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This book revisits the Treaty of Lisbon's promise to further parliamentarize the EU's functioning by looking into the Treaty-law framework governing the delegation of legislative power in the EU. In this field, the Lisbon Treaty formally greatly strengthened the position of the European Parliament vis-à-vis both the European Commission and the Council. The book explores whether Parliament's formally reinforced role is reflected in the actual balance of powers in the area of delegated legislation and executive rule-making. It does so by assessing how both the law and practice of decision-making at the legislative level, looking at specific case studies, and the sub-legislative level, examining the scrutiny over delegated legislation, has crystallized in the ten years following the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty. This rigorous study gives a fascinating insight into one of the most significant developments in European parliamentary law-making, which EU constitutional lawyers will find required reading.

This book examines the law and practice of the delegation of rulemaking powers to the European Commission. It combines legal doctrine with empirical research methods to bridge the gap between “law on the books” and “law in action” to fully appreciate the meaning and the impact of the changes post-Lisbon. The results of the empirical case study provide food for thought on how the current legal framework regime for delegated rulemaking by the European Commission could be improved. The findings seek to contribute to the academic and policy debates on this research topic that is likely to continue in forthcoming years.

With the Chinese government planning a comprehensive and detailed reform of regulatory law, the European experience is likely to contribute significantly. This timely book analyses comparative Chinese and EU regulatory reform from a Law and Economics perspective. With eminent international contributors, Regulatory Reform in China and the EU sets out a reform agenda by addressing financial markets, social and administrative regulation, and environmental protection. The first part of the book discusses the banking sector reform and the stock market regulation concerning institutional investors, insider trading and private enforcement. A second part discusses contract law and considers how EU state aid policy could also influence reform on (local) government in other jurisdictions. Thirdly, environmental pollution and the need for stricter regulation are considered, with a focus on the possibilities of investment in new technology, such as offshore carbon capture and storage, economic growth and the nexus between WTO law and climate change. The fourth and final part of the book provides an essay by Jonathan Klick on the empirical analysis of regulation, with a particular focus on field experiments in China. Academics and postgraduate students of both Economics and Law with a particular interest in regulation will find this book valuable and compelling. Policy-makers and practitioners will also benefit from the insights revealed by the collaboration of lawyers and economists.Contributors include: R. Chen, Y. Chen, J. Dai, M.G. Faure, S. Feng, B. Gui, H. Jiye, J. Klick, W. Li, R.A. Partain, N. Philipsen, X. Tao, S. Weishaar, G. Xu, W. Xu, T. Zhou, Q. Zhou

Normsetzung obliegt im Staat des Grundgesetzes nicht allein und nicht ausschließlich der Legislative. In quantitativ und qualitativ erheblichem Umfang erläßt die Exekutive ebenfalls abstrakt-generelle Regelungen. Gerade im Sozialversicherungsrecht findet sich eine Vielzahl exekutiver Normsetzungsformen jenseits der traditionellen Steuerungsinstrumente Rechtsverordnung, Satzung und Verwaltungsvorschrift, in denen für die Versicherten und für die Leistungserbringer wesentliche Entscheidungen getroffen werden. Umfang und Inhalt der zu erbringenden ärztlichen Leistungen im Krankheitsfall ergeben sich heute beispielsweise in weitem Umfang nicht aus dem Parlamentsgesetz, sondern aus untergesetzlichen Vorschriften. Deren verfassungsrechtliche Zulässigkeit ist zweifelhaft, denn'Wesentliches'hat nach der Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts das demokratisch legitimierte Parlament in Form des Gesetzes zu regeln. Peter Axer geht anhand der Formenvielfalt des Sozialversicherungsrechts den Fragen der grundgesetzlichen Voraussetzungen und Grenzen für die exekutive Normsetzung nach. Dabei entwickelt er allgemein Kriterien für die Zulässigkeit untergesetzlicher Normsetzung.

Florian Becker nimmt die Beobachtung, daß der Staat immer öfter Gesetzesinhalte mit privaten Akteuren aushandelt, zum Anlaß einer umfassenden verfassungsrechtlichen Untersuchung solcher kooperativer und konsensualer Strukturen in der Normsetzung und schließt damit aus verfassungsrechtlicher Sicht an die Diskussion um das Phänomen kooperativer Staatlichkeit an. Der'kooperative Staat'versucht, seine expansiv gewachsenen Aufgaben durch die Integration Privater in staatliche Funktionen zu bewältigen. Individuen und Verbände werden in diesem Zusammenhang auch und gerade an den verschiedenen Formen der Normsetzung beteiligt. Diese Beteiligung erfolgt etwa durch Konsultation oder Anhörung von Sachverständigen und Interessenverbänden, aber auch durch den Abschluß von Normen- und Normsetzungsverträgen zwischen Staat und Privaten. Von nicht geringerer Bedeutung ist der Umstand, daß der Staat ganze Regelungsbereiche partiell oder vollständig in private Hand gibt und sich dabei in ganz unterschiedlichem Maße eine Restverantwortung vorbehält. Die wachsende Zahl kooperativer und konsensualer Strukturen in der Normsetzung ist nur vor dem Hintergrund der sozialwissenschaftlichen Steuerungsdiskussion zu verstehen. Diese analysiert Bedingungen sowie Wirkungen rechtlicher Steuerung und entwickelt Strategien zur Verbesserung von Steuerungserfolgen. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse können und dürfen aber die Rahmenbedingungen der Verfassung nicht ignorieren. Die juristische Dogmatik muß den Forschungsergebnissen der Sozialwissenschaften Rechnung tragen, kann sie aber letztlich nur zum Ausgangspunkt ihrer Eigenleistung nehmen, die kooperativen und konsensualen Strukturen der Normsetzung zu systematisieren und in ihren verfassungsrechtlichen Rahmen einzupassen.

As procedures governing the rulemaking process have proliferated since the Administrative Procedure Act was enacted, the potential procedural pitfalls have multiplied. This 6th edition brings the Guide up-to-date with respect to recent cases and changes introduced during the latter half of the Obama Administration and the early years of the Trump Administration.

This Handbook uses a thematic and interdisciplinary approach to discuss and analyse the various governance structures of the EU, focusing in particular on how these are administered. Key chapters, written by leading experts across the field, engage with important ongoing debates in the field of EU administrative law, focusing on areas of topical interest such as financial markets, the growing security state and problematic common asylum procedures. In doing so, they provide a summary of what we know, don't know and ought to know about EU administrative law. Examining the control functions of administrative law and the machinery for accountability, this Research Handbook eloquently challenges areas of authoritarian governance, such as the Eurozone and security state, where control and accountability are weak and tackles the seemingly insoluble question of citizen'voice'and access to policy making. Practical and engaging, this timely Research Handbook is sure to appeal to scholars and researchers of EU administrative law and EU law more broadly. Legal practitioners and EU policy makers will also benefit from its high level of engagement with contemporary deliberations.Contributors include: V. Abazi, M. Baran, T.A. Börzel, K. Bradley, A. Brenninkmeijer, E. Chiti, D. Curtin, H. Darbishire, M. de Visser, G. della Cananea, M. Everson, J. Grimheden, E. Guild, C. Harlow, E.G. Heidbreder, H. Hofmann, C. Joerges, M. Kjaerum, P. Leino, L. Leppavirta, I. Maher, J. Mendes, L. Muzi, N. Póltorak, T. Raunio, R. Rawlings, M. Ruffert, J.-P. Schneider, C. Scott, G. Toggenburg

Federal agencies issue thousands of regulations each year under delegated authority from Congress. Over the past 70 years, Congress and various Presidents have created a set of procedures agencies must follow to issue these regulations, some of which contain requirements for the calculation and consideration of costs, benefits, and other economic effects of regulations. In recent years, many Members of Congress have expressed an interest in various regulatory reform efforts that would change the current set of rulemaking requirements, including requirements to estimate costs and benefits of regulations. As part of this debate, it has become common for supporters of regulatory reform to comment on the total cost of federal regulation. This book discusses methods of estimating the total cost of federal regulations. Furthermore, the book serves to inform the congressional debate over rulemaking by analyzing different ways to measure federal rulemaking activity; describes the existing requirements for cost-benefit and other types of analysis in the federal rulemaking process; and discusses options for changing the current set of analytical requirements.

Die Autorin untersucht delegierte Rechtsakte und Durchführungsrechtsakte nach Art. 290 und Art. 291 AEUV. Hierbei beleuchtet sie insbesondere das Demokratie- und Rechtsstaatsprinzip, wie es sich vor und nach der Einführung der delegierten Rechtsakte und Durchführungsrechtsakte in der exekutiven Rechtsetzung verwirklicht sieht. Besondere Berücksichtigung findet dabei die Biozidprodukte-Entscheidung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs.

Das Sozialversicherungsrecht ist durch eine beispiellose Vielzahl und Vielfalt untergesetzlicher Regelwerke geprägt. Die Untersuchung bietet eine weit ausgreifende Bestandsaufnahme und erstmals eine systematische Ordnung der untergesetzlichen Rechtsquellen des Rechts der gesetzlichen Kranken-, Renten- und Unfallversicherung, der sozialen Pflegeversicherung sowie der Arbeitslosenversicherung und Arbeitsförderung. Ausgehend von den Prinzipien der Demokratie und der Autonomie entwickelt der Verfasser zudem ein Konzept der Legitimation, das eine kritische Überprüfung der ermittelten normativen Phänomene ermöglicht. Bei dieser Überprüfung erweisen sich insbesondere Regelungsmechanismen der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung als verfassungsrechtlich inakzeptabel. Die Kritik mündet in rechtspolitische Anregungen zur Lösung der diagnostizierten Legitimationsprobleme.

Der Staat ist bei seiner Aufgabenerfüllung auf die Bereitstellung eines funktionierenden Lenkungsmodells angewiesen. Aktuelle Herausforderungen wie das Ladenschlussrecht und das Rauchverbot im öffentlichen Raum verdeutlichen, dass es ihm bislang oft nicht gelingt, die erwünschten Lenkungszielsetzungen zu erreichen. Steuerungslehre und Regulierungsverwaltungsrecht liefern erste Anhaltspunkte für die Entwicklung eines die staatlichen Lenkungsprozesse umfassend abbildenden Lenkungsmodells. Staatliche Lenkung wird dabei als pendelnder Prozess verstanden, der sich zwischen den Polen der Re- und Deregulierung hin und her bewegt. Zu der Optimierung des Modells trägt insbesondere eine intensive Auseinandersetzung mit der Handlungsformenlehre unter Betonung kooperativ-konsensualen Handelns bei.

This book argues that Congress's process for making law is as corrosive to the nation as unchecked deficit spending.David Schoenbrod shows that Congress and the president, instead of making the laws that govern us, generally give bureaucrats the power to make laws through agency regulations. Our elected'lawmakers'then take credit for proclaiming popular but inconsistent statutory goals and later blame the inevitable burdens and disappointments on the unelected bureaucrats. The 1970 Clean Air Act, for example, gave the Environmental Protection Agency the impossible task of making law that would satisfy both industry and environmentalists. Delegation allows Congress and the president to wield power by pressuring agency lawmakers in private, but shed responsibility by avoiding the need to personally support or oppose the laws, as they must in enacting laws themselves.Schoenbrod draws on his experience as an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council and on studies of how delegation actually works to show that this practice produces a regulatory system so cumbersome that it cannot provide the protection that people need, so large that it needlessly stifles the economy, and so complex that it keeps the voters from knowing whom to hold accountable for the consequences. Contending that delegation is unnecessary and unconstitutional, Schoenbrod has written the first book that shows how, as a practical matter, delegation can be stopped.

This book examines the operation of the rule of law in the non-liberal democracy of Singapore.The rule of law in Singapore has been both lauded for anchoring efficient and effective government and lambasted for being procedural and statist. 21st-century Singapore has experienced modest political liberalisation, manifesting a paternal democracy where the governor-governed relationship is evolving, from a'father knows best'paternalistic mindset to a more consultative approach to governance, where dialogue rather than diktat is the norm in a post-deferential era. The Singapore case study helps pluralise the rule of law as a universal principle which moderates power, and may be variously implemented. The book examines the reception of the rule of law within the Singapore legal order, and how it interacts with constitutional principles like the separation of powers and democracy in the design of constitutional institutions and forging of structural and rights-oriented judicial review. It considers how the rule of law, contoured by legal communitarianism, sustains a managed democracy in relation to legislation governing internal security, public assemblies, religious harmony and online falsehoods. It questions whether the chilling of political speech by strict laws on political defamation and contempt of court has been significantly defrosted by important developments which seek ordered liberty through a more calibrated form of review.Lucid and engaging, this book will be of interest to researchers working in constitutional law.

This book presents the origins, doctrine, institutions, and challenges confronting modern administrative law in Central and Eastern European countries. Administrative law was first defined by a Polish lawyer in the 19th century, but for historical reasons, there has been little scholarship on the subject in relation to countries in the region in recent times. This book fills this gap in the literature. It examines the roots and structure of administrative law in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Slovak Republic, and Ukraine. Each chapter examines the key concepts including historical background, the system of administrative law, the civil service, the spectrum of administrative activity, judicial review and other types of control over public administration, and administrative liability. The impact of European Union law on the legal order of the countries is also reviewed. The book will be of interest to students, academics, and researchers working in the areas of administrative law, public law, comparative law, and legal history.

This book examines the role and nature of the judiciary in Papua New Guinea (PNG), the first comprehensive study since the country's independence in 1975. It challenges the traditional view of the judiciary as solely a legal entity, arguing for its broader social and political functions. Critiquing assumptions inherited from British and Australian colonial thinking, it discusses how decolonisation has redefined judicial power, enabling courts to have a more transformative role. Introducing transformative constitutionalism into Australian-Pacific legal thinking, the book argues that PNG has a transformative constitution defined by its intent for reform, extensive Charter of Rights, and a liberal judiciary—features not found in other Pacific constitutions. Given the region's challenges such as corruption, political instability, and climate change, the book advocates for a more proactive role for the judiciary. It proposes a re-evaluation of the classical tripartite doctrine of separation of powers, advocating for a quadripartite model in PNG where the judiciary has a broader reformative function and the independent constitutional institutions constitute a fourth arm of government. This work makes important contributions to understandings of judicial power and constitutional law as well as other fields including comparative constitutional studies, legal history and decolonial scholarship.

This book brings together a group of leading scholars working in public law and constitutional theory. It examines accepted leading works of public law while also exploring those that deserve greater attention. Over 13 chapters, a group of leading public law experts each examine one leading work from the UK public law canon. Each chapter critically reflects on the context of a work in public law, taking into account not just the work and its context but also how it shapes and contributes to the broader discipline. The final chapter offers an international overview of the chapters themselves, reflecting critically on the scholarly canon of UK public law from the perspective of American constitutional scholarship. The book will be of interest to scholars and students of constitutional law.

This book comprehensively covers the interplay between cultural and legal globalization and the impact this has on contract law, with a particular focus on state contracts within the MENA region.The book discusses the roles assumed by Supreme Courts in Egypt and MENA countries in creating unified principles of international contract law in states'contracts which are consistent with international commercial contracts'principles. It makes a powerful argument for further harmonization of contract law in the area, and how this can be achieved. The book forms a case study of how international harmonization can be achieved through a number of routes, such as codification, digitalization of processes and contracts, private-public arbitration, and further use of international instruments. It also considers the implications of comparative European law, convention law, and other legal domains, particularly international standards, on contract law in the MENA region. The book suggests how international legal standards can be integrated within contract law, and how a harmonious contract law framework can thus be achieved. Through analyzing ICSID case law, the book argues that unification of contract law principles in the MENA region is a considerable step towards achieving legitimate expectations of foreign investors. It argues, further, that global contract law is underway.The book will be is of interest to students and scholars in the field of international contract law, public law, and international law in Egypt and MENA countries.

This book offers a wide comparative overview of the legal measures enacted by countries throughout the world to react to the unprecedented public health emergency caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The volume gathers the General Reports and selected National Reports presented at the 2022 General Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law. While the National Reports focus on single countries, the General Report provides a comparative analysis of observed trends and main legal issues. In doing so, it draws some guidelines on how to improve responses to potential forthcoming emergencies characterized by a global reach, as COVID-19 was.

Der Brexit ist seit 2020 vollzogen, seine Auswirkungen sind aber nach wie vor spürbar. Sie reichen bis in das Mark der britischen Verfassung und nähren unter anderem den Diskurs über eine normative Selbstbindung des britischen Parlaments, die als funktionales Äquivalent zum deutschen Verfassungsvorrang angesehen werden kann. Nicole Hövelmeyer bereitet diese bereits seit Jahrzehnten geführte Verfassungsdiskussion auf und zeigt, dass die festgestellte theoretische sowie praktische Öffnung für eine solche Selbstbindung nicht zwingend durch den Brexit rückgängig gemacht wurde. Zugleich soll mit der Betrachtung zentraler Instrumente und Rechtsinstitute der britischen Verfassungsordnung ein Beitrag zum grundsätzlichen Verständnis des Konzepts der Verfassung geleistet werden.

Sources of English Legal History: Public Law to 1750 is the definitive source book on the foundations of English public law. A companion to Baker and Milsom's Sources of English Legal History: Private Law to 1750 2e (OUP, 2010), this new volume offers an extensive collection of illustrative original materials, many of which are previously unpublished. It contains significant new material on the history of habeas corpus, mandamus, and certiorari, as well as well-known constitutional landmarks from the earliest times to 1750. Writing on the history of public law has tended to focus solely on the texts of statutes and formal records. In contrast, the present book concentrates on the forensic arguments and judicial decisions that led to the emergence of legal principles in the field of public law, including criminal law and the regulation of jurisdictions. It illuminates the growth of public law during the medieval and early modern periods, addressing the state's legislative and judicial organs, its coercive functions, and more broadly, the respective powers of the crown and parliament. The first work of its kind, this book is an essential resource for anyone interested in legal and constitutional history.

Administrative tribunals are a vital part of the public law frameworks of many countries. This is the 1st edited book collection to examine tribunals across the common law world. It brings together key international scholars to discuss current and future challenges.The book includes contributions from leading scholars from all major common law jurisdictions – the UK, the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Israel, Hong Kong, Singapore, India and South Africa. This global analysis is both deep and expansive in its coverage of the operation of administrative tribunals across common law legal systems. The book has two key themes: one is the enduring question of the location and operation of tribunals within public law systems; the second is the continued mission of tribunals to provide administrative justice. The collection is an important addition to global public law scholarship, addressing common problems faced by the tribunals of common law countries, and providing solutions for how tribunals can evolve to match the changing nature of government.

This book sheds light on the fact that the proclamation of an emergency can be a legitimate constitutional method to take prompt preventative measures in protecting the interests of the society in times of grave crises. However, the exercise of emergency powers should not undermine a nation's commitment to democratic values, such as maintaining the rule of law and upholding fundamental human rights. The COVID-19 pandemic has posed grave threats to the lives and health of individuals. However, since the constitutions of South Asian nations do not permit the proclamation of an emergency on health grounds, executives of these nations were constrained to rely, among other things, on ordinary legislation to tide over the threats posed by the pandemic. Although these statutes entrust the executive with extensive emergency powers, they do not simultaneously stipulate any safeguards subjecting the exercise of such powers to a reliable system of checks and balances. Accordingly, this book critically examines the exercise of emergency powers in the South Asian nations to tide over threats posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, which had a profoundly adverse impact on the human rights of individuals. Such exercise of powers was consistent with the general tendency demonstrated by succeeding generations of the executives in these nations to use emergency situations as the convenient means for imposing long-lasting limitations on the rights of individuals. Consequently, this book identifies the flaws, deficiencies, and lacunae of the legal framework in these nations, which permit the executive to assume unfettered power in the exercise of emergency measures at the expense of the liberty of individuals. Consequently, based on these findings, recommendations will be put forward for initiating reforms in these nations aimed at ensuring the maintenance of a delicate balance between the necessity to respond tograve threats and to simultaneously prevent undue intrusion on the fundamental human rights of individuals.

This book examines Indonesian laws regulating state administration, in other words, the relationship between the Indonesian government and its citizens.This book uses public administration science to explain state administrative law. It covers the historical evolution of state administrative law in Indonesia, the political and legal acceptance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Indonesia as well as the ratification of the 2020 Omnibus Law reforms. It evaluates both the benefits and drawbacks of establishing laws through the Omnibus Law model, and the challenges of its adoption by the Indonesian statutory system. The book also examines state administrative law in other Southeast Asian countries, to provide a more nuanced understanding of how human rights implementation occurs in the respective legal regimes.Covering the legal reforms and changes to state administrative law in Indonesia, this book will be of keen interest to scholars of state administrative law, public administration, and constitutional law.

This book examines the role of law in Europe at a time when economic policies have become dominant not only on this continent but globally. Can law be seen as a mere infrastructure? Or does it contribute to defining the social and legal order through its own inherent rules? If the second hypothesis is true, what might these rules be, and how may they be identified? Lastly, to what extent can agreeing a definition of the role of law affect the future of Europe? With the Next Generation European Union, the EU has introduced an unprecedented investment plan for economic recovery and resilience. In doing so, it has become the most important financial intermediary on the continent. But is this simply the prelude to a European economic and financial revival, or does it also aim to strengthen the European legal order in social, political, and constitutional terms? This book argues that the role of law in Europe should be to achieve a balanced relationship between freedom and solidarity; encouraging economic competition, but also social cohesion. Analyzing the role of law in the project of European integration, it maintains that law should be more than an infrastructure for finance and economics, showing how it can act as a guide and a binding force to achieve a more balanced relationship between economics, politics, and law. This book will be of interest to scholars in the fields of public law, European law, law and economics, the philosophy of law, legal history, political theory, and political science, as well as others concerned with the future of European integration.

'Wenn alte Wahrheiten ihren Einfluß auf das Denken der Menschen behalten sollen, müssen sie von Zeit zu Zeit in der Sprache und den Begriffen der nachfolgenden Generationen neu formuliert werden.'(Hayek). Dies unternimmt F. A. von Hayek in der Verfassung der Freiheit, die nunmehr in 4. Auflage als Band B 3 der deutschen Ausgabe des Hayekschen Werks ( Gesammelte Schriften) erscheint. Dieses wohl bedeutendste Werk des Nobelpreisträgers bietet im ersten Teil eine umfassende systematische Darstellung der wesentlichen Prinzipien einer freiheitlichen Sozialphilosophie - der Grundlage für die Entwicklung der europäischen Zivilisation in den letzten Jahrhunderten. Der zweite Teil befaßt sich mit der Entstehung der rechtsstaatlichen Grundsätze - der rule of law - und ihrer Bedeutung für die Sicherung der persönlichen Freiheit. Im dritten Teil zeigt Hayek, wie mit dem Aufkommen des Wohlfahrtsstaates wichtige rechtsstaatliche Prinzipien verletzt werden und damit die persönliche Freiheit zerstört zu werden droht. Dies verdeutlicht er anhand aufschlußreicher Beispiele aus den Bereichen Gewerkschaften und Beschäftigung, soziale Sicherheit, Besteuerung und Umverteilung, Landwirtschaft und Naturschätze, Erziehung und Forschung.

Hilaire Barnett's Constitutional and Administrative Law has consistently provided students with reliable, accessible and comprehensive coverage of the Public Law syllabus. Mapped to the common course outline, the Fifteenth edition equips students with a thorough understanding of the UK constitution's past, present and future by analysing and illustrating the political and socio-historical contexts that have shaped the major rules and principles of constitutional and administrative law, as well as ongoing constitutional reform. This edition has been fully updated throughout, including a restructure to Chapters 22 and 26, as well as additional pause and reflect sections in order to aid student understanding of this complex area of the law. The online digital content also includes updates to the Multiple Choice Questions, Instructor Test Bank and Web Links.Ideal for students studying constitutional and administrative law for the first time, this is an indispensable guide to the challenging concepts and legal rules in public law.

This book is the latest work on the reform of supervisory system by Qin Qianhong. The author demonstrates China's supervisory system at both the theoretical and practical levels, discusses the historical development of supervisory system reform in depth and offers the prospect of supervisory system from his unique perspective. Theoretically, focusing on the context of China, the book studies systematically the origin, transformation and evolution of the concept of supervision and concludes the theoretical basis, object of research and basic scope of supervisory law research, in expectation of building a theoretical system. Practically, from the perspective of China's reality, the book focuses on the studies of the crucial issues in supervisory system reform, such as the cooperation between supervisory power and prosecutorial power, and the status of supervisory institutions, aiming to provide suggestions for the supervisory system reform.

This original book fills a significant gap in legal literature by providing an exploration of research methodologies in public law, a field of research in which research methods are becoming increasingly prominent and sophisticated. Featuring thoughtful chapters written by leading scholars in the field, this book provides a thorough explanation of the key features, characteristics, and challenges of distinct methodological approaches to public law research. Divided into four broad categories; traditional, institutional, technical and critical, chapters cover a wide range of approaches, from doctrinal and interpretive methods to empirical, socio-legal, and Marxist approaches. The book promotes critical reflection on many of the most common methodological approaches and aims to demystify research methodologies in public law for new scholars and interdisciplinary researchers alike.Researching Public Law in Common Law Systems will be essential reading for academics and students in public law, suitable for advanced scholars and those who are new to the field. It will also be relevant to those with an interest in empirical methods, legal methods, and research methodologies more broadly in the social sciences.

This book encompasses areas of research like comparative constitution, transformative constitution, environmental law, family law, child rights and so on. The main theme of the book is comparative law. We intend to incorporate into this book laws pertaining to diverse field wherein it can be compared with the laws of other countries which brings in better understanding and conceptual clarity. The book focuses on the jurisprudence of different countries which enables the readers or clientele to get a better understanding of the principles of comparative law. The book showcases the comparative law jurisprudence prevalent across the globe so as to make use of the best practices for the betterment of humanity.

This book puts forward new thinking on how the theory and system of China's administrative law can meet the requirements of the low-carbon era based on the 25-year (1990-2015) development of China's administrative law in addressing climate change. With the basic content and structure of administrative law as the analytical framework and from the two dimensions of restraining the government's own activities to meet low-carbon requirements and prompting the government to effectively perform the new function of implementing low-carbon regulations, this book systematically studies the due changes and developments of theories and systems such as the basic principles of administrative law, administrative entities, administrative actions, administrative processes and administration liabilities.The purpose of writing this book is to explore and answer the vital role of China's administrative law in coping with climate change as well as the development of theories and systems ofChina's administrative law to comply with the new requirements proposed by the government administration in the low-carbon era.This book is the world's first legal monograph devoted to low-carbon administration in China in the field of administrative law, with novel, prospective and pertinent viewpoints, unique analysis, rich content and detailed information. The study involves cross-disciplinary research in the field of environmental protection, environmental law and administrative law. The book is also a window for the development of China's administrative law, especially the overall development of low-carbon administration in China.The publication of this book can provide a necessary theoretical basis for follow-up in-depth research on this topic from both China's and international legal circles as well as related multidisciplinary researchers and provide a substantive reference for worldwide practical circles to make relevant decisions.

This collection contains a selection of essays by the late Professor Kurt Lipstein, who emigrated from Germany to Cambridge in 1934. It focuses on his central works on the general principles of private international law, which are characterized by his comparative approach and his attention to the many relationships between conflicts of law and questions of public international and European law. It includes Lipstein's first studies of the conflict of laws as well as his powerful Hague lecture on the basic principles of private international law and his influencing articles on the development of the conflict of laws through international courts and arbitral tribunals.

This book examines the extent to which Brexit has impacted upon the operation of the British Constitution, prompting in turn consideration of how some of the factors which contributed to the outcome of the 2016 referendum, as well as the event of Brexit itself, might inform debates surrounding constitutional reform moving forward. The work seeks to make sense of the constitutional implications of Brexit and to revisit some of the key debates that have taken place in respect of particular constitutional reform proposals in order to assess the extent to which recent Brexit-related developments inform the perspectives which are taken upon their merits and prospects. The book is divided into two parts. The first provides some context for the substantive treatment of the potential impact of Brexit on constitutional reform debates which forms the focus of Part II. Part II centres on various specific constitutional reform themes or issues, which are explored further within the context of Brexit. For each such issue, the main parameters of the debates which have taken place are sketched out before moving on to consider how it has informed, or may come to be informed, by the phenomenon of Brexit. By so doing, it looks to some future directions for constitutional reform which take account of the factors driving the discourses which gave rise to the referendum outcome and subsequent developments, as well as offering meaningful responses to these. The book will be of interest to academics, researchers and policy-makers working in the areas of constitutional law, constitutional politics, philosophy and history.

The International Ombudsman Yearbook is the only publication devoted to ombudsman issues. The public sector ombudsman is now found at all levels of government in many countries around the world, both in established and consolidating democracies. The ombudsman is an independent office, traditionally appointed by the legislative branch, to investigate poor administration of government. More recently, some ombudsman offices have been given human rights protection responsibilities. The International Ombudsman Yearbook contains articles written from legal or public administration perspectives which address issues of interest to the contemporary ombudsman and to all persons with an interest in the institution. Compiled and edited by the International Ombudsman Institute, the organization composed of over 130 ombudsman members located worldwide, the Yearbook will be of interest to lawyers, scholars, ombudsman office personnel and government entities wherever ombudsman offices are located or contemplated.

The book provides a comprehensive analysis of local government in federations. It fills the gap in current legal research and positions local government in federal studies through the lenses of comparative law, adopting a more nuanced approach to local government. The book considers the shortcomings between the black-letter constitution and its operational rules. Whether (and how) the regime of local government is implemented is more relevant than its formal-but-ineffective recognition. The comparative survey discloses the variety local institutions take in different federal contexts. Divided into three parts, the book comprises chapters investigating local government in systems that, to various degrees, have been examined and classified as federal. Scholars throughout the world have examined the federal-local connection in aggregative federations, (the USA, Canada, Switzerland, Germany, Australia, and Austria), devolutionary ones (Belgium, Bosnia Herzegovina, Italy, Spain, the UK, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and the Russian Federation), as well as in federations beyond the West, where federalism-as-a-colonial-legacy has undergone a process of reinvention affecting the federal-local connection (South Africa, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Nepal, Palau, Federated States of Micronesia; St. Kitts and Nevis; United Arab Emirates; and Pakistan).

Unlocking Constitutional and Administrative Law provides an indispensable foundation in this core law curriculum subject, ensuring that you grasp the main concepts with ease. Containing accessible explanations in clear and precise terms that are easy to understand, it provides an excellent foundation for learning and revising Constitutional and Administrative Law. The information is clearly presented in a logical structure and the following features support learning, helping you to advance with confidence: Clear aims and objectives at the beginning of each chapter set out the skills and knowledge you will need to get to grips with the subject Key Facts summaries throughout each chapter allow you to progressively build and consolidate your knowledge Diagrams to aid memory and understanding Cases and judgments are highlighted to help you find them and add them to your notes quickly End-of-chapter summaries provide a useful checklist for each topic Frequent activities and self-test questions are included so you can put your knowledge into practice Glossary of legal terminology clarifies important definitions. This edition has been fully updated to include discussion of recent changes, issues and developments since the last edition, including an expanded section on Brexit, proposed changes to Judicial review, developments in Wales, Ireland and Scotland, recent Bills raising issues concerning the rule of law, and a new chapter on the constitutional impact of COVID-19.

The Covid 19 pandemic has revealed the need to verify the existing principles of functioning of public authorities, in relation to various decision-making processes, both at the conceptual level and at law implementation. The action of the legislator and public administration towards the society and the economy is conducted using peculiar instruments to control the public administration system. These instruments are likely to be of a public or private law nature. This book takes a comparative approach to examine the issues related to digital transformation in the times of a pandemic regarding the use of public-law instruments in Poland and the wider European context. In particular, the research aims to identify what stage the development of digital solutions in the state's organization and its authorities has reached, including the organization of public administration; what the has pandemic changed. Exploring the concepts of digital transformation, pandemic and public-law instruments, it provides an analysis of European and national public-law instruments using digital solutions, security and cybersecurity during a pandemic, and concrete issues such as public administration, health protection and social security, economic activity and the system of public finances, and education during the pandemic is performed. Establishing whether particular solutions are durable and to what extent they create a certain standard of response to a threat, it makes recommendations for determining which of the existing solutions is useful for the functioning of the state and its organs and facilitates the performance of their tasks.

This book offers a dynamic introduction to the new developments on national security review of foreign direct investment (FDI) from the perspectives of both domestic law and international investment law. COVID-19 and the Russian invasion of Ukraine have intensified FDI screening to an unprecedented scale, yet its purposes, scope and potential impact remain ambiguous and controversial. The book first attests the legitimacy of FDI screening by using the theory of National Security Constitution. Part I explicates the national security, public order and public health exceptions clauses in international investment law and the novel EU Regulation on FDI screening. Part II provides an in-depth analysis of FDI screening in China, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland and the UK, which have either witnessed momentous changes in domestic law recently or have adopted new laws to cope with the growing security concerns.The book illustrates how States and the EU are using legal instruments to tackle exigent and emerging challenges and the complexity of national security emanated from foreign investment, in the context of evolving disruptive digital technologies and the structural change of the global economy.The volume will be of great value to a wide range of audiences including academics in investment and trade law, legal practitioners, in-house counsels, policymakers, business professionals and law and business students at the graduate level.

The second edition of this concise and well-loved textbook has been enhanced and developed while continuing to offer a fresh and accessible approach to international law, providing students with a uniquely holistic understanding of the field. Starting with the legal principles that underpin each strand of international law, and putting this into a real-life context, this textbook builds an understanding of how the international legal system operates and where it is heading. It guides readers through the theoretical foundations and development of international law norms, while also explaining clearly how the law works in practice.Key Features:Further reading and discussion topics for each chapterA focus on legal theory and how it intersects with the practice of international lawA new chapter providing an extensive and up-to-date explanation of the specialised areas of international lawAn integrated and contextual examination of the political and extra-legal dimensions of the international legal systemThe latest treaties, case studies and analysis, including critical current issues such as the COVID-19 pandemic and global health, and climate changeTaking into account the burgeoning literature, cases and legislative developments in public international law in the decade since its first publication, this edition offers new tools to help students embed their understanding, as well as new material on specialised areas of international law. This book is the perfect companion for students to learn international law in context, and for practitioners who want a firm theoretical foundation on which to base their practice.

This book explores critical issues about how courts engage with questions of fact in public law adjudication. Although the topic of judicial review - the mechanism through which individuals can challenge governmental action - continues to generate sustained interest amongst constitutional and administrative lawyers, there has been little attention given to questions of fact. This is so despite such determinations of fact often being hugely important to the outcomes and impacts of public law adjudication. The book brings together scholars from across the common law world to identify and explore contested issues, common challenges, and gaps in understanding. The various chapters consider where facts arise in constitutional and administrative law proceedings, the role of the courts, and the types of evidence that might assist courts in determining legal issues that are underpinned by complex and contested social or policy questions. The book also considers whether the existing laws and practices surrounding evidence are sufficient, and how other disciplines might assist the courts. The book reconnects the key practical issues surrounding evidence and facts with the lively academic debate on judicial review in the common law world; it therefore contributes to an emerging area of scholarly debate and also has practical implications for the conduct of litigation and government policy-making.

There is growing judicial, academic and political interest in the concept of common law constitutional rights. Concurrently, significant public law judgments, including R (Miller) v The Prime Minister, R (Begum) v Special Immigration Appeals Commission and R (Privacy International) v Investigatory Powers Tribunal, continue to sustain and enrich the academic debate on the nature of the UK constitution.Bringing these two highly topical themes together, the book argues, firstly, that neither common law constitutionalism nor political constitutionalism adequately captures the nature of public law litigation because neither is fully able to account for the co-existence and interplay between parliamentary sovereignty and the rule of law. Advancing the idea of a'nuanced'constitution instead, the book then provides an in-depth analysis of common law constitutional rights, looking at their history, conceptual foundations, contemporary characteristics, coverage and resilience.In doing so, this book highlights and re-conceptualises the dynamics and mechanisms of constitutional law adjudication and provides the first comprehensive critique of common law constitutional rights jurisprudence. It is centred around extensive case law analysis which focuses predominantly on recent Supreme Court judgments.

This book brings together prominent administrative law scholars to discuss current administrative issues. It addresses how administrative law has adapted to the COVID-19 pandemic and how to develop emergency responses in future cases. The book also considers the digitization and electronification of administrative law; a topic that gained increasing importance during the pandemic and will increasingly shape public law in the future.

This book, one of the first of its kind, explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on modern Western democracies from a comparative constitutional law and policy perspective. Through 11 scholarly contributions, it tackles cutting-edge topics for the liberal state, such as emergency legislation, judicial scrutiny of COVID-19 measures, parliamentarism and executive decision-making during the pandemic. The book examines these topics both from a microscopic national constitutional angle, with a focus on European states, and from a macroscopic regional and comparative angle, on par with the American example. The COVID-19 pandemic is thus treated as an international state of emergency that has enabled far-reaching restrictions on essential human rights, such as freedom of movement, freedom of religion or even major political rights, while giving rise to the ‘administrative state.'This edited volume explores each of these pressing themes in this exceptional context andevaluates different liberal states'responses to the pandemic. Were these responses reasonable, effective and democratic? Or is the COVID-19 pandemic just the beginning of a new era of global democratic backsliding? How can liberal democracies manage similar crises in future? What lessons have we learned? The institutional knowledge gained turns out to be the key for the future of the rule of law.

Wie wurden im Kaiserreich die Kompetenzen des Reichstags für die Kolonien in der Gesetzgebung gestaltet und von der Staatsrechtslehre reflektiert? Wie verhält sich diese besondere Kompetenzordnung zur Reichsverfassung? Marc Grohmann untersucht die koloniale Kompetenzordnung, die 1886 durch ein parlamentarisches Ermächtigungsgesetz auf den Kaiser ausgerichtet wurde. Nach der Jahrhundertwende setzten Versuche ein, die monarchisch-bürokratische Regierung der Kolonien einer stärkeren parlamentarischen Kontrolle zu unterwerfen. Warum wurden die Kolonien in Afrika, China und der Südsee anders behandelt als das Reich selbst? Lassen sich aus der Exotisierung der kolonialen Kompetenzordnung durch Regierungsbeamte, Parlamentarier und Rechtswissenschaftler Rückschlüsse auf die Aussichten einer Parlamentarisierung des Reichs und auf das zeitgenössische Denken über Parlament und Kaisertum ziehen? Marc Grohmann geht diesen Fragen nach und berücksichtigt dabei auch die anderen europäischen Kolonialmächte und das'Reichsland'Elsaß-Lothringen. Er wertet Archivmaterial aus, analysiert die zeitgenössische juristische Literatur eingehend und zeichnet Entstehung, Legitimation und Entwicklung der'exotischen Verfassung'nach. Diese Analyse des Sonderfalls'Kolonien'unterstützt neuere Bewertungen des Kaiserreichs, die von einer relativen Offenheit der Verfassungsentwicklung ausgehen.

This book describes how governments formulate policies, draft legislation, and manage stocks of legislation and how approaches to these tasks are converging. That convergence has developed over 30 years through the work by the OECD in its studies on regulatory reform and the work of other international organizations to improve regulatory management. The Institutions of the European Union and its member states, OECD member countries and a growing number of developing and transitional countries have developed a policy best described as ‘Better Regulation.'That policy is characterized using regulatory impact assessment, improving public consultation, and reducing administrative burdens. The policy has brought improvements in legislative drafting and managing stocks of legislation. The book concludes with a description of the impact of information technology on governments and how the challenges posed by the Internet, globalization and pandemics are being met by new approaches to regulating to ensure its benefits exceed its costs.

This book presents an international and comparative exploration of how the COVID-19 global pandemic has affected and impacted on issues of human rights, security, and law. Throughout the world, the COVID-19 global pandemic has fundamentally impacted and altered our way of life. As this book sets out, all states have had to contend with similar challenges as well as competing interests and obligations affecting human rights and security. These challenges present very few simple choices but nonetheless carry enormous consequences. Organised into two thematic and distinct yet interrelated parts, first on theoretical and practical challenges for human rights and second on threats to personal, collective, and global security, the book examines how the ability of states to safeguard our fundamental rights and security, broadly defined, has been challenged. Questions about the legality and legal impact of recent responses to COVID-19 will persist for some time. It is often said that global problems require coordinated global solutions, but the various responses to the pandemic by states suggest a notable lack of a consensus amongst the international community. The book will be of interest to academics and researchers working in the areas of human rights law and security law. It will also appeal to constitutional lawyers, given the nature of law-making and the challenge of ensuring adequate scrutiny in emergency situations as well as the impact of COVID-19 upon the legal framework more generally. It will provide a valuable resource for policymakers, practitioners, and public servants.

This book contends that modern concerns surrounding the UK State's investigation of communications (and, more recently, data), whether at rest or in transit, are in fact nothing new. It evidences how, whether using common law, the Royal Prerogative, or statutes to provide a lawful basis for a state practice traceable to at least 1324, the underlying policy rationale has always been that first publicly articulated in Cromwell's initial Postage Act 1657, namely the protection of British ‘national security', broadly construed. It further illustrates how developments in communications technology led to Executive assumptions of relevant investigatory powers, administered in conditions of relative secrecy. In demonstrating the key role played throughout history by communications service providers, the book also charts how the evolution of the UK Intelligence Community, entry into the ‘UKUSA'communications intelligence-sharing agreement 1946, and intelligence community advocacy all significantly influenced the era of arguably disingenuous statutory governance of communications investigation between 1984 and 2016. The book illustrates how the 2013 ‘Intelligence Shock'triggered by publication of Edward Snowden's unauthorized disclosures impelled a transition from Executive secrecy and statutory disingenuousness to a more consultative, candid Executive and a policy of ‘transparent secrecy', now reflected in the Investigatory Powers Act 2016. What the book ultimately demonstrates is that this latest comprehensive statute, whilst welcome for its candour, represents only the latest manifestation of the British state's policy of ensuring protection of national security by granting powers enabling investigative access to communications and data, in transit or at rest, irrespective of location.

This textbook analyses from an economic perspective the phenomena of public law, the constitution, the democratic and political process, federalism, NGOs, administration and state decisions. It also examines selected fields of administrative law, including finance and tax law, public economic law and environmental law. Although the book uses examples from different legal orders, it maintains a focus on continental European law, as it aims to advance the law and economics approach in Europe.

Das Verfassungsrecht der Europäischen Union zeichnet sich durch ein überaus vielfältiges Verfahrensrecht zum Erlass verbindlicher Rechtsakte aus. Die Unterschiede zwischen den 70 verschiedenen Verfahren manifestieren sich dabei sowohl in variierenden Verfahrenskategorien mit unterschiedlichen rechtlichen Implikationen als auch in wechselnden Akteuren und Abläufen. Nicholas Otto untersucht, auf welche Strukturentscheidungen, Gesetzmäßigkeiten und Wertungen diese Binnendifferenzierungen zurückzuführen sind, und macht diese als Funktions- und Organisationslogiken deutlich. Dabei rekonstruiert er nicht nur staatsanalog anmutende Phänomene wie die'Gesetzgebungsverfahren'als unionsspezifische Verfahrenskategorie, sondern beleuchtet beispielsweise auch, inwieweit das Konzept dualer Legitimation geeignet ist, die variablen Verfahrenskonfigurationen unter Beteiligung des Rates und des Europäischen Parlaments adäquat abzubilden. Die Arbeit wurde mit dem Dissertationspreis 2021 der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster ausgezeichnet.