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This book features the best papers presented at the Asia-Pacific Conference on Economics & Finance in 2016. Chapters include research conducted by experts in the field of Economics, Finance and Business from the region. Put together by East Asia Research, East Asia Institute of Management & Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), this book serves as a useful resource for educators, researchers, thought leaders, policy makers, and economists.

The book is a compilation of selected papers presented at the Asia Conference on Economics & Business Research in 2015. The peer-reviewed contributions cover topics such as microeconomics, macroeconomics, financial economics, accounting and economics, organizational behavior, marketing, business ethics, general management, strategic management, operations management and public sector management. The volume serves as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in the area of economics and business research in Asia.

From May 20 to May 24, 1986 a conference on distributive justice and in­ equality was held at the Institute for Advanced Study Berlin (Wis­ senschaftskolleg zu Berlin). More than thirty scholars participated in this conference. The topics of the presentations ranged from ethics, welfare economics and social choice theory to characterizations of inequality meas­ ures and redistributive taxation schemes. This book contains a selection of the papers given at the conference. This collection of articles also appeared as issues 2 and 3 of volume 5 of Social Choice and Welfare. In the first paper P. Suppes argues for a pluralistic concept of equity. For too long the emphasis has been on income distribution but there are other characteristics which are important when one talks about equity. Suppes suggests that it would be desirable to have Lorenz curves for a variety of fea­ tures of societies, such as education, health and housing. P. Dasgupta studies the quality of lives in terms of an index of living stand­ ards. One has to distinguish between'same number choices'(the number of lives is given) and'different numbers choices'(problem of optimum popUlation). The author argues that in the latter case the anonymity (or sym­ metry) axiom cannot be readily defended. Once it is dropped, however, an incoherence in the moral ordering of possible worlds arises. The moral basis for different numbers choices becomes generation-dependent, an overall moral ordering of possible worlds no longer exists.

State of the art modeling of investment behavior and analysis of incentive and allocative effects of taxation on investment behavior are reported in these proceedings. Leading researchers from seven OECD countries treat problems ranging from modeling investment behavior and estimating investment equations with various data sets to detailed studies of tax influences on investment behavior. Particular attention is paid to tax reform plans, especially in West Germany and the UK. The role of financial variables and uncertainty is analysed. A major topic in the volume is recent work within Tobin's Q-theoretic framework. Papers report developments and applications of Q-type investment functions, and for the first time estimated Q-theoretic investment equations are presented for West German industries taking into account the complex tax structure.

Mathematical demography is the centerpiece of quantitative social science. The founding works of this field from Roman times to the late Twentieth Century are collected here, in a new edition of a classic work by David R. Smith and Nathan Keyfitz. Commentaries by Smith and Keyfitz have been brought up to date and extended by Kenneth Wachter and Hervé Le Bras, giving a synoptic picture of the leading achievements in formal population studies. Like the original collection, this new edition constitutes an indispensable source for students and scientists alike, and illustrates the deep roots and continuing vitality of mathematical demography.

Presented at the Workshop on the Origin and Furure of Social Security Schemes, Berlin, December 13 - 14, 1984

Applied Demography is clearly evolving as its practitioners become involved in the emerging trends of the Twenty-First Century. Data bases, substantive issues and methodological approaches seldom considered just a few years ago have become mainstream concerns in the area of applied demography. This book derived from the 1st post-2000 national conference on Applied Demography, to be held in San Antonio, Texas January 7-9, 2007 under the sponsorship of the Institute for Demographic and Socioeconomic Research at The University of Texas at San Antonio, provides a unique opportunity to obtain an overview of the current state of applied demography. The work will provide a cross-sectional view of Applied Demography and an evaluation of its likely future.

This open access book presents recent research and hot topics in the field of real estate science in Japan. It features carefully selected English translations of peer-reviewed papers and excellent articles published in the Japanese Journal of Real Estate Sciences, as well as papers presented at the Japan Association of Real Estate Sciences (JARES) annual conference. The topics covered include market analyses of vacant houses, policies for reuse of vacant houses, property tax policy, issues of land for which the owners are unknown, disaster and real estate values, the siting optimization plan and its influence on real estate, big data and ICT technology for the real estate business, and public real estate management.Real estate science in Japan has developed in step with international research in the fields of law and economics, regional science, civil engineering, environmental science, architectonics, and related areas. At the same time, it has evolvedinto a unique discipline that focuses on policy-oriented practical science with arguments for the reform of outdated laws, regulations, and traditional customs. Asian countries are currently growing rapidly and are catching up with developing countries. The lessons learned and know-how accumulated by JARES is helpful for practitioners and policymakers not only in Japan, but also in other Asian countries.

This book gathers selected papers from the 29th Eurasia Business and Economics Society (EBES) Conference, held in Lisbon, Portugal. While the theoretical and empirical papers presented cover diverse areas of economics and finance in various geographic regions, the main focus is on the latest research concerning accounting/audits, banking, the economics of innovation, and empirical studies on emerging economies and international trade. Studies on labor economics and public economics, as well as regional studies, round out the coverage.

This book presents selected papers from the 23rd Eurasia Business and Economics Society (EBES) Conference, held in Madrid, Spain. While the theoretical and empirical papers presented cover diverse areas of economics and finance in different geographic regions, the main focus is on the latest research concerning international trade, public economics, and regional studies. The book also includes studies on the economics of innovation, inequality and tourism.

This volume of Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics includes selected papers from the 25th Business and Economics Society (EBES) Conference, held in Berlin, Germany, in May 2018. While the theoretical and empirical papers presented cover diverse areas of economics and finance from different geographic regions, the main focus is on the latest research in the economics of innovation, investment and risk management together with regional studies. The book also includes studies on law and regulation themes such as economic offences by women, formation of contracts via the internet and public tender for residents of communes.

This volume of Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics includes selected papers from the 24th Eurasia Business and Economics Society (EBES) Conference, held in Bangkok. The theoretical and empirical papers gathered here cover diverse areas of economics and finance from different geographic regions; yet the main focus is on the latest findings on labor markets and their interactions with competitive environments. The volume also includes meso-economic studies that analyze individual companies, economic and financial environments, particularly with regard to human resource and financial risk management.

This volume is a post-conference publication of the 4th World Congress on Social Simulation (WCSS), with contents selected from among the 80 papers originally presented at the conference. WCSS is a biennial event, jointly organized by three scientific communities in computational social science, namely, the Pacific-Asian Association for Agent-Based Approach in Social Systems Sciences (PAAA), the European Social Simulation Association (ESSA), and the Computational Social Science Society of the Americas (CSSSA). It is, therefore, currently the most prominent conference in the area of agent-based social simulation. The papers selected for this volume give a holistic view of the current development of social simulation, indicating the directions for future research and creating an important archival document and milestone in the history of computational social science. Specifically, the papers included here cover substantial progress in artificial financial markets, macroeconomic forecasting, supply chain management, bank networks, social networks, urban planning, social norms and group formation, cross-cultural studies, political party competition, voting behavior, computational demography, computational anthropology, evolution of languages, public health and epidemics, AIDS, security and terrorism, methodological and epistemological issues, empirical-based agent-based modeling, modeling of experimental social science, gaming simulation, cognitive agents, and participatory simulation. Furthermore, pioneering studies in some new research areas, such as the theoretical foundations of social simulation and categorical social science, also are included in the volume.

This volume presents a state of the art coverage of the measurement and evolution of mortality over time. It describes in great detail the changes in the cause patterns of mortality, the changes in mortality patterns at different ages, and specific analyses of mortality in particular countries. Derived from a meeting of the European Working Group on Health, Morbidity and Mortality held at the Vienna Institute of Demography, September 2011, it presents a cross-section of the work and concerns of mortality researchers across Europe, ranging from London and Madrid in the west to Moscow in the east, with a few additions from further afield. Although most of the papers focus on a particular population, the range of the papers is broad; taken together they present an inter-disciplinary cross-section of this multi-faceted field. Coverage includes estimating life expectancy in small areas, with an application to recent changes in US counties; socioeconomic determinants of mortality in Europeusing the latest available data and short-term forecasts; predicting mortality from profiles of biological risk and performance measures of functioning; infant mortality measurement and rate of progress on international commitment using evidence from Argentina; avoidable factors contributing to maternal deaths in Turkey; changes in mortality at older ages: the case of Spain (1975- 2006); variable scales of avoidable mortality within the Russian population; long-term mortality decline in East Asia, and much more. Perspectives in Mortality Research will serve as a valuable resource for professionals and students in sociology, demography, public health and personal finance.

In the 50 years that have passed since Alfred Latka's death in 1949 his position as the father of mathematical demography has been secure. With his first demographic papers in 1907 and 1911 (the latter co­ authored with F. R. Sharpe) he laid the foundations for stable population theory, and over the next decades both largely completed it and found convenient mathematical approximations that gave it practical applica­ tions. Since his time, the field has moved in several directions he did not foresee, but in the main it is still his. Despite Latka's stature, however, the reader still needs to hunt through the old journals to locate his principal works. As yet no exten­ sive collections of his papers are in print, and for his part he never as­ sembled his contributions into a single volume in English. He did so in French, in the two part Theorie Analytique des Associations Biologiques (1934, 1939). Drawing on his Elements of Physical Biology (1925) and most of his mathematical papers, Latka offered French readers insights into his biological thought and a concise and mathematically accessible summary of what he called recent contributions in demographic analy­ sis. We would be accurate in also calling it Latka's contributions in demographic analysis.

This Festschrift was'presented'in electronic form to Buchanan on the occasion of his eightieth birthday on October 3, 1999, after dinner in Fairfax, Virginia. As one might have expected, the response to our call for papers was vo­ luminous. In looking over the many contributions, we felt that a'published'Festschrift was also possible and fitting for the eightieth birthday of so prodi­ gious and influential a scholar as Professor Buchanan. To that end we have assembled the following volume. In selecting the papers to be included here we have basically tried to choose those papers which in some way bear on Buchanan's contributions. Perfectly good papers about issues not related to Buchanan's research agenda or not referring directly to Buchanan's work were not included. Space constraints did not allow universal coverage, so choices had to be made. It should be stated clearly that these were our choices based on the criterion that the contribution be relevant to Buchanan's work. Buchanan had nothing whatsoever to do with the selection of papers for this volume. Once choices had been made, we arranged the papers by subject matter ranging from various aspects of Buchanan's work in economics, political science, philosophy, and related areas, to some more personal recollections of Jim as a professor, friend, and colleague. Including the latter material was also our decision, and this probably represents a choice with which Jim would not have agreed. We think, however, that the reader will find these pieces interesting and informative.

The behaviour of market prices is a fascinating subject for researchers. Opinions vary substantially. from the view that prices accurately and quickly reflect relevant information to the other extreme that prices are not rationally determined and are hence to some degree predictable. This diversity of belief about the efficiency of markets is reflected in these proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on'A reappraisal of the efficiency of financial markets'. The thirty-one workshop papers cover stock. currency and commodity markets. We are pleased to have contributions on markets in eleven NATO countries: Belgium. Canada. Denmark. France. Germany. Greece. Italy. the Netherlands. Portugal. the United Kingdom and the United States. The workshop papers thus provide a wide-ranging account of contemporary research into financial markets worldwide. The workshop was held at the Hotel do Mar. Sesimbra. Portugal from April 11 th to April 15th. 1988. We record our gratitude to Jose Cabral for ensuring the smooth progress of the workshop. The generous financial assistance of NATO was supplemented by contributions from: The Chicago Board of Trade. Alianca Seguradora. Banco Comercial Portugues. Fundacao Luso-Americana Para 0 Desenvolvimento. Junta Nacional de Investigacao Cientifica e Tecnologica. We speak for all the workshop participants in expressing our thanks to all our sponsors. Rui M. Campos Guimaraes. University of Porto.

The papers collected in this volume are those presented at the eighteenth Colloquium arranged by the Societe Universitaire Europeenne de Recherches Financieres (SUERF), which took place in Dublin in May 1994. The Society is supported by a large number of central banks and com­ mercial banks, by other financial and business institutions and by personal subscriptions from academics and others interested in monetary and financial problems. Since its establishment in 1963, it has developed as a forum for the exchange of information, research results and ideas among academics and practitioners in these fields, including central bank and treasury officials responsible for formulating and applying monetary and financial policies, national and international. A major activity of SUERF is to organise and conduct Colloquia on subjects of topical interest to its members. The titles, places and dates of previous Colloquia for which volumes of the collected papers were published are noted on the last page of this volume.

This volume is intended to expand the dialogue and interest among both practitioners and academicians in a problem area worthy of attention by all. The concept of disaggregation admits to our current inability to solve many types of interrelated hierarchical problems simultaneously. It offers instead a sequential, iterative process as a workable and necessary procedure. The papers in this volume are selected from those presented at a Disaggregation Conference held in March, 1977 at The Ohio State University. We heartily applaud all those who participated in the conference and particularly appreci­ ate the cooperation of those authors whose work is published in this collection. Part A contains four papers which define the various dimensions of disaggregation. The paper by Martin Starr, which was the text of his luncheon address at the conference, provides several interesting perspectives to the problem. Although disaggregation suggests tear­ ing apart, as Professor Starr illustrates with his butterfly example, it also suggests a putting together or a synthesis which recognizes interrelationships and dependencies. The next paper by Lee Kra­ jewski and Larry Ritzman offers a general model of disaggregation for both the manufacturing and service sectors. After reading the papers in this section, as well as the papers in subsequent sections, you will identify other dimensions to hierarchical decision making which go beyond this generalized model.

Agent-based modeling/simulation is an emergent approach to the analysis of social and economic systems. It provides a bottom-up experimental method to be applied to social sciences such as economics, management, sociology, and politics as well as some engineering fields dealing with social activities. This book includes selected papers presented at the Seventh International Workshop on Agent-Based Approaches in Economic and Social Complex Systems held in Osaka, Japan, in 2012.At the workshop, 24 reviewed full papers were presented, and of those, 17 were selected to be included in this volume. The papers are divided into two groups as'Fundamentals of Agent-Based Modeling'and'Applications of Agent-Based Modeling'.

This volume consists of papers derived from the Ninth International Conference on Studies in Economic Ethics and Philosophy (SEEP), held at Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada, in June of 2002. Let me take this opportunity to express my appreciation to Professor Peter Koslowski for his original stimulus, encouragement, and continual assistance in making the Conference a success. I would also like to thank my Trent colleague, Professor David Holdsworth, for his steadfast help in the management of the Conference and the papers resulting from it. I am obliged to Mr. Louis Taylor of North George Studios in Peterborough for his expert professional service in preparing the manuscript for printing. Finally, let me gratefully acknowledge the generous financial sponsorship of the Conference by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and Trent University's Department of Philosophy and Graduate Centre for the Study of Theory, Culture, and Politics. Bernard Hodgson Department of Philosophy Trent University Peterborough, Ontario, Canada May 2004 Contents Preface................................................................................................................ IX Introduction BERNARD HODGSON............................................................................................. 1 Part One Setting the Problem Chapter 1 Public Interest and Self-Interest in the Market and the Democratic Process PETER KOSLOWSKI............................................................................................. 13 Chapter2 The Invisible Hand and Thinness of the Common Good RICHARD DE GEORGE......................................................................................... 38 CONTENTS Part Two Constraining the Invisible Hand Chapter 3 Hiring Invisible Hands for Public Works EDWARDJ. NELL................................................................................................. 51 Chapter4 A Market Failures Approach to Business Ethics JOSEPH HEATH..................................................................................................... 69 Chapter 5 Abstractions and Conceptual Automata in Economics and Non-Economics STEPHEN REGOCZEI.............................................................................................

When Murat Sertel asked us whether we would be interested in organizing a special issue of the Review of Economic Design on the formation of networks and groups, we were happy to accept because of the growing research on this important topic. We were also pleasantly surprised at the response to our request for submissions to the special issue, receiving a much larger number of sub­ missions than we had anticipated. In the end we were able to put together two special issues of insightful papers on this topic. Given the growing interest in this topic, we also decided (with encouragement from Murat) to combine the special issues in the form of a book for wider dissemination. However, once we had decided to edit the book, it was natural to move beyond the special issue to include at least some of the papers that have been influential in the literature on the formation of networks. These papers were published in other journals, and we are very grateful to the authors as well as the journals for permission to include these papers in the book.

The last few centuries have seen paper-based documents and manuscript signatures dominate the way businesses enter into a contractual relationship with each other. With the advent of Internet, replacing paper-based contracts with B2B electronic contracts is a possibility. However, an appropriate technology and an enabling legislation are crucial for this change to happen. On the technology front this feature has the potential to enable business executives to sit in front of their computer and sign multi-million dollar deals by using their electronic signatures. On the legal front various pieces of legislation have been enacted and policies developed at both national and international levels to give legal recognition to such type of contracts. This book presents the findings of an empirical study on large public listed Australian companies that examined businesses'perception towards the use of electronic signatures in B2B contracts. Essentially, it identifies six key factors that create a disincentive to businesses to move from the practice of paper- based signatures to the new technology of electronic signatures. This book offers legal practitioners, academics and businesses insights into issues associated with the use of electronic signatures and suggests a number of measures to promote its usage in B2B contracts.

The origins of this volume can be traced back to a conference on'Ethics, Economic and Business'organized by Columbia Busi­ ness School in March of 1993, and held in the splendid facilities of Columbia's Casa Italiana. Preliminary versions of several of the papers were presented at that meeting. In July 1994 the Fields Institute of Mathematical Sciences sponsored a workshop on'Geometry, Topology and Markets': additional papers and more refined versions of the original papers were presented there. They were published in their present versions in Social Choice and Wel­ fare, volume 14, number 2, 1997. The common aim of these workshops and this volume is to crystallize research in an area which has emerged rapidly in the last fifteen years, the area of topological approaches to social choice and the theory of games. The area is attracting increasing interest from social choice theorists, game theorists, mathematical econ­ omists and mathematicians, yet there is no authoritative collection of papers in the area. Nor is there any surveyor book to give a perspective and act as a guide to the issues in and contributions to this new area. One of the two aims of this volume is in some measure to play this role: the other aim is of course to present interesting and surprising new results.

The recent experience of industrialized countries with low fer­ tility and persistent immigration has stimulated interest in the eco­ nomic effects of population change in industrial countries and has led to new research in population economics. In Germany, however, where these demographic trends were perhaps most pronounced, research on po­ pulation economics has lagged. During recent years more German econo­ mists have also turned to this topic. This upsurge in research activity motivated the organisation of an international conference entitled'Economic Consequences of Population Change in Industrialized Coun­ tries', which was held from June 1 to June 3, 1983 at the University of Paderborn, W. Germany. The conference was designed to discuss and assess the new theoretical and empirical research work on the effects of population change on the economy, to intensify the international cooperation and to stimulate the research in population economics in W. Germany. This volume contains 23 revised versions of the 27 papers pre­ sented at the conference. Although the topics of the papers are di­ verse, they can be grouped into six general themes: The first section, including papers by Cigno, Steinmann, and Simon, deals with models of the secular interrelationships between population change, technical progress and economic growth. The models are built upon the framework of neoclassical growth theory and are extended by the assumption that the rate of technical progress is positively linked with population growth or population density.

The papers in this volume were fIrst presented at a symposium on'An Expanded Public Role in Job Training? The Issue of Market Failure in the Provision of Training.'The symposium took place in May, 1989. It was sponsored by the LaFollette Institute of Public Affairs at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. JozefRitzen, then in Madison on leave from Erasmus University in the Netherlands, organized the symposium. Subsequently he became Minister of Education and Science for the Netherlands. He asked David Stern to fInish the work of editing the papers for publication. All the papers have been revised in light of comments by discussants at the symposium, as well as subsequent comments by the editors and outside reviewers. INTRODucrroN AND OVERVIEW Jozef M. M. Ritzen Erasmus University Rotterdam Minister of Education and Science The Netherlands David Stem School of Education University of California, Berkeley Two factors are contributing to an increased interest in the training of adult employees. First, there is the present high rate of change in the technologies embodied in products and in production processes. This enhances the negative effect of the undersupply of training on economic growth. Higher levels of training would provide a more fertile environment for technological change. The second factor is the aging of the population.

THE EUROPEAN SINGLE MARKET This volume comprises a collection of papers, some of which were presented at different workshops organized by the European Economics and Financial Centre (London), in conjunction with various European central banks. In addition the book contains, in Chapter 2, the text of a memorial lecture on Trade and Financial Relationships of the US and Europe given by this author in New York. The lecture, known as the Henry George Lecture, was given at St John's University in New York in April 1993. The workshops were part of a series of workshops, the first of which was hosted by the Central Bank of Finland. At these workshops usually some 20 central banks from Europe, the Federal Reserve Board and various other central banks were present. Furthermore the workshops contain papers from international organizations such as the OECD, European Commission, Bank for International Settlement, government ministries, commercial banks, re­ search institutes and academics from Europe and elsewhere. The two workshops from which some of these papers were drawn were those held at the Central Bank of the Netherlands and the Central Bank of Austria. The workshop held at the Central Bank of the Netherlands (De Nederlandsche Bank), was on Policy Coordination, and took place during 2-4 November, 1992. The one held at the Central Bank of Austria (6stereichische Bank), was on Policy Formulation in Interdependent Market, and took place during 24-26 March 1993.

I. The Topic and the structure of the Proceedings The papers in this book are the proceedings of a conference held at the Economics Department of the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research in March 1985 in New York for which financial support was provided by.the West German Consulate. The topic of the conference was'Competition, Instability, and Nonlinear Cycles.'A number of mathematical economists from Italy, West Germany, France, Japan, and the u.s. were invited as participants in this meeting. The conference was preceded by two other conferences in which several of the invited scholars had taken part. One, on'la gravitation des prix,'took place in Nanterre, France,in March 1984. The other was held at the New School for Social Research in April 1984 on'Price of Production in Joint Production systems.'Both conference were concerned with classical prices of production systems and their revival in the form developed by Sraffa and Pasinetti (1977). In these conferences, considerable interest arose in more properly modeling the dynamics of prices of production systems in a multi­ sectoral framework by utilizing modern mathematical tools of dynamical systems. Such a discussion on the dynamics of the classical process of competition and the stability of classical production prices was originally initiated by several papers by Nikaido (1977, 1983, 1984) and further pursued by several scholars (see Steedman, 1983; Boggio, 1980; Kuroki, 1983; Dumenil/Levy, 1983; Krause, 1983, 1984; Hosoda, 1985; Filippini, 1985).

A tax reform policy aiming at a growth of prosperity requires basic guidelines. These would have to serve as a standard evaluation model for the precise assessment of the current tax system and the development of tax reform proposals. For market economies the concept of a consumption-based tax system is gaining increasing importance, especially with respect to economic efficiency. An ideal concept for reforming direct taxes would be the requirement of aligning tax bases directly to consumed income, that is, to exempt saved and invested income from taxation. The present volume contains papers dealing with the pros and cons of such a consumption-based tax system and of taxing lifetime consumption. Papers presented in this volume come from leading international scientists who discuss the tax reform under theoretical, political, legal and administrative aspects.

The 1980s have witnessed a tremendous growth in the field of computer­ integrated manufacturing systems. The other major areas of development have been computer-aided design, computer-aided manufacturing, industrial robotics, automated assembly, cellular and modular material handling, computer networking and office automation to name just a few. These new technologies are generally capital intensive and do not conform to traditional cost structures. The net result is a tremendous change in the way costs should be estimated and economic analyses performed. The majority of existing engineering economy texts still profess application of traditional analysis methods. But, as was men­ tioned above, it is clear that the basic trend in manufacturing industries is itself changing. So it is quite obvious that the practice of traditional economic analysis methods should change too. This book is an attempt to address the various issues associated with non-traditional methods for evaluation of advanced computer-integrated technologies. This volume consists of twenty refereed articles which are grouped into five parts. Part one, Economic Justification Methods, consists of six articles. In the first paper, Soni et at. present a new classification for economic justification methods for advanced automated manufacturing systems. In the second, Henghold and LeClair look at strengths and weaknesses of expert systems in general and more specifically, an ap­ plication aimed at investment justification in advanced technology. The third paper, by Carrasco and Lee, proposes an enhanced economic methodology to improve the needs analysis, conceptual design and de­ tailed design activities associated with technology modernization.

The research for this project was carried out while the author was at the staff of the Economics Faculty of Erasmus University Rotterdam. The core results were recorded in discussion papers 7821/G, 7901/G, 7910/G and 8002/G of the faculty's Institute for Economic Research. Working on the project I incurred considerable debts to some professors and fellow staff members of the faculty. Professor P. J. Verdoorn initiated this study by suggesting its subject and by encouraging me to turn my initially hesitantly held view of imports as'indispensable'inputs into the cornerstone of the analysis; he also read the final manuscript. Professor H. C. Bos'enthusiastic encouragement greatly stimulated me in the arduous phase of the writing of the manuscript; his advise on style and emphasis considerably improved the presentation while his careful reading of the various versions of the manuscript eliminated many non sequiturs and some errors. I am deeply in debt to A. S. W. de Vries who scrutinized not only the manuscript but also the preliminary discussion papers; while sharing an office room with him for six years I had the benefit of many stimulating discussions and he equanimously put up with my moods when I was stuck at some point. I am also in debt to D. P. Broer for checking and improving the optimal control theorem in chapter 7; to Professor R. Harkema for inducing me to write sections 5. 1 and 5.

Environmental costs of electric power generation are receiving increasing attention as an important input to planning and decision processes. Since the outstart of the discussion on the monetized environmental costs of electricity in 1988 a number of studies have been conducted on the subject, producing partially contradictory results. Simultaneously political action has resulted from the first stage on this discussion process. In Germany the higher rates which have to be payed to autoproducers based on renewable energy sources have been explicitly justified by the existence of external environmental costs of conventional electricity generation. At the same time some state regulatory commissions in the United States have introduced adders for environmental costs in the utility planning process. This book reports on the first international workshop on the subject, bringing together practically all experts in the field of research and political implementation from the United States and Germany, the two pioneering countries. The more than thirty contributed papers contained in this volume give the most comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the field. Some papers already outline the future course of research by giving an overview over some major research projects, which have just started.

It was at the fifth SEEP-Conference on Economic Ethics and philosophy in autumn 1997 that the organizational work of the seventh conference in 1999 was entrusted to the editors of this volume. Prof. Peter Koslowski, series editor of The Studies in Economic Ethics and Philosophy, SEEP, expressed the hope that the SEEP-Conference be held in the Far-East for the fist time would bring a new comparative aspect to economic ethics and philosophy. Further, the agenda of economic ethics seemed to increase its significance also in Japan and other Asian countries especially due to the spread of corruption in the government and business under the financial crisis that attacked these nations in the late 1990s. Though we chose'Com­ petition, Trust, and Cooperation'as the general theme of the conference, this should include the collusion, distrust, and corruption as the opposite side of the medal. The conference was held on March 10-12, 1999 at the Kansai Seminar House of the Nippon Christian Academy, Kyoto, Japan. Fourteen papers were submitted to the conference. In addition to twelve papers that are printed in this volume, Prof. Ruisheng Wang (Capital Normal University, Beijing) read his paper on ethical problems in the context of Asian financial crisis and Prof. Agnar Sandmo (Norwegian School of Economics and Busi­ ness Administration) did the same by his paper on societal aspect of the competition promotion policy.

As a result of a contract awarded by the Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the Environmental Pro­ tection Agency, a workshop on the methodology of economic impact analy­ sis was held at Hueston Woods State Park Lodge in Oxford, Ohio, April 13-15, 1977. Leading researchers in regional modeling were gathered to take stock of current developments in the field and to put forth new ideas and directions for research. Also attending the workshops were individuals from various governmental agencies that use regional models and economic impact statements. Preliminary versions of the papers appearing in this vol­ ume served as focal points for discussions that have hopefully continued, stimulating further thinking of the problems addressed. The objectives of the conference were not only to explore recent develop­ ments in methodology but also to expose users of economic impact analyses to a wide variety of models and applications and to acquaint academicians with the needs of users. The papers appearing in this volume represent only a portion of the output of this workshop.

As the title indicates, Essays in Honor of James A. Graaskamp: Ten Years After, is a collection of essays written to honor Graaskamp's major contributions to the field of real estate education and practice over the course of three decades. Upon his death in 1988, the industry lost a major influence for advancing the real estate discipline, both as an academic field and a professional field. The authors in this volume seek to extend Graaskamp's contributions and move the real estate discipline forward. The papers address the challenges posed by the market to return our attention to real estate fundamentals, and to strike a proper balance between Main Street and Wall Street. The authors and editors hope that this book will influence the industry to incorporate many of Grasskamp's ideas into mainstream real estate education and practice. Over the course of his career, Graaskamp made many noteworthy contributions to real estate theory and practice, ideas that if resurrected could offset some of the pressure in the industry to move away from market fundamentals. The authors try to capture the essence of Graaskamp's messages, and intend that the papers serve as a point of departure for discussing the future role and nature of real estate education. Part I focuses on the major contributions to the real estate discipline made by Graaskamp and the Wisconsin Real Estate Program. Part II contains some personal recollections and photos of Graaskamp, and also a summary of the groups that make up the Wisconsin Real Estate Program, a major co-sponsor of this volume. The rest of the book's three main parts are structured around major topics that reflect the multidisciplinary nature of real estate as espoused by Graaskamp. Part III treats real estate feasibility and development, Part IV concentrates on real estate valuation, and Part V discusses institutional economics.

Alberto Heimler and Daniele Meulders In the last decade the modelling of the interrelationship between public finance and the rest of the economy has seen substantial advances, reflected in many of the papers delivered to the Applied Econometrics Association Conference held at Confindustria, Rome, on 30 November and 1 December 1989. In particular, the development of the literature on applied general-equilibrium modelling has found most of its applications in the field of taxation, enlarging and completing the estimation of the welfare loss due to distortionary taxes. In this context an important extension has been the introduction of overlapping-generation models. Furthermore, it has become clear that most individual decisions, especially the decision whether or not to work, are dependent upon the tax system, in the sense that the higher the marginal income tax the larger the wedge between labour cost and take-home pay, the last one being the decision variable in the demand for leisure. Finally, in the European context, the completion of the internal market has brought about the necessity to harmonize fiscal systems in the EEC member countries. A number of papers study, therefore, the effects of fiscal reform on efficiency, welfare and growth.

The developments within the computationally and numerically oriented ar­ eas of Operations Research, Finance, Statistics and Economics have been sig­ nificant over the past few decades. Each area has been developing its own computer systems and languages that suit its needs, but there is relatively little cross-fertilization among them yet. This volume contains a collection of papers that each highlights a particular system, language, model or paradigm from one of the computational disciplines, aimed at researchers and practitioners from the other fields. The 15 papers cover a number of relevant topics: Models and Modelling in Operations Research and Economics, novel High-level and Object-Oriented approaches to programming, through advanced uses of Maple and MATLAB, and applications and solution of Differential Equations in Finance. It is hoped that the material in this volume will whet the reader's appetite for discovering and exploring new approaches to old problems, and in the longer run facilitate cross-fertilization among the fields. We would like to thank the contributing authors, the reviewers, the publisher, and last, but not least, Jesper Saxtorph, Anders Nielsen, and Thomas Stidsen for invaluable technical assistance.

In traditional economics models of perfect competition agent's interactions are all mediated through the market. Interactions are anonymous, global and indirect. This is a powerful model, but we see many instances in which one, and sometimes all, of the previous characteristics fail to hold true. The type of agent you are, or your identity, can affect the type of interaction we have, and most surely the relationship between micro-behaviour and macro-phenomena in non-trivial ways. This book contains a selection of papers presented at the 6th Workshop on Economics with Heterogenous Interacting Agents (WEHIA). The contributions show that work done in other fields like evolutionary biology, statistical mechanics, social network theory and others help us to understand the way in which economic systems operate. Virtually all of the papers presented in this volume draw on some aspect or other of these varied approaches to related problems.

Klaus F. Zimmermann Migration has become a topic of substantial interest in Europe in recent years. Part of this interest is driven by the important political changes in East Europe and the potential threat of large East-West migration waves. However, due to the large differences in economic development a substantial migration pressure is also expected from the South of Europe as of other parts of the world. The global migration potential towards the higher developed areas has reached about 80 to 100 million people. Thereof, about 60 million would like to move permanently, 20 million temporarily and about 15 million are refugees and asylum seekers and approximately 30 million are iIIegals. The book consists of eight papers which are allocated to five parts: Theoretical Models (Part I), Performance of Migrants (Part 11), Migration Within Developing Countries (Part IV) and Immigration Policy (Part V)'Each paper begins with a brief summary of its content. Part I, Theoretical Models, contains first'A Microeconomic Zlmm.r-mann VI Model of Migration'by Siegfried Berninghaus and Hans-GUnther Seifert-Vogt. They study migration decision making under incomplete information and apply it to empirically relevant phenomena. The second paper by Gerhard Schmitt-Rink'Migration and International Factor Price Equalization'demonstrates that international migration tends to equalize national factor prices and factor shares even in the absence of international trade. In Part II, Performance of Migrants, Lucie Merkle and Klaus F.

This volume contains papers presented at the Conference on the Demographic and Programmatic Consequences of Contraceptive In­ novations, which was sponsored by the Committee on Population and held at the National Academy of Sciences, October 6-7, 1988. The papers consider how new contraceptive methods currently being developed and changes in the use of already available contraceptives could affect contraceptive practice, levels and patterns of abortion use, and the health of women. In addition, several of the papers re­ view the probable consequences of introducing new technology into family planning programs in developing countries. The Committee on Population sponsored this conference in order to stimulate think­ ing and to provide a forum for scientists, family planning program managers, and donor agency personnel to exchange information and ideas about these important issues. The committee is publishing these papers to expand the discussion of consequences of contracep­ tive innovations and to give scientists, policy makers, and members of the public who could not attend the conference an opportunity to learn about new developments in fertility control and their likely consequences for individuals and the societies in which they live. NEED FOR NEW METHODS While a strong case can be made that the pill and the intrauterine device (IUD) have contributed to declines in the level of unintended pregnancies around the world, it is also clear that for many couples existing methods present problems.

Past and future development as well as possibilities for influencing the process of retirement are discussed, in particular effects on the labour market (supply and demand, behaviour of workers and firms, concerning human resource management and occupational pensions), financing of social security and income of workers. Decisions concerning earlier or postponed, full or partial retirement are the main topic stressing the central role of firms'decisions depending e.g. on their view of the productivity of the elderly. Reports on Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Denmark, Finland) in particular on their approach for partial retirement are included as well as papers discussing possibilities to stop the trend of early exit from the labour force and how to give incentives for a longer working life (e.g. by changes in social security). These topics are discussed in the view of structural changes in demography, economy and society, using - among other - the US and West Germany as examples. The papers point out the necessity to look at retirement as a process (in a life cycle perspective, requiring longitudinal data for empirical research) and in a perspective integrating the different aspects involved.

Didier LAUSSEL, William MAROIS and Antoine SOUBEYRAN The papers collected in this volume were presented at the'4th International Conference on Monetary Economics and Banking'held in Aix-en-Provence on June 1987 and organized by the C.E.F.I. (Center for International Economics and Finance of the University of Aix-Marseille II) and the GRECO'Monnaie et Financement'of the C.N.R.S. (National Center for Scientific Research). They concern two main topics: monetary theory and monetary policy. In the first one, the contributions provide new insights in some important problems like rational expectations, monetary optimizing models or portfolio choices. In the second one, almost all the texts are devoted to the game-theoretic approach of monetary policy which is a research area mainly developped since about ten years. I. MONETARY THEORY In their well known article on'Recent Developments in Monetary Theory', R. BARRO and S. FISCHER (1976) discussed seven main topics among which'the theory of money demand','money, inflation and growth','disequilibrium theory','rational expectations and the Phillips Curve'. Twelve years after, papers of this volume give some new results in these areas or explore new paths of research like a monetary theory of an innovative process of production or the application of the theory of contracts to financial problems.

Global Instability: Uncertainty and New Visions in Political Economy presents a series of papers that address the political consequences of globalization for states and their populations, while exploring the issue of alternatives to the model of globalization we are presently experiencing. The focus moves from the world of international agreements to the national and sub-national dilemmas that are posed by attempting to manage a set of global developments within a given territory. The initial chapter, by Daniel Drache, explores a still-born post-war international organization, the International Trade Organization, that offers a different vision of how a globally integrated economy might operate. A number of papers then explore the challenges posed by today's globalization, including currency instability in an environment of financial deregulation, the rights conferred on investors by the North American Free Trade Agreement, and the progressive liberalization of trade in services built into the General Agreement on Trade in Services.

The combined efforts of the Physicists and the Economists in recent years in analyzing and modelling various dynamic phenomena in monetary and social systems have led to encouraging developments, generally classified under the title of Econophysics. These developments share a common ambition with the already established field of Quantitative Economics. This volume intends to offer the reader a glimpse of these two parallel initiatives by collecting review papers written by well-known experts in the respective research frontiers in one cover. This massive book presents a unique combination of research papers contributed almost equally by Physicists and Economists. Additional contributions from Computer Scientists and Mathematicians are also included in this volume. The book consists of two parts: the first part concentrates on Econophysics problems and the second part stresses on various quantitative issues in Economics. Both parts specialize on frontier problems inGames and Social Choices.

This volume contains papers presented in a workshop of international experts in September 2008 in Berlin. The experts discussed how environmental consequences of EU legislation can be incorporated in a more effective way. In other words, this contribution focuses on the question of which measures can strengthen the cons- eration of environmental effects in the EU impact assessment procedure and in the subsequent legislative decision-making process. This allows drawing conclusions for the impact assessment process in Germany. This volume begins with an introductory paper (Bizer/Lechner/Führ) which served as the basis for discussion in our workshop. The questions raised in this paper are addressed by the authors of the subsequent chapters. Stephen White (DG Environment, EU-Commission) discusses the impact assessment from an int- nal perspective within the Commission. Pendo Maro (European Environmental Bureau) reviews the impact assessment practice from the perspective of an en- ronmental NGO. Martin Schmidt et al. discuss the potential for more formalism to strengthen environmental issues within impact assessments and favour a checklist.

to establish impact, attributing observed changes in welfare to the intervention, while identifying key factors of success. Impact evaluations are aimed at providing feedback to help improve the design of programs and policies. They also provide greater accountability and a tool for dynamic learning, allowing policymakers to improve ongoing programs and ultimately better allocate funds across programs. Such a causal analysis is essential for understanding the relative role of alternative interventions in reducing poverty. The papers in this section again adopt a variety of techniques. The rst two impact evaluation studies employ propensity score matching to establish, ex-post, a valid control group to assess the impact on child schooling outcomes among b- e ciaries of various interventions in Kenya and Ethiopia. The third chapter c- ries out an ex-ante evaluation of alternative cash transfer programs on child school attendance in Uruguay. The nal paper further carries out in-depth macro-modeling and micro-regression analysis to simulate the impacts of the food crisis and various policy responses, including food subsidies and cash transfers, on various dimensions of child poverty in Mali. Though using different approaches, the studies are gen- ally in agreement concerning the positive impact of the cash transfer program on child schooling and labor market outcomes. The studies from Kenya and Uruguay both nd that the schooling interventions are progressive.

Anyone who has ever bought a car, rented an apartment, had a job or conversation that they would rather not see in their employee review may find this book of interest. There is a collision occurring in identity management. Identity technologies are problematic, and many see light at the end of the identity theft tunnel. Yet the innovation is driven by individual tendencies to seek convenience and business imperatives to minimize risk with maximized profit. The light is an oncoming identity train wreck of maximum individual exposure, social risk and minimal privacy. The primary debate over identity technologies is happening on the issue of centralization. RealID is effectively a centralized standard with a slightly distributed back-end (e.g., fifty servers). RealID is a national ID card. Many mechanisms for federated identities, such as OpenID or the Liberty Alliance, imagine a network of identifiers shared on an as-needed or ad-hoc process. These systems accept the limits of human information processing, and thus use models that work on paper. Using models that work on paper results in systematic risk of identity theft in this information economy. There are alternatives to erosions of privacy and increasing fraud. There is an ideal where individuals have multiple devices, including computers, smart cards, and cell phones. Smart cards are credit card devices that are cryptographically secure. This may be shared and misused, or secure and privacy enhancing. Yet such a system requires coordinated investment.

This book offers an up-to-date and comprehensive picture of the Vietnamese economy, which is the fast-growing economy in Southeast Asia. The country has invested heavily in education, health, and development infrastructure across the country. Progress in recent decades has been strong and Vietnam has attracted significant relocation and outsourcing of production from The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. In the recent years, much of the foreign direct investment from China has been channeled to Vietnam. The state's development policy has created optimal conditions for further expansion of production, supply chain, education and finances. Investment in education, health, infrastructure, administration and regulations is facilitating investment inflows, technology transfer and spillover to the growing national companies. The educated young population and disciplined labor force have provided a strong basis for the growth of the economy. The high level of productivity, improved quality of products, low and competitive cost of production, and over 100 million people provide a strong base for a continuous economic growth. This edited volume, brings together selected papers presented at The 5th International Conference on Business (ICB 2023), providing good insights into the features of the economy and its development potential. They provide an up-to-date overview and an empirical research-based picture of the recent trends in Vietnam's economic development. The book would be a useful read for educators, undergraduate and graduate students, domestic and foreign investors, government agencies, provincial and industrial sector decision-makers, trade partners, libraries, individual researchers, and professional and practitioners. It helps to fill the gap in knowledge and inform development planners and investors about different sectors of the Vietnamese economy and its development potential.

In the last decades, machine learning techniques – especially techniques of deep learning – led to numerous successes in many application areas, including economics. The use of machine learning in economics is the main focus of this book; however, the book also describes the use of more traditional econometric techniques. Applications include practically all major sectors of economics: agriculture, health (including the impact of Covid-19), manufacturing, trade, transportation, etc. Several papers analyze the effect of age, education, and gender on economy – and, more generally, issues of fairness and discrimination.We hope that this volume will:help practitioners to become better knowledgeable of the state-of-the-art econometric techniques, especially techniques of machine learning,and help researchers to further develop these important research directions. We want to thank all the authors for their contributions and all anonymous referees for their thorough analysis and helpful comments.