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This textbook provides a solid introduction to the theoretical and empirical aspects of environmental economics and their links to environmental policy. In this second edition, all chapters have been updated and restructured, and new sections have been added to reflect a greater focus on climate policy. Starting from the need to balance the social costs of pollution against the financial costs of emission abatement, the book discusses the major issues that arise in the context of environmental policy – such as the potential and limitations of monetary valuation of the environment (and in particular the contingent valuation method) and the design of environmental policy. With regard to the choice of environmental policy instruments, the book focuses on the price-based instruments preferred by economists, i.e., environmental taxes and emissions trading, discussing in detail not only their many advantages but also their drawbacks. The second edition especially focuses on green industrial policy as a complementary measure to price-based instruments, the distributional effects of environmental policies, and the resulting challenges for political feasibility. Moreover, the book deals extensively with international environmental problems, in particular climate protection, which is a global public good that will be underprovided when certain countries refuse to cooperate and contribute. Approaches to overcoming this underprovision are described in far more detail than in the first edition, both theoretically and empirically – in particular by assessing the functions of the many international environmental agreements in this field. Finally, a new chapter considers adaptation strategies, especially in the water sector, as an additional pillar of climate policy.

Dieses Buch beleuchtet das Thema finanzielles Wasserrisiko, indem es die Modellierungs-Herausforderungen untersucht, die mit physischem, regulatorischem und Ruf-bedingtem Wasserrisiko in der Finanzwelt verbunden sind. Es erkundet verschiedene Ansätze zur Operationalisierung von Wasserrisiken aus finanzieller Analyse, Investmentmanagement und Klimawissenschaft. Die Analyse von Instrumenten zur Bewertung von Wasserrisiken bildet die Grundlage für die Entwicklung geeigneter Risiko-Rendite-Steuerungstechniken in der Finanzbranche und darüber hinaus. Dieses Buch liefert neue Einblicke, indem es sich auf finanzielle Wassergefahren und die damit verbundenen Chancen konzentriert. Es wird sowohl für Wissenschaftler als auch Praktiker von Interesse sein, die an der Schnittstelle von Finanzen, Wirtschaft, Natur und Gesellschaft tätig sind.

Schon mehrere Jahrzehnte arbeitet Deutschland an der Energiewende, aber trotz gigantischer Kosten gehen die Treibhausgasemissionen viel zu langsam zurück. Bei diesem „Tempo“ wird die Klimaneutralität erst im nächsten Jahrhundert erreicht. Eine ausführliche Betrachtung der Thematik aus verschiedenen Perspektiven macht deutlich, dass die Energiewende nur ganzheitlich diskutiert werden kann und ein polarisierendes „schwarz-weiß-Denken“ uns nicht weiterbringt. Das Buch möchte eine Orientierung in dem komplexen Umfeld der Energiewende bieten und liefert Antworten auf Fragen wie diese: Welche Folgen hat die Energiewende für Deutschland? Wie sinnvoll sind Elektromobilität und Wasserstoffspeicher wirklich? Ist die Politik für Klimaschutz verantwortlich oder rettet nur persönlicher Verzicht das Klima? Die 2., aktualisierte Auflage.

This book is concerned with the study of climate change from the perspective of risks for the economy and business. Rethinking climate change from a risk perspective allows making a significant transition from the consideration of climate as a predetermined and permanent context to its interpretation as a factor that influences the economy and business. Thanks to the new risk perspective on climate change, the book offers opportunities and offers recommendations for adapting businesses and economic sectors to climate risks.As a forward-looking response (management measure) to the risks of climate change in the economy and business, this book suggests using smart green innovations in Industry 4.0 – high technologies in support of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). The advantage of smart technologies to combat climate change is their increased flexibility and adaptability, as well as the resistance of smart (automated, robotic) machines to different environmental conditions.The academic significance of the book is attributable to the fact that it covers, as widely and comprehensively as possible, the full range of ground-breaking smart green innovations in Industry 4.0 with a potential of climate change risk management: from green finance (for example, blockchain-based cryptocurrencies) to smart and clean energy, as well as smart industrial innovations in Industry 4.0. The combination of public and corporate risk management measures of climate change allows achieving a “synergetic effect” in the form of enhanced support for the implementation of the SDGs.

This handbook analyzes and develops methods and models to optimize solutions for energy access (for industry and the general world population alike) in terms of reliability and sustainability. With a focus on improving the performance of energy systems, it brings together state-of-the-art research on reliability enhancement, intelligent development, simulation and optimization, as well as sustainable development of energy systems. It helps energy stakeholders and professionals learn the methodologies needed to improve the reliability of energy supply-and-demand systems, achieve more efficient long-term operations, deal with uncertainties in energy systems, and reduce energy emissions.Highlighting novel models and their applications from leading experts in this important area, this book will appeal to researchers, students, and engineers in the various domains of smart energy systems and encourage them to pursue research and development in this exciting and highly relevant field.

Wie lange liefert die Sonne genug Energie für unsere wachsende Bevölkerung?Reichen unsere Dächer aus, um genügend Solarstrom zu erzeugen?Stellen Pflanzen und Algen genug Nahrung und Sauerstoff für alle Lebewesen bereit?Millionen Menschen hungern. Strom ist für Milliarden Menschen ein Traum oder zumindest ein Luxusgut. Dieses Buch diskutiert mit Hilfe verständlich dargestellter Physik, wie weit es zu wenig Ressourcen gibt und wie weit es schlicht ein Problem der Verteilung ist.Das Buch ist gleichermaßen geeignet für Interessierte wie für Personen mit physikalischer Ausbildung. Zahlreiche Vergleiche und Erklärungen zeichnen ein anschauliches Bild, welches durch viele Abschätzungen und physikalische Details ergänzt wird.

Although the expression “responsibility to future generations” is firmly established in public and political vocabulary, its operational meaning and practice are inadequately understood and yet to be systematically evaluated. Moreover, the term has not been successfully translated into viable ethical and theoretical concepts that can guide public policies and actions. How can the modes of governance and established policy priorities become compatible with the well-being of future generations? The primary objective of this book is to identify the conditions of and obstacles to governance for a sustainable future, or future-regarding governance. Governance concerns steering a society over extended periods of time, not responding to particular policy issues. The ideas and strategies proposed by contributors in this book to establish future-regarding governance are based on the theoretical and empirical analyses of the major long-term problems facing advanced democracies in general, and Japan in particular. Japan is an interesting case indeed. Relatively poor climate policy, rapidly decreasing birth rate, aging population, extensive public debt, prolonged economic recession, healthcare and pension systems that urgently require redesigning, hollowing-out of industries and subsequent loss of jobs, deteriorating infrastructures, increasing nuclear waste, and intensifying social polarization have caused a decline in people's trust in the government and democratic processes. Currently, Japanese citizens are widely circulating their doubts about the social system's sustainability. This book comprises two parts. In Part I, authors from various disciplinary backgrounds examine the idea of governance for a sustainable future from theoretical perspectives. This part discusses issues associated with future-regarding governance that are wicked in nature, such as the philosophical/ethical foundation on which to base the idea of governance for a sustainable future, major impediments to the development of future-regarding governance, and the modes of thinking and action required by leaders and citizens to realize such governance. Chapters in Part II largely focus on the state of long-term governance in Japan. This part uses empirical and in-depth analyses with cross-sectoral and cross-national policy perspectives to identify the state of future-regarding governance in various policy fields and major sectors or organizations mainly in Japan, while also examining strategies and measures to improve their performance. From this perspective, Western democracies and weak democratic regimes elsewhere will be provided with valuable lessons to avoid fatal policy mistakes, thereby improving future-oriented governance worldwide. By combining theoretical discussions on far-reaching issues and empirical analyses of Japanese cases, the book will shed a new light on governance for a sustainable future.

This Encyclopedia provides a cutting-edge, up-to-date reference source on mineral and energy policies around the world. It offers information on GDP, population, investment scenarios and current environmental regulations in over one hundred thirty countries from 13 geographic regions around the world. It covers topics such as geo-conservation, deep mining technology as well as rare earth, green technology and international organizations that are actively involved in minerals and energy through exploration, arbitration, marketing and investment. Topical entries are presented alphabetically with extensive cross-referencing to ensure user-friendly reading. This Encyclopedia presents the work of more than 20 section editors and more than 100 international experts in the fields of mineral and energy policies. It is designed as a essential resource for researchers, students, libraries, industry, governments, and international organizations and presents a wealth of insights and guidance for corporate planning regarding exploration and financial investments, as well as for venture capitalist and international funding bodies. As such, it provides an indispensable point of reference for future research on mineral and energy policy.

The Handbook of Energy Policy is a unique and novel reference for addressing the policy implications of energy demand and supply from their economic, political, social, planning, and environmental aspects. The Handbook of Energy Policy provides several studies from the global, regional, national, or local perspectives that are of wider policy significance. Studies provided in this book are of interest to the international organizations, governments, public and private sector entities, local communities, universities, research institutions, and other non-governmental organizations. Topics covered in the Handbook of Energy Policy are including energy security, energy poverty, energy finance, energy pricing, energy and environment, energy and sustainability, energy and growth, energy efficiency, energy trade, technological innovation and energy, energy transition, energy nexus studies, economics, and policy of fossil fuels, economics, and policy of renewable and greenenergies. The policy recommendations provided in all chapters are supported by a rigorous empirical or theoretical analysis.

This Handbook provides the most comprehensive account of energy governance in Europe, examining both energy governance at the European level and the development of energy policy in 30 European countries. Authored by leading scholars, the first part of the book offers a broad overview of the topics of energy research, including theories of energy transitions, strategies and norms of energy policy, governance instruments in the field, and challenges of energy governance. In the second part, it examines the internal and external dimensions of energy governance in the European Union. The third part presents in-depth country studies, which investigate national trajectories of energy policy, including an analysis of the policy instruments and coordination mechanisms for energy transitions. It closes with a comparative analysis of national energy governance. This book is a definitive resource for scholars in energy and climate research as well as decision makers in national governments and EU institutions.

This volume of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, Second Edition, describes technologies that actively convert solar radiation into useful heat in a temperature range from just above ambient up to more than 1,000°C. Applications cover a broad range of energy services such as space heating, cooking, domestic hot water supply, electrical power generation, and high temperature thermochemical processes. The major developments that have led to currently available technologies for solar thermal energy applications were initiated mainly after the first oil shock in 1973. Solar thermal energy is widely used already for heating purposes (water, space) in the “low” temperature range up to about 100°C employing mainly nonconcentrating collectors, whereas higher temperatures can be achieved with more sophisticated solar collector technologies. Temperatures over 200°C typically require concentrating solar radiation using mirror systems. Several different technologies are described in detail in this volume, including solar collector systems in the lower temperature range, the direct use of solar radiation for food processing, namely cooking and drying, the production of electricity through conversion of solar radiation first to heat, driving a mechanical conversion system coupled to an electric generator, the use of solar radiation to drive chemical processes, and many more.

This CIGRE Green Book describes the state-of-the-art of power Systems asset management dealing with all aspects asset management practice. The major focus of the book is on documenting practical methods that bridge the gap between just satisfying an asset management process and achieving real asset management results in the form of smarter investment decisions. The book facilitates collaboration and blending of the engineering and technical aspects of asset management and the financial considerations needed to support asset investment decisions using risk-based business case analysis. Detailed case studies are included to illustrate generic and specific or customized methods and to demonstrate the application of such methods from the technology perspectives of several CIGRE study committees. This practical guide is suitable for working asset managers and decision-makers (both engineering and financial) dealing with all aspects of the practice of asset management.

The main aim of this book is to provide a state of the art of the Levelized Cost of Energy calculation for energy communities from both a theoretical, defining a systematic analysis approach, and a practical point of view, providing results for three representative real case studies.The book is structured in four clear chapters which cover everything from the fundamentals of power system configuration and the LCOE concept, to the definition of the aggregated system LCOE and its impact on electricity markets and energy policies. It presents case studies, within multiple examples for energy generation and storage, making it a brief but well-rounded review. The book will be useful for researchers and academics in energy economics, power systems and energy policies, for energy policy makers and students.

In the fast-changing policy arena of a country as diverse as India, gauging regional implications of policy shifts is critical but challenging. E3-India is a policy evaluation tool based on the internationally recognized E3ME global model, that allows for iterative quantification of multiple policy options within an integrated economy-energy-environment framework to support wellinformed progressive policy choices at the regional level. This book provides comprehensive coverage of creating and using E3 modeling framework for regional policy analysis, which is available in public domain for the first time in India, addressing existing flagship Government of India policies, including but not limited to the Make in India initiative, Digital India initiative, Automotive Mission Plan, Nationally Determined Commitments under the Paris agreement, and the Atmanirbhar Bharat relief package. These studies have been designed to provide in-depth and lucid insights regarding choices for resource allocation by policymakers, thereby serving as a comprehensive guide for evidence-based policymaking in India.

This book presents research related to energy and environmental technologies in the context of market liberalization and global warming. It focuses on the development and efficient use of alternative energy sources, implementation of sustainable energy policies, power generation, and energy finance. Advances in Managing Energy and Climate Risks provides readers with the necessary information to use energy sources more efficiently, discover cleaner energy sources and their applications, and urge consumers and producers to make changes to reach a carbon-neutral economy through financial, technological, regulatory and tax incentives.

This book provides a novel and holistic perspective on the deployment of prepaid electricity meter technology among energy impoverished (vulnerable) households based in developing or under-developed communities of Sub-Saharan Africa. It explores and reviews the nexus between the technology and socio-economic development, technology acceptance and rejection in low-income households, and ultimately proposes a contextual model to avert or assuage energy poverty in the region using the technology. Science is applied as a convenient, valid, and reliable model to generate bespoke, contextual, and relevant knowledge for policy makers on the development of prepaid meter market in the region. The knowledge shared contributes to extant discourse and debates around the effectiveness of the technology within indigent household settings. The book is intended for energy/electricity utilities, prepaid electricity businesses, policy developers, and other interested parties whose work is related to prepaid electricity meters.

This book aims to solve some key problems in the decision and optimization procedure for power market organizers and participants in data-driven approaches. It begins with an overview of the power market data and analyzes on their characteristics and importance for market clearing. Then, the first part of the book discusses the essential problem of bus load forecasting from the perspective of market organizers. The related works include load uncertainty modeling, bus load bad data correction, and monthly load forecasting. The following part of the book answers how much information can be obtained from public data in locational marginal price (LMP)-based markets. It introduces topics such as congestion identification, componential price forecasting, quantifying the impact of forecasting error, and financial transmission right investment. The final part of the book answers how to model the complex market bidding behaviors. Specific works include pattern extraction, aggregated supply curve forecasting, market simulation, and reward function identification in bidding. These methods are especially useful for market organizers to understand the bidding behaviors of market participants and make essential policies. It will benefit and inspire researchers, graduate students, and engineers in the related fields.

This book provides an interdisciplinary and comprehensible introduction to bioeconomy. It thus provides basic knowledge for understanding a transformation process that will shape the 21st century and requires the integration of many disciplines and industries that have had little to do with each other up to now. We are talking about the gradual and necessary transition from the age of fossil fuels, which began around 200 years ago, to a global economy based on renewable raw materials (and renewable energies). The success of this transition is key to coping with the challenge of climate change. This book conceives the realization of bioeconomy as a threefold task – a scientific, an economic and an ecological one. · Where does the biomass come from that we need primarily for feeding the growing world population but also for future energy and material use? How can it be processed in biorefineries and what role does biotechnology play in this regard? · Which aspects of innovation economics need to be considered, which economic aspects of value creation, competitiveness and customer acceptance are important? · What conditions must a bioeconomy fulfil in order to enable a sustainable development of life on earth? May it be regarded as a key to further economic growth or shouldn't it rather orient itself towards the ideal of sufficiency? By dealing with these questions from the not necessarily consistent perspectives of proven experts, this book provides an interdisciplinary overview of a dynamic field of research and practice that raises more questions than answers and thus may nurture the motivation of many more people to seriously engage for the realization of a bioeconomy.

This book explores China's low-carbon consumption in the context of residential behaviour, corporate practices and policy Implication. It first calculates the carbon and ecological footprints of residential consumption, including both direct and indirect emissions, before discussing Chinese residential behavioural aspects and determinants of electricity saving, low-carbon transportation, low-carbon product purchasing, and e-waste recycling. The authors then investigate the relationship between industrial growth and carbon emissions, using the example of the iron and steel industry to examine the motivation for energy intensive industries to reduce carbon emissions. They also consider energy efficiency and inter-company collaboration on carbon emission reduction. Lastly, the book describes the major low-carbon policies in China and their impact, economic cost and public acceptance.

Ein erheblicher Teil der durch den Verkehr entstehenden Kosten werden nicht verursacher­gerecht verteilt, sondern an die Allgemeinheit oder in die Zukunft externalisiert. Wenn Personen nicht die gesamten, durch ihre Fahrten verursachten Kosten tragen, beziehen sie diese bei ihren Mobilitätentscheidungen nicht mit ein und fragen verstärkt Verkehrsleistungen nach. Preispolitische Maß­nahmen sind eine mögliche Lösung, diesem Anstieg zu begeg­nen. An der Schnittstelle zwischen Ökonomie und Psychologie zeigt Angela Francke, welche Aspekte bei den Nutzenden in die Entscheidung einbezogen werden und wie differenzierte Preissysteme im urbanen Verkehr gestaltet sein sollten, um von den Nutzenden verstanden und bei ihren Entscheidungen berücksichtigt zu werden. Die Beachtung der psychologischen Dimension und der Nutzer­bedürfnisse ist dabei eine Grundvoraussetzung.Die Autorin:Angela Francke studierte Verkehrswirtschaft mit den Schwerpunkten Verkehrspsychologie und-ökologie an der TU Dresden. Sie arbeitet derzeit als PostDoc an der Professur für Verkehrspsychologie sowie als Projektkoordination beim Centre for International Postgraduate Studies of Environmental Management.

This book, based on lectures on natural and environmental resource economics, offers a nontechnical exposition of the modern theory of sustainability in the presence of resource scarcity. It applies an alternative take on environmental economics, focusing on the economics of the natural environment, including development, computation, and potential empirical importance of the concept of option value, as opposed to the standard treatment of the economics of pollution control. The approach throughout is primarily conceptual and theoretical, though empirical estimation and results are sometimes noted. Mathematics, ranging from elementary calculus to more formal dynamic optimization, is used, especially in the early chapters on the optimal management of exhaustible and renewable resources, but results are always given an economic interpretation. Diagrams and numerical examples are also used extensively.The first chapter introduces the classical economists as thefirst resource economists, in their discussion of the implications of a limited natural resource base (agricultural land) for the evolution of the wider economy. A later chapter returns to the same concerns, along with others stimulated by the energy and environmental “crises” of the 1970s and beyond. One section considers alternative measures of resource scarcity and empirical findings on their behavior over time. Another introduces the modern concept of sustainability with an intuitive development of the analytics. A chapter on the dynamics of environmental management motivates the concept of option value, shows how to compute it, then demonstrates its importance in an illustrative empirical example. The closing chapter, on climate change, first projects future changes and potential catastrophic impacts, then discusses the policy relevance of both option value and discounting for the very long run.This book is intended for resource and environmental economists and can be readby interested graduate and advanced undergraduate students in the field as well.

This book is a study on the Japanese city gas industry, which has been rapidly liberalized in recent years. Especially, it focuses on the background, reasons, methods, and effects of the privatization of publicly owned city gas utilities in Japan. In Japan, after the Great East Japan Earthquake, the liberalization of the electric power and gas business has progressed rapidly. There are a number of studies on the reform of Japan's electricity market, but there are few studies on city gas business. This book describes the state of Japan's public city gas utilities and the necessity of their privatization. And it explains the role of concession as a method of privatization. Then it verifies that the effects of past privatization cases are insufficient. The book also covers deregulation of public utilities in Europe, which triggered Japan's liberalization of its energy and other public utility sectors, and privatization of electricity and gas businesses in India, a developing country in Asia. Finally, this book explores future regulation and business of city gas industry. Pipeline network should be regulated to comply with future unbundling starting from 2022, and gas business altogether with electricity and water businesses need more digitization.

Seit mehreren Jahrzehnten arbeitet Deutschland an der Energiewende, aber trotz gigantischer Kosten gehen die Treibhausgasemissionen hierzulande nur langsam zurück. Das Buch trägt dazu bei, die unzähligen Meldungen zur Energiewende besser einordnen zu können, und liefert Antworten auf Fragen wie diese: Wie berechtigt ist die Kritik an der bisherigen deutschen Klimapolitik? Wie sinnvoll sind Elektromobilität und Wasserstoffspeicher wirklich? Welchen Einfluss hat die Coronakrise? Warum sollte man freiwillig seine persönlichen Emissionen verringern, wenn alle anderen weitermachen wie bisher?Die Betrachtung aus verschiedenen Perspektiven ergibt viele überraschende Aspekte und räumt auf mit gut gemeinten, aber in der Realität wenig wirksamen Vorschlägen zum Klimaschutz.

Energiemanager und Energiemanagementbeauftragte finden die wesentlichen Aspekte und Anforderungen kompakt und übersichtlich dargestellt. Tabellen geben Beispiele und veranschaulichen die dargestellten Zusammenhänge, gemeinsam mit dem Sachwortverzeichnis bietet sich dieses Buch so zum Überblick und schnellen Nachschlagen für den Praktiker an. Die Änderungen zur Vorgängernorm ISO 50001:2011 sind ebenfalls benannt.

Elektromobilität ist spätestens seit dem Pariser Klimaschutzabkommen und Fridays for Future im Fokus der Öffentlichkeit. Bis 2030 soll 20% des Verkehrs elektrisch fahren. Diesbezüglich stehen oft die technischen Herausforderungen der Elektromobilität im Vordergrund. Die grundsätzlichen Fragen der Energiewirtschaft stehen oft im Hintergrund: Welche Aufgabe hat welche Marktrolle (Netz, Vertrieb, MSB…)? Welche Marktrolle nimmt der Ladesäulenbetreiber ein? Wie wird mit Drittstrommengen durch Ladesäulen auf Betriebsgeländen umgegangen? Diese Fragen und vieles mehr, soll das Buch: Die Rolle des Ladesäulenbetreibers, Elektromobilität in der Energiewirtschaft beantworten. Im Gegensatz zu bestehender Literatur soll nicht die Integration in die Stromnetze oder der Aufbau eines E-Autos im Vordergrund stehen, vielmehr sollen die energiewirtschaftlichen Zusammenhänge und Aufgaben der Marktrollen im Vordergrund stehen. Das Buch soll den klaren Fokus haben, Praktiker in ihrem Arbeitsalltag zu unterstützen.

This book presents a comprehensive overview of the adoption of small-scale residential solar photovoltaic systems (RSPSs) in Saudi Arabia. Focusing on the current technological development of RSPSs, it discusses elements of socio-technical governance theories and energy policy analysis. It also identifies the critical factors that affect Saudi residents'decisions to adopt this new technology and analyzes broader energy systems on a state level by investigating factors that shape RSPSs integration policies. This multi-faceted, interdisciplinary book paves the way for an integrated transition management policy design model to stimulate RSPSs adoption rates. Given its scope, it is a valuable resource for readers seeking an in-depth and up-to-date integrated overview of the ever-expanding theoretical and quantitative fields of socio-technical transitions and the transition to sustainability.

This is an easy-to-read textbook providing the reader with the basis to comprehend the major energy technologies from a physical and economical perspective.The journey through the book begins with some background theory on the physics and economics of energy. Major energy technologies (fossil, nuclear and renewable) are explored in-depth, explaining how they work and the costs involved. Finally, the journey ends by exploring the technical and economic feasibility of supplying the world by 2050 with sustainable energy only.Numerous examples are provided to allow the reader to relate important concepts to real-life. The reader's understanding of the material can then be tested using the exercises at the end of each chapter.This textbook is the first to thoroughly present the physics and the economics of energy. It is intended for graduate students and practitioners interested in the field of energy. It also enables the general reader to distinguish between political statement and fact.

Ein renommiertes Autorenteam behandelt in diesem interdisziplinären Studienbuch Probleme der Energiegeschichte, Energiesysteme, Energietechnik und der Potentiale der erneuerbaren Energien: Wasser- und Windkraft, Biomasse, Geothermie, Photovoltaik und Solarthermie; der Verbesserung der Rahmenbedingungen für ihre Markteinführung; Handlungskonzepte und Förderungsschwerpunkte der EU, USA und Japans in diesem Bereich; Aktivitäten der Bundesregierung und Vorschläge nichtstaatlicher Akteure hierzu sowie Strategien zur rationellen Energienutzung; Methoden für einen Energiekonsens und Kriterien zur Beurteilung von Energiesystemen; Handlungskonzepte und Vorschläge für den Ausbau der Sonnenenergie im Mittelmeerraum und in Afrika sowie politische Faktoren bei der Markteinführung in der Triade: USA, Japan und der EU.

Das Forum für Energiemodelle und Energiewirtschaftliche Systemanalysen in Deutschland wendet existierende Modelle der Energiewirtschaft auf ausgewählte Problemstellungen an, um so die Ergebnisrelevanz alternativer methodischer Ansätze sowie unterschiedlicher Detaillierungsgrade zu demonstrieren. Für das Modellexperiment II wurde die Themenstellung'Kernenergieausstieg - Effekte und Wirkungen eines sofortigen oder schrittweisen Verzichts auf Strom aus Kernkraftwerken in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland'ausgewählt. Gegenstand der Analyse sind die Auswirkungen eines vorzeitigen Kernenergieausstiegs auf die Elektrizitätswirtschaft und auf die übrige Energieversorgung. Daneben werden die Effekte auf wichtige volkswirtschaftliche Kenngrößen quantitativ ermittelt. Schließlich werden die umweltseitigen Wirkungen eines vorzeitigen Ausstiegs aus der Kernenergie untersucht.

Das Buch zeigt die Einsatzmöglichkeiten primärenergiesparender und erneuerbarer Energieumwandlungssysteme in der Industrie auf der Grundlage wirtschaftlicher Gesichtspunkte auf. Dabei werden sowohl die technischen Grundlagen und relevanten Kennzahlen erörtert als auch ökologische und ökonomische Randbedingungen diskutiert. Darüber hinaus werden die Zukunftsperspektiven der Energiesysteme bewertet und Empfehlungen zu deren Einsatz in den verschiedenen Industriebranchen gegeben. Eine abschließende vergleichende Bewertung sowie zahlreiche Tabellen und Illustrationen erleichtern dem Leser den Überblick und zeigen auf anschauliche Art und Weise Alternativen bzw. Optimierungsmöglichkeiten bereits bestehender Anlagen.

Die Tatsache, daß dieses Buch schon bald nach seinem erstmaligen Erscheinen in Neuauflage vorliegt, zeigt, daß der Autor einen wichtigen Bereich der Umweltpolitik beleuchtet. In systematischer Weise werden verschieden Arten von externen Kosten und Nutzen konkurrierender Technologien zur Elektrizitätserzeugung verglichen. Behandelt werden verschiedene Umwelteffekte, Beschäftigungs- und Produktionseffekte, die Ausbeutung erschöpfbarer Ressourcen wie auch die unterschiedlichen Arten öffentlicher Subventionen. Die konventionelle Elektrizitätserzeugung auf der Basis fossiler und nuklearer Brennstoffe wird mit der Nutzung der Wind- und Sonnenenergie (photovoltaisch) verglichen. Erstmals wird in dieser Studie der theoretisch diskutierte Ansatz der sozialen Kosten von Energiesystemen nicht nur bis zur Quantifizierung einzelner Kostenkategorien, sondern bis zur Analyse des Einflusses auf die Wahl konkurrierender Technologien empirisch umgesetzt. Die Analyse zeigt, daß regenerativen Energiequellen durch die Nichtberücksichtigung sozialer Kosten ein gravierender Wettbewerbsnachteil entsteht. Die Markteinführung der Windenergie und der photovoltaischen Sonnenenergienutzung wird hierdurch um bis zu zehn Jahre verzögert. Die Studie schlägt mögliche Korrekturmaßnahmen vor. Die Neuauflage bringt zahlreiche Verbesserungen und Erweiterungen. Völlig neu ist beispielsweise das Modell zur Erhaltung des'Energiekapitalstocks'im Kapitel über die Erschöpfung nicht erneuerbarer Energieträger.

In diesem Buch werden in systematischer Weise verschiedene Arten von externen Kosten und Nutzen konkurrierender Technologien zur Elektrizitätserzeugung verglichen. Behandelt werden verschiedene Umwelteffekte, Beschäftigungs- und Produktionseffekte, die Ausbeutung erschöpfbarer Ressourcen wie auch die unterschiedlichen Arten öffentlicher Subventionen. Die konventionelle Elektrizitätserzeugung auf der Basis fossiler und nuklearer Brennstoffe wird mit der Nutzung der Wind- und Sonnenenergie (photovoltaisch) verglichen. Der Einfluß der Berücksichtigung der erheblichen externen Effekte auf die relativen Elektrizitätspreise und die Wettbewerbsposition der konkurrierenden Bereitstellungstechnologien wird untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, daß der derzeitige Allokationsprozeß durch die Abwälzung sozialer Kosten erheblich verzerrt wird und zu suboptimalen Investitionsentscheidungen bezüglich konkurrierender Energietechnologien führt. Erstmals wird in dieser Studie der theoretisch diskutierte Ansatz der sozialen Kosten von Energiesystemen nicht nur bis zur Quantifizierung einzelner Kostenkategorien, sondern bis zur Analyse des Einflusses auf die Wahl konkurrierender Technologien empirisch umgesetzt. Die Analyse zeigt, daß regenerativen Energiequellen durch die Nichtberücksichtigung sozialer Kosten ein gravierender Wettbewerbsnachteil entsteht. Die Markteinführung der Windenergie und der photovoltaischen Sonnenenergienutzung wird hierdurch um bis zu zehn Jahre verzögert. Die Studie schlägt mögliche Korrekturmaßnahmen vor.

Die schädlichen Auswirkungen der Luftverschmutzung sind sowohl ein ökologisches als auch ein ökonomisches Problem. Der Autor zeigt mit wissenschaftlicher Methodik, welche technischen Maßnahmen zur Schadstoffreduzierung am effektivsten sind und mit welchen politischen Instrumenten sie sich am wirksamsten durchsetzen lassen.

Energie-Effizienz-Indikatoren sind Kennziffern zur Beschreibung der energiewirtschaftlichen Entwicklung. Durch die Verknüpfung energiestatistischer Daten mit ökonomischen oder physikalischen Bezugsgrößen können sie dazu beitragen, die Entwicklung des Energieverbrauchs zu erklären und international zu vergleichen. Von besonderem Interesse ist dabei die Frage, in welchem Maße die Verbrauchsentwicklung auf wirtschaftliches Wachstum, auf Strukturwandel und auf Verbesserungen der Energieeffizienz zurückzuführen ist. Im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie ist untersucht worden, welche Rolle solche Indikatoren im Rahmen einer marktwirtschaftlich orientierten Energiepolitik grundsätzlich spielen können und wie deren Aussagefähigkeit hinsichtlich statistischer Methoden und Daten zu beurteilen ist. Anhand ausgewählter Indikatoren für einzelne Sektoren wird die Entwicklung des Energieverbrauchs in Deutschland differenziert analysiert.

Dieses Buch bietet eine Fülle von Fakten und Argumenten für alle, die sich für die Bewertung von Stromerzeugungstechniken und der Gestaltung der künftigen Stromversorgung interessieren. Es liefert - unter anderem - konkrete Anhaltspunkte für die Ausgestaltung einer ökologischen Steuerreform. Es werden die wichtigsten Umwelt- und Gesundheitsschäden, die durch fossile, regenerative und nukleare Stromerzeugungstechniken entstehen, beschrieben und soweit wie möglich quantifiziert. Um diese Schäden vergleichend bewerten zu können, werden sie anschießend monetarisiert, d.h. ausgehend von den Präferenzen der Bevölkerung in sogenannte externe Kosten umgerechnet.

Der erste Band der Schriftenreihe behandelt die Entwicklung und Anwendung eines Optimierungsmodells zur Elektrizitätsversorgungsplanung für ländliche Gebiete in Entwicklungsländern. Mit Hilfe eines auf einem Mikrocomputer implementierten Algorithmus wird der kostenminimale Ausbau von Stromerzeugungsanlagen für langfristige Planungszeiträume errechnet. Die Anwendung des Modells auf Regionen in verschiedenen Entwicklungsländern zeigt, daß neben der standortspezifischen Ausbaureihenfolge eine übergeordnete wirtschaftliche Rangfolge im Ausbau der Kraftwerke existiert. Angesprochen sind Ingenieure und Entscheidungsträger im Bereich der Planung von Energiesystemen.

Erneuerbare Energien stellen eine wesentliche Möglichkeit zur Sicherstellung einer nachhaltigen und umweltfreundlichen Energieversorgung dar. Über die zukünftige energiewirtschaftliche Bedeutung einzelner Technologien zur Nutzbarmachung des regenerativen Energieangebots in Österreich bestehen allerdings oft unterschiedliche Meinungen. Das Ziel dieses Buches ist es deshalb, Informationen zur Analyse und Bewertung dieser Technologien zusammenzustellen, um so die notwendigen Grundlagen für zukünftige Entscheidungen über die weitergehende Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien in Österreich bereitzustellen. Es werden hier erstmals alle in Österreich nutzbaren Möglichkeiten regenerativer Energien auf der Basis der gleichen methodischen Vorgehensweise anhand der wesentlichen energiewirtschaftlichen Kriterien (d. h. Potenziale, Kosten, Umwelteffekte) analysiert und vergleichend gegenübergestellt. Das Buch bietet dabei sowohl dem Leser ohne Vorkenntnisse als auch dem Fachmann mit fundierten Kenntnissen im Bereich der erneuerbaren Energien eine Vielzahl neuer Aspekte, die erstmalig in dieser Kompaktheit und Vollständigkeit für Österreich vorliegen.

Das vorliegende Buch gibt Antworten auf die Frage, inwieweit die verursachergerechte Anlastung der externen Kosten einen Beitrag für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung im deutschen Personenverkehr leisten kann. Die Fragestellung wird entlang der beiden gängigen Nachhaltigkeitskonzepte (schwach und stark) untersucht. Das zentrale Ergebnis der Untersuchung ist, dass im Fall der CO2-Emissionen der Personenverkehr im Jahre 2020 auch nach einer verursachergerechten Internalisierung noch immer 90% mehr emittiert als gemäß der ökologischen Anforderung tolerierbar wäre. Für die klassischen Luftschadstoffe ergibt sich dagegen über die Internalisierung hinaus kein weiterer Handlungsbedarf. Der Personenverkehrssektor sollte von Anfang an in ein CO2-Zertifikatesystem in Deutschland integriert werden, um die starken Nachhaltigkeitsziele mit einem flexiblen und ökonomisch effizienten System zu erfüllen.

A Simple Model of Electric Power Network............................................... 48 Power flow equations.......................................................................... 48 Social welfare action........................................................................... 49 A Market Mechanism................................................................................ 50 An efficient trading rule...................................................................... 51 Competitive equilibrium and social optimum....................................... 52 A Dynamic Trading Process....................................................................... 54 An Illustrative Example............................................................................. 56 Alternative Implementation Plans........................................................ 59 Conclusions............................................................................................... 59 Appendix................................................................................................... 60 References................................................................................................. 64 Endnotes.................................................................................................... 64 Chapter 5: The Berlin Mandate: The Design ofCost-Effictive Mitigation Strategies..................................................................... 67 Introduction............................................................................................... 68 The Models................................................................................................ 69 Future Emissions....................................................................................... 70 The Costs of Alternative Commitments...................................................... 73 Some Final Comments............................................................................... 80 Endnotes.................................................................................................... 82 Chapter 6: Some Implications of Improved CO] Emissions Control Technology in The Context of Global Climate Change.................... 85 Introduction....................................................................................

Alex Cowie As the twentieth century draws to a close, one of our greatest problems is the availability of energy. One way to study the energy problem is to resolve it into four areas: energy demand, energy sources, transportation of energy from sources to demand centers, and the optimal allocation of energy forms to demands. Each of these areas is extremely complex by itself. When efforts are made to tie them together, for example, to produce a National Policy, the complexities are compounded. Another way to study the energy problem, because of its political and social consequences, is to resolve it into geographical areas. Individual provinces of Canada or states of the United States will have their concerns about energy within their geographical boundaries. As producer, consumer, or both, each wants to ensure an energy development program which will work to the maximum benefit of its citizens. Similarly, countries endeavor to protect their citizens and undertake energy policies that will assure either a continuation of the existing quality of life or - particularly in the case of'Third World'countries - a marked improvement in quality of life. These competing and conflicting goals call for a study which encompasses the whole world. Again, complexity is piled upon complexity. If the prob­ lem is not yet sufficiently complex, there is an equally complex question of the effect of energy production and use on the ecology.

This second volume of proceedings of the International Conference on Regional Science, Energy and Environment (Louvain, May 1975) contains papers related to general and partial equilibrium models of regional and urban development, in which natural and human resources playa dominant role. It need not be stressed that environmental factors and resource management have,to some extent, been neglected in postwar economic research. Unfortunately, a world-wide energy crisis or more local environmental disruptions were necessary to draw the economist's attention on the increasing imbalance between man and environment. The topics treated in this volume reflect the shift in economic research which has taken place since the early seventies. They can be classified roughly into 4 fields. The first field deals with a welfare approach to environmental deterioration. The second area covers models of resource allocation that contain environmental constraints. The third class of problems focuses on the relationship between environment and urban development. Finally, some methodological papers are included that explore new areas in regional and ~nterregional model building. Klaassen opens this volume with a paper on the impact of rising energy prices on the structure of regional development and environment, He analyses the change in size of all potentials and the consequent decrease in the volume of traffic. Besides these short-run influences, a :reallocat{o~ of households and firms may be expected in the long-run.

The author provides new insights into the relationship between transport and the environment, the role of technology and the meaning of the concept of sustainable development for the transport sector. Special attention is given to the relationship between technological progress and policy. The different theoretical approaches are combined to create a strategy for R&D and the implementation of mega-technological innovations. The empirical part deals with two specific cases: Maglev technology and fuel-cell technology for transport purposes. Taking into account the new theoretical insights and the empirical findings, the author presents a synthesis and draws conclusions which are important for researchers and professionals in transportation, environmental sciences and related fields.

Abbreviations........................................... ix Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION........................................... 1 Chapter 2 REDRAWING THE BOUNDARIES BETWEEN STATE AND COMPANY... 3 Chapter 3 STATE PARTICIPATION IN THE ECONOMY..................... 25 Chapter 4 INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC INSTABILITY..................... 49 Chapter 5 THE FAILURE OF OPEC TO SECURE ECONOMIC RENTS.......... 67 Chapter 6 TURNING BLACK GOLD INTO DEVELOPMENT.................. 81 Chapter 7 NATIONAL OIL COMPANIES................................ 97 Chapter 8 AMBITIOUS CONSOLIDATION.............................. 127 Chapter 9 STRATEGIC CONSOLIDATION.............................. 151 References............................................ 155 Index................................................ 165 PREFACE This book has been kicking around my desk for quite some time. On and off I returned to my work on the role of the state in the economy and the international oil market, but for a long time I was not satisfied with the shape it was in. I understand now that I needed the insights developed over the past couple of years on the role of the state, regulation, liberalization, privatization, and the recent events in the international oil industry to bring all my ideas together in a more coherent format. It was the events that followed the Asian financial crisis that drew me back to finish writing this book. The early beginnings of this book were developed atthe Institute of International Affairs, Chatham I-louse, in London, where I was a research fellow with the Energy and Environment Programme in 1992 and 1993. At the Colorado School of Mines, I had the opportunity to test my ideas in a graduate class, and continue the research.

(2) Do existing estimates of the no-regret potential stand up to are-evaluation within this framework? As a result of this analysis the size of previous estimates for no-regret potentials may be modified - in terms ofenergy savings or in financial terms. On the basis of these findings, we will approach the overriding third research question: (3) How large is the no-regret potential and what determines its size? The following chapter will provide a fuller account of the debate on no-regret potentials. This will be complemented by a detailed theory-based definition of no­ regret potentials in Chapter 2. The thesis will focus mostly on the micro-level of analysis. But we will also address the implications ofour findings for the analysis ofenergy saving measures and policies at more aggregate levels, notably within a feasibility study for adapting a model which represents the level of the national economy. The debate on no-regret potentials­ 1 origin, context, issues The term'no-regret potentials'was coined during the debate on climate change. It designates opportunities for the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions'... that are worth undertaking whether or not there are climate-related reasons for doing so.'(IPCC 1996, p. 271). In the IPCC's Third Assessment Report (TAR), no­ regret potentials are increasingly equated with GHG emission reduction potentials at negative (net) costs (lPCC 2001, p. 21).

'Energy is the go of things', as James Clerk Maxwell pointed out. This th simple truth was largely overlooked during the first 70 years of the 20 century, because in the industrial world most politicians, civil servants, and opinion makers were inclined to believe that virtually an infinite supply of reasonably priced energy would always be available, and so things would continue to'go'in the manner to which many of their constituents and admirers had become accustomed. Similar opinions were held about fresh air, and water for consumption and agricultural uses. As a result, it was not until the last two decades of the century that serious courses in energy and environmental economics began to be offered at institutions of higher learning around the world. This book is intended as a comprehensive introductory text and/or reference book for courses of this nature having to do with energy economics. (I have also attempted to make the book useful for self study.) As far as I know, there are no energy economics text or reference books on the level of this book in the English language. Needless to say, if I am wrong then I apologise to their authors; but right or wrong, I would like to see more energy economics books of all descriptions now. We cannot afford to have the same kind of mistakes made with energy policy that (in much of the world) are being made with e. g. employment policy.

Although present day politics seems to be preoccupied with questions of economic growth and full employment, the basic environmental problems stemming from the interactions of the economic sphere with global, regional and local environments persist and will have an even greater impact in the future. If economy and ecology are not reconciled in the years to come, mankind will not have a sustainable future on Earth. The typical negation of environmental problems in times of economic crisis is partially due to the fact that environmental and health damages of economic activities are neither priced nor included in our market price system. This allows politicians to focus their attention on insufficient economic indicators which do not reflect the actual development of the welfare of society. If economic lead indicators like GDP or balance of trade figures were better integrated with information on the environmental and health costs caused by the seemingly beneficial economic development, politicians might have better guidance as to what policy choices would benefit society most.

Is economic growth good for the environment? A number of economists have claimed that economic growth can benefit the environment, recruiting political support and finance for environmental policy measures. This view has received increasing support since the early 1990s from empirical evidence that has challenged the traditional environmentalist's belief that economic growth degrades the environment. This book reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on growth and the environment, giving an in-depth empirical treatment of the relationship between the two. Various hypotheses are formulated and tested for a number of indicators of environmental pressure. The test results indicate that alternative models and estimation methods should be used, altering previous conclusions about the effect of economic growth on the environment and offering an insight into the forces driving emission reduction in developed countries.

This book provides a framework for analyzing and forecasting a variety of mineral and energy markets and related industries. Such modeling activity has been at the forefront of the economic and engineering professions for some time, having received a major stimulus fC?llowing the first oil price shock in 1973. Since that time, other shocks have affected these markets and industries, causing disequilibrium economic adjustments which are difficult to analyze and to predict. Moreover, geopolitics remains an important factor which can destabilize crude oil markets and associated refining industries. Mineral and energy modeling, consequently, has become a major interest of energy-related corporations, mining and drilling companies, metal manufacturers, public utilities, investment banks,. national government agencies and international organizations. This book hopes to advance mineral and energy modeling as follows: (1) The modeling process is presented sequentially by leading the model builder from model specification, estimation, simulation, and validation to practical model applications, including explaining history, analyzing policy, and market and price forecasting; (2) New developments in modeling approaches are presented which encompass econometric market and industry models, spatial equilibrium and programming models, optimal resource depletion models, input-output models, economic sector models, and macro­ oriented energy interaction models (including computable general equilibrium); (3) The verification and application of the models is considered not only individually but also in relation to the performance of alternative modeling approaches; and (4) The modeling framework includes a perspective on new directions, so that the present model building advice willextend into the future.