncologists currently face in testing radiosensitizers in human cancers. Edited by two acclaimed experts in radiation biology and radiosensitizers, with thirteen chapters contributed by experts, this new volume presents an in-depth look at current developments within a rapidly moving field, with a look at where the field will be heading and providing comprehensive insight into the framework of targeted radiosensitzer development. Essential reading for investigators in cancer research and radiation biology.