Search

This volume collects papers based on lectures given at the XL Workshop on Geometric Methods in Physics, held in Białowieża, Poland in July 2023. These chapters provide readers an overview of cutting-edge research in infinite-dimensional groups, integrable systems, quantum groups, Lie algebras and their generalizations and a wide variety of other areas. Specific topics include: Yang-Baxter equation The restricted Siegel disc and restricted Grassmannian Geometric and deformation quantization Degenerate integrability Lie algebroids and groupoids Skew braces Geometric Methods in Physics XL will be a valuable resource for mathematicians and physicists interested in recent developments at the intersection of these areas.

This textbook is intended to be accessible to any second-year undergraduate in mathematics who has attended courses on basic real analysis and linear algebra. It is meant to help students to appreciate the diverse specialized mathematics courses offered at their universities. Special emphasis is on similarities between mathematical fields and ways to compare them. The organizing principle is the concept of a mathematical structure which plays an important role in all areas of mathematics. The mathematical content used to explain the structural ideas covers in particular material that is typically taught in algebra and geometry courses. The discussion of ways to compare mathematical fields also provides introductions to categories and sheaves, whose ever-increasing role in modern mathematics suggests a more prominent role in teaching. The book is the English translation of the second edition of “Mathematische Strukturen” (Springer, 2024) written in German. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content.

This textbook provides an introduction to group theory starting from the basics, relying on geometry to elucidate its various aspects. Groups naturally manifest as symmetries of geometric shapes, such as reflections and rotations. The book adopts this perspective to provide a straightforward, descriptive explanation, supported by examples and exercises in GAP, an open-source computer algebra system. It covers all of the key concepts of group theory, including homomorphisms, group operations, presentations, products of groups, and finite, abelian, and solvable groups. The topics include cyclic and symmetric groups, dihedral, orthogonal, and hyperbolic groups, as well as the significant notion of Cayley graphs. Self-contained and requiring little beyond high school mathematics, this book is aimed at undergraduate courses and features numerous exercises. It will also appeal to anyone interested in the geometric approach to group theory.

A First Course on Orthogonal Polynomials: Classical Orthogonal Polynomials and Related Topics provides an introduction to orthogonal polynomials and special functions aimed at graduate students studying these topics for the first time. A large part of its content is essentially inspired by the works of Pascal Maroni on the so-called algebraic theory of orthogonal polynomials, which distinguishes it from other contributions in the field.Features Suitable for a graduate course in orthogonal polynomials Can be used for a short course on the algebraic theory of orthogonal polynomials and its applicability to the study of the “old” classical orthogonal polynomials Includes numerous exercises for each topic Real and complex analysis are the only prerequisites

By combinatorial semigroups, we mean a general term of concepts, facts and methods which are produced in investigating of algebraic and combinatorial properties, constructions, classifications and interrelations of formal languages and automata, codes, finite and infinite words by using semigroup theory and combinatorial analysis. The main research objects in this field are the elements and subsets of the free semigroups and monoids and many combinatorial properties of these objects, which are closely related to algebraic theory of semigroups. This book first introduces some basic concepts and notations in combinatorial semigroups. Since many contents involving the constructions of (generalized) disjunctive languages and regular languages are closely related to the algebraic theory of codes, some selected topics are introduced in the following chapter, including the method of defining codes by using dependence systems, the maximality and completeness of codes, and the detailed discussion of some special kinds of codes such as convex codes, semaphore codes and solid codes. Then the remaining chapters present the main topics of the book - regular languages, disjunctive languages, and their various kinds of generalizations.This book might be useful to researchers in mathematics who are interested in combinatorial semigroups.

This textbook is designed for a one-year graduate course in real algebraic geometry, with a particular focus on positivity and sums of squares of polynomials. The first half of the book features a thorough introduction to ordered fields and real closed fields, including the Tarski–Seidenberg projection theorem and transfer principle. Classical results such as Artin's solution to Hilbert's 17th problem and Hilbert's theorems on sums of squares of polynomials are presented in detail. Other features include careful introductions to the real spectrum and to the geometry of semialgebraic sets. The second part studies Archimedean positivstellensätze in great detail and in various settings, together with important applications. The techniques and results presented here are fundamental to contemporary approaches to polynomial optimization. Important results on sums of squares on projective varieties are covered as well. The last part highlights applications to semidefinite programming and polynomial optimization, including recent research on semidefinite representation of convex sets. Written by a leading expert and based on courses taught for several years, the book assumes familiarity with the basics of commutative algebra and algebraic varieties, as can be covered in a one-semester first course. Over 350 exercises, of all levels of difficulty, are included in the book.

This book provides a complete and comprehensive classification of normal 2-coverings of non-abelian simple groups and their generalizations. While offering readers a thorough understanding of these structures, and of the groups admitting them, it delves into the properties of weak normal coverings. The focal point is the weak normal covering number of a group G, the minimum number of proper subgroups required for every element of G to have a conjugate within one of these subgroups, via an element of Aut(G). This number is shown to be at least 2 for every non-abelian simple group and the non-abelian simple groups for which this minimum value is attained are classified. The discussion then moves to almost simple groups, with some insights into their weak normal covering numbers. Applications span algebraic number theory, combinatorics, Galois theory, and beyond. Compiling existing material and synthesizing it into a cohesive framework, the book gives a complete overview of this fundamental aspect of finite group theory. It will serve as a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students working on non-abelian simple groups,

This book studies maximal solvable subgroups of classical groups over finite fields. It provides the first modern account of Camille Jordan's classical results, and extends them, giving a classification of maximal irreducible solvable subgroups of general linear groups, symplectic groups, and orthogonal groups over arbitrary finite fields. A subgroup of a group G is said to be maximal solvable if it is maximal among the solvable subgroups of G. The history of this notion goes back to Jordan's Traité (1870), in which he provided a classification of maximal solvable subgroups of symmetric groups. The main difficulty is in the primitive case, which leads to the problem of classifying maximal irreducible solvable subgroups of general linear groups over a field of prime order. One purpose of this monograph is expository: to give a proof of Jordan's classification in modern terms. More generally, the aim is to generalize these results to classical groups over arbitrary finite fields, and to provide other results of interest related to irreducible solvable matrix groups. The text will be accessible to graduate students and researchers interested in primitive permutation groups, irreducible matrix groups, and related topics in group theory and representation theory. The detailed introduction will appeal to those interested in the historical background of Jordan's work.

In the past fifteen years, the theory of right-angled Artin groups and special cube complexes has emerged as a central topic in geometric group theory. This monograph provides an account of this theory, along with other modern techniques in geometric group theory. Structured around the theme of group actions on contractible polyhedra, this book explores two prominent methods for constructing such actions: utilizing the group of deck transformations of the universal cover of a nonpositively curved polyhedron and leveraging the theory of simple complexes of groups. The book presents various approaches to obtaining cubical examples through CAT(0) cube complexes, including the polyhedral product construction, hyperbolization procedures, and the Sageev construction. Moreover, it offers a unified presentation of important non-cubical examples, such as Coxeter groups, Artin groups, and groups that act on buildings. Designed as a resource for graduate students and researchers specializing in geometric group theory, this book should also be of high interest to mathematicians in related areas, such as 3-manifolds.

This volume comprises selected contributions by the participants of the second'Functor Categories, Model Theory, Algebraic Analysis and Constructive Methods'conference, which took place at the University of Almería, Spain, in July 2022.The conference was devoted to several seemingly unrelated fields: functor categories, model theory of modules, algebraic analysis (including linear control systems), and constructive category theory, to mention just a few. The fact that these fields are actually related is a very recent realization. The connections between these disciplines are changing in real time, and the goal of this volume is to provide an initial reference point for this emerging interdisciplinary field.Besides research articles, the volume includes two extended lectures: one on constructive methods in algebraic analysis and the other on the functorial approach to algebraic systems theory. Hence, in addition to its interestfor researchers, the volume will also be an invaluable resource for newcomers.

This book is the eleventh of 15 related monographs on Cubic Systems, examines self-linear and crossing-quadratic product systems. It discusses the equilibrium and flow singularity and bifurcations, The double-inflection saddles featured in this volume are the appearing bifurcations for two connected parabola-saddles, and also for saddles and centers. The parabola saddles are for the appearing bifurcations of saddle and center. The inflection-source and sink flows are the appearing bifurcations for connected hyperbolic and hyperbolic-secant flows. Networks of higher-order equilibriums and flows are presented. For the network switching, the inflection-sink and source infinite-equilibriums exist, and parabola-source and sink infinite-equilibriums are obtained. The equilibrium networks with connected hyperbolic and hyperbolic-secant flows are discussed. The inflection-source and sink infinite-equilibriums are for the switching bifurcation of two equilibrium networks.

This book is the tenth of 15 related monographs, discusses product-cubic nonlinear systems with two crossing-linear and self-quadratic products vector fields and the dynamic behaviors and singularity are presented through the first integral manifolds. The equilibrium and flow singularity and bifurcations discussed in this volume are for the appearing and switching bifurcations. The double-saddle equilibriums described are the appearing bifurcations for saddle source and saddle-sink, and for a network of saddles, sink and source. The infinite-equilibriums for the switching bifurcations are also presented, specifically: · Inflection-saddle infinite-equilibriums, · Hyperbolic (hyperbolic-secant)-sink and source infinite-equilibriums · Up-down and down-up saddle infinite-equilibriums, · Inflection-source (sink) infinite-equilibriums.

This book explores determinantal ideals of square matrices from the perspective of commutative algebra, with a particular emphasis on linear matrices. Its content has been extensively tested in several lectures given on various occasions, typically to audiences composed of commutative algebraists, algebraic geometers, and singularity theorists.Traditionally, texts on this topic showcase determinantal rings as the main actors, emphasizing their properties as algebras. This book follows a different path, exploring the role of the ideal theory of minors in various situations—highlighting the use of Fitting ideals, for example. Topics include an introduction to the subject, explaining matrices and their ideals of minors, as well as classical and recent bounds for codimension. This is followed by examples of algebraic varieties defined by such ideals. The book also explores properties of matrices that impact their ideals of minors, such as the 1-generic property, explicitly presenting a criterion by Eisenbud. Additionally, the authors address the problem of the degeneration of generic matrices and their ideals of minors, along with applications to the dual varieties of some of the ideals.Primarily intended for graduate students and scholars in the areas of commutative algebra, algebraic geometry, and singularity theory, the book can also be used in advanced seminars and as a source of aid. It is suitable for beginner graduate students who have completed a first course in commutative algebra.

This book contains chapters on a range of topics in mathematics and mathematical physics, including semigroups, algebras, operator theory and quantum mechanics, most of them have been presented at the International Conference on Semigroup, Algebras, and Operator Theory (ICSAOT-22), held at Cochin, Kerala, India, from 28–31 March 2022. It highlights the significance of semigroup theory in different areas of mathematics and delves into various themes that demonstrate the subject's diverse nature and practical applications. One of the key features of the book is its focus on the relationship between geometric algebra and quantum mechanics. The book offers both theoretical and numerical approximation results, presenting a comprehensive overview of the subject. It covers a variety of topics, ranging from C∗-algebraic models to numerical solutions for partial differential equations. The content of the book is suitable for active researchers and graduate students who are just beginning their studies in the field. It offers insights and practical applications that would be valuable to anyone interested in the mathematical foundations of physics and related fields. Overall, this book provides an excellent resource for anyone seeking to deepen their understanding of the intersections between mathematics and physics.

This textbook provides an introduction to fundamental concepts of algebra at upper undergraduate to graduate level, covering the theory of rings, fields and modules, as well as the representation theory of finite groups.Throughout the book, the exposition relies on universal constructions, making systematic use of quotients and category theory — whose language is introduced in the first chapter. The book is divided into four parts. Parts I and II cover foundations of rings and modules, field theory and generalities on finite group representations, insisting on rings of polynomials and their ideals. Part III culminates in the structure theory of finitely generated modules over Dedekind domains and its applications to abelian groups, linear maps, and foundations of algebraic number theory. Part IV is an extensive study of linear representations of finite groups over fields of characteristic zero, including graded representations and graded characters as well as a final chapter on the Drinfeld–Lusztig double of a group algebra, appearing for the first time in a textbook at this level.Based on over twenty years of teaching various aspects of algebra, mainly at the École Normale Supérieure (Paris) and at Peking University, the book reflects the audiences of the author's courses. In particular, foundations of abstract algebra, like linear algebra and elementary group theory, are assumed of the reader. Each of the of four parts can be used for a course — with a little ad hoc complement on the language of categories. Thanks to its rich choice of topics, the book can also serve students as a reference throughout their studies, from undergraduate to advanced graduate level.

This book presents four topics related to undergraduate courses, typically not covered in standard lectures. Written in a clear and careful style, these four “pearls” aim at complementing and deepening the knowledge of students and instructors by presenting a variety of techniques and useful methods. The first chapter provides a detailed discussion of real numbers, the foundation of any mathematical construction. Chapter two of the book is dedicated to the study of sequences defined by recurrence relations. The third chapter explores certain problems in asymptotic analysis, and the final chapter of the book discusses mathematical results related to “Integration in Finite Terms”. Each chapter of the book is accompanied by its respective bibliography. The book is intended for readers with a level of maturity typically attained after completing a bachelor's degree in mathematics.

This research monograph provides a comprehensive study of a conjecture initially proposed by the second author at the 1998 International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM). This conjecture asserts the equivalence, for a Fano variety, between the semisimplicity condition of its quantum cohomology and the existence of full exceptional collections in its derived category of coherent sheaves. Additionally, in its quantitative form, the conjecture specifies an explicit relation between the monodromy data of the quantum cohomology, characteristic classes, and exceptional collections. A refined version of the conjecture is introduced, with a particular focus on the central connection matrix, and a precise link is established between this refined conjecture and Γ-conjecture II, as proposed by S. Galkin, V. Golyshev, and H. Iritani. By performing explicit calculations of the monodromy data, the validity of the refined conjecture for all complex Grassmannians G(r,k) is demonstrated. Intended for students and researchers, the book serves as an introduction to quantum cohomology and its isomonodromic approach, along with its algebraic counterpart in the derived category of coherent sheaves.

This textbook provides an undergraduate introduction to Galois theory and its most notable applications. Galois theory was born in the 19th century to study polynomial equations. Both powerful and elegant, this theory was at the origin of a substantial part of modern algebra and has since undergone considerable development. It remains an extremely active research subject and has found numerous applications beyond pure mathematics. In this book, the authors introduce Galois theory from a contemporary point of view. In particular, modern methods such as reduction modulo prime numbers and finite fields are introduced and put to use. Beyond the usual applications of ruler and compass constructions and solvability by radicals, the book also includes topics such as the transcendence of e and π, the inverse Galois problem, and infinite Galois theory. Based on courses of the authors at the École Polytechnique, the book is aimed at students with a standard undergraduate background in (mostly linear) algebra. It includes a collection of exam questions in the form of review exercises, with detailed solutions.

This book introduces the field of topology, a branch of mathematics that explores the properties of geometric space, with a focus on low-dimensional systems. The authors discuss applications in various areas of physics. The first chapters of the book cover the formal aspects of topology, including classes, homotopic groups, metric spaces, and Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian geometry. These topics are essential for understanding the theoretical concepts and notations used in the next chapters of the book. The applications encompass defects in crystalline structures, space topology, spin statistics, Braid group, Chern-Simons field theory, and 3D gravity, among others. This self-contained book provides all the necessary additional material for both physics and mathematics students. The presentation is enriched with examples and exercises, making it accessible for readers to grasp the concepts with ease. The authors adopt a pedagogical approach, posing many unsolved questions in simple situations that can serve as challenging projects for students. Suitable for a one-semester postgraduate level course, this text is ideal for teaching purposes.

This book studies dihedral groups, dicyclic groups, other finite subgroups of the 3-dimensional sphere, and the 2-fold extensions of the symmetric group on 4 letters from the point of view of decorated string diagrams of permutations. These are our metaphorical quipu. As you might expect, the book is replete with illustrations. In (almost) all cases, explicit diagrams for the elements of the group are given. The exception is the binary icosahedral group in which only the generators and relations are exhibited.

This is the first textbook on C•-algebra theory with a view toward Noncommutative Geometry. Moreover, it fills a gap in the literature, providing a clear and accessible account of the geometric picture of K-theory and its relation to the C•-algebraic picture. The text can be used as the basis for a graduate level or a capstone course with the goal being to bring a relative novice up to speed on the basic ideas while offering a glimpse at some of the more advanced topics of the subject. Coverage includes C•-algebra theory, K-theory, K-homology, Index theory and Connes'Noncommuntative Riemannian geometry. Aimed at graduate level students, the book is also a valuable resource for mathematicians who wish to deepen their understanding of noncommutative geometry and algebraic K-theory. A wide range of important examples are introduced at the beginning of the book. There are lots of excellent exercises and any student working through these will benefit significantly. Prerequisites include a basic knowledge of algebra, analysis, and a bit of functional analysis. As the book progresses, a little more mathematical maturity is required as the text discusses smooth manifolds, some differential geometry and elliptic operator theory, and K-theory. The text is largely self-contained though occasionally the reader may opt to consult more specialized material to further deepen their understanding of certain details.

This book provides an introduction to categorical Donaldson-Thomas (DT) theory, a rapidly developing field which has close links to enumerative geometry, birational geometry, geometric representation theory and classical moduli problems in algebraic geometry. The focus is on local surfaces, i.e. the total spaces of canonical line bundles on algebraic surfaces, which form an interesting class of Calabi-Yau 3-folds. Using Koszul duality equivalences and singular support theory, dg-categories are constructed which categorify Donaldson-Thomas invariants on local surfaces. The DT invariants virtually count stable coherent sheaves on Calabi-Yau 3-folds, and play an important role in modern enumerative geometry, representation theory and mathematical physics. Requiring a basic knowledge of algebraic geometry and homological algebra, this monograph is primarily addressed to researchers working in enumerative geometry, especially Donaldson-Thomas theory, derived categories of coherent sheaves, and related areas.

The contents of this book was created by the authors as a simultaneous generalization of Witten zeta-functions, Mordell–Tornheim multiple zeta-functions, and Euler–Zagier multiple zeta-functions. Zeta-functions of root systems are defined by certain multiple series, given in terms of root systems. Therefore, they intrinsically have the action of associated Weyl groups. The exposition begins with a brief introduction to the theory of Lie algebras and root systems and then provides the definition of zeta-functions of root systems, explicit examples associated with various simple Lie algebras, meromorphic continuation and recursive analytic structure described by Dynkin diagrams, special values at integer points, functional relations, and the background given by the action of Weyl groups. In particular, an explicit form of Witten's volume formula is provided. It is shown that various relations among special values of Euler–Zagier multiple zeta-functions—which usually are called multiple zeta values (MZVs) and are quite important in connection with Zagier's conjecture—are just special cases of various functional relations among zeta-functions of root systems. The authors further provide other applications to the theory of MZVs and also introduce generalizations with Dirichlet characters, and with certain congruence conditions. The book concludes with a brief description of other relevant topics.

This book is the thirteenth of 15 related monographs on Cubic Dynamical Systems, discusses self- and product-cubic systems with a crossing-linear and self-quadratic products vector field. Equilibrium series with flow singularity are presented and the corresponding switching bifurcations are discussed through up-down saddles, third-order concave-source (sink), and up-down-to-down-up saddles infinite-equilibriums. The author discusses how equilibrium networks with paralleled hyperbolic and hyperbolic-secant flows exist in such cubic systems, and the corresponding switching bifurcations obtained through the inflection-source and sink infinite-equilibriums. In such cubic systems, the appearing bifurcations are: saddle-source (sink) hyperbolic-to-hyperbolic-secant flows double-saddle third-order saddle, sink and source third-order saddle-source (sink)

This book provides an introduction to the foundations and recent developments in commutative algebra. A look at the contents of the first five chapters shows that the topics covered are those usually found in any textbook on commutative algebra. However, this book differs significantly from most commutative algebra textbooks: namely in its treatment of the Dedekind–Mertens formula, the (small) finitistic dimension of a ring, Gorenstein rings, valuation overrings, the valuative dimension, and the Nagata rings. Chapter 6 goes on to present w-modules over commutative rings, as they are most commonly used in torsion theory and multiplicative ideal theory. Chapter 7 deals with multiplicative ideal theory over integral domains. Chapter 8 collects various results of pullbacks, especially Milnor squares and D + M constructions, which are probably the most important example-generating machines. In Chapter 9, coherent rings of finite weak global dimensions are probed, and the local ring of weak global dimension two is elaborated by combining homological tricks and methods of star operation theory. Chapter 10 is devoted to the Grothendieck group of a commutative ring. In particular, the Bass–Quillen problem is discussed. Finally, Chapter 11 introduces relative homological algebra, especially where the related notions of integral domains appearing in classical ideal theory are defined and studied using the class of Gorenstein projective modules. In Chapter 12, in this new edition, properties of cotorsion theories are introduced and show, for any cotorsion pair, how to construct their homology theory. Each section of the book is followed by a selection of exercises of varying difficulty. This book appeals to a wide readership, from graduate students to academic researchers interested in studying commutative algebra.

This volume brings together scholars across various domains of the history and philosophy of mathematics, investigating duality as a multi-faceted phenomenon. Encompassing both systematic analysis and historical examination, the book endeavors to elucidate the status, roles, and dynamics of duality within the realms of 19th and 20th-century mathematics. Eschewing a priori notions, the contributors embrace the diverse interpretations and manifestations of duality, thus presenting a nuanced and comprehensive perspective on this intricate subject. Spanning a broad spectrum of mathematical topics and historical periods, the book uses detailed case studies to investigate the different forms in which duality appeared and still appears in mathematics, to study their respective histories, and to analyze interactions between the different forms of duality. The chapters inquire into questions such as the contextual occurrences of duality in mathematics, the influence of chosen forms of representation, the impact of investigations of duality on mathematical practices, and the historical interconnections among various instances of duality. Together, they aim to answer a core question: Is there such a thing as duality in mathematics, or are there just several things called by the same name and similar in some respect? What emerges is that duality can be considered as a basic structure of mathematical thinking, thereby opening new horizons for the research on the history and the philosophy of mathematics and the reflection on mathematics in general. The volume will appeal not only to experts in the discipline but also to advanced students of mathematics, history, and philosophy intrigued by the complexities of this captivating subject matter.

This book explores toric topology, polyhedral products and related mathematics from a wide range of perspectives, collectively giving an overview of the potential of the areas while contributing original research to drive the subject forward in interesting new directions. Contributions to this volume were written in connection to the thematic program Toric Topology and Polyhedral Products held at the Fields Institute from January-June 2020. 16 original conributions were inspired or influenced by the program.Toric Topology arose as a subject in its own right about twenty-five years ago. It sits at the intersection of commutative algebra, topology, combinatorics, algebraic geometry, and symplectic and convex geometry. Polyhedral products are a functorial generalization of a construction that is at the centre of Toric Topology. They are of independent interest and unify several constructions that arise in a diverse range of areas, such as geometric group theory, homotopy theory, algebraic combinatorics and subspace arrangements.

The first edition of this book presented simple proofs of the Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem for Dirac operators on compact Riemannian manifolds and its generalizations (due to the authors and J.-M. Bismut), using an explicit geometric construction of the heat kernel of a generalized Dirac operator; the new edition makes this popular book available to students and researchers in an attractive softcover. The first four chapters could be used as the text for a graduate course on the applications of linear elliptic operators in differential geometry and the only prerequisites are a familiarity with basic differential geometry. The next four chapters discuss the equivariant index theorem, and include a useful introduction to equivariant differential forms. The last two chapters give a proof, in the spirit of the book, of Bismut's Local Family Index Theorem for Dirac operators.

This textbook provides a didactic introduction to the topic of group theory in physics, with a special focus on solid state physics issues. The book is useful for students who encounter such problems in their first scientific work (in theory or experiment). In addition to the basic introduction to group theory and representation theory, the book deals with point groups, double point groups, and space groups, which are essential in solid state physics. As an example for systems with space group symmetry, electrons in periodic potentials are discussed. Furthermore, there are chapters on material tensors and the Wigner Eckart theorem for the evaluation of matrix elements. The latter is especially interesting for students dealing with spectroscopic problems. The content is accompanied by a series of exercises and examples. A set of solutions can be found in the appendix.

The goal of this unique text is to provide an “experience” that would facilitate a better transition for mathematics majors to the advanced proof-based courses required for their major.If you feel like you love mathematics but hate proofs, this book is for you. The change from example-based courses such as Introductory Calculus to the proof-based courses in the major is often abrupt, and some students are left with the unpleasant feeling that a subject they loved has turned into material they find hard to understand.The book exposes students and readers to some fundamental content and essential methods of constructing mathematical proofs in the context of four main courses required for the mathematics major – probability, linear algebra, real analysis, and abstract algebra.Following an optional foundational chapter on background material, four short chapters, each focusing on a particular course, provide a slow-paced but rigorous introduction. Students get a preview of the discipline, its focus, language, mathematical objects of interest, and methods of proof commonly used in the field. The organization of the book helps to focus on the specific methods of proof and main ideas that will be emphasized in each of the courses.The text may also be used as a review tool at the end of each course and for readers who want to learn the language and scope of the broad disciplines of linear algebra, abstract algebra, real analysis, and probability, before transitioning to these courses.

This text is based on lectures delivered by the first author on various, often nonstandard, parts of knot theory and related subjects. By exploring contemporary topics in knot theory including those that have become mainstream, such as skein modules, Khovanov homology and Gram determinants motivated by knots, this book offers an innovative extension to the existing literature. Each lecture begins with a historical overview of a topic and gives motivation for the development of that subject. Understanding of most of the material in the book requires only a basic knowledge of topology and abstract algebra. The intended audience is beginning and advanced graduate students, advanced undergraduate students, and researchers interested in knot theory and its relations with other disciplines within mathematics, physics, biology, and chemistry.Inclusion of many exercises, open problems, and conjectures enables the reader to enhance their understanding of the subject. The use of this text for the classroom is versatile and depends on the course level and choices made by the instructor. Suggestions for variations in course coverage are included in the Preface. The lecture style and array of topical coverage are hoped to inspire independent research and applications of the methods described in the book to other disciplines of science. An introduction to the topology of 3-dimensional manifolds is included in Appendices A and B. Lastly, Appendix C includes a Table of Knots.

This book is a unified treatment of the most important core developments in the theory of completely regular semigroup theory as it stands today. This volume focuses on the lattice of varieties of completely regular semigroups. Since any in-depth study of the lattice of varieties requires an understanding of free completely regular semigroups, the book begins by describing the free object on countably infinite sets and the properties of the lattice of fully invariant congruences on the free object. The authors introduce various associated relations and operators on the lattice of varieties of completely regular semigroups. Following that, the book covers the sublattice of varieties of bands with a focus on the influence of that sublattice on the structure of the whole lattice. The book concludes with the remarkable theorem due to Polák describing the whole lattice of varieties of completely regular as a subdirect product of lattices,some of which are well understood. The authors include recent advances, insights, results, and techniques throughout the book.

This book addresses interconnections between contemporary advances in mathematics, especially algebra, with applications in the social sciences and the arts. It promotes the idea that knowledge cannot remain in disciplinary silos, rather, it belongs to all people, and is dedicated to associative relationships in a variety of mathematics applications, from sociology to linguistics, including anthropology, semiotics, education, and cognitive science. Contributions illuminate some of the ways in which algebra is developed, learned, understood, communicated, and applied in the social sciences and the humanities.The content in this book has its origins in a conference, Mathematics for Social Sciences and Arts–Algebraic Modelling, virtually hosted by the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Niš, Serbia, from the 24th to the 26th of May, 2021. This conference brought together scholars from various disciplines and geographic regions and focused on thejuxtaposition of algebra and social science applications. The conference organizers, higher education institutes from four different continents, invited leading scientists in social sciences and algebra, to contribute to this volume.The first part of this book addresses algebraic and mathematical thinking, specifically learning and practicing mathematics from a cognitive science perspective, as well as illustrative applications to distinctly human concerns, like education and semiotics. The second part focuses on algebraic semigroups and some of their generalizations. This book and the conference that engendered it provide an example of a fruitful collaboration, in which the skills and deep knowledge of algebraic structures, modeling, social sciences and arts brought in by the authors from different countries and continents merge in harmonious ways. These expositions are a rich resource and are of interest both to mathematicians and non-mathematicians.

This book is the ninth of 15 related monographs, discusses a two product-cubic dynamical system possessing different product-cubic structures and the equilibrium and flow singularity and bifurcations for appearing and switching bifurcations. The appearing bifurcations herein are parabola-saddles, saddle-sources (sinks), hyperbolic-to-hyperbolic-secant flows, and inflection-source (sink) flows. The switching bifurcations for saddle-source (sink) with hyperbolic-to-hyperbolic-secant flows and parabola-saddles with inflection-source (sink) flows are based on the parabola-source (sink), parabola-saddles, inflection-saddles infinite-equilibriums. The switching bifurcations for the network of the simple equilibriums with hyperbolic flows are parabola-saddles and inflection-source (sink) on the inflection-source and sink infinite-equilibriums. Readers will learn new concepts, theory, phenomena, and analysis techniques. · Two-different product-cubic systems · Hybrid networks of higher-order equilibriums and flows · Hybrid series of simple equilibriums and hyperbolic flows · Higher-singular equilibrium appearing bifurcations · Higher-order singular flow appearing bifurcations · Parabola-source (sink) infinite-equilibriums · Parabola-saddle infinite-equilibriums · Inflection-saddle infinite-equilibriums · Inflection-source (sink) infinite-equilibriums · Infinite-equilibrium switching bifurcations.

This book introduces readers to key concepts in group theory through engaging puzzles. The early sections of the book show how the rules of group theory emerge naturally from solving puzzles. Different classes of groups, such as cyclic, dihedral and permutation groups are introduced, accompanied by numerous puzzles to facilitate the understanding of the underlying group structures. Later chapters explain how further group theory principles can be applied to puzzle-solving. This book is intended as a highly motivating supplementary text for an undergraduate abstract algebra course. It is also ideal for anyone seeking a fun, hands-on approach to learning group theory. Additionally, the book's many puzzles will be enjoyable for readers already familiar with group theory.

This book highlights recent developments in the representation theory of finite solvable groups, which seeks to connect group theory to linear algebra in ways that allow for better study of the groups in question. Over the last several decades, a number of results in the representations of solvable groups have been proven using so-called “large orbit” theorems. This book provides an extensive survey of the current state of the large-orbit theorems. The authors outline the proofs of the large orbit theorems to provide an overview of the topic, then demonstrate how these theorems can be used to prove new results about solvable groups.

Fundamentals of Abstract Algebra is a primary textbook for a one year first course in Abstract Algebra, but it has much more to offer besides this. The book is full of opportunities for further, deeper reading, including explorations of interesting applications and more advanced topics, such as Galois theory. Replete with exercises and examples, the book is geared towards careful pedagogy and accessibility, and requires only minimal prerequisites. The book includes a primer on some basic mathematical concepts that will be useful for readers to understand, and in this sense the book is self-contained.Features Self-contained treatments of all topics Everything required for a one-year first course in Abstract Algebra, and could also be used as supplementary reading for a second course Copious exercises and examples Mark DeBonis received his PhD in Mathematics from the University of California, Irvine, USA. He began his career as a theoretical mathematician in the field of group theory and model theory, but in later years switched to applied mathematics, in particular to machine learning. He spent some time working for the US Department of Energy at Los Alamos National Lab as well as the US Department of Defense at the Defense Intelligence Agency, both as an applied mathematician of machine learning. He held a position as Associate Professor of Mathematics at Manhattan College in New York City, but later left to pursue research working for the US Department of Energy at Sandia National Laboratory as a Principal Data Analyst. His research interests include machine learning, statistics and computational algebra.

This book presents the concept of cryptcoding which arises from the need to obtain secure and accurate transmission. Therefore, it is necessary to improve constantly existing and develop new algorithms that will ensure accurate and secure data transfer. This leads to the intensive development of coding theory and cryptography as scientific fields which solve these problems. To ensure efficient and secure data transmission at the same time, the concept of cryptcoding is developed such that the coding and encryption processes are merged into one process. Cryptcodes provide correction of a certain number of errors in the transmitted message and data confidentiality, using only one algorithm. The main research in this field is to define new algorithms for coding that detects and corrects errors, random codes, stream ciphers, block ciphers, pseudo-random generators, hash functions, etc. This monograph examines an application of quasigroups for designing error-correcting cryptcodes, called Random Codes Based on Quasigroups (RCBQ). These codes are a combination of cryptographic algorithms and error-correcting codes and depend on several parameters. Some modifications (new coding/decoding algorithms) of RCBQ for improving their performances for transmission ordinary messages, images, and audio files trough a binary-symmetric channel, Gaussian channel, and burst channels are considered. Also, authors propose and analyze filter for visually enhance of the decoded images and improving the quality of decoded audio files.

This book, the eighth of 15 related monographs, discusses a product-cubic dynamical system possessing a product-cubic vector field and a crossing-univariate quadratic vector field. It presents equilibrium singularity and bifurcation dynamics, and. the saddle-source (sink) examined is the appearing bifurcations for saddle and source (sink). The double-inflection saddle equilibriums are the appearing bifurcations of the saddle and center, and also the appearing bifurcations of the network of saddles and centers. The infinite-equilibriums for the switching bifurcations featured in this volume include: Parabola-source (sink) infinite-equilibriums, Inflection-source (sink) infinite-equilibriums, Hyperbolic (circular) sink-to source infinite-equilibriums, Hyperbolic (circular) lower-to-upper saddle infinite-equilibriums.

Founded in 1985 by Jean-Claude Falmagne and Jean-Paul Doignon, Knowledge Structure Theory (KST) constitutes a rigorous and current mathematical theory for the representation and the assessment of human knowledge. The seminal work of these authors initiated a highly active research strand with an ever-growing literature, mostly scattered across various technical journals.Starting from a concise but comprehensive introduction to its foundations, this volume provides a state-of-the-art review of KST. For the first time the volume brings together the most important theoretical developments and extensions of the last decade and presents new areas of application beyond education, with contributions by key researchers in the field.Among the important advances covered by this book are (1) a comprehensive treatment of probabilistic models in KST; (2) polytomous extensions of the theory; (3) KST-based psychological diagnostics and neuropsychological assessment; (4) the representation and assessment of cognitive skills in problem solving, as well as procedural skills. In addition, this book also includes an overview of available software for the application of KST.

This volume contains research and expository content based on a wide variety of topics within modern number theory and arithmetic geometry. Research in this volume arises from or is connected with the Women in Numbers Europe (WiNE) IV conference held in summer 2022 in Utrecht, The Netherlands. The contents of this volume are of interest to professional mathematicians, graduate students, and researchers working in number theory, arithmetic geometry, and related areas.

Formal Concept Analysis is a field of applied mathematics based on the math­ematization of concept and conceptual hierarchy. It thereby activates math­ematical thinking for conceptual data analysis and knowledge processing. The underlying notion of “concept” evolved early in the philosophical theory of concepts and still has effects today. In mathematics it played a special role during the emergence of mathematical logic in the 19th century. Subsequently, however, it had virtually no impact on mathematical thinking. It was not until 1979 that the topic was revisited and treated more thoroughly. Since then, Formal Concept Analysis has fully emerged, sparking a multitude of publications for which the first edition of this textbook established itself as the standard reference in the literature, with a total of 10000+ citations. This is the second edition, revised and extended, of the textbook published originally in German (1996) and translated into English (1999), giving a systematic presentation of the mathematical foundations while also focusing on their possible applications for data analysis and knowledge processing. In times of digital knowledge processing, formal methods of conceptual analysis are gaining in importance. The book makes the basic theory for such methods accessible in a compact form, and presents graphical methods for representing concept systems that have proved themselves essential in communicating knowledge. The textbook complements each chapter with further notes, references and trends, putting the work in modern context and highlighting potential directions for further research. Additionally, the book contains an entirely new chapter on contextual concept logic, including a section on description logics and relational concept analysis. As such, it should be a valuable resource for students, instructors and researchers at the crossroads of subject areas like Applied and Discrete Mathematics, Logics, Theoretical Computer Science, Knowledge Processing, Data Science, and is meant to be used both for research and in class, as a teaching resource.

This monograph provides a comprehensive treatment of the classification of small fusion systems, that is, fusion systems with few essential subgroups. It demonstrates a broad range of techniques from local group theory and fusion systems, several of which can be applied in more general settings. Addressing research problems that have not been treated in the past, it is the first text to explicitly use the amalgam method in this context. Fusion systems offer an enticing way to unify various p-local methods employed in group theory, representation theory and homotopy theory; but as abstract constructions they are still somewhat mysterious. This book paves the way to a broad and systematic study of these categories by applying the amalgam method, thus modernizing a methodology widely used to understand the local structure of finite groups. With this comes an introduction to several vital techniques in local group theory, a generous survey of the structure and modular representation theory of some important families of finite groups, and a demonstration of the value of combinatorial methods in finite group theory and fusion systems. Primarily aimed at researchers active in fusion systems and group amalgams, the book will also be of interest to anyone working with finite groups and their modular representations, group actions on trees, or classifying spaces. The inclusion of preliminary chapters outlining the theoretical prerequisites make it ideal for a short lecture course or as a reading group text for early career researchers and graduate students.

This monograph deals with the Hadamard products of algebraic varieties. A typical subject of study in Algebraic Geometry are varieties constructed from other geometrical objects. The most well-known example is constituted by the secant varieties, which are obtained through the construction of the join of two algebraic varieties, which, in turn, is based on the operation of summing two vectors. However, other constructions are possible through a change of the basic operation. One remarkable case is based on the Hadamard product of two vectors. While secant varieties of algebraic varieties have been studied extensively and systematically, the same is not yet true for the Hadamard products of algebraic varieties. This monograph aims to bridge this gap in the literature.The topic is presented in a self-contained manner, and it is accessible to all readers with sound knowledge of Commutative Algebra and Algebraic Geometry. Both experienced researchers and students can profit from this monograph, which will guide them through the subject. The foundational aspects of the Hadamard products of algebraic varieties are covered and some connections both within and outside Algebraic Geometry are presented. The theoretical and algorithmic aspects of the subject are considered to demonstrate the effectiveness of the results presented. Thus, this monograph will also be useful to researchers in other fields, such as Algebraic Statistics, since it provides several algebraic and geometric results on such products.