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CHANG (1955) reported the lowering of the blood hemoglobin of chicks due to free gossypol feeding and postulated that free gossypol in the diet leads to interference with the synthesis of the proteins of the blood in these chicks. In view of the useful information that has been obtained in recent years using the electrophoresis technique in the study of normal and pathological sera, an experiment was planned to study the electrophoretic patterns of serum samples obtained from birds fed a normal diet, as well as from birds fed free gossypol in the diet. An electrophoresis cell using filter paper strips, as originally designed by Durrum (1950) and marketed by Spinco, was employed. Later it was discovered that the resolution of the globulins of chick serum is very poor on filter paper. More serum samples were obtained from birds used in a study of the effect of protein level on …

DR. ERWIN JUNGHERR of the Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station has chosen wisely to include in his paper on the value of wheat germ oil in the control of fowl paralysis a discussion of recent work on nutritional encephalomalacia, since some of the gross symptoms of this disease are similar to those of fowl paralysis and might be confused with them. He has brought out very clearly that, whereas vitamin E has been found by Dam, Glavind, Bernth, and Hagens, (1938) and by Pappenheimer, Goettsch, and Jungherr (1939) to be effective in preventing the development of nutritional encephalomalacia, a number of investigators have shown that this vitamin is without effect in the prevention of fowl paralysis. He concluded, therefore, that the favorable results obtained by Butler and Warren (1938) and by Butler, Warren, and Hammersland (1938) in the control of fowl paralysis by means of wheat germ oil have not been . . .

IT SEEMS to me that the method of approach suggested by Dr. Martin is the only one available at the present time. It has been demonstrated that, under certain conditions, resistance to lymphomatosis can be increased by means of selection. From a purely practical point of view, it should be pointed out that the ultimate success of Dr. Martin’s program depends on the assumption that strains of birds selected for resistance to lymphomatosis under the conditions of one flock would also be resistant under entirely different conditions. This assumption needs testing before any extended program of selection is undertaken. There is some evidence that resistant strains from one flock were not resistant when placed in another. The development of useful strains under such conditions would be very difficult. There is another point that should be tested. It is possible that there may be several types of agents or circumstances capable . . .

AN INVESTIGATION of free amino acids in chickens using paper chromatography has been published by Chubb (1959). The amino acids reported in his work were found in the urine, blood and body tissues of normal birds. However, there is no information regarding free amino acids found in chickens and their relationship to avian lymphomatosis. This paper reports chromatographic investigations of the free amino acids in the cloacal waste from newly hatched unfed chicks. Throughout the investigations, all free amino acids were examined for a correlation between their occurrence and subsequent occurrence of avian lympho-matosis. It became apparent that only histidine exhibited this correlation. EXPERIMENTAL Samples of cloacal waste were collected from newly hatched, unfed chicks evacuated within five hours after removal from hatching trays. The excrement was collected in individual test tubes and only the samples from female chicks were used unless otherwise noted. Ethyl alcohol was added to the…

Serum protein alterations in chicks with reticuloendothelial virus disease (RED) were studied by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The serum electrophoregram of the RE virus inoculated chicks presented profound alterations when compared with the normal control chicks. The changes consisted of a highly increased gamma-1-globulin peak and decreased albumin. Moderate elevations in all the other electrophoretic fractions were also observed, except for prealbumin. There was not a significant difference in the total serum proteins between the RED infected and the control groups of chicks. It was found in previous studies that chicken transferrin migrated in the gamma-1-globulin position of the cellulose acetate electrophoregram. In RED infected chicks the elevation of gamma-1-globulins was caused by an increase in transferrin and not by an increase in immunoglobulins. These findings were substantiated by comparative electrophoretic studies on paper and polyacrylamide-gel, immunodiffusion, gel-filtration on Sephadex G-200, and by an iron-transferrin stain. The marked proliferation of reticuloendothelial cells and the cellular alterations in the thymus and bursa of Fabricius in RED infected chicks appeared to be causally related to the elevated concentration of transferrin in the serum.

RECENT years have seen considerable interest in the yeast Torulopsis utilis. Because of its particular growth characteristics Torula yeast is readily adaptable to the conversion of certain agricultural and forest waste products. This paper reports experiments with dried Torula yeast grown on a substrate of spent liquor from the sulphite pulping process employed in the conversion of wood to pulp. The name Torula yeast is a tentative designation for this particular yeast product. Yeasts in general are known to be excellent sources of valuable protein. Such protein has been found by Block (1945) to be closely comparable to milk casein in terms of amino acid content. However, its nutritional completeness for poultry may be open to question. In addition yeasts are rich sources of the water soluble group of vitamins. In this respect yeasts rank along with liver in the number of nutritive factors, both known and unknown, found to . . .

THE importance of investigating and developing indigenous plants from the tropics to supplement the world’s supply of carbohydrate feedstuffs for poultry has been emphasized by Rosenberg (1953). He reported that low-grade sugar mixed with bagasse pith in the ratio of 10:1, by weight, showed promise as a substitute for the cereal grains, although efficiency of feed conversion into eggs tended to decrease as the concentration of this new feedstuff was increased from 35.5 to 57.5 percent of total ration. Two other byproducts of the sugar industry are also commonly available; they are B-grade molasses and refinery B-molasses. The former was selected for biological assay because it can be made available from sugar mills in tremendous supply, approximately 7 percent of total cane juice. It is cheaper than low-grade sugar and easier to combine with bagasse pith. Refinery B-molasses was also tested because it is produced by sugar refineries located in …

A CONSIDERABLE amount of research work has been done on the use of oil in the preservation of shell egg quality. Unfortunately, most of the data are based on candling measurements which at best only roughly estimate interior quality. Much more critical work is needed in order to establish the qualitative and quantitative requirements whereby oil processing can be defined optimumly. The recent work of Evans and Carver (1942) has emphasized the need for oiling eggs soon after laying in order that quality be maintained better during storage. These results make evident the need for treating on the farm or at some nearby, central point if really effective use is to be made of oil processing. Evans (1942) made a study of the effect of diluting egg processing oils with petroleum solvents (boiling point range—150° to 380°F.). This worker found that oil diluted with 80–90% of such solvents . . .

DURING the past few years the commercial production of tomato juice and other pulped tomato products has increased to a considerable extent. In the manufacture of such products there is a certain amount of waste resulting from the pulping or screening process. This tomato waste or pomace consists mainly of skins, seeds, and hard tissue. Approximately 1,500,000 tons of tomatoes are grown annually in the United States. Of this total about 1,000,000 tons are used in manufactured tomato products. The waste in canning varies from I5 to 30 percent depending on the quality of the tomato. The waste material studied in the investigation consists of the dehydrated tailings of pulping machines and juice extractors. Probably 12,000 tons of dried waste similar to that examined is available annually. This represents a 4-fold increase since 1917. The waste could be dried very easily and economically if there was any sale for it. . . .

Carbon-14 benzoic acid was given to normal and dystrophic chickens, pheasants and coturnix to study the metaboism of this material in these species. Both normal and dystrophic chickens and pheasants were found to excrete approximately the same percentage of the administered dose in the form of ornithuric acid while coturnix excreted significantly less in the form of this metabolite.

THE harmful effects of yolk and similar lipid material on the functional properties of egg white, long recognized, have been reviewed by several workers (Cotterill and Funk, 1963; Cunningham, 1963; Cunningham and Cotterill, 1964). The mechanism, however, whereby yolk is detrimental is not understood. Cotterill et al. (1963) showed that although the use of chemical additives inproved performance of yolk-contaminated egg white, additive actions were not solely associated with overcoming the adverse effects of the yolk. Cotterill and Funk (1963) found that lipase treatment improved yolk-contaminated white but did not determine if the improvement resulted from destruction of harmful yolk components or from products produced by hydrolysis (such as fatty acids). That pH is significant to functional performance, particularly for yolk-contaminated white, has been shown by Cotterill and Funk (1963) and Cunningham (1963). Cunningham and Cotterill (1964) found that centrifuging yolk-contaminated egg white improved its performance and that centrifuging at…

A CONSIDERABLE literature on the anthelmintic effects of piperazine compounds has accumulated. Since this has been reviewed in several recent papers mention is only made of publications which have a direct bearing on the subject of the present paper. Guilhon (1951) discussed the activity of piperazine against Ascaridia columbae and Capillaria columbae in pigeons. Sloan, Kingsbury and Jolly (1954) were the first British workers to report results obtained with some forty piperazine compounds. These authors described the value of piperazine in full-scale trials in horses, pigs, dogs, cats and poultry. Following closely on this publication, Leiper (1954) mentions that piperazine is effective eliminating Ascaridia and, to some extent, Capillaria and Heterakis as well. Poynter (1955a) found that piperazine adipate was an efficient anthelmintic against Parascaris equorum in horses. Lee (1955) described piperazine adipate as a safe and efficient anthelmintic against Neoascaris vitulorum when administered to calves in single doses. He …

THE bursa of Fabricius, a lymphoepithelial gland, was found by Glick et al. (1956) to be necessary in the production of antibodies to S. typhimurium. Since this original paper, Chang et al. (1957,1959) have confirmed and extended the role of the bursa in antibody production. In an initial trial, Glick (1958) reported higher antibody titers to sheepred-blood cells in bursectomized birds receiving a crude extract of bursa material than in the bursectomized controls. The object of this paper is to report additional results of injecting bursectomized birds with several fractions of bursa material. MATERIALS AND METHODS The bursa was removed from 12-day-old New Hampshire chicks by making a lateral incision at the base of the tail just above the upper lip of the vent (Riddle and Tange, 1928; Glick, 1955; and Chang et al., 1957). The bursa was then grasped with curved forceps at its most anterior aspect and eased …

INTRODUCTION THE discovery of vitamin B12 in 1948 and the emphasis on the so-called APF supplements made it seen desirable to determine the value of additional vitamin B12 in the form of fish solubles in experimental rations used on the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station poultry farm. These rations contained 10 percent of meat scraps which it had been assumed would supply the necessary animal protein factor. They were being used to start and grow chicks and turkey poults and also for the production of market and hatching eggs. The first series of tests reported upon in this paper cover studies of the value of adding 3 percent of condensed fish solubles to two basal rations containing 10 percent of meat scraps and differing primarily only in the carbohydrate supplements. A second series of experiments reported upon in this paper were designed to study the influence of a vitamin B12-antibiotic supplement …

This paper is the second of a series reported from the Utah Station on the transfer of dietary DDT to eggs and poultry tissues. The first paper was reported by Bryson et al. (1950) on the accumulation of DDT in poultry products. The published literature on this topic has been reviewed and reported by Bryson et al. (1950). EXPERIMENTAL THE alfalfa hay fed in this experiment was from the same field described by Harris et al. (1949). This alfalfa was dusted with 0, 1, 2, and 4 pounds of technical DDT per acre. The harvested hay was ground into meal and 15 percent of this meal was included in the laying mash. DDT was also added to a similar mash made from untreated alfalfa meal at levels of 0, 50, 100, and 200 p.p.m. These diets are reported in Table 1. The design of this experiment is as follows: A . . .

IN A previous paper (Rubin et al., 1941) evidence was presented that border-line vitamin A deficiency, as indicated by liver storage assays, is quite common among chicks raised on commercial poultry farms. These experiments were based on the supposition that liver storage of vitamin A is directly related to intake. However, the possibility of other factors influencing vitamin A storage was not excluded, and the experiments to be reported in this paper were undertaken to investigate some of the more likely possibilities. In the first place, it seemed worthwhile to determine the comparative efficiency of vitamin A storage in the liver when carotene is the sole source of vitamin A potency and when vitamin A is supplied as such. Since it has been reported that carotene is more stable in mixed feeds than is vitamin A (Fraps and Kemmerer, 1937), it seemed quite possible that some chicks in commercial flocks . . .

THE 1969 Physiology Symposium was modeled after the one developed by Dr. Donald Polin the previous year, and I want to express my thanks to him for his keen interest and valuable suggestions. The topic was my own idea; and although it clearly reflects my personal propensity, it was favorably received by the other members of the program committee as a theme which would be both relevant and interesting to the avian biologists of many kinds who attend meetings of the Poultry Science Association. The four papers presented here represent areas of research in which there has been a significant amount of recent activity and in which new data and new theories are wreaking havoc with what we thought we knew. In short, they represent scientific progress. Further, these papers illustrate nicely the fact that endocrinology is a pervasive discipline which increasingly demands the attention of specialists in nutrition, metabolism,…

THE pods of the carob tree (Ceraionia siliqua), popularly known as “St. John’s bread,” are fed to livestock and consumed by people in most Mediterranean countries. Recently they have been used outside this region in milk replacers for young calves (Robinson, 1960) and as an antidiarrhetic for babies (Pretorius and Venter, 1959). On the other hand, reports have appeared on their low nutritive value for various species (see discussion). The literature on the use of carobs for chickens has been reviewed in a previous paper (Bornstein et al., 1963), which contains also the composition of carob pods and seeds. In the latter paper it was postulated that the growth retardation accompanying feeding of diets containing 20–30% carob meal was due both to its low content of digestible nutrients, and to the presence of a hot-water-extractable appetite-depressing factor (possibly a tannin-like compound) which prevented a compensatory increase in feed consumption.…

AN EARLIER report from this station (Kosin et al., 1952) has shown that the fertilizing capacity of Broad Breasted Bronze males was improved by temperature—“conditioning” them prior to mating at 65°F. This effect was a prolonged one, particularly when the temperature-conditioned males remained in pens maintained at that temperature during the mating season. The present paper will report on certain aspects of egg production in hens subjected to two different temperature environments. METHODS AND MATERIALS The basic experimental design of the study was described in some detail in the paper already cited (Kosin et al., 1952). Therefore, it should be necessary only to augment that description by such additional details as are pertinent to the present report. The reader is also referred to the paper by Burrows and Kosin (1953) as well as the unpublished thesis of the senior author (Mitchell, 1952) where the pertinent literature is more extensively …

I. Introduction The purpose of this paper, which is one of a series on the various problems of the biology and economics of egg production in the domestic fowl, is a presentation of constants showing the relationship between monthly egg production aud annual egg record in the pullet year in the White Wyandotte breed. From the purely biological side the present paper is a contribution of detail to the quantitative measurement of the interrelationship of the variables which must be considered in any comprehensive study of the broad problem of the physiology of egg production. The specific purposes of the determination of the various coefficients have been fully enough stated in preceding papers,* and will not be reiterated here. A comparative discussion of these correlations for the economically more important breeds of fowl is in preparation; the constants here presented will then be discussed in greater detail. In the meantime, . . .

A SURVEY of the literature on the vitamin A requirements of the growing chick revealed that at least eight papers on this subject have appeared since 1926. (Almquist and Meechi, 1939; Bearse and Miller, 1937; Biely and Chalmers, 1936; Record, et al. 1937; Ringrose and Norris, 1936; Sherwood and Fraps, 1936; Tepper and Durgin, 1938; Wilson, et al. 1936). These papers were examined with the following criteria in mind: (1) Practicality of the ration used, (2) Nutritional adequacy of the ration, except for vitamin A, (3) The number of birds per test group, (4) The attainment of what might be considered normal weight at 8 weeks of age, (5) The presence of a group whose growth response is less than normal, (6) The use of a practical source of vitamin A or carotene, and (7) relatively small differences between levels of vitamin A. None of the experiments noted met all . . .

AT THE conclusion of egg shape inheritance studies reported by Marble (1943) there were available Barred Plymouth Rock hens from selected family lines that laid eggs having a wide spread in egg shape index. This population was used for a study of the physical and physiological factors influencing egg shape. Consideration was first given to the possible effect of the character of the albumen on egg shape. Data collected for this study are presented in this paper. A second paper will include results of a study of the muscular structure of the oviduct and a detailed study of that portion of the oviduct involved in establishing egg shape. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Scott (1938) points out a straight line relationship existing between size of yolk and amount of white secreted in a given oviduct when yolks of smaller than mature size for the given hen were substituted. He also demonstrated that . . .

This paper supplements a previous article on the same subject which appeared in P oultry S cience , Vol. 6, No. 3. In the former article the data was secured from fourteen White Leghorn hens. The material in this paper was obtained from thirteen Rhode Island Red hens. The experiment was conducted in the same manner as the one previously reported, except that the period over which the hens were trapnested and eggs were examined was of two month’s duration instead of three. The White Leghorn hens used in the other experiment were obtained from a flock in-which practically no, or at least very slight, losses from bacillary white diarrhea were said to have occurred during the past two or three years. On the other hand, the Rhode Island Red hens employed in this experiment came from a flock in which rather heavy losses occurred during the previous spring. The owner of . . .

KERATIN proteins, in their natural state, are considered to be quite indigestible by animals and birds. However, there are reports that certain treatments applied to keratins, particularly fine grinding, may make them a useful source of protein in the diet. In a series of three papers, Wagner and Elvehjem (1942 Wagner and Elvehjem (1943) and Newell and Elvehjem (1947) showed that finely powdered swine hoofs were well utilized by chicks, particularly if heat was minimized during grinding. Hog hair and chicken feathers were less satisfactory. Wilder (1953) reported that processed feather meal was of value in chick starter, particularly so if it was combined with blood meal. On the other hand, Slinger et al. (1944) found that a product consisting of a finely ground mixture of cattle hoofs, swine hoofs and horn was of little value as a protein supplement for chicks. In the present paper feeding trials with four keratin products, processed …

INTRODUCTION IN AN earlier paper, Slavin and Wilson (1953) described certain aspects of the development of Hexamita meleagridis, the cause of severe diarrhoea with high mortality in turkeys. In a later paper (Wilson and Slavin, 1955) dealing principally with the disease hexamitiasis of turkeys, further allusions were made to the unusual features of the life history of the parasite. Although binary fission is considered the normal method of reproduction of the genus Hexamita this to our knowledge has never been reported in Hexamita meleagridis and the protozoon cannot be cultured in artificial media. This renders extremely unlikely the conception that binary fission or some similar method is the reproductive process with this organism. No better method can be devised of determining whether binary fission occurs in a protozoon than the incubation for 2 to 3 hours of the actual medium in which it is present in very large numbers. Hundreds …

In an earlier biometric investigation * of the monthly egg records of 3897 White Leghorn fowls which completed their first year of laying activity and of 452 birds which were comparable except for the fact that they died at some time during this period I showed that these two classes of birds are differentiated with respect to both mean production and to variability of egg production in the periods antecedent to the month of death. The purpose of the present paper is to test the conclusions thus drawn by the analysis of data for two other breeds—the Rhode Island Red and the White Wyandotte. The value of the present contribution lies in part in the generalization of the results heretofore noted for one breed only and in part in the somewhat different method of analysis here employed. In the preceding paper, the test of differentiation given was essentially graphic. In . . .

MUCH of the rapid progress achieved through research in the field of chick nutrition has been founded upon experimental results in which treatment differences were large and often very striking. As a greater and greater portion of new nutritional research involves further refinements in diets, differences between treatments become smaller and more difficult to ascertain with reasonable reliability. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the magnitude of experimental errors found in the usual chick nutrition trial and to reiterate the need for adequate experimental designs and analyses. The author became interested in the problem of experimental errors in chick nutrition trials in 1951 and began assembling data from as many laboratories as could be found with data appropriate for analysis. The very comprehensive paper by Homeyer and Pauls (1954) led the writer to believe that perhaps further effort was not warranted, since it seemed that the pertinent problems …

THE preceding papers in this series by Cuckler et al. (1956) and Cuckler and Malanga (1956) showed that nithiazide [1-ethyl-3-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl) urea] was the most effective antihistomonad (blackhead) agent in a series of closely related compounds. Furthermore, nithiazide was found more potent and less toxic than 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole in experimental enterohepatitis. This paper presents the results of studies on the absorption and excretion of nithiazide by turkeys and chickens and the effect of this compound on their growth, maturation and reproduction. These studies have shown that chickens and turkeys tolerated nithiazide better than 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole or 2-acetylamino-5-nitrothiazole, chemically related compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS The turkeys and chickens used in these studies were obtained from commercial sources when 1 day of age. Straight run Beltsville White turkeys and White Rock cross chicks were used in the laboratory experiments, and the birds were kept in electrically heated battery brooders. The floor-pen growth trials involved White . . .

INTRODUCTION SELECTION is considered to be the best tool for genetic improvement in a given population. Heritability of a character is an important factor affecting genetic improvement. In a previous paper, Issawi et al. (1963) studied heritability of fertility and hatchability in Fayoumi. The present paper deals with the study of heritability of body weight in Fayoumi. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Many investigators estimated heritability of body weight in chickens. Spector (1956) summarized the different estimates of this character and concluded that it was highly heritable. In Single Comb White Leghorn, Lerner et al. (1949) stated that heritability of body weight at twelve weeks of age was 0.475, and 0.597 and 0.506 on the basis of the contribution of sire, dam, and both, respectively. Fagan (1949), reported similar figures for heritability of body weight at twelve weeks of age, being in the range from 0.35–0.50. El-Ibiary and Shaffner (1951), reported…

This paper is a preliminary report on some results obtained in attempting to estimate the gross maintenance requirement of White Leghorn chickens from data obtained from feeding experiments specially planned for that purpose. The expression, “gross maintenance requirement,” as employed here, is used to designate that weight of feed (in grams) which a chicken requires each day for all purposes, except for increasing its live weight and for producing eggs. The feeding experiments were so planned that a number of pens of chickens were fed at levels of feed intake which differed from one another by a fixed amount, all the levels of feed intake being less than that required for maintaining live weight. The daily allowance of feed for each pen was weighed and placed in small paper bags before the experiment was started, and each morning during the experiment proper one of these bags was emptied into the . . .

IN A previous report (Eisenstark and Sanford, 1953) it was recorded that antibiotic-fed birds failed to exhibit profound changes in the over-all numbers of various groups of intestinal microorganisms, at least as enumerated by the counting techniques employed. Several current theories of antibiotic mode of action were discussed and two additional theories were introduced which previously had not been given serious consideration. In this series of reports experimental data will be presented and analyzed for compatibility with the various theories in an effort to solve the mechanism whereby antibiotics promote weight gains in poultry. In this paper the effects of antibiotics upon macrogrowth and microcellular changes of intestinal microbes growing in vitro is reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS Observations of macrogrowth were made by pouring plates of bacteria in suitable media and placing antibiotic-containing filter-paper pads on the hardened surface (see Figures 1 and 2). In experiment 1, the pads had …

THE adverse effect of heat upon the nutritive value of cereal proteins was demonstrated by Morgan and King (1926). Since the publication of their paper numerous other reports dealing with the effect of heat on the nutritive value of various proteins have appeared. Reference to much of the literature on this subject will be found in the papers by Greaves, Morgan and Loveen (1938) and Block et al. (1946). The adverse effect of excessive amounts of heat on soybean proteins has been reported by Mussehl (1942), Bird and Burkhardt (1943), and Evans and McGinnis (1946). In the studies reported herein an attempt has been made to determine vitamin and amino acid deficiencies that exist in over-heated soybean oil meal. EXPERIMENTAL Single Comb White Leghorn chicks were used in these experiments. In order to have chicks of comparable growing capacity in each group the following method of selecting chicks was adopted. . . .

THE work herein reported is a continuation of the studies on cannibalism in poultry reported by Miller and Bearse (1937). In that paper, evidence was presented to show that oats have cannibalism preventing properties. This article reports the results of an experiment designed to determine which part of the oat carries the cannibalism preventing property and in addition, to determine whether manganese and wood fiber would prevent cannibalism. As denned in the above-mentioned paper, cannibalism is considered as a vicious habit of picking toes, comb, vent, feathers, and other parts of the bird’s body. EXPERIMENTAL Wood fiber in the form of spruce dust was included in this experiment to give another source of fiber probably not complicated with the same possible vitamins, minerals, or other nutrient factors. A manganese sulfate ration was included because oats contain substantially larger amounts of manganese than corn. Corn was used as the principal ingredient . . .

THIS paper presents an analysis of a set of feather measurements obtained at the Beltsville Research Center during the course of an experiment designed to determine the effects of certain mineral supplements, particularly inorganic sulphur compounds, on the molt of White Leghorn hens. Since the molt is usually accompanied by a cessation of egg production, the importance of favorably influencing the growth of feathers, if it is possible to do so, is obvious. In view of the fact that feathers contain considerable amounts of sulphur, it was thought that the feeding of sulphur compounds might have some effect on the rate of growth and mature length of the new tail and wing feathers which were grown after the old feathers were dropped during the molt. The general plan of this experiment, including a description of the sulphur compounds fed, has been given in an earlier paper (Hendricks, 1933). Three groups . . .

NO INFORMATION has been reported on species variations in the fractions of egg yolk obtained by ion-exchange chromatography. Seideman (1966) developed a chromatographic procedure for the fractionation of egg yolk. These results were further published by Seideman et al. (1969). This technique was used to indicate changes in egg yolk caused by pasteurization, centrifugation, freezing and spray drying (see Seideman, 1966; and Seideman and Cotterill, 1969). The purpose of this paper is to show that this same technique can be used to demonstrate differences in turkey, goose and chicken egg yolk. MATERIALS AND METHODS The yolk material was collected and chromatographed as described in a previous paper by Seideman et al. (1969). The chicken eggs were from two populations of birds selected for different traits from the University of Missouri Poultry Farm. The goose egg yolk was from Embdem geese, and the turkey yolk was obtained from Broad Breasted Bronze…

SEASONAL variation in the rate of egg production is associated with seasonal variation in length of day. The excellent paper of Whetham (1933) summarized a very large amount of data from a wide range of latitudes, all showing correlated changes in day length and rate of egg production. Kennard and Chamberlin (1931) showed that seasonal variation can be modified by use of supplementary artificial light, confirming the work of several earlier laboratory workers and of many poultrymen. Kennard and Chamberlin also showed the close relationship of body weight and rate of egg production. A good review of the earlier literature is contained in the paper of Callenbach, Nicholas and Murphy (1944). Several analyses of egg production data for the purpose of describing the relation of time in production and rate of production have been made. Harris et al. (1921) reported that annual production within a genetically similar flock maintained under . . .

ALTHOUGH much significant information on hormones in poultry appears in the literature, especially since the series of estrogen papers by Lorenz (1943, 1945 a b), no effort has been made by the author to describe the historical development and application of hormones in nutrition prior to Nalbandov’s (1953) review concerning the endocrine control of physiological functions. Literature reviews of papers on endocrines since 1953 have adequately acknowledged earlier reports and included references to controversies where such occurred. Moreover, even in the paucity of recent papers, there is reflected a considerable variety of interest in hormones and methodology defying generalization which has done little to abate conflicting data or to show the interdependent efforts of nutritionists and physiologists. The following papers, although discretely meritorious, illustrate the continuing incongruity of this fertile area of research: Nitrogen Retention. Eaton et al. (1955) studied 5–7 week old male chicks injected with growth hormone…

WORK leading to the development of a ration for the uniform production of perosis (slipped tendon) in chicks was presented in the previous paper. In this paper we wish to give the results obtained from studies on factors which prevent the development of this syndrome. Jukes (1937) has recently reviewed the meager work available on the perosis-preventing properties of certain feeds. EXPERIMENTAL Day-old White Leghorn chicks were divided into groups of five chicks each and placed in suitable cages. In the majority of the work ration 604 was used as the basal ration, but results obtained with other closely related rations are also included. The supplements tested were added at the expense of the whole ration. The results are tabulated in Table 1. It is readily evident that the addition of 15 percent of rice bran gave complete protection in all trials. The result checks quite well with the conclusion . . .

THE first paper of this series, Russo and Heiman (1959a) indicated improved chick growth where corn fermentation condensed solubles was used in a variety of practical chick rations. In those tests, addition of corn fermentation condensed solubles was made at the expense of either corn meal or a combination of corn meal and soybean oil meal. In a second paper by Russo and Heiman (1959b) it was shown that for chick growth and feed efficiency, corn fermentation condensed solubles could replace condensed fish solubles and dried whey product in the A.N.R.C. diet. It was further observed that corn fermentation condensed solubles in a commercial broiler ration supplied the chick growth stimulus of fish meal but feed efficiency replacement was only partial. This report deals with the source of the chick growth stimulating effect of corn fermentation condensed solubles. The purpose here is to determine whether the observed response is associated …

A PREVIOUS paper on egg shape discussed the relationship of albumen condition of the completed egg to the shape of the egg. This paper presents the results of a further study of physiological influences relating to egg shape. Material presented includes muscular influence of the oviduct and other oviducal factors. Numerous investigations have been conducted regarding the cause of variation in the shape of eggs of the domestic fowl. Ryder (1893) concluded that shape was due to resistance of the oviduct in front of the egg and peristaltic pressure behind the egg as it passes through the oviduct. Cushney (1902), Szeilasko (1905) and Pearl (1909) believed that the uterus section of the oviduct exercised the greatest influence due to the thickness of muscular walls in this region. D’Arcy Thompson (1908) was of the opinion that the ovate shape was due to the nature of the pressure exerted by the oviduct. . . .

IN CONNECTION with the control of the poultry gapeworm, Syngamus trachea, it is important to know what birds are susceptible to gapeworm infection and how long each type of host may remain a carrier of the parasite. Obviously, those birds which serve as carriers of gapeworm the longest are potentially the most dangerous spreaders of these worms. In this paper are presented data which show that the turkey, the guinea fowl, and the young chicken may remain infected with gapeworms long enough to be regarded as important factors in the spread of this parasite. Furthermore, evidence is available for the first time to show that the turkey may be responsible for the perpetuation of gapeworm disease from one warm season to another. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The birds used in the experiments reported in this paper were hatched in incubators and reared under parasite-free conditions until infected experimentally with gapeworms. Following experimental . . .

THIS paper reports results of experiments conducted to determine if poult performance could be improved by altering the amino acid balance in a ration based on corn, soybean meal and methionine or in a ration based on corn, soybean meal, herring meal and methionine. Experiments also are being conducted at our station to determine how the essential amino acids should be proportioned to make a well balanced turkey poult ration. The results of tests along this line through the 1968 season were presented at the 1968 meeting of the Poultry Science Association. A more complete publication of these results is not planned until more experiments are conducted. Major modification of the proportions listed in the abstract (Warnick and Anderson, 1968b) is not expected, and the values reported in the abstract were used as a guide in formulating rations 2 and 5 fed in the work reported in this paper. The. . .

THE first of the experiments discussed in this paper was started soon after the discovery that one of the commercial vitamin B12 supplements contained an unknown factor that stimulated the growth of young chickens (Stokstad et al., 1949). After it was found that the factor was an antibiotic (Stokstad and Jukes, 1950), the second experiment was conducted to determine whether the inclusion of an antibiotic in their diet during hot weather would stimulate the growth of young White Leghorn pullets fed a diet containing cottonseed meal as the chief source of protein. Because the stimulation of growth in the second experiment was relatively small in comparison with some of the results that were attributed to the antibiotics, it was considered advisable to conduct other experiments during cool weather. The data from the four experiments at the Southwest Poultry Experiment Station, Glendale, Arizona, are given and discussed in this paper. PROCEDURE . . .

IT IS common experience that chickens and other domesticated birds grow better if hatched at certain seasons than they do if hatched at other seasons of the year. Thus Goodale (1926) found that chicks hatched in the early part of the season grew more rapidly, to 30 days of age, than did those hatched later. Upp and Thompson (1927) likewise observed that there were differences in the rate of growth of chicks hatched at different seasons of the year. They conclude that weather has an influence on the growth of chickens. Somewhat similar results are reported in this paper for turkeys hatched only a few weeks apart. There is also a distinct indication of compensatory growth of the later hatched, initially slower growing birds. The same phenomenon has been demonstrated in the growth of razor clams by McMillin and Weymouth (1935). MATERIALS AND METHODS The data presented in this paper . . .

STUDIES with the fowl involving the separate collection of urine and feces have been quite limited. Research to be reported in this and subsequent papers showed that a surgical procedure which allowed separate collection of feces and urine was a valuable research tool in the study of avian metabolism. The purpose of this paper is to describe certain techniques which were developed and refined to enhance the value of surgically modified fowl as research animals. SURGICAL TECHNIQUES The surgical techniques used in the studies reported in this paper were those developed by Dixon and Wilkinson (1957) and by Dixon (1958). After the conclusion of the latter experiment certain refinements in surgical techniques were made in order to maintain long term collection from hens having exteriorized recta. These are described in the following paragraphs. Experience with hens having exteriorized ureters and with hens having exteriorized recta soon showed that the hen …

IN A recent paper by the author, Glick (1960a), bovine growth hormone was reported to stimulate the growth of the adrenals and bursa of Fabricius. Also, bovine growth hormone appeared to counteract the depressive influence of cortisone acetate on the size of the adrenals and bursa of Fabricius. One of the conclusions in this paper was that the bovine growth hormone acted directly on the adrenal glands without causing an increased release of glucocorticoids. The purpose of this experiment was to collect additional data concerning the relationship of bovine growth hormone injections and hormonal release by the adrenal gland in the chicken. PROCEDURE At hatching, fifty New Hampshire broiler-type chicks were equally divided into ten groups and placed in battery brooders. There were 3 males and 2 females in each group. Bovine growth hormone (.4 ml.), desoxycorticosterone acetate (.2 ml.), cortisone acetate (.05 ml.), all combinations of the three hormones…

IN A RECENT paper Hays (1936) reported an attempt to separate the distribution of “age at first egg” for 230 Rhode Island Red pullets, reared at the Massachusetts Station, into two normal components. This dissection was attempted in order to test the hypothesis that the group of birds under consideration consisted of two distinct phenotypes for “age at first egg.” The results obtained served as the basis for the conclusion that there appeared to be a definite phenotype with an age range from 130 to 179 days, but that the group of birds with an age range from 180 days upward consisted of more than one phenotype. It appeared to the author of the present paper that the above-mentioned data could be adequately explained by the hypothesis that only two phenotypes were involved and that the distribution of “age at first egg” for this particular group of birds could be . . .

INTRODUCTION UP TO the time that the investigations recorded in this paper were undertaken, there was no satisfactory medicinal treatment for the removal of gapeworms from poultry, despite the fact that these parasites are of common occurrence and responsible for extensive losses to the poultry industry. Wehr (1937) reported a gapeworm incidence of approximately 15 percent among turkeys in and around Washington, D.C. Mechanical methods, which have been advocated for the removal of gapeworms in the past, have proved slow, unreliable, and rather dangerous. During the past year tests were conducted to determine whether a satisfactory medicinal treatment could be discovered. In this paper data are presented which demonstrate that certain compounds administered as dusts by inhalation are efficacious for the removal of gapeworms from chickens. HISTORICAL Since the discovery in Baltimore by Wiesenthal (1797) of the poultry gapeworm, Syngamus trachea, many drugs have been recommended for the removal of . . .

A recent paper from this laboratory (Kosin, 1944) has described a method for differentiating fertile and infertile dissected, unincubated hen’s eggs. After the paper was submitted for publication, the author came upon the work of Barfurth (1895) which describes the macroscopic difference between the two types of eggs. This morphological difference also had been observed by still earlier embryologists (His, Oellacher and others). The practical significance of this older knowledge, however, was evidently overlooked by contemporary investigators. The 1944 hatching season afforded an opportunity to test the accuracy of the method on a rather extensive scale. It is a routine practice at this Division to test the fertilizing ability of breeding males by making a preliminary setting of eggs laid by breeding hens mated to the respective sires For the purpose of the present test, this routine was slightly modified. Eggs which were to be used in the test were . . .

HORSFALL (1938) demonstrated experimentally that the adults of the common meal beetles, Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum, serve as suitable intermediate hosts for the following poultry tapeworms: Hymenolepis carioca, Choanotaenia infundibulum, and Raillietina cesticillus. The question naturally arose regarding the susceptibility of the larvae of these meal beetles to infection with the cysticercoids of various species of poultry tapeworms. Experiments were undertaken, therefore, to test this point. Three species of tapeworms, namely, Raillietina cesticillus, R. echinobothrida, and Hymenolepis carioca were used in the experiments recorded in this paper. Larvae, pupae, and adults of meal beetles, exposed to infection as larvae, were fed to chickens to determine whether the insects harbored infective cysticercoids. The results obtained in these investigations are reported in the following pages. MATERIAL AND METHODS The beetle larvae used in the experiments reported in this paper were obtained by holding adult meal beetles for several weeks in battery . . .