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This paper describes the process of developing the software and hardware complex in the programming environment LabVIEW for study and identification of plant operation modes that simulates the real manufacturing process of preparing paper pulp. The specific feature of the developed software complex is its connection with the technological process of the experimental plant by a programming logic controller.

В статье исследованы параметры водородных связей в конденсаторной бумаге на основе сульфатной небеленой сосновой целлюлозы и в чертежной прозрачной бумаге (кальке) на основе хлопковой целлюлозы. Определены плотность, длина и энергия водородной связи в исходных образцах и в образцах после термообработки. Предложена новая методика исследования водородных связей в материалах на основе растительного волокна., The paper presents the results of the study on parameters of the hydrogen bond by IR spectroscopy in the capacitor paper that comes from high-refined sulfate unbleached pulp and the high transparent drawing paper (transparent tracing paper) based on cotton cellulose. Selection of samples for research dictated the conditions of production, ensuring the formation of a highly developed system of hydrogen bonds. A new technique to study the hydrogen bonds in the materials based on plant fibers without destroying them is proposed. The study determined the density, length and the energy of hydrogen bonds in the initial samples and the samples after heat treatment. It is found that the strongest H-bond in both paper samples equal in energy, but differ in the relative density. During heat treatment, the bond density of all energies is decreased.

The article provides data on the investigation of the effect of enzymatic catalysis on the technological parameters of apple juice production. Apples are distinguished by the presence of a heterogeneous high-molecular complex of biopolymers, which complicates their processing: it prevents juice output, hinders its clarification, filterability of wine materials and negatively affects the colloidal stability of wines. Enzymatic catalysis based on the action of microbial preparations, contributes in many respects to the successful solution of the problems of intensifying technological processes of fruit and berry raw materials processing and improving the quality of obtained products. Enzyme preparations of complex action, causing deep hydrolysis of high-molecular components of the peel and pulp of fruits, provide a more complete extraction of the liquid fraction, better clarification and filterability of juices. The foothill zone of Adygea has special soil and climatic conditions that affect the formation of physical and chemical characteristics of raw materials. Considering that apple tree occupies the first place in terms of planting area among fruit crops in the Republic of Adygea, an urgent task is to study the effect of enzymatic catalysis on technological properties of juices obtained during the processing of apples grown in these soil and climatic conditions. Enzyme preparations of complex action, recommended for the processing of fruit juices and wine materials, made in France and Germany, have been selected as objects of the research. The results of the studies on the use of enzyme preparations in the processing of apple juices, taking into account their influence on the juice yield and such technological parameters as the speed and quality of clarification, filterability and dynamics of alcoholic fermentation, have been presented. The effect of enzymatic catalysis on the mass concentrations of polysaccharides, starch, total nitrogen and phenolic substances has been studied. A higher hydrolytic activity of the Extrazyme enzyme preparation has been established, when added to the pulp; it contributes to the deep transformation of high-molecular substances and, as a result, to optimize the technological parameters of juice production

Increasing the yield of juice and biologically active components from plant raw materials is an urgent task in the production of functional beverages. For this, fruit, berry and vegetable pulp was treated with enzymatic preparations of pectolytic action and the yield of juice was determined. Samples of pulp of each raw material were treated with enzyme preparations: Fructocyme P6-L, Fructocyme P, Fructocyme MA, in an amount of 0.03% of the pulp mass. Enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out at 50 °C for two hours, after which the amount of obtained juice was compared with the control sample. As a result, when adding Fructocyme MA to the pulp of apples and carrots, the juice yield increases by 8% and 17%, respectively. When Fructocyme P6-L is added to the pulp of kiwi, blueberries, grapes, the juice yield increases by 6%, 12 and 10%, respectively. To determine the effect of enzyme preparations on the yield of biologically active components, the previously selected enzyme preparations were added to all samples in an amount of 0.01; 0.03; 0.05; 0.07% of the pulp mass, and the total content of polyphenols was determined by colorimetry and anthocyanins. As a result of the experiment, it was found that in terms of the amount of polyphenolic substances extracted from the pulp, fruit and berry raw materials can be divided into three groups: raw materials with loose pulp, with pulp of medium density and raw materials with dense pulp. As a result, individual enzyme preparations and optimal modes of application were selected for each type of raw material. The dependence of the content of polyphenolic compounds on the dosage of the addition of enzyme preparations has been established.

В работе рассмотрены структурно-морфологические и бумагообразующие свойства целлюлозы, полученной сульфатным способом из древесины тропических пород – Bambusa blumeana и акация Acacia hybrid, местом произрастания которых является Вьетнам. Выполнено сравнение со свойствами целлюлозы из древесины традиционных северных лиственных (смесь березы и осины 50:50) и хвойных пород. Структурно-морфологические свойства определены на автоматическом анализаторе волокна L&W Fiber Tester. Цифровые микрофотографии получены на микроскопе «ImagerM2m Carl Zeiss». Исследованы образцы до и после размола на мельнице Йокро до степени помола 30 °ШР, для целлюлозы из акации – 20 °ШР. Установлено, что, по сравнению с лиственной целлюлозой, волокна бамбука более длинные (1,8 мм против 1,0 мм), с меньшей шириной (17 мкм против 26 мкм), более изогнутые (фактор формы 87,5 против 92,5) и имеют больше изломов (0,42 против 0,29). Волокна акации более короткие (0,9 мм против 1,0 мм), с меньшей шириной (19 мкм против 26 мкм), более изогнутые (фактор формы 91,6 против 92,5) и имеют больше изломов (0,44 против 0,29). По сравнению с хвойной целлюлозой волокна бамбука и акации более короткие с меньшей шириной, менее изогнутые и имеют больше изломов. Использование небеленой целлюлозы из бамбука и акации в композиции небеленых видов бумаги и картона не приведет к повышению их прочности и жесткости, но может использоваться для повышения эластичности и растяжимости, что должно быть установлено в дальнейших исследованиях., The paper considers the structural-morphological and papermaking properties of kraft pulp from tropical woods – Bambusa blumeana and Acacia hybrid, the place of growth of which is Vietnam. A comparison with the properties of traditional northern hardwood pulp (a mixture of birch and aspen 50:50) and softwood pulp was made. Structural and morphological properties are determined on an automatic fiber analyzer L&W Fiber Tester. Digital micrographs were taken with an ImagerM2m Carl Zeiss microscope. Samples were studied before and after refining at the Yokro mill to 30° SR, for acacia pulp – 20°SR. It was found that, compared with hardwood pulp, bamboo fibers are longer (1.8 mm vs 1.0 mm), with a smaller width (17 μm vs 26 μm), more curved (shape factor 87.5 vs 92.5) and have more kinks (0.42 versus 0.29). Acacia fibers are shorter (0.9 mm vs 1.0 mm), with a smaller width (19 μm vs 26 μm), more curved (shape factor 91.6 vs 92.5) and have more kinks (0.44 vs 0.29). Compared to softwood pulp, bamboo and acacia fibers are shorter with a smaller width, less curved and have more kinks. The use of unbleached pulp from bamboo and acacia in the furnish of unbleached types of paper and cardboard will not lead to an increase in their strength and stiffness, but can be used to increase elasticity and extensibility, which should be established in further studies., Известия СПбЛТА, Выпуск 231 2020

Introduction. The processes of structure formation of cement compositions and the development of effective technologies of building materials is an urgent task for building material science. The use of large-scale man-made product of pulp and paper enterprises – osprey as a fibrous filler in organic and mineral compositions is the successful decision of the problem. The paper analyzes the ways of using osprey in the building materials’ production. The aim of the research is to study the osprey influence on the processes of structure formation of cement stone by quantitative x-ray phase analysis.Materials and methods. The organic and mineral compositions were obtained on the basis of portland cement and osprey. The authors studied the compositions’ phase of osprey, portland cement and the processes of cement stone structure formation in organ and mineral compositions by quantitative x-ray phase analysis.Results. The authors determined the compositions’ phase of mineral impurities of osprey, cellulose, cement, cement stone, organic and mineral compositions and two compositions containing 25 and 75% by weight.Discussion and conclusions. The osprey application as a filler in the organic and mineral composition causes inhibition of processes of cement hydration. The presence of osprey in the hardening organic and mineral composition leads to a change in the composition and structure of the cement stone in comparison with the phase composition of the cement stone without additives. The result of these changes is a significant increase in the amount of calcite, waterite and a significant decrease in the amount of portland. The authors establish that the effective joint work of the reinforcing component of the osprey with the cement matrix is possible with a limited amount of osprey in organic and mineral compositions.

Existing technological schemes of lime-carbon dioxide purification of diffusion juice include lime treatment (defecation) and two-stage treatment with carbon dioxide (saturation) with sediment separation. Improving cleaning methods aimed at increasing its efficiency is an urgent task. Lime-carbon dioxide purification of the concentrated sugar-containing solution before boiling allows to improve the quality of sugar, reducing the syrup color and increasing its natural alkalinity. The proposed purification scheme, which includes overcarbonation to low syrup pH values (8 and below), its mixing with carbonated syrup and adding activated suspension of II saturation sediment, makes it possible to obtain a purified solution with an increased effect of adsorption purification, with a significantly low content of high-molecular compounds and their calcium salts. The results of the study of various schemes for the purification of syrups in a laboratory setup have been presented. A method for purification of concentrated sugar-containing solutions, protected by a patent of the Russian Federation for the invention, has been developed, which provides for the reduction in the consumption of calcium hydroxide by 0,10–0,12% of CaO by weight of the product or by 0,04% by weight of beet.

Работа посвящена обзору расходоизмерительного оборудования, применяемого в технологических операциях целлюлознобумажного производства (ЦБП). Представлены основные требования к расходомерам, использующимся в регулировании технологических процессов ЦБП. Рассмотрены конструктивные особенности и принцип действия различных типов расходомеров, а также представлены их достоинства и недостатки. Представлена технологическая схема производства газетной бумаги и бумаги для гофрирования с указанием расположения расходомеров, фиксирующих объем волокнистых масс с заданной концентрацией и степенью помола. Рассмотрены скорости волокнистых суспензий, циркулирующих по внутрицеховым трубопроводам в зависимости от концентрации и диаметра трубопровода. Проведенный анализ данных с учетом основных требований, предъявляемых к расходомерам, показал, что весьма перспективным типом расходомеров являются вихревые приборы. Рассмотрены принцип действиях и основные типы таких приборов: с прецессией вихря и телом обтекания. Представлены математические соотношения процесса измерения расхода вихревыми приборами. На рисунках представлена картина обтекания цилиндра потоком жидкости и метод повышения устойчивости вихреобразования с помощью канала обратной связи. Показан метод преобразования расхода в полезный сигнал в вихревых расходомерах с помощью специальных устройств, которые называют приемникомпреобразователем вихревых колебаний (ППВК), которые в свою очередь разделяются на группы. В качестве примера рассмотрен один из ППВК, называемый контактнокондуктометрическим. Рассмотрена конструкция и принцип действия перспективных типов среди вихревых расходомеров, называемых погружными. Сделаны выводы о перспективности применения погружных вихревых расходомеров в технологических процессах ЦБП., The work is devoted to the review of the flow measurement equipment used in pulp and paper production (pulp and paper) operations (pulp and paper). The main requirements for flowmeters used in the regulation of technological processes of pulp and paper are presented. The design features and operating principle of various types of flowmeters are considered, and their advantages and disadvantages are also presented. The technological scheme of production of newsprint and corrugating paper with the indication of the arrangement of flow meters fixing the volume of fibrous masses with a given concentration and degree of grinding is presented. The speeds of fibrous suspensions circulating through internal pipe lines are considered depending on the concentration and diameter of the pipeline. The analysis of the data, taking into account the basic requirements for flowmeters, has shown that vortex devices are a very promising type of flowmeters. The principle of actions and the main types of such devices are considered: with the precession of the vortex and the body of flow. The mathematical relationships of the process of flow measurement by vortex devices are presented. Figures show the flow pattern of a cylinder by a liquid flow and the method of increasing the stability of a vortex formation by means of a feedback channel. The method is shown to convert flow into a useful signal in vortex flowmeters by means of special devices which are called receiverpreobrazatorom vortex oscillations (CPVC), which in turn are divided into groups. As an example, one of the TSTCs called contactconductometric is considered. The design and operation principle of promising types among vortex flowmeters called submersible flowmeters is considered. Conclusions are drawn about the prospects of using submerged vortex flowmeters in pulp and paper manufacturing processes., №227 (2019)

Проведено исследование фракционного состава и физико-механических свойств беленой химико-термомеханической массы (БХТММ) из древесины тополя и её влияния на механические показатели бумаги в композиции с вторичным волокном, полученным из макулатуры марки МС-5Б. Новизной и особенностью рассматриваемой БХТММ является ее получение по экструзивной технологии, принципиально отличающейся от классической операции предварительной обработки древесины в виде щепы и превращения ее в волокноподобную костру для последующих ступеней размола. Исследованная БХТММ из древесины тополя при степени помола не ниже 40 оШР имеет физико- механические показатели, сравнимые с вторичным волокном, полученным из макулатуры марки МС-5Б. Ее добавки в волокнистую композицию бумаги для гофрирования и картона-лайнера для плоских слоев гофрированного картона целесообразны в интервале 30–50%. Небеленая ХТММ, получаемая по экструзивной технологии, в качестве первичного высококачественного целлюлозного волокнистого полуфабриката может эффективно использоваться в производстве гофрированной тары. Экструзивная технология является перспективной для переработки неликвидной древесины и отходов лесопромышленных предприятий и рекомендуется для использования в России., In this paper, the study of the fractional composition and physico-mechanical properties of bleached chemical-thermomechanical pulp (BCTMM) from poplar wood and the effect on the mechanic properties of paper from composites with recycled fiber from MS-5B paper was conducted. The novelty and feature of BCTMM is its production using extrusion technology, which is fundamentally different from the classical operations of pretreatment of wood in the form of chips and turning it into a fiber-like scutch for subsequent grinding steps. The studied BCTMM from wood of poplar with a degree of grinding not lower than 40 оSR has physical and mechanical properties comparable to the secondary fiber of MS-5B waste paper. Its additives to the fibrous composition of paper for corrugation and cardboard-liner for flat layers of corrugated cardboard are expedient in the range of 30–50%. Unbleached CTMM obtained by extrusion technology, as a primary high-quality cellulosic fiber semi- finished product can be effectively used in the manufacture of corrugated packaging. Extrusive technology is promising for the processing of illiquid wood and waste of timber industry enterprises and is recommended for use in Russia., №226 (2019)

The paper presents the results of experiments to improve the performance of insulating paper as a component of high-voltage paper-impregnated insulation by introducing the modifying additive into the paper mass. Environmentally safe and economically feasible method of obtaining modifying additives of the chitin-glucan complex of Aspergillus niger (A.n.) which is a large-tonnage waste production of citric acid is proposed. The modifying additive was introduced into the paper mass in an amount of 5–10% to the mass of absolutely dry fiber of sulfate insulating cellulose. The paper samples were subjected to accelerated thermal aging at 140°C for 250 hours. The values of the short – term electrical strength of the samples with the modifying additive, both in the initial and in the aged state, exceeded the similar characteristic of the paper sample without additives. for the paper made of 100% cellulose after 250 hours of accelerated thermal aging the maximal mechanical tensile strength decreased by 2.1 times; for paper containing 5% HGC A.n. – by 1.5 times and for the insulating paper, which was introduced into 10% of the modifying additive, the specified parameter during the test has not changed. Comparative evaluation of the sorption activity of the cellulose component was carried out by determining the light transmission coefficient of transformer oil relative to the standard at the process of thermal aging. It was found that the modification of insulating paper by biopolymer also increases its sorption activity in relation to the products of destruction of paper-impregnated insulation components under the catalytic effect of copper., В работе представлены результаты экспериментов по улучшению эксплуатационных характеристик электроизоляционной бумаги, как компонента высоковольтной бумажно-пропитанной изоляции, за счет введения в бумажную массу модифицирующей добавки. Предложен экологически безопасный и экономически целесообразный способ получения модифицирующей добавки из хитин-глюканового комплекса Aspergillus niger (ХГК A.n.) – многотоннажного отхода производства лимонной кислоты. Модифицирующую добавку вводили в бумажную массу в количестве 5–10% к массе абсолютно сухого волокна сульфатной электроизоляционной целлюлозы. Образцы бумаги подвергали ускоренному термическому старению при температуре 140°С в течение 250 ч. Значения кратковременной электрической прочности образцов бумаги с модифицирующей добавкой как в исходном, так и в состаренном состоянии превосходили аналогичную характеристику образца бумаги без добавок. Введение в состав целлюлозной основы модифицирующей добавки способствовало повышению нагревостойкости бумаги, сохраняя показатель механической прочности на высоком уровне в процессе длительного термического старения: у бумаги из 100% целлюлозы после 250 ч ускоренного термического старения предел механической прочности на разрыв снизился в 2.1 раза; у бумаги, содержащей 5% ХГК А.n. – в 1.5 раза, а у бумаги, в состав которой было введено 10% модифицирующей добавки, указанный показатель за время испытаний не изменился. Сравнительная оценка сорбционной активности целлюлозного компонента проводилась путем определения коэффициента светопропускания трансформаторного масла относительно эталона в процессе термического старения. Установлено, что модификация электроизоляционной бумаги биополимером также повышает ее сорбционную активность по отношению к продуктам деструкции компонентов бумажно-пропитанной изоляции в условиях каталитического влияния меди.

В статье рассмотрены различные подходы к пониманию природы связей в целлюлозно-волокнистых системах. Анализ результатов многочисленных исследований показывает, что при изготовлении высокотехнологичных целлюлозно-бумажных изделий необходимо учитывать специфику процессов структурообразования в дисперсных системах, дисперсионной средой в которых является вода или её растворы, на каждом этапе в многоступенчатых системах химической переработки растительного сырья. В статье освещаются особенности диалектики развития прикладной науки (отрицание отрицания) и её влияние на решение проблем отечественной научной школы текстильной и целлюлозно-бумажной промышленности. Выделение физикохимии растворов высокомолекулярных соединений из коллоидной химии в отдельную науку явилось причиной создания теоретических основ технологии искусственных волокон и целлюлозно-бумажного производства. Игнорирование научных положений о структурообразовании дисперсных систем с точки зрения фазового взаимодействия их компонентов и релаксационного состояния является причиной сдерживания прогресса в совершенствовании технологических процессов целлюлозно-бумажного производства. Разработанные теоретические основы получения дисперсных структур с заданными механическими свойствами не были доведены до создания моделей технологических процессов, необходимых для изготовления отечественного технологического оборудования. Таким образом, исключение представлений коллоидной химии и её раздела – физико-химической механики из повседневной практики целлюлозно- бумажного производства препятствуют целенаправленному решению проблем при получении высокотехнологичных материалов., The article deals with different approaches to understanding the nature of bonds in cellulose-fibrous systems. Analysis of the results of numerous studies shows that in the manufacture of high-tech pulp and paper products it is necessary to take into account the specifics of the processes of structure formation in dispersed systems, the dispersion medium in which is water or its solutions, at each stage in multi-stage systems of chemical processing of vegetable raw materials. The article highlights the features of dialectics of applied science (denial of negation) and its impact on solving the problems of the domestic scientific school of textile and pulp and paper industry. The separation of physical chemistry of solutions of high-molecular compounds from colloidal chemistry into a separate science was the reason for the creation of the theoretical foundations of the technology of artificial fibers and pulp and paper production. Ignoring the scientific provisions on the structure formation of dispersed systems from the point of view of the phase interaction of their components and the relaxation state is the reason for holding back progress in improving the technological processes of pulp and paper production. The developed theoretical basis for obtaining dispersed structures with specified mechanical properties were not brought to the creation of models of technological processes necessary for the manufacture of domestic technological equipment. Thus, the exclusion of colloidal chemistry, and its section – physical and chemical mechanics, from the daily practice of pulp and paper production prevents the purposeful solution of problems in the production of high-tech materials., №225 (2018)

One of the most common methods of preserving apple pomace in order to further obtain products with a high content of biologically active substances is drying. For the experiment, a method of drying with superheated steam of reduced pressure in a pulsed vibro boiling layer was chosen, since it allows improving the quality of the finished product by lowering the temperature of the drying agent, thereby retaining a significant amount of nutrients in the original product. To study the kinetic and hydrodynamic dependences of the drying process, an experimental setup has been developed and created, which allows to obtain the most accurate and reproducible results. According to the results of the experiments done, the drying curves, the drying rate curves and the heating curves were constructed. The technological modes of operation of the drying unit are determined, ensuring a minimum of the specific energy consumption of the drying process and the maximum moisture stress of the drying chamber. In addition to the experiment on drying apple pomace, a study was also conducted on the content of pectic substances in dried pomace. To determine the amount of pectin and protopectin, the calcium-pectate method was used. During the experiment, it was found that with the proposed method of drying, the yield of pectin substances is increased compared with traditional methods. Histograms of the content of pectin and protopectin were constructed depending on the method of drying. A comparative analysis of the content of pectin and protopectin was carried out depending on the drying mode for apple pomace and sugar beet pulp. The conclusion is made about the increased thermolability of protopectin in apple pomace compared to sugar beet pulp.

Introduction. Soy pulp, or okara, is a soy milk by-product. It contains a complex of valuable macro- and micronutrients, including fat-soluble vitamins. Recently, there has been a growing interest in replacing synthetic antioxidants with a mix of natural tocopherols. Soy beans and their by-products contain vitamin E and therefore can be used in food production, cosmetic, etc. Study objects and methods. The present research featured soy pulp. The content of tocopherols in the soy product was determined by high performance liquid chromatography using Sigma Aldrich standards and corresponding calibration dependencies. The research also involved spectrophotometry for determining tocopherols in standard solutions followed by chromatographic separation using fluorimetric detection. Results and discussion. To determine tocopherols in the okara, the test samples were treated with hexane. The filtered solution was exposed to low temperatures, after which the phases formed by centrifugation were separated. The samples were tested for all forms of tocopherols with the exception of β- and γ-forms. The chromatographic separation of the peaks of these forms was difficult due to the fact that their structural formulas were similar and differed only in the arrangement of methyl groups, i.e. the ortho- and paraposition. As a result, it was decided to determine the sum of the β- and γ-forms, which did not affect the objectivity of the analysis, since, according to published data, the content of β-tocopherol in soy products stays within 5%. Conclusion. The proposed method for sample preparation made it possible to improve the separation of the lipid fraction, which had a positive effect on the results of the analysis. The method also determined not only the quantitative, but also the qualitative content of tocopherols in the product. This reduced the risk of malfunctioning chromatographic equipment: the method proved more economical in terms of labor and reagent use. The obtained results corresponded to the existing scientific data on the content of tocopherols in soy products. The content of tocopherols in soy okara was 109 mg%.

Представлен обзор зарубежных научных исследований по получению ванилина, олигосахаридов, липидов и ферментов из свекловичного жома. Наличие в составе свекловичного жома лигнина, состоящего в основном из феруловой кислоты, делает его перспективным источником для получения ванилина; по данным иранских исследователей его выход составляет 1439,3 мг/100 г свекловичного жома. В работах польских и нидерландских исследователей отмечено, что с применением различных ферментов можно достичь 95%-й степени гидролиза пищевых волокон свекловичного жома до олигосахаридов. При микробиологической обработке свекловичного жома для получения липидов их выработка составляет 0,12 г/г сухих веществ при длине цепи 16–18 атомов углерода, что аналогично длинам цепей липидов растительных масел. Микробиологический синтез ферментов из свекловичного жома также показал свою перспективность. Так, при жидкофазном ферментировании свекловичного жома с содержанием сухих веществ 2% выработка β-амилазы с применением P. chitinolyticus составила 2,237 ед./мл. При твердофазном синтезе β-глюкооксидазы с применением T. aurantiacus выработка составила 70 ед./г сухих веществ, а A. pullulans – 13 ед./г сухих веществ. При твердофазном синтезе α-галактозидазы плесенями A. niger выработка составила 230,159 ед./г сухих веществ, A. spinosa – 117,8 ед./г сухих веществ, F. moniliforme – 207,33 ед./г сухих веществ. Отмечено, что получаемые путем микробиологической обработки свекловичного жома ферменты обладают высокой активностью, а также устойчивостью к изменению температуры и реакции среды. Полученные различными исследователями данные показывают перспективность применения свекловичного жома для получения пищевых ингредиентов и биологически активных веществ., The article provides a review of foreign scientific research on the production of vanillin, oligosaccharides, lipids and enzymes from sugar beet pulp. The presence of lignin in beet pulp, mainly consisting of ferulic acid, makes it a promising source for vanillin obtaining – according to Iranian researchers, its yield is 1439,3 mg/100 g of sugar beet pulp. In the works of Polish and Dutch researchers, it was noted that using various enzymes it is possible to achieve a 95% degree sugar beet pulp dietary fiber hydrolysis to oligosaccharides. In the microbiological treatment of sugar beet pulp to produce lipids, their production is 0,12 g/g of dry substances with a chain length of 16–18 carbon atoms, which is similar to the vegetable oils lipid chains length. Microbiological synthesis of enzymes from beet pulp has also shown its prospects. So, with liquid-phase fermentation of sugar beet pulp with a dry substances content of 2%, the production of β-amylase using P. chitinolyticus was 2,237 units/ml. During solid-phase synthesis of β-glucooxidase using T. aurantiacus, it was 70 units/g of dry substances, and A. pullulans – 13 units/g of dry substances. During solid-phase synthesis of α-galactosidase by A. niger molds, production amounted to 230,159 units/g of dry substances, A. spinosa – 117,8 units/g of dry substances and F. moniliforme – 207,33 units/g of dry substances. It is noteworthy that the enzymes obtained by microbiological treatment of sugar beet pulp have high activity, as well as resistance to changes in temperature and the medium reaction. The data obtained by various researchers show the prospects of using beet pulp for the food ingredients and biologically active substances production., Известия вузов. Пищевая технология, Выпуск 2-3 (380-381) 2021

During the research conducted at the All-Russian Research Institute for Starch Products there has been developed a technological mode of using cellulolytic enzymes to reduce the viscosity of grain pulp obtained by grinding naked oat grains soaked in a sodium metabisulphite solution. As the experimental data had been processed, the optimum technological parameters of the process were determined: the consumption of the enzyme preparation Viscoferm was 200 g/t of grain and the dura-tion of fermentation by constant stirring for 2.5 hours at pH 4.6 and temperature 50°C. Under laboratory conditions there has been studied the possibility of starch processing of naked oat grain samples Vyatka, Percheron, 857h05, 766 h05 varieties grown in the Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East named N.V. Rudnitsky. Technological assessment based on grain processing in the laboratory using the “plant on the table” method has shown that the yield of coarse-grained starch A in the processing of naked oat using cellulolytic enzymes is 51.4-53.9%, i.e. higher than that of filmy oats, rye Falenskaya 4 and Vyatka 2, wheat and triticale. Low starch content in fiber (7.7-8.7% dry substances DS of fiber) was found in comparison with the results obtained from the processing of filmy oats, Falenskaya and Vyatka 2 rye varieties, wheat and triticale (11.2 - 13.9% DS of fiber). Fiber output by the processing of naked oats is 7.3 - 8.8% DS of grain, by the processing of other types of grain 10.3 - 17.5% DS of grain. The yield of small-grain starch B in the processing of the studied varieties of naked oat is 19.2 - 20.8% DS of grain, that is higher than this value obtained by processing of filmy oats and wheat, but lower than by pro-cessing of rye and triticale. Isolated carbohydrate-protein concentrate, including starch B and proteins, is recommended for use with the extract and fiber as a component for the production of feed.

The assessment of the suitability of cables of 6–110 kV with XLPE insulation in comparison with cables of the same voltage but possessing paper-oil insulation has been fulfilled on the basis of the criterion of reduced costs. Thus, the comparison was undertaken between cables of various design and material of insulation: three-core paper insulated ones vs. three-core XLPE insulated ones; three-core paper-insulated ones vs. solid wires with XLPE insulation; single-core oil-filled cables of 110 kV with paper insulation vs. solid wires of 110 kV with XLPE insulation. The increase in long-term permissible current loads for cables with XLPE insulation because of the larger permissible temperature of heating in comparison with cables with paper-oil insulation complies with as would increase in the cross-sectional area of cable cores (equal to 0.61 from the original) and therefore reduces the cost of the cable by reducing the cost of manufacture of conductors. The reduced costs of the construction and operation of cable lines with XLPE insulation (accounting the increase in the cost of a cable 1.2 and 2 times as compared with the cost of a cable with three-core insulation), despite the decline in the cost of manufacture of conductors and the reduced annual operating costs (9 % and 17 % respectively of cable lines of voltage of up to 35 kV and 110 kV), occurred to be more than the reduced costs of the construction and operation of cable lines with paper insulation. Currently the cost of one meter of cable with XLPE insulation is less than the cost of cables of AAB, CASB, AASv types of a voltage of 10 kV with aluminium cores, that ensures their undeniable efficacy.

The emerging spin-offs have become a way to further spread of nanotechnology in the 2000s. One of them (nanophotonics), which promises a wide range of technological outputs, is considered in this article. Relaying on bibliometric analysis, the most active world players in the field as well as the main domestic institutions participating in the research were identified, their contribution was estimated, and positioning was shown. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of the research funding structure, the possible linking of scientific input and output. In particular, there were shown: the internationalization of such funding as an element of the globalization of research, a comparative degree of prioritization of nanophotonics on the agenda of a number of science foundations, an example of identifying the most influential grants by combining bibliometric data with information from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. The source of information was the polythematic database Science Citation Index Expanded, as well as data obtained through the web portals of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the US National Science Foundation.

Рассмотрены процесс сублимации сухого льда и распределение температур внутри гранулы диоксида углерода при нестационарном режиме теплопередачи в пористом материале, в качестве которого использовали мятку подсолнечника температурой 19C и массой 30 г. Основой исследования был ряд экспериментов, позволяющих сформировать зависимости изменения массы гранул СО2 во времени с учетом влияния заданных внешних факторов на процесс сублимации. Для минимизации погрешностей при оценке времени сублимации в эксперименте отбирали пеллеты диоксида углерода длиной 20 мм и массой 2 г. Эксперимент проводили в двух вариантах, меняя воздействие окружающей среды на процесс сублимации: теплопередача посредством конвективного теплообмена в среде покоящегося воздуха и теплопередача в засыпке гранулы пористым материалом. Обработка результатов экспериментальных исследований проведена методами математического моделирования с использованием вычислительного пакета Mathcad. Показана возможность формирования достоверной модели с заменой параболического уравнения уравнением пробной функции, определяемой уравнением теплопроводности Фурье для одномерного тела, дальнейшее решение которого осуществлено полуаналитическим методом Галеркина. Доказано соответствие полученных регрессионных уравнений экспериментальным исследованиям. В результате исследования математической модели получены данные о динамике перемещения границы раздела фаз для пеллет цилиндрической формы. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы для расчетов режимов современного прессового оборудования., The process of sublimation of dry ice and the temperature distribution inside the carbon dioxide granules at a nonstationary heat transfer mode in a porous material, which was used as a sunflower mint at a temperature of 19C and a mass of 30 g, are considered. Experiments allowing to form dependences of changes in the mass of CO2 granules in time taking into account the influence of specified external factors on the sublimation process were the basis of the study. To minimize errors in the estimation of sublimation time, carbon dioxide pellets with a length of 20 mm and a mass of 2 g were selected in the experiment. The experiment was carried out in two versions, changing the effect of the environment on the sublimation process: heat transfer by means of convective heat transfer in a medium of resting air and heat transfer in the filling of the granule with a porous material. Processing of the results of experimental studies carried out by methods of mathematical modeling using a computational package Mathcad. The possibility of forming a reliable model with the replacement of the parabolic equation by the equation of the trial function determined by the Fourier heat equation for a onedimensional body, the further solution of which is carried out by the semianalytical Galerkin method, is shown. The correspondence of the obtained regression equations to experimental studies is proved. As a result of the study of the mathematical model, data on the dynamics of the phase boundary movement for cylindrical pellets are obtained. The results of the study can be used to calculate the modes of modern press equipment., №4(370) (2019)

Вхождение Российской Федерации в Евразийский экономический союз обусловило ужесточение требований, предъявляемых к показателям безопасности алкогольной продукции, в том числе к упаковочным средствам. Алкогольные напитки хранятся и даже выдерживаются в упаковке, поэтому укупорочный материал – корковая пробка может существенно влиять на качество напитка. В связи с этим к корковым пробкам предъявляются требования безопасности в форме контроля содержания формальдегида. Существующие способы его идентификации достаточно трудоемки и весьма затратны, а также предусматривают использование дорогостоящего оборудования. Предлагаемый метод определения содержания формальдегида, выделяющегося из корковых пробок в модельные среды, разработан на основе мицеллярной электрокинетической капиллярной хроматографии с использованием процесса дериватизации контролируемого соединения раствором 2,4-динитрофенилгидразин (2,4-ДНФГ) в ацетонитриле, содержащем 5% уксусной кислоты. Для исследования использовали систему Капель 105, снабженную УФ-детектором с переменной длиной волны, кварцевые капилляры диаметром 75 мкм и общей длиной 60 см (50,5 см до детектора). Рабочие растворы формальдегида готовили ежедневно путем соответствующего разбавления образцов исходного раствора водой. Калибровочные графики были рассчитаны для шести концентраций – 2, 5, 10, 20, 40 и 100 мг/л стандартов в двух повторностях. В образцы – модельные среды, полученные при исследовании образцов корковых пробок, добавляли определенное количество стандартного раствора формальдегида и проводили процедуру дериватизации. УФ-детектирование производных 2,4-ДНФГ проводили при длине волны 360 нм. Результаты апробации метода представлены на электрофореграммах. Получена линейная зависимость между площадью пика и концентрацией формальдегида (R2 = 0,99). Разработанный метод определения содержания формальдегида малозатратен, отличается простой и высокой точностью и может быть рекомендован в качестве инструмента контроля безопасности корковых пробок в соответствии со стандартами Евразийского экономического союза., The entry of the Russian Federation into the Eurasian economic Union has led to stricter requirements for the safety indicators of alcoholic beverages, including packaging products. Alcoholic beverages are stored and even aged in the packaging, so the corking material – cork plugs can significantly affect the quality of the drink. In this regard, cork plugs are subject to safety requirements in the form of formaldehyde control. Existing methods for identifying it are quite time-consuming and very expensive, and also involve the use of expensive equipment. The proposed method for determining the content of formaldehyde released from cortical plugs into model media was developed on the basis of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography using the process of derivatization of a controlled compound with a solution of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) in acetonitrile containing 5% acetic acid. System Kapel 105 equipped with a UV-detector with a variable wavelength, quartz capillaries with a diameter of 75 microns and a total length of 60 cm (50,5 cm to the detector) were used for the study. Working solutions of formaldehyde were prepared daily by appropriately diluting the samples of the initial solution with water. Calibration graphs were calculated for six concentrations – 2, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 100 mg/l standards in two repetitions. A certain amount of standard formaldehyde solution was added to the sample – model media obtained during the study of cork plugs samples and a derivatization procedure was performed. UV detection of 2,4-DNPH derivatives was performed at a wavelength of 360 nm. The results of testing the method are presented on electrophoregrams. A linear relationship was obtained between the peak area and the formaldehyde concentration (R2 = 0,99). The developed method for determining the formaldehyde content is low-cost, simple and highly accurate, and can be recommended as a tool for monitoring the safety of cork plugs in accordance with the standards of the Eurasian economic Union., Известия вузов. Пищевая технология, Выпуск 5-6 (377) 2020

The article deals with the possibility of utilization of pectins from the bark of coniferous tree species for the manufacture of fruit and vegetable canned goods (jelly, jam and nectars with pulp) as biological additives that improve product consistency. Due to their unique properties, pectin substances are widely used in modern conditions and can be used as an additive in the production of food products. In the food industry, of particular importance are such properties of pectin substances as gelling, structure-forming and thickening abilities, which is very important when creating food products with certain structural characteristics. Experimental samples of fruit jams with the introduction of different amounts of pectin to thicken the product (0.3%, 0.5%, 0.8%, 1.0%) were put out. During the sensor analysis of these jams the best characteristics were obtained by samples, into which pectin from the bark of spruce in an amount of 1.0% was added. The possibility of using pectins from the bark of spruce and larch as gelling agents in the manufacture of jelly was investigated. Composite mixtures which produced three versions of the jelly images with pectin were developed: No.1 - control with apple pectin; No. 2 - with pectin from the spruce bark; No. 3 - with pectin from the larch bark. It has been established that the organoleptic characteristics of the sample No.2 differ from the control sample slightly. Sample No. 3 has received non-satisfactory rating in all organoleptic parameters. To confirm the structure-forming ability of pectin from spruce bark, the samples of nectars with pulp with addition of pectin from spruce bark are manufactured. The expediency of using this pectin is 0.9%.

The article presents results of studies of the mineral composition of wild berries and their constituent parts (peel, pulp). Blueberries, bilberries, cranberries and lingonberries were picked out on the territory of the Vyborg district of the Leningrad Region. Berries sorted by quality and degree of maturity and crushed; the juice and pulp were separated by pressing and filtration. The yield of juice depended on the type of berries and was minimal for blueberries. Berries, peel and pulp were dried to constant weight at a temperature of 50 °C. The composition of the mineral elements was determined in the native remainder of whole berries and their constituent parts by X-ray fluorescence on the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer "Rigaku Nex CG", USA. The method used makes it possible to obtain the composition of mineral elements in the form of oxides. All berries had a typical composition of elements with a predominance of potassium and calcium. The content of potassium berries were as follows: bilberries > lingonberries > blueberries> cranberries. The highest content of calcium was in blueberries; phosphorus prevailed in lingonberries. In the trace elements were identified: iron, copper, zinc, nickel, manganese, silicon, vanadium, titanium. Vanadium was found only in blueberries and bilberries. During the processing of berries, mineral elements were redistributed. Potassium oxides are distributed in all parts of the berries, calcium, titanium and vanadium oxides are found predominantly in the skin and in the pulp of berries. Most of the oxides of macro-elements (such as phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine) and trace elements (such as iron, zinc, manganese, silicon, copper, nickel) are contained only in the juice.

The aim of the article is to develop a method for management decisionmaking, ensuring the sustainable development of enterprise structures in the conditions of crisis. To this end, the author makes a comparative analysis of modern methods of justification, adoption and implementation of administrative decisions in enterprise structures, focused on sustainable development in the conditions of crisis. The results of this analysis show that all of these methods involve quantifying the scale of different criteria, which do not reflect causal logic of the preferences of some other criteria. The results of the ranking cannot be distinguished from a number of other similar ratings (with slight differences in the weights), therefore, the expected nature of the uniqueness of the decision-making model is not provided. To solve the problems indicated in this paper, we propose an alternative approach to the aggregation of conflicting preferences of managerial decisions: to come up with a quality solution to resolve conflicts between the preferences of solutions through a variety of criteria, and to aggregate them to the final decision. The author develops unified method of decision-making. The fact that the method provides information to clarify the criteria values and the reasons for their relative importance to the decision makes it particularly attractive in times of crisis, as it creates an opportunity for the delegation of authority and the use of standard solutions. It allows to reflect the logic and the causal relationships of ranking criteria, as well as to simplify the process of management decision-making, eliminating it from a difficult procedure for placing the weighting factors. The method is recommended for the use in making decisions with a small number of options and criteria. It can also be used as a test has taken management decisions, taking into account only the most significant criteria.

Целлюлоза, являясь природным полимером, имеет огромный потенциал использования в полимерной промышленности. Главным видом сырья для получения сложных эфиров целлюлозы является хлопок благодаря своему высокому содержанию «чистой» целлюлозы. Также позволяют достигать ее высокого качества современные технологии химической переработки древесной целлюлозы. Развитие целлюлозной промышленности идет по пути создания биокомплексов по переработке древесины, где происходит максимально полное использование древесного сырья с целью получения различных видов продукции при низкой экологической нагрузке на окружающую среду. Экстрагирование из образующегося черного щелока различных компонентов в виде глюкозы, гемицеллюлоз, экстрактивных веществ и лигнина позволяет при дальнейшей переработке использовать в медицине, в виде биотоплива, текстильной промышленности для придания определённых качеств и в других областях. Технология газификации черного щелока позволяет получить биотопливо в виде метана или диметилового эфира. Двухступенчатая кислородно-щелочная отбелка позволяет достигнуть более «мягких» условий для извлечения нецеллюлозных компонентов, лигнина и экстрактивных веществ. Экологичность производства является еще одним направлением активного развития технологии переработки древесины. Сбор и сжигание неконденсируемых газов, создание одной точки сброса очищенных газов, применение нетоксичных отбельных реагентов позволяет снизить нагрузку на окружающую среду. Технология газификации, которая обеспечивает экологически чистое производство биогаза для нужд завода, позволяет прекратить использование ископаемых видов топлива, а также позволяет получать и жидкие виды топлива, например, бензин. Современные реалии развития полимерной отрасли создают отличную конкурентную среду для раскрытия потенциала древесной целлюлозы. Возможны также варианты коренной модернизации целлюлозного производства на основе энергосберегающей и экологически безопасной технологии., Cellulose – as a natural polymer, has a huge potential for use in the polymer industry. The main type of raw material for the production of cellulose esters is cotton due to its high content of «pure» cellulose. Also, modern technologies of chemical processing of wood pulp can be achieved to its high quality. The development of the pulp industry follows the path of creating biocomplexes for wood processing, where the maximum use of wood raw materials takes place in order to obtain various types of products with low environmental load on the environment. Extraction of various components in the form of glucose, hemicelluloses, extractives and lignin from the formed black liquor allows to use in the medicine, in the form of biofuel, the textile industry for imparting certain qualities in other areas. The technology of gasification of black liquor allows to obtain biofuel in the form of methane or dimethyl ether. Two- stage oxygen-alkaline bleaching allows to achieve more «soft» conditions for extraction of non-cellulose components, lignin and extractives. Environmental friendliness of production is another area of active development of wood processing technology. The collection and combustion of non-condensable gases, the creation of a single point for the discharge of purified gases, the use of non-toxic bleaching agents, can reduce the burden on the environment. Gasification technology that provides environmentally friendly production of biogas for the needs of the plant, allows to stop the use of fossil fuels, and also allows to receive also liquid fuels, for example, gasoline. The current realities of the development of the polymer industry create an excellent competitive environment for revealing the potential of wood pulp. Variants of radical modernization of cellulose production on the basis of energy-saving and environmentally safe technology are also possible., №223 (2018)

Investigated the extent of adsorption removal of calcium carbonate pigments - products of conversion of the reducing substances in different conditions of the preceding limestone processing flow. Also carried out experiments on the influence of the conditions of conversion of the reducing substances in the process of lime treatment on the filtration characteristics of the solutions after the first carbonation. As the criterion was accepted the value of the filtration coefficient. Found that by subjecting the conversion of reducing substances in the process managed lime processing, it is necessary in the course of the subsequent carbonization to ensure maximum adsorption of the formed secondary products – it is possible to achieve a satisfactory filtration of the investigated solutions. It is shown that the largest absolute removal of the dyes obtained after high temperature lime treatment, however, the composition of the products of disintegration to a greater extent accumulate high molecular weight compounds which deteriorate the filtration performance of solutions. In the solutions after the combination of the lime treatment in the process of carbonization is achieved the maximum effect of adsorption with the minimum remaining shares of conversion products, including high-molecular substances, which favorably affect the parameters of the filtering. The combination possibilities of the model of purification of diffusion juice with warm-hot lime treatment is limited to receive the filtered juice in the processing of raw materials with a purity of beet juice 82 % or less, you need to enter a 3.5% Cao, which is unacceptable. To ensure sustainable results of the adsorption of conversion products reducing substances and satisfactory filtering carbonated solutions are to intensify the processes of combined lime processing diffusion juice at the optimum distribution of the reagent.

Purification of crude unrefined sunflower oil along with the removal of primary oxidation products is an urgent task to remove the solid constituents formed during the processing of sunflower seeds. All of them irrespective of the chemical composition negatively affect the quality of the food product and, over time, saturate the oil with coagulants that affect its organoleptic and physico-mechanical characteristics. The problem of cleaning unrefined sunflower oil by filtration with the use of vibroacoustic action is considered. The calculation scheme of the process is given, and an experimental setup has been developed that makes it possible to vary the angle of inclination of the filter element. The research of sunflower oil filtration in the field of vibroacoustic impact is carried out. In the study, a decision was made to expand the energy effects to create a cumulative system in the liquid medium that improves the hydrodynamic situation at the scale of the oil purification plant. It is established that the process speed can be intensified by creating additional microflows that provide an active influence on the motion of liquid, gas and solid particles. The results are obtained, which testify to the effectiveness of the use of vibroacoustic effects during the filtration of sunflower oil.

При обработке черного щелока сульфат-целлюлозного производства серной кислотой (с целью частичного или полного высаждения сульфатного лигнина) происходит выделение сероводорода и других серосодержащих газов. Рассмотрен процесс поглощения этих газов путем абсорбции водным раствором гидроксида натрия. Процесс подкисления черного щелока серной кислотой сопровождается выделением сероводорода, который должен подвергаться абсорбции. Промышленные методы получения сульфатного лигнина предусматривают применение абсорбции сероводорода водными растворами гидроксида натрия. В качестве абсорбентов при поглощении серосодержащих газов применяют растворы щелочи или воду в зависимости от состава сероводородных газов и дальнейшего использования продуктов абсорбции. Водные растворы гидроксида натрия применяются для абсорбции в тех случаях, когда обработке подвергаются значительные объемы газов, содержащих преимущественно сероводород. При этом в процессе абсорбции получается раствор сульфида натрия. В случае подкисления черного щелока серной кислотой абсорбции подвергается сероводород, который содержит и другие примеси. Для того чтобы абсорбция сероводорода гидроксидом натрия прошла с образованием конечного продукта сульфида натрия, необходимо использовать определенную концентрацию щелочи. Для достижения необходимого результата использовался симплекс-метод по целочисленной матрице, который позволил выбрать оптимальные параметры проведения процесса абсорбции сероводорода гидроксидом натрия. В результате получен раствор белого щелока с высокой сульфидностью, что является положительной характеристикой процесса варки сульфатной целлюлозы, так как уменьшает продолжительность варки до определенной степени провара, облегчает процесс делигнификации, а также увеличивает выход целлюлозы. Это позволяет уменьшить расход реагентов при приготовлении белого щелока, подаваемого на варку технологической щепы. По предложенному методу осаждение лигноуглеводного комплекса из черного щелока проводят без применения содорегенерационных котлов, где процесс получения белого щелока связан с получением плава щелочей и последующим получением из него зеленого щелока, с дальнейшей регенерацией белого щелока, используемого для варки сульфатной целлюлозы. В результате установлена принципиальная возможность абсорбции сероводорода раствором гидроксида с выполнением требований, предъявляемых к белому щелоку., While black liquor from sulfate pulp process treatment with sulfuric acid (for partial or full sulfate lignin precipitation) emission of hydrosulfide and other sulfur containing gasses happens. It is reviewed process of the gasses absorption by sodium hydroxide solution. The process of acidification of black liquor with sulfuric acid is accompanied by the release of hydrogen sulfide, which must undergo absorption. Industrial methods for producing sulphate lignin involve the use of hydrogen sulfide absorption by aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide. Alkali solutions or water are used as absorbents for absorption of sulfur-containing gases, depending on the composition of hydrogen sulfide gases and the further use of absorption products. Aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide are used for absorption in cases where significant volumes of gases containing predominantly hydrogen sulfide are processed. In the process of absorption is obtained a solution of sodium sulfide. In the case of acidification of black liquor with sulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfide is subjected to absorption, which contains other impurities. In order for the absorption of hydrogen sulfide by sodium hydroxide to form the final product of sodium sulfide, it is necessary to use a certain concentration of alkali. To achieve the required results, a simplex method was used for the integer matrix, which allows choosing the optimal parameters for the process of hydrogen sulfide absorption by sodium hydroxide. As a result of the experiment, a solution of white liquor with high sulfidity is obtained. which is a positive characteristic of the sulphate pulp boiling process, as it reduces the cooking time to a certain degree of penetration, facilitates the delignification process, and also increases the cellulose yield. This allows reducing the consumption of reagents in the preparation of white liquor fed to the cooking chips. According to the proposed method, the precipitation of the black liquor lignohydrocarbon complex is carried out without the use of soda recovery boilers, where the process of obtaining white liquor is associated with obtaining alkaline water and subsequent production of green liquor from it, with further regeneration of white liquor used for cooking sulphate pulp. As a result of the experiment, the principal possibility of hydrogen sulfide absorption by a hydroxide solution was established with the fulfillment of the requirements for white liquor., №226 (2019)

This article discusses the experience of separate collection of municipal solid waste in higher educational institutions of Moscow (by the example of D. Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology of Russia). On the basis of the experience of the formation of the system of separate collection and survey of students the basic stages of implementation were determined, revealed the willingness of students to sort, highlighted the main factions recommended for the collection.

The influence heat treatment and processing by moisture on the hydrophilic properties of cellulose fibers. The possibility of using this treatment to restore the capillary-porous structure of cellulose, which had been lost during drying of pulp folder. Revealed peculiarities of the structure of cellulose when exposed of water vapor of high parameters of state. In the basis of understanding what is happening in this effect are the experimental data obtained by calorimetry and sorption. For the first time on the basis of experimental data the calculated thermodynamic functions of hydration of water by cellulose, subjected to hydrothermal effects in a wide range of humidity and temperature. On the basis of experimental data the calculated thermodynamic functions of sorption of water by cellulose obtained in the optimal regime of heat, processing by moisture (438 K, 4 min). These terms of processing indicate an increased content of active sites available for interaction with water. Prolonged exposure reduces hydrophilic properties of the treated pulp as a result of the process of secondary crystallization, which is typical for polymers in highly elastic condition. Consequently, in conditions of constant temperature and humidity can occur as the increase of hydrophilic properties of cellulose and hydrophobicity of the polymer depending on the conditions of hydrothermal influences., Исследовано влияние термо-, влагообработки на гидрофильные свойства целлюлозных волокон. Показана возможность использования данной обработки для восстановления капиллярно-пористой структуры целлюлозы, утраченной ею при сушке целлюлозной папки. Выявлены особенности структуры целлюлозы при воздействии водяным паром высоких параметров состояния. В основе понимания происходящих при данном воздействии явлений лежат экспериментальные данные, полученные методами калориметрии и сорбции. Впервые на основании экспериментальных данных рассчитаны термодинамические функции гидратации воды целлюлозой, подвергнутой гидротермическим воздействиям в широком диапазоне влажности и температур. На основании экспериментальных данных рассчитаны термодинамические функции сорбции воды целлюлозой, полученной в оптимальном режиме термо-, влагообработки (438 К, 4 мин). Данные условия обработки указывают на увеличение содержания активных центров, доступных к взаимодействию с водой. При длительном воздействии гидрофильные свойства обработанной целлюлозы снижаются вследствие протекания процесса вторичной кристаллизации, который типичен для полимеров в высокоэластичном состоянии. Следовательно, в условиях постоянной температуры и влажности может происходить как увеличение гидрофильных свойств целлюлозы, так и гидрофобизация полимера в зависимости от условий гидротермических воздействий.

The paper is devoted to the problems of civil pilots upset recovery training. This is quite a new problem, which occurred due to the change in civil aviation pilots training programs that became possible due to the high level of modern civil aircraft automation. The upset recovery training removal negatively affected the level of flight safety both in our country and all over the world. The paper presents legal documents for flight simulations certification. Types of aircraft for civil pilots initial training used all over the world are described too. The analysis of the new types of light training aircraft that can be used as a change in the civil aviation academies was conducted. Modern upset recovery training program and its blind spots were studied in this paper in details. The problems of modern studies in upset recovery in civil aviation are the central part of this work. The paper contains information about legislative framework obsolescence, and creation of a new type of aviation simulator, that can simulate upset recovery situations concept. Current legislative framework of aviation simulators licensing is analyzed in this paper in comparison with the best international practices, regulations and recommendations. Conducted analysis showed that current certification legislative framework became obsolete and needs a revision for maintaining high standards in flight safety. Recommendations connected with the change of initial training types of aircraft in civil aviation academies are given.

Introduction. The main work objective is systematization and analysis of structural defects of vacuum ion-plasma coatings; on this basis, their classification principles are developed and given in the paper. Another important part of the work is the experimental study on one of the specific defects of coatings, which the authors propose to call “defect of substructural origin”. Materials and Methods. PVD coatings of various nitride and metal systems 1.5-9.0 μm thick were used as an object of the research. Coatings were applied in vacuum installations using arc and magnetron evaporators. The research results were obtained by high resolution electron microscopy, energy dispersive analysis and indentation. Results. Various types of defects in ion-vacuum coatings are presented as the research results. They include discontinuities, deformation of crystallites, and structural inhomogeneity. The principles of their systematization are validated. It is proposed to classify defects into droplet, substructural, and growth defects (depending on the causes of their nucleation), as well as regular and stochastic ones (depending on their distribution in the coating volume). The study of “substructural defects”, classified by the authors as stochastic, is given special consideration. These micrometric defects are shaped like a cylinder with a conical “head”. Their main axle is oriented perpendicular to the surface of the coating. They can be “extruded” (tore away) by the coating. The paper validates the dislocation mechanism of their nucleation and the helicoid growth principle. Conclusions. The inference is summarized that the proposed systematization of defects in ion-plasma coatings has the character of an intermediate result of research in this scientific area. At this, the “substructural defects” do not have a fatal effect on the structure and properties of the coating due to a small size.

The present paper deals with the use of cast iron cauldrons in medieval urban settlements east of the Carpathian, controlled by the Golden Horde, employing as a case study the archaeological finds uncovered within the medieval site of Old Orhei (Orheiul Vechi, Republic of Moldova). Therefore, the objective of the paper is to provide novel data on this category of cooking vessels, uncovered during archaeological excavations carried out within this site in the valley of Raut River, during the campaigns of 1947–2018. This information will complete the database on the morphology and chronology of cast iron vessels, as well as the territorial spread of this category of artifacts in the western part of the area ruled by the Golden Horde in the fourteenth century.

Introduction. The paper devotes to the features of hydration and hardening of polymineral composite binders. The authors carry out the complex research of the phase composition, hydration and structure formation processes of hardened composite binders with active mineral additives by X-ray phase analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and electron microscopy. The study using a Tescan MIRA 3 scanning electron microscope reveals differences in the microstructure of hardened binders and the authors confirm the results by microprobe studies. The authors study the hydration of the composite binder prepared on the basis of Portland cement and mineral components. Moreover, the paper demonstrates the dynamics of the system’s heat dissipation from the moment of mixing with water and hardening up to 24 hours and up to 72 hours by the expressed bond of dQ / dt = f (t) using a differential calorimeter.Methods and materials. The authors carried out experimental studies at Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, at the Department of Building Materials, Products and Structures, at the High Technology Center and “BelGTASM-Certificate” Test Center. Therefore, the authors used the existing basic research methods, including modern physicochemical methods of analysis: X-ray phase, scanning electron microscopy, etc. The paper determined the main characteristics of raw materials, composite binders and foam concrete using standard methods and regulatory requirements.Results. The authors obtained the results that testified the peculiarities of hydration and hardening processes of polymineral composite binders on the basis of Portland cement and mineral additives: opoka marl and fly ash.Conclusion. The research establishes the hydration and hardening processes of polymineral composite binders. As a result, the authors demonstrate that the opoka marl introduced into the cement leads to the increased hydration in the induction and accelerated periods and also increases the hydration completeness of the main clinker minerals due to the manifestation of the pozzolanic reaction and the active binding of blocking Portlandite, as well as to the higher concentration of accumulated neoplasms, second generation calcium hydrosilicates.Financial transparency: the authors have no financial interest in the presented materials or methods. There is no conflict of interest.

The paper considers principal features and specific character of architectural design for health care institutions. Main designing stages, missions and complexities for every successive designing step have been revealed in the paper. The paper presents specific features, main stages and design approaches to designing of modern health care facilities, comfortable architectural environment of health institutions, which have been formed on the basis of the analysis of advanced international experience in the field of designing healthcare facilities. The proposed approaches are based on modern experience in designing medical buildings over the past decade in the developed countries. A special attention has been paid to obsolete methods for architecture-planning organization of healthcare facilities and modern approaches to arrangement of engineering and other systems which significantly influence on economical efficiency, quality, comfort and effectiveness of architectural environment in healthcare institutions. Every healthcare facility, every separate department are considered as unique in their essence, for this reason it is not so easy to reflect modern technological solutions and architectural tendencies. The paper contains an attempt to attract attention of architects to the complexity in designing of a building to be constructed, to find ways which will help to reach its step-by-step solution. It has been noted as well that there is a necessity to arrange interaction between an architect and a medical technologist. Modern medical departments and hospitals have been recently designed and built in the Ukraine, but they are in increasingly short number. These facilities have been constructed due to decision makers who, in spite of diverse difficulties, lack of information and specialists, lack of proper funding, etc., are trying to do their best in order to reach the modern level of desingning and construction of hospitals. So-called “typical” medical projects of 70-ies and 80-ies continue to be implemented up to now. This is certainly due to inadequate funding, but such economy has at the end rather high cost.

The paper considers a mathematical model which is used to study a composite material similar in structure to asphalt concrete and it takes into account presence of solid particles of different sizes and a soft and plastic binder. The twodimensional method of discrete elements has been applied to investigate destruction of asphalt-concrete samples under uniaxial compression, tension during splitting and compression by the Marshall method. The numerical model takes into account presence of large particles of rubble, asphalt mastic filling rubble pores and sticky (capable of recovering after rupture) communication between rubble particles. The force interaction between various components of the asphalt concrete has been described with the help of elastic repulsion between rubble particles, friction force and force responsible for sticking of particles due to presence of a binder. This model gives a correct fracture pattern for uniaxial compression, stretching during splitting and compression according to the Marshall method and this pattern coincides with the real experiment. It is the correct picture of destruction for three different schemes of material loading which makes it possible to assess the adequacy of the mathematical model which has been used. Basic physico mechanical characteristics of the binder which determine strength and deformability of asphalt concrete have been established in the paper. It has been shown that for an adequate description of physico mechanical characteristics for asphalt concrete it is necessary to study and measure properties of an asphalt binder that is a mixture of bitumen and fine mineral filler which determines parameters of interaction between rubble particles. The numerical experiments serve as a basis and make it possible to propose new laboratory methods for testing a mixture of stone materials and organic binders which are much simpler and, therefore, cheaper than standard tests on asphalt concrete. In addition these tests will more accurately predict behavior of asphalt concrete in real conditions.

Aim. The aim of the study is to carry out mapping of the distribution of model animal species (on the example of weevils-beetles) of the Republic of Dagestan as well as to design a set of zoogeographic maps. Methods. The study is based on materials of the field expeditionary research conducted in the period of 1999-2018 in various areas of Dagestan, collected using conventional entomological methods. As the source material for the creation of the maps was used the database created by the authors, the collection materials of the Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development of the DSU, archive materials of the Sub-Department of Geography of Moscow Institute of Engineers in Geodesy, Aerophotography and Cartography (DTM, raster and vector topographic and thematic maps of the study area). Processing of the materials and creation of maps were carried out using such software platforms as ArcGIS, MapInfo and Adobe Illustrator CC. Results. Were mapped the areas of 14 model species of weevils-beetles which differ in their distribution, number as well as theoretical and practical significance. A database of mapped species was created. Mathematical foundations, general geographical and thematic content in the GIS environment, as well as editorial guidelines were developed, which allow presenting information in both vector and raster forms (traditional “paper” maps). Conclusion. A set of maps was created which reflects the ranges of model species of the animal population of the Republic of Dagestan: “Lowland Dagestan. Model species of weevils-beetles”, “Intramontane Dagestan. Model species of weevils-beetles”, “Montane Dagestan. Model species of weevils-beetles”.Aim. The aim of the study is to carry out mapping of the distribution of model animal species (on the example of weevils-beetles) of the Republic of Dagestan as well as to design a set of zoogeographic maps. Methods. The study is based on materials of the field expeditionary research conducted in the period of 1999-2018 in various areas of Dagestan, collected using conventional entomological methods. As the source material for the creation of the maps was used the database created by the authors, the collection materials of the Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development of the DSU, archive materials of the Sub-Department of Geography of Moscow Institute of Engineers in Geodesy, Aerophotography and Cartography (DTM, raster and vector topographic and thematic maps of the study area). Processing of the materials and creation of maps were carried out using such software platforms as ArcGIS, MapInfo and Adobe Illustrator CC. Results. Were mapped the areas of 14 model species of weevils-beetles which differ in their distribution, number as well as theoretical and practical significance. A database of mapped species was created. Mathematical foundations, general geographical and thematic content in the GIS environment, as well as editorial guidelines were developed, which allow presenting information in both vector and raster forms (traditional “paper” maps). Conclusion. A set of maps was created which reflects the ranges of model species of the animal population of the Republic of Dagestan: “Lowland Dagestan. Model species of weevils-beetles”, “Intramontane Dagestan. Model species of weevils-beetles”, “Montane Dagestan. Model species of weevils-beetles”.

The actual problem of mineral resources depletion in ferrous metallurgy can be effectively solved by complex reuse of technogenic waste. That waste is mostly presented by EAF (electric arc furnace) slag and LF (ladle furnace) slag. These two kinds of slag have no complex full utilization. The residues of slag are going to the dump and then the slag dump locations pollute the environment. However, the residues of EAF and LF slag can be transformed into the valuable industrial product by interaction of the slag components. This work presents the research for joint wasteless processing of EAF and LF slag with production of Portland clinker and cast iron. The article describes disadvantages of known methods of each slag processing; the paper also shows the significance of LF slag utilization. Design and calculations of the research are presented as well as its experiment methodology. The final results show five chemical compositions for the mixtures, which allow the complex processing of this slag without any waste left. Such processing provides the production of cast iron and Portland clinker both meeting requirements of normative documents. The paper also describes the results of viscosity measurements of slag compositions, the obtained slag phases, and presents the final temperature conditions. The work also considers the results of industrial tests for the developed processing technology and a complete technological chain involving the use of tilt rotary furnaces. © 2021 National University of Science and Technology MISIS. All rights reserved.

В статье рассматриваются изделия из цветного металла из раскопок на территории Тайницкого сада Московского Кремля 2007 г. Коллекция включает украшения, культовые и бытовые предметы, в общей сложности 377 находок (рис. 1–3). Основное внимание в статье уделено ювелирным изделиям. Наибольшую долю среди них составляют находки XIV–XV вв., но есть и датирующиеся XII–XIII вв. Выявлены специфика видового состава ювелирных украшений; изделия, имеющие аналогии в древностях юга Восточной Европы золотоордынского времени. Обилие предметов религиозного культа свидетельствует о местонахождении на данной территории жилищ священнослужителей. Находки импорта, разнообразие предметов быта XIV–XVI вв. отражают высокий статус людей, проживавших в этой части Подола Московского Кремля в этот период., The paper explores items made from non-ferrous metal found during excavations in the Taynitskiy Garden of the Moscow Kremlin in 2007. The assemblage includes jewelry, cult and household items, in total 377 finds (Fig. 1–3). The paper focuses on jewelry. Most jewelry pieces date to the 14th–15th centuries. Some finds date to the 12th–13th centuries. Specifics of types of jewelry items, and those that have analogies among artifacts from the southern part of Eastern Europeof the Golden Horde period were identified. Churchmen’s houses were located in this place as evidenced by an abundance of religious cult items. Finds of imported goods, a diversity of household items dating to the 14th–16th centuries reflect a high status of the people who lived in this part of the Moscow Kremlin Podol at that time., Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), Выпуск 259 2020

The paper provides an analysis for production of four-wheel drive dump trucks with an articulated frame and it also describes a practical experience pertaining to operation of dump trucks as mining automotive transport. Technical characteristics for some models of articulated dump trucks manufactured in Russia and Belarus are presented in the paper. The paper gives examples for transportation of run-of-mine ore at enterprises of Russia and abroad. The attention has been focused on specific features concerning organizational, technological and design decision making while introducing and promoting articulated dump trucks. It has been established that articulated dump trucks make it possible to improve an efficiency of mine development during construction period and when ore mining and processing enterprises are put into operation especially in geographically remote and inaccessible areas. The paper proposes technological solutions allowing to expand the scope of articulated dump truck application at mining enterprises while using them for quarry development excavating deep deposits of solid minerals. It has been revealed that reduction in overburden volume can be achieved by transition from a certain depth to lower capacity dump trucks or special dump trucks operating on elevated slopes of roads. The paper shows that one of perspective directions for development of mining technology on kimberlite deposits is an opening of lower quarry horizons by peripheral road tunnels of spiral shape while using articulated dump trucks. The presented technological solutions require further research and design consideration and study and they will allow to ensure resource efficiency and safety of surface mining while extracting minerals at previously uneconomic ore deposits. In order to realize an import substitution program for four-wheel drive dump trucks with an articulated frame it is necessary to carry out marketing research on potential market for machines of this class required for open-pit mining in order to justify prospects for provision of the Russian production market.

The present publication begins a cycle of papers of specialists from the Scientific Methodical Centre at the State Service of Reference Materials for Composition and Properties of Substances and Materials. These papers will be devoted to the problematic issues of forming and developing the national market of reference materials in terms of requirements imposed by the current legislation of the Russian Federation concerning of measurement uniformity assurance, technical regulation and accreditation in the national accreditation system. Publications are aimed at giving the reader an insight into the common practice of development and use of reference materials of various categories, state regulation procedures when producing and using reference materials taking into account modern requirements in the field of metrological assurance and measurement uniformity in Russia and abroad, together with necessity and importance of harmonization in the field of reference materials, as well as some other aspects of this activity. This paper discusses main aspects concerning the state of the reference materials market in the Russian Federation and suggestions on its development taking into account modern requirements. The role of state regulation when creating the national market of reference materials in the Russian Federation is shown. The paper specifies possible directions for reference materials production, meeting modern metrological requirements imposed on measurements in the sphere of the state regulation of measurement uniformity assurance.

The paper presents the results of forensic analysis of improvised dummy grenades modeled after the airsoft hand grenade RGS-4 for use in tactical simulation wargames like «Airsoft». Initial testing by experts affiliated with a different system of forensic science institutes led to the conclusion that these devices are capable of producing explosions and causing fragmentation damage. The purpose of this study conducted by two forensic science centers of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation was to correct the classification of improvised devices as explosive devices. Results indicate that these devices that consist of a cardboard (paper) or rubber-like casing filled with dried peas, with a «Korsar-4» firecracker in the middle, have the formal characteristics of an explosive device but cannot be regarded as such (as per Article 222 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), since they are in effect typical imitation pyrotechnic devices similar to dummy hand grenades RGS-4 and display no significant damaging properties.

The paper considers improvement of physic-mechanical and operational properties of adhesive coatings after laser infusion with additional alloying В4С, ТаВ and МоВ. Influence of the laser infusion with additional alloying on structure, microhardness and wear-resistance of adhesive coatings of the Fe–Cr–B –Si system has been studied in the paper. While increasing a laser beam velocity microstructure is changed from equilibrium to quasi-eutectic. Presence of molybdenum boride and tantalum increases sensitivity of the coating to specific features of laser remelting. In both cases heat exchange conditions have been changed, a number of iron and chromium borides has been increased and due to this molybdenum and tantalum have been partially passing to free state that contributes to a disintegration of structural components. While introducing solid particles B4C into a coating they are dissolved in an iron matrix while being heated by a laser beam and under cooling they are isolated in the form of separated Fe an Cr boride inclusions. Laser infusion and alloying increase coating wear-resistance. Load increase from 30 to 70 Н improves coating wear resistance averagely by 15–26 % and wear resistance of non-alloyed coatings is improved by 26–43 %. An increase of melting rate and laser spot diameter does not exert significant influence on wear but an increase in overlapping coefficient leads to reduction of coating wear. Presence of solid particles in a coating and an increase in rate of melting by laser beam reduce coating wear resistance. Such rather complicated dependence of coating wear rate on conditions of laser melting and wearing process is due to a complex of structural and phase transformations which have contributed to formation of secondary solid inclusions and increased microhardness.

A turning method with asymmetric oscillations of cutting tool has been proposed on the basis of the analysis of various methods for chip crushing in the process of structural steel lathe turning and the method makes it possible to ensure a stable crushing of discharge chips and to reduce roughness of the machined surfaces. Asymmetric vibrations are characte- rized by an asymmetry coefficient of the oscillation cycle, their frequency and amplitude and they are additionally transferred to the tool during the turning process. Kinematics of structural steel turning with imposition of directed asymmetric cutting tool oscillations created by a cam system on traditional cutting scheme has been considered in the paper. An equation of tool motion with asymmetric oscillations has been obtained on the basis of Fourier Series. An influence of the oscillatory tool motion amplitude and frequency on the process of discharge chip crushing has been determined in the paper. In order to re-duce a negative influence of the oscillation amplitude on the cutting process and quality of machined surfaces machining must be carried out with its minimum value. In this case it is necessary to ensure an optimum ratio of the tool oscillation frequency to the rotational speed of a workpiece. A formula has been derived for determination of this ratio according to a coefficient of oscillation cycle asymmetry and number of complete oscillation cycles per one revolution of the workpiece. It has been established that a theoretical value of the minimum tool oscillation amplitude is equal to half of the tool feed value per one revolution of the workpiece. If the optimum ratio of the tool oscillation frequency to workpiece rotation frequency has not been observed for chip crushing it is necessary to increase oscillation amplitude that may lead to an increase of roughness on machined surfaces.

Solar systems are actively applied for heat supply of buildings in Europe. Usage of solar energy for heat supply of residential buildings is considered as rather efficient for the Republic of Belarus because total amount of direct and scattered solar radiation entering horizontal surface is equivalent to an average European index for the climate of Belarus. The paper analyzes an existing dependence on determination of solar system efficiency and proposes an amended formula for calculations while designing solar consumption systems and its legitimacy has been experimentally proved. A scheme of an experimental unit with explanations and a brief description for execution of experiments and main results of the completed investigations have been presented in the paper. Experiments have been carried out for solar systems with natural and forced coolant circulation. Attention has been paid to obtaining maximum possible temperature potential of the coolant during operation of the solar system within periods of high and low solar radiation intensity. Recommendations on practical application of solar systems for multi-storey residential buildings houses and mansion-type houses have been given in the paper. The paper presents technological principles of constructing “passive” solar heating devices. A comparison of traditionally applied and proposed alternative solar systems has been made for operational conditions in Belarus. The paper proposes a solar system for hot water supply of multi-storey buildings. The proposed system has found its first realization in the Republic while designing and constructing an energy-efficient demonstration 10-storey residential building in Mogilev within the framework of the UN Development Program project and Global Environment Fund “Improvement of energy efficiency for residential buildings in the Republic of Belarus”