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U teorijskom su dijelu rada prikazani teorijski koncepti vezani uz pojmove adolescencije, rizičnih ponašanja, ovisnosti o drogama i prevencije. Prikazani su i rezultati relevantnih istraživanja vezanih uz temu rada. U teorijskom se dijelu rada pokušalo objasniti i zbog čega je adolescencija specifičan period te što se sve krije pod pojmom rizičnih ponašanja. Poseban je naglasak stavljen na konzumaciju droge koja može dovesti do ovisnosti što spada u probleme u ponašanju. U radu se fokusiramo i na oblike prevencije te je objašnjeno kako bi uspješni preventivni programi trebali izgledati. U empirijskom je dijelu rada prikaza metodologija pomoću koje se ispitivalo što adolescenti misle o prevenciji ovisnosti o drogama. Glavni cilj rada je prikazati perspektivu adolescenata u odnosu na prevenciju ovisnosti o drogama. U svrhu ovog rada provedeno je kvantitativno istraživanje na uzorku adolescenata koji pohađaju srednju školu u Republici Hrvatskoj, a prilikom prikupljanja podataka koristio se anketni upitnik. Rezultati su pokazali kako su adolescenti najčešće sudjelovali u preventivnim programima koje su provodili policija, pedagog ili psiholog putem predavanja. Rezultati također pokazuju kako postoji ravnodušnost prema prevenciji na razini škole i zajednice te slaganje s time da prevencija zauzima važno mjesto unutar njihovih obitelji. Ispitanici također smatraju da su se sposobni oduprijeti utjecaju vršnjaka i slavnih osoba kada je u pitanju poticanje na konzumaciju droge. Najčešće konzumirana droga je marihuana odnosno hašiš, a spol i razred su se pokazali značajnim prediktorima kada je u pitanju iskušenje povezano s isprobavanjem droge te konzumacija droge. Rezultati istraživanja mogu poslužiti unaprjeđenju preventivnih programa ovisnosti o drogama, kao i za daljnja istraživanja u sferi bliskih tema i problematika., The theoretical part of this paper provides an overview of theoretical concepts related to the notions of adolescence, risky behaviours, drug addiction and prevention. Results of the relevant research related to the topic of the paper are also presented. In the theoretical part it is also explained what makes adolescence specific and which behaviours are considered to be risky. Consumption of drugs that can lead to addiction (which is considered to be behavioral disorder) is especially emphasized. It is also explained which forms of prevention exist and how successful prevention programs should look like. The empirical part of the paper provides a description of the methodology that was used to examine what adolescents think about drug addiction prevention. The main goal of this paper is to show perspective of the adolescents in relation to drug addiction prevention. For the purpose of this paper, a quantitative research was conducted on a sample of adolescents that attend secondary school in the Republic of Croatia, and a survey questionnaire was used to collect data. The results showed that most adolescents participated in lecture-based prevention programs that were conducted by the police, pedagogues or psychologists. The results also show that adolescents are indifferent to school-based and community-based prevention but they agree that prevention is important within their families. Respondents also believe that they are able to resist peer and celebrity influence when it comes to drug abuse. Most commonly consumed drug among the respondents is marijuana or hashish. According to the results, gender and class are significant predictors when it comes to the temptation associated with trying drugs and drug consumption. These results can be used to improve drug addiction prevention programs, as well as for further research related to this issue.

Osobe u adolescenciji prolaze kroz mnoge promjene na fiziološkoj, psihološkoj i socijalnoj razini, što ih stavlja u rizik od razvijanja rizičnih ponašanja. Neka od ponašanja koja se smatraju rizičnima, a kojima se adolescenti izlažu, su konzumacija alkohola, konzumacija droga i rizično seksualno ponašanje. Jedan od rizičnih čimbenika za pojavu ovih ponašanja su mediji. Uloga medija u životima adolescenata tako postaje predmet mnogih istraživanja. U ovom radu je istražena učestalost upotrebe alkohola i droge te rizično seksualno ponašanje u popularnim medijima (film, glazba, društvene mreže) te njihova uloga u životima adolescenata. U posljednjem dijelu rada prikazane su mogućnosti medija (filma, glazbe i društvenih mreža) kao alata u prevenciji rizičnih ponašanja i kakva je uloga novih medija (s naglaskom na društvene mreže) u profesiji socijalnog rada., People in adolescence undergo many changes at the physiological, psychological and social level, which puts them at risk of developing risky behaviours. Some of the behaviours considered risky, to which adolescents are exposed, are alcohol consumption, drug use and risky sexual behaviour. One of the risk factors for the occurence of these behaviours are the media. The role of the media in the lives of adolescents thus becomes the subject of many studies. This paper investigates the frequency of alcohol and drug use and risky sexual behaviour in popular media (film, music, social networks) and their role in the lives of adolescents. In the last part of the paper, the possibilities of media (film, music and social networks) as a tool in the prevention of risky behaviours and the role of new media (with an emphasis on social networks) in the profession of social work are presented

Pedagoško savjetovanje učenika i roditelja te uloga školskog pedagoga kao savjetnika postaju sve veći imperativ u školi, a posebno u srednjim školama jer se adolescenti susreću sa sve više izazova u, za njih i njihove roditelje, već izazovnom i posebno osjetljivom razdoblju. U nacionalnom se kontekstu pojavljuje sve više istraživanja na temu savjetodavnog rada školskih pedagoga, no fenomen je ponajviše istražen u sklopu istraživačkih radova studenata. Cilj je ovog istraživačkog rada opisati i razumjeti iskustva školskih pedagoga u savjetodavnom radu sa srednjoškolcima i njihovim roditeljima. U prvom je dijelu rada prikazano teorijsko utemeljenje i definirani su temeljni konstrukti poput adolescencije, suradnje roditelja i škole i pedagoškog savjetovanja, te su u sklopu toga izneseni rezultati dosadašnjih istraživanja na temu. Za potrebe ovog kvalitativnog istraživanja, izrađen je protokol (polustrukturiranog) intervjua koji je korišten u provedbi intervjua s pet školskih pedagoginja zaposlenih u srednjim strukovnim školama na području grada Rijeke i Opatije. Pitanja u protokolu osmišljena su kako bi podaci i informacije dobivene od strane sudionica u istraživanju pružali odgovor na specifična istraživačka pitanja koja se odnose na probleme koji iziskuju potrebu za savjetodavnim radom sa srednjoškolcima i njihovim roditeljima, opis procesa savjetodavnog rada s njima, način na koji školski pedagozi ostvaruju suradnju u procesu savjetodavnog rada sa srednjoškolcima i njihovim roditeljima te čimbenike koji utječu na zadovoljstvo pedagoga pri provođenju savjetodavnog rada. Rezultati ukazuju na to da je cjelokupno iskustvo školskih pedagoginja u savjetodavnom radu sa srednjoškolcima i njihovim roditeljima opisano kao pozitivno te se ističe njegova važnost iz razloga što postoje brojni i raznovrsni problemi koji iziskuju njegovo svakodnevno provođenje. Nadalje, svaki je savjetodavni rad i razgovor opisan kao jedinstven zbog pojedinih i specifičnih situacija kod svakog učenika, a suradnja koju školske pedagoginje ostvaruju s roditeljima i srednjoškolcima je pozitivna i ostvaruje se i izvan savjetodavnog rada, kroz različite formalne i neformalne oblike rada s njima. Osim pojedinih izazova koje školske pedagoginje navode pri provođenju savjetodavnog rada, postoje i drugi brojni čimbenici koji utječu na zadovoljstvo školskih pedagoginja njime, a pritom se najviše ističu oni koji su vezani uz same sudionike te oni vezani uz kompetencije pedagoginja za njegovo provođenje. Iz svega navedenog, uviđa se potreba za nastavkom provođenja istraživanja na temu savjetodavnog rada školskih pedagoga, a posebno vezano uz pitanja etičkih načela u radu., School counseling of students and parents as well as the role of the school counselor are becoming increasingly imperative in schools, especially in high schools, due to the fact that adolescents face more and more challenges in what is already a challenging and particularly sensitive period for them and their parents. In the national context, there is more and more research on the topic of school counseling, but the phenomenon has mostly been investigated as part of student research papers. The aim of this study is to describe and understand the experiences of school counselors in counseling high school students and their parents. In the first part of this paper, the theoretical foundation is presented and basic constructs such as adolescence, cooperation between parents and school and school counseling are defined. As a part of this, the results of previous research on the topic are also presented. For the purposes of this qualitative research, a (semi-structured) interview protocol was created that was used in conducting interviews with five female school counselors employed in vocational schools in the cities of Rijeka and Opatija. The questions in the protocol are designed so that the data and information obtained by the participants provide answers to specific research questions related to problems that require school counseling with high school students and their parents, the process of school counseling, the way in which the school counselors achieve cooperation with high school students and their parents in the process and the factors that influence the satisfaction of school counselors when conducting counseling. The results indicate that the overall experience of school counselors in counseling high school students and their parents is described as positive, and its importance is emphasized because there are many and various problems that require its daily implementation. Furthermore, school counseling and individual counseling conversations are described as unique due to the individual and specific situations of each student, while the cooperation that school counselors achieve with parents and high school students is described as positive. The cooperation is also achieved outside of counseling, through various formal and informal instances of working with high school students and their parents. In addition to certain challenges that school counselors cite when conducting school counseling, there are also numerous other factors that influence their satisfaction with it, and the most prominent are those related to the participants themselves and those related to the school counselors’ competencies for its implementation. Considering everything that has been said, it can be seen that the need to continue studying the topic of school counselling perseveres, especially in the area of issues related to ethical principles in the work.

Razdoblje adolescencije od iznimno je velike važnosti za razvoj pojedinca. Period je to na koji snažno utječu razni unutarnji i vanjski čimbenici. Teorija Ekoloških sustava (Bronfenbrenner, 1979) objašnjava okolne sustave koje utječu na mladog pojedinca, od mikrosustava obitelji i škole, do makrosustava državnih i zakonodavnih institucija. Adolescent prolazi kroz fizičke, emocionalne i socijalne promjene. Iste su vidljive u odnosima u obitelji, akademskom uspjehu te preuzimanju različitih oblika ponašanja među kojima i onih potencijalno ugrožavajućih. U adolescenciji se mlade osobe okreću novim primarnim figurama, svojim vršnjacima, koji mogu biti rizičnim, ali i zaštitnim razvojnim čimbenikom. Njegujući zaštitne čimbenike u okolini te prednosti i jake strane pojedinca, može se doći do Pozitivnog razvoja mladih. Spomenuta teorija govori koliko je važno ulagati u pojedinca, njegove razvojne prednosti te podržavajuće odnose kako bi mogao razviti svoje potencijale te, po završetku adolescencije, pozitivnim ishodima doprinio sebi, obitelji te zajednici u cjelini. Prvi dio rada pruža teorijski uvid u spomenute teorije i istraživanja o istima. Drugi dio rada prikazuje rezultate empirijskog istraživanja provedenog na uzorku splitskih srednjoškolaca (N=210). Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati postoji li uopće te kakav je utjecaj vršnjaka u kontekstu pozitivnog razvoja splitskih srednjoškolaca. Korišteni upitnik ispitivao je pozitivan razvoj mladih operacionaliziran kroz 5C razvojni model te razinu privrženosti prijateljima. Kada se ispitanom uzorku dodala razina privrženosti prijateljima, objašnjeno je 43,7% varijance 5C razvojnog modela. Iz spomenutog rezultata može se zaključiti kako vršnjaci itekako utječu na razvoj adolescenata te je na pojedincu, ali i njegovoj okolini odabrati koliko će pozitivan taj razvoj biti., The period of adolescence is extremely important for the development of an individual. It is a period that is strongly influenced by various internal and external factors. Ecological Systems Theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1979) explains the surrounding systems that influence a young individual, from the microsystem of family and school, to the macrosystem of state and legislative institutions. Adolescents go through physical, emotional and social changes. The same are visible in family relationships, academic success, and taking on different forms of behavior, including potentially threatening ones. In adolescence, young people turn to new primary figures, their peers, who can be a risky, but also a protective developmental factor. Nurturing the protective factors in the environment and the advantages and strengths of the individual can lead to Positive Youth Development. The mentioned theory tells how important it is to invest in the individual, his developmental advantages and supportive relationships so that he can develop his potential and, by the end of adolescence, contribute positive outcomes to himself, his family and the community. The first part of the paper provides a theoretical insight into the mentioned theories and research about them. The second part of the paper presents the results of empirical research conducted on a sample of Split high school students (N=210). The goal of the research was to examine whether there is any influence at all and what kind of peer influence there is in the context of the positive development of Split high school students. The questionnaire used examined the positive development of young people operationalized through the 5C development model and the level of attachment to friends. When the level of attachment to friends was added to the examined sample, 43.7% of the variance of the 5C developmental model was explained. From the mentioned result, it can be concluded that peers really influence the development of adolescents, and it is up to the individual, as well as his environment, to choose how positive this development will be.

U adolescenciji se uspostavljaju prve romantične veze koje pridonose izgradnji identiteta. No nerijetko u takvim vezama može doći i do pojave nasilja. Hoće li doći do pojave nasilja u velikoj mjeri ovisi o individualnim, interpersonalnim i socijalnim čimbenicima. Središte ovog rada su individualni čimbenici koji su ključni za razumijevanje adolescenata koji su počinili neki oblik nasilnog ponašanja u partnerskoj vezi. Tako su se u istraživanjima ženski spol, nesigurna privrženost, nisko samopoštovanje, iskustvo prethodnog nasilja, konzumacija sredstava ovisnosti i pozitivni stavovi prema nasilju pokazali kao glavni individualni faktori rizika. U radu su također objašnjeni motivi i razlozi koje mladi navode za činjenje nasilja te smjernice za praktično djelovanje., The first romantic relationships are established in adolescence and they contribute to identity development. However, violence can often occur in such relationships. Whether violence will occur depends on individual, interpersonal and social factors. The focus of this paper is on individual factors that are significant for understanding the adolescents who have perpetrated teen dating violence. Female gender, insecure attachment, low self-esteem, experience of previous violence, consumption of addictive substances and positive attitudes towards violence proved to be the main individual risk factors in studies conducted so far. The paper also explains the motives and reasons given by adolescents for perpetrating violence, as well as guidelines for practical action.

Cilj ovog rada je istražiti koliko mladi vole i žele čitati u svoje slobodno vrijeme. Uza sve preporuke, teoriju i smjernice koje knjižnice, knjižare, roditelji i učitelji žele prenijeti mladima, koliko informacija zapravo dopire do njih i jesu li im usmjerene na pravi način. Jesu li im društvene mreže zaokupile cijeli prostor slobodnog vremena ili im otvorile kanale za lakše praćenje interesnih područja. Mladi kao skupina u sivoj zoni između djece i odraslih podižu vlastiti bunt i smjernice koje su im potrebne, a koje često prati pojava i razvoj novih medija. Teorijski dio koji rad obuhvaća odnosi se na povijesni pregled, definiranje mladih kao skupine, te poticanje čitanja. Nakon toga spominje se svrha knjižničnih usluga za mladež i kultura čitanja na internetu, te platforme koje se tamo nalaze i što nude svojim korisnicima. Rad će se dotaknuti i fan fiction djela, o kojima će biti pitanja i u istraživačkom djelu. No, prije toga, spomenuti će se primjeri dobre prakse poticanja čitanja u Hrvatskoj nakon čega slijedi istraživanje. Anketu, tj. upitnik istraživanja ispunjavali su učenici srednjih škola u Samoboru. Anketa se može podijeliti na dva dijela. Prvo o želji za čitanjem i drugo o tome kako su oni zadovoljni sa svojim lokalnim tj. mjesnim knjižnicama. U istraživanju se tražilo stajalište mladih o tome vole li čitati, što najradije čitaju i kako biraju to štivo. Čitaju li fanfiction djela, koliko vremena provode na društvenim mrežama, te jesu li čitali više za vrijeme lockdowna. Odgovarali su na pitanja što najviše vole raditi u svoje slobodno vrijeme, te što misle da bi trebalo promijeniti u njihovim knjižnicama. The main goal of this paper is to explore how much young people love and want to read in their spare time. With all the recommendations, theory, and guidelines that libraries, bookstores, parents and teachers want to transmit to young people, how much information actually reaches them and whether it is directed to them in the right way. Have social media taken up all their free time or have they opened channels to easily follow their interests. Young people as a group are in the gray zone between children and adults, so they raise their own rebellion and the guidelines they need, which are often accompanied by the emergence and development of new media. The theoretical part of the paper is referencing to the historical overview, defining young people as a group, the importance of information literacy, and encouraging reading in general. After that, the purpose of library services for young people and the culture of reading on the internet is mentioned, as well as the platforms that are located there and what they offer to their users. The paper will also broach the subject of fan fiction works, which will be discussed in the research work. However, before that, examples of good practice of encouraging reading in Croatia will be mentioned, followed by research. The survey, i.e. the research questionnaire, was filled out by high school students in Samobor. The survey can be divided into two parts. The first part defines the desire to read and second part, determines how satisfied they are with their local libraries. The research sought the opinion of young people about whether they like to read, what they like to read and how they choose to read. Are they reading fanfiction works, how much time do they spend on social media, and did they read more during the lockdown? They answered questions about what they like doing most on their spare time, and what do they think should change in their libraries.

Ovaj rad bavi se ulogom temperamenta u psihosocijalnom razvoju adolescenata. Prikazana su istraživanja o utjecaju temperamenta na razvoj internaliziranih problema, a potom i na razvoj eksternaliziranih problema u adolescenciji. Slijedi prikaz istraživanja koja govore o ulozi koju imaju privrženost, roditeljsko ponašanje i odnos roditelja i adolescenata na njihov razvoj i psihosocijalno funkcioniranje, te kako postojanje internaliziranih, odnosno eksternaliziranih problema utječe na psihosocijalno funkcioniranje u adolescenciji. Na kraju rada govori se zašto je za socijalne radnike bitno poznavati teorije razvoja djece i mladih, osobito teoriju privrženosti, što se nalazi u podlozi internaliziranih i eksternaliziranih problema, zašto je važno znati da razvoj sigurne privrženosti ima pozitivan utjecaj na razvoj ostalih odnosa u životu adolescenata, te zašto je bitno prepoznati ulogu temperamenta u odrastanju i razvoju internaliziranih i eksternaliziranih problema u adolescenciji., This paper focuses on the role of temperament in the psychosocial development of adolescents. It presents the research of the influence temperament has in the development of both internalized and externalized problems in adolescence. Next, it shows studies that discuss what role attachment, parental behaviour and parent-adolescent relationship have on the adolescents' psychosocial development, and also how existing internalized and externalized problems affect the psychosocial development in adolescence. Finally, the paper discusses why it is important for social workers to know the developmental theories of children and adolescents, mainly the attachment theory, what lies beneath internalized and externalized problems, why it is important to know that development of secure attachment has a positive impact on the development of other relationships in the adolescents' life, and why it is important to recognize the role temperament has in growing up and in the development of internalized and externalized problems.

Adolescenti su sve osobe koje prelaze iz djetinstva u odraslu dob. Dobna granica adolescencije kreće se od 11-te do 25-te godine života. To je burno razdolje popraćeno različitim promjenama u kojem bitnu ulogu ima podrška obitelji i vršnjaka kako bi adolescent prihvatio novonastale promjene i prilagodio se na najbolji mogući način. U ovom radu biti će riječ o anoreksiji nervozi. Konkretnije, objasnit će se što je anoreksija nervoza, koje su njezine karakteristike, ciljevi i načini liječenja. Anoreksija nervoza označava težak gubitak apetita, a nervoza ukazuje da su razlozi emocionalne naravi. Dijagnosticira se u 17-oj godini života adolescenata, a osnovni kriterij po kojem se dijagnosticira je niska tjelesna težina dok je glavna karakterisktika anoreksije nervoze snažna potreba kontroliranja unosa hrane i tjelesne mase. Nadalje u radu će biti riječ o liječenju i ciljevima liječenja. Prvi cilj je uvijek postizanje težine koja ne ugrožava zdravlje oboljelog, a drugi je uklanjanje straha od dobivanja na težini. Liječenje treba biti multidisciplinarno, zajedno s pedijatrima, gastroenterolozima, psihijatrima i drugima... Vrlo je bitno na vrijeme prepoznati simptome i stručno pristupiti pacijentu. Poremećaje prehrane ne smije se olako shvaćati jer su ozbiljan zdravstveni problem koji narušava cjelokupno zdravlje i kvalitetu života oboljelog., Adolescents are all people who transition from childhood to adulthood. The age limit of adolescence ranges from 11 to 25 years of age. It is a turbulent gap accompanied by various changes in which the support of family and peers plays an important role in order for the adolescent to accept the new changes and adapt in the best way possible. This paper will deal with anorexia nervosa. More specifically, it will be explained what anorexia nervosa is, what its characteristics, goals, and treatments are. Anorexia nervosa signifies severe loss of appetite, and nervousness indicates that the reasons are emotional in nature. It is diagnosed at the age of 17, and the basic criterion by which it is diagnosed is low body weight, while the main characteristic of anorexia nervosa is the strong need to control food intake and body weight. Furthermore, the paper will discuss treatment and treatment goals. The first goal is always to achieve a weight that does not endanger the health of the patient, and the second is to eliminate the fear of gaining weight. Treatment should be multidisciplinary, together with pediatricians, gastroenterologists, psychiatrists and others ... It is very important to recognize the symptoms in time and approach the patient professionally. Eating disorders should not be taken lightly because they are a serious health problem that impairs the overall health and quality of life of the patient.

Rad se bavi specifičnim izazovima s kojima se susreću djeca posvojena u kasnijoj dobi. Prema statističkim podacima, u Republici Hrvatskoj najviše je djece s ostvarenim pretpostavkama za posvojenje u dobnoj skupini iznad 10 godina, a potencijalni posvojitelji nisu skloni posvojenju navedene skupine. Rad ukazuje na specifične potrebe koje imaju posvojena djeca starije dobi. Fokusirajući se na uobičajeni razvojni put svakog djeteta, izdvaja moguće teškoće zbog nedovršenih razvojnih zadataka. Također, izdvaja korisne pristupe u naknadnom pokušaju razrješenja zadataka proteklih razvojnih razdoblja. Sve navedeno od koristi može biti posvojiteljima, ali i stručnjacima koji rade u sustavu socijalne skrbi na postupcima posvojenja. Kako bi se osvijestio značaj potonjih, u radu se opisuje način njihovog sudjelovanja u postupku, ali i potreba za njihovim daljnjim usavršavanjem., The paper addresses the specific challanges faced by children adopted at a later age. Statistics indicate that, in the Republic of Croatia, the most children with perequisites for adoption is in the age group over 10 years old and that potential adoptive parents are not intesrested in adopton of children in this group. In order to change the trend, the paper points out the specific needs that older adopted children have. By focusing on the usual developmental path of each child, paper singles out possible difficulties due to the unfinished developmental tasks. It also highlights useful approaches in the subsequent attempt to resolve the tasks of past development periods. All of the above can be useful to adoptive parents, but also to professionals who work in the social welfare system on adoption procedures. In order to raise awareness of the importance of the latter, the paper describes the manner of their participation in the procedure and the need for their futher education.

U teorijskom dijelu diplomskog rada definirano je nasilje, opisani su oblici nasilja i prevencija nasilja. Kako bi se bolje razumio problem nasilja nad i među djecom i mladima bilo je važno opisati osnovna obilježja razvojnih perioda djetinjstva i adolescencije. Opisani su različiti hrvatski projekti i programi prevencije nasilja s naglaskom na program Prevencija nasilja u mladenačkim vezama koji se kontinuirano provodi od 2009. godine u svim županijama Republike Hrvatske. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je provesti program Prevencije nasilja u mladenačkim vezama u gradu Gospiću te evaluirati njegovu učinkovitost. Program se provodio akademske godine 2017./2018. sa studentima 3. godine Odjela za nastavničke studije u Gospiću Sveučilišta u Zadru i učenicima 3. razreda Gimnazije Gospić. Program je realiziran tako da su se studenti najprije educirali i pripremili za vođenje radionica s učenicima, a potom su oni realizirali četiri radionice s učenicima 3. razreda Gimnazije. Evaluacija programa je napravljena na temelju 25 anketnih listića učenika kao korisnika programa i 16 anketnih listića studenata kao voditelja programa. Evaluacija je pokazala da učenici program ocjenjuju vrlo visoko prema kriterijima zanimljivosti i korisnosti, a studenti izražavaju izrazito pozitivna iskustva zainteresiranosti i suradnje učenika te na ovaj način uspješno stječu iskustva svog budućeg učiteljskog poziva. Theoretical part of this paper defines violence, describes the types of violence and the violence prevention. In order to understand the problem of violence against and among children and the youth it is important to describe basic characteristics of development periods in childhood and adolescence. The violence prevention programs and projects against and among children and the youth implemented in the Republic of Croatia with the emphasis on the program Violence prevention in youthful relationships, continuously implemented since 2009 in all counties of the Republic of Croatia will be described. The aim of this paper was to implement the program Violence prevention in youthful relationships in local community of the town Gospić and evaluate the efficiency of the program. The program was implemented in the academic year 2017/2018 with third-year students from the Department of Educational Studies in Gospić University of Zadar and third-year pupils from Grammar School Gospić. The program was realized in a way that first the students educated and prepared themselves for workshops in classrooms with pupils and then they held four workshops with the third-year pupils from Grammar School. The program evaluation was made based on 25 pupils’ questionnaires as program users and 16 students’ questionnaires as program managers. The evaluation showed that the pupils rated the program very high according to the criteria of interest and usefulness, and the students expressed their extremely positive experience of pupils’ interest and cooperation and that they successfully gained the experience for their future teacher vocation.

Temeljni cilj ovog rada je utvrditi povezanost traumatskih iskustava u djetinjstvu i adolescenciji s vrstom motivacije za odabir profesije kod studentica socijalne pedagogije. Specifično, istraživanjem se nastoji utvrditi postoji li statistički značajna povezanost između broja traumatskih iskustava u djetinjstvu i adolescenciji i različitih vrsta motivacije za odabir socijalne pedagogije kao profesije. Također, istražuje se razlikuju li se sudionice kategorizirane u nisku, srednju i visoku razinu rizika obzirom na broj traumatskih iskustava u motivaciji za samopomoć kao motivaciji za odabir profesije. Istraživanje je provedeno na Edukacijsko-rehabilitacijskom fakultetu u razdoblju od 9. do 16. travnja 2019. godine. Podaci su prikupljeni putem „papir-olovka“ metode s uzorkom N=162 studentice preddiplomskog i diplomskog studija socijalne pedagogije. Sudjelovanje u istraživanju bilo je dobrovoljno i u potpunosti anonimno. Instrumentarij se sastojao od: 1) Upitnika o sociodemografskim obilježjima, 2) prilagođene verzije Upitnika negativnih iskustava u djetinjstvu te 3) Upitnika o motivaciji za odabir profesije, (konstruiran za potrebe ovog istraživanja), a kojim se utvrđuju sljedeće vrste motivacije važne pri odabiru socijalne pedagogije kao profesije: motivacija za samopomoć, motivacija za pomoć drugima, motivacija za samoaktualizaciju i motivacija vezana uz obilježja profesije. Za obradu podataka korištene su metode deskriptivne statistike (aritmetička sredina, standardna devijacija, frekvencije odgovora), Kruskal Wallisov test te Mann Whitneyev U-test. Rezultati pokazuju kako je ukupno 73% studentica socijalne pedagogije doživjelo barem jedno traumatsko iskustvo u djetinjstvu i adolescenciji. Odnosno, gotovo 20% studentica doživjelo je četiri i više traumatskih iskustava, što predstavlja izrazito visoki rizik za razvojne ishode. Spearmanovim koeficijentom korelacije utvrđena je statistički značajna visoka pozitivna povezanost između broja traumatskih iskustava i motivacije za samopomoć (r=.618; p, The main goal of this paper is to determine the correlation between traumatic experiences in childhood and adolescence and the type of motivation that plays a role in terms of choosing a profession among female social pedagogy students. Specifically the research seeks to determine whether there is a statistically significant correlation between the number of traumatic experiences in childhood and adolescence and the different types of motivation for choosing social pedagogy as a profession. It also investigates whether participants that are categorized into low, medium and high levels of risk considering the number of traumatic experiences differ regarding motivation for self-help as the motivation for choosing the profession. The research was conducted at the Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences during the period from 9th to 16th of April 2019. The data was collected through a "paper-pencil" method with a sample of N = 162 female undergraduate and graduate students of social pedagogy. Participation in the research was voluntary and completely anonymous. The instrument consisted of: 1) The questionnaire of sociodemographic data, 2) an adapted version of the Questionnaire of negative experiences in the childhood, and 3) The Questionnaire of motivation (designed for the purpose of this research), which determines the following types of motivations that are important in choosing social pedagogy as a profession: self-help motivation, motivation for helping others, motivation related to self-actualization and motivation related to the characteristics of the profession. Data were analysed via descriptive statistics (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, response frequency), Kruskal Wallis test and Mann Whitney's U-test. The results show that 73% of social pedagogy students experienced at least one traumatic experience during childhood and adolescence. That is, nearly 20% of students experienced four or more traumatic experiences, which presents an extremely high risk for negative developmental outcomes. Spearman's coefficient of correlation found a statistically significant high positive correlation between the number of traumatic experiences and self-help motivation (r = .618; p

U ovom radu opisan je konstrukt privrženosti školi koji je definiran kao osjećaj pripadnosti, ponosa te sigurnosti i ugode u školi. Uz ovaj termin vezuju se pojmovi vezanosti za školu, predanost, uključenost, školsko ozračje i povezanost. Kao najznačajnije teorije vezanosti za školu, predstavljene su teorija socijalne kontrole i model socijalnog razvoja. Teorija socijalne kontrole ispituje veze između vezanosti za školu i rizičnih ponašanja, dok model socijalnog razvoja vezanost za školu predstavlja kao snažan zaštitni čimbenik koji sprječava razvijanje različitih oblika problema u ponašanju. Privrženost školi promatra se kroz tri vrste privrženosti: bihevioralnu, emocionalnu i kognitivnu privrženost. Nadalje, navode se neki od utjecaja na privrženost kao što su karakteristike škole, podrška učitelja, vršnjaci i obitelj. Visoka ili niska razina privrženosti školi utječe na školski (ne)uspjeh te na odluku o napuštanju škole. Glavni dio rada posvećen je razvojnom putu privrženosti školi tijekom djetinjstva i adolescencije. Škola, kao jedan od čimbenika socijalizacije, može imati veliki utjecaj na dijete, stoga je važno da škola djetetu pruža osjećaj sigurnosti, pripadnosti i povezanosti. Kada je to omogućeno, tada će dijete ostvariti bolji školski uspjeh, aktivno sudjelovati na nastavi, poštivati školska pravila, bez straha tražiti pomoć od učitelja s kojim će rado surađivati. No, tijekom adolescencije mijenja se odnos prema školi. Veliku ulogu u slabljenju interesa za školu ima prijelaz iz osnovne škole u srednju školu kada se adolescent susreće s novim vršnjacima, profesorima i okolinom. U mnogim istraživanjima uočeno je kako mlađi učenici iskazuju višu razinu privrženosti školi od starijih, dok učenice iskazuju višu razinu privrženosti od učenika. Također, često se privrženost školi i školski uspjeh povezuju s pojavom rizičnih ponašanja, pa su tako niska privrženost školi i slabi školski uspjeh glavni uzroci pojave rizičnih ponašanja., This paper describes the construct of attachment to school that is defined as a sense of belonging, feeling pride, safe and comfortable at school. Along with this term are related terms of school bonding, commitment, involvement, school climate and connectedness. Social Control Theory and Social Development Model are presented as the most important theories of school bonding. Social Control Theory examines the bonds between school bonding and risk behavior, while Social Development Model defines school bonding as a strong protective factor that prevents the development of various forms of behavioral problems. Attachment to school is viewed through three types of attachment: behavioral, emotional and cognitive attachment. Furthermore, some of the impacts on attachment to school are mentioned, such as characteristics of school, teacher's suport, peers and family. High or low level of attachment to school affects the school (non)success and the decision to abandon the school. Tha main part of this paper is devoted to the development path of attachment to school during childhood and adolescence. School, as one of the factors of socialization, can have a major impact on the child, so it is important for school to provide a sense of security, belonging and connection for children. When it is enabled, then the child will achieve better school success, will actively participate in classes, will respect school's rules, without fear will seek help from the teacher with whom he would like to cooperate. However, during adolescence relationship with school is changing. A major role in decreasing interest to school has transition from elementary school to high school when adolescent meets with new peers, professors and environment. Many studies has shown that younger students show a higher level of attachment to school than older students, while girls show higher level of attachment than boys. Also, attachment to school and school success are often associated with emergence of risky behavior, so low attachment to school and poor school success are the main causes of the emergence of risky behavior.

Agresivnost kod djece i adolescenata velik je problem današnjeg društva obilježenog brzim načinom života. Upravo zato rad se bavi nekim od najvažnijih određenja za razvoj agresivnosti kod djece i mladih. Ti čimbenici uključuju dob, spol, različite obiteljske faktore, školu,emocionalnu inteligenciju te pojavu agresije kod djece s ADHD-om. Ovakav pregled pruža detaljniji uvid u različite faktore koji, ovisno o kvaliteti, mogu postati rizični ili zaštitni čimbenici za agresivno ponašanje. Pregled pružen ovim radom za cilj ima razviti svijest o problematici nasilja te ukazati na elemente koje bi trebalo ojačati kako bi se organizirala kvalitetna prevencija nasilja među vršnjacima., Aggressive behaviour in children and adolescents is a substantial problem of today's society determined by the fast way of living. Precisely for that reason this paper deals with some of the most important determinations for the development of aggression in children and youth. Those factors include age, sex, different family related factors, school, emotional intelligence and the development of aggression in children with ADHD. This overview provides a detailed insight into different factors which, depending on their quality, can evolve into either risk or protective factors for aggressive behaviour. The review which this paper offers aims at building awareness of the problems of violence and at the same time pointing out the elements which require special attention in order to organise a better prevention of bullying.

Ovaj rad opisuje psihodramu, odgojno kazalište i forum kazalište kao metode scenske ekspresije. Cilj rada je prikazati nastanak forum teatra i njegovu primjenu u radu s mladima kroz primjere dobre prakse Forum skupine Savjetovališta 'Luka Ritz'. Naglasak je na pozitivnim učincima koje forum teatar nudi u razdoblju razvoja identiteta u adolescenciji te važnost primjene kreativnih metoda u odgoju i obrazovanju djece i mladih., This paper describes three methods of theatrical expression: psychodrama, educational theatre and forum theatre. The main goal of the paper is to show the origin of forum theatre and its use in work with youth through examples of good practice of Forum group from Savjetovalište ‘Luka Ritz’. Emphasis is on positive effects that forum theatre offers in period of identity development in adolescence and the importance of using creative methods in education of children and youth.

Ovaj rad bavi se obiteljskom kohezijom i komunikacijom s roditeljima adolescenata koji borave u učeničkom i roditeljskom domu. Cilj rada bio je istražiti neke dimenzije obiteljske kohezije i komunikacije te ispitati postoji li povezanost između kohezije obitelji i zadovoljstva komunikacijom u odnosu roditelja i adolescenta iz percepcije adolescenta.Tema obiteljske kohezije i komunikacije s roditeljima razrađena je kroz teorijski prikaz i istraživanje na uzorku adolescenata koji borave u učeničkom i roditeljskom domu. Teorijski dio rada sastoji se od nekoliko poglavlja u kojima se daje prikaz definicija obitelji, teorija o obitelji te određenja obitelji u suvremenom kontekstu. U tom kontekstu navedena su neka od obilježja obitelji i njezinih zadaća kao i opis teorija o obitelji koje, svaka sa svoje perspektive, opisuju obitelj i njezino funkcioniranje. Isto tako, teorijski je prikazano i funkcioniranje obitelji na primjeru Cirkumpleks modela obiteljskog i bračnog funkcioniranja.U istraživanju je primijenjen Cirkumpleks model obiteljskog i bračnog funkcioniranja koji se sastoji od tri dimenzije: obiteljske kohezije, fleksibilnosti ili adaptibilnosti i komunikacije u obitelji. Ispitivale su se dvije dimenzije obiteljskog funkcioniranja: obiteljska kohezija i komunikacija. Ispitivanje ovih dimenzija obiteljskog funkcioniranja provedeno je na N=100 ispitanika koji borave u učeničkom i roditeljskom domu. Potvrđeno je da adolescenti koji obitelj procjenjuju kohezivnijom zadovoljniji su komunikacijom s roditeljima od adolescenata koji obitelj procjenjuju manje kohezivnom. Ovim istraživanjem nije pronađena značajna razlika s obzirom na obiteljsku kohezivnost adolescenata koji borave u roditeljskom i učeničkom domu. Nadalje, nije pronađena značajna razlika u zadovoljstvu komunikacijom adolescenta koji borave u učeničkom i roditeljskom domu. Naposljetku, nije pronađena spolna razlika obzirom na zadovoljstvo komunikacijom s roditeljima., This paper deals with family cohesion and communication with parents among adolescents who live in their parents home and those who live in students dorm. Main goal oft his paper was to explore some dimensions of family cohesion and to explore is there a conection between famils cohesion and communication satisfaction in parent adolescent relationship.Family cohesion and communication with parents is developed through theoretical presentation and research on adolescents who live in students dorm and those who live i their parents home. Theoretical part of this paper consists of several chapters, in chapters are given some definitions of family, theories of family and the definition of family in the modern context. In this context, presents some of the characteristics of the family and its functions and a description of the theory of families , each with their own perspective , describing the family and its functioning. Also, in the paper is theoretically shown and functioning of the family on the example of Circumplex model of family and marital functioning.This paper aplied Cirkumplex model of family and marital functioning that consists three dimensions: family cohesion, flexibility and family communication. This paper examined the two dimensions of family functioning: family cohesion and communication. Testing of these dimensions of family functioning was conducted on 100 respondents residing in student and parental home. It was confirmed that adolescents who estimated more cohesive family are satisfied with communication with parents of adolescents who estimate less cohesive family. This research has not been confirmed or not found a statistically significant difference in responses to adolescents who daily live with their parents perceive a greater cohesiveness of their families of adolescents who live in a students dorm, adolescents who live in the parental home are more satisfied with communication with parents of adolescents who live in a students dorm and that female respondents are more satisfied communication with parents of male respondents.

Nasilje u mladenačkim vezama sve se više prepoznaje kao javnozdravstveni problem zbog brojnih nepovoljnih posljedica za mentalno zdravlje mladih. Upravo zbog toga, javlja se potreba istraživanja individualnih zaštitnih čimbenika kao unutarnjih snaga svake mlade osobe koji umanjuju rizike za pojavu nasilja u mladenačkim vezama. Cilj ovoga rada je ispitati odnos činjenja i doživljavanja različitih vrsta nasilja u vezama mladih i individualnih zaštitnih čimbenika kod srednjoškolaca Grada Zagreba i Zagrebačke županije. Individualni zaštitni čimbenici obuhvaćeni ovim istraživanjem su: samoučinkovitost i samopoimanje, empatija, rješavanje problema te postojanje ciljeva i težnji za budućnost. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 1071 srednjoškolaca tijekom svibnja i lipnja 2022., a konačni uzorak uključen u analizu obuhvaća 393 sudionika. Istraživanje je provedeno u sklopu institucionalnog projekta Edukacijsko – rehabilitacijskog fakulteta. Nadalje, upotrebljeni su idući instrumenti: Upitnik iskustva počinjenih nasilnih ponašanja u vezi (Ajduković, Löw i Sušac, 2011), Upitnik iskustva doživljenih nasilnih ponašanja u vezi (Ajduković, Löw i Sušac, 2011) te Modul otpornosti i razvoja mladih (PMORM; WestEd i CDE, 2000, 2001). U analizama podataka primjenjene su metode deskriptivne statistike, korelacije, Spearmanov koeficijent korelacije te Kolmogorov – Smirnovljev test. Ovim istraživanjem utvrđeno je postojanje statistički značajne povezanosti između nasilja u vezama mladih i empatije, samosvijesti, samoučinkovitosti te ciljeva i težnji za budućnost. Konkretno, rezultati su pokazali sljedeće: 1) s povećanjem razine empatije, smanjuje se učestalost činjenja seksualnog nasilja i doživljavanja fizičkog nasilja; 2) s povećanjem posjednovanja ciljeva i težnji za budućnost, smanjuje se učestalost činjenja seksualnog nasilja u vezama mladih; 3) s povećanjem razine samoučinkovitosti, smanjuje se učestalost doživljavanja nasilja u vezi općenito, a osobito psihičkog nasilja te s povećanjem razine samosvijesti, smanjuje se učestalost činjenja nasilja u vezi općenito, osobito psihičkog i fizičkog nasilje te se smanjuje učestalost doživljavanja nasilja u vezama općenito, a posebno psihičkog i seksualnog nasilja. Iz rezultata istraživanja moguće je primjetiti kako se samosvijest pokazala izrazito značajnim zaštitnim čimbenikom, obzirom da je u najvećoj mjeri povezana s doživljavanjem i činjenjem različitih vrsta nasilja u vezama mladih. Spoznaje dobivene ovim istraživanjem podižu svijest o važnosti usmjeravanja programa prevencije nasilja u mladenačkim vezama prema prepoznavanju i osnaživanju unutarnjih jakih snaga mladih, razvoju empatije i pozitivne slike o sebi te osvještavanju osobnih interesa i želja za budućnost., Teen dating violence is increasingly recognised as a public health problem due to numerous devastating consequences for the mental health of young people. Due to that, there is a need to investigate individual protective factors, who reduces the risks of teen dating abuse. The goal of this paper is to examine the relationship between committing and experiencing different types of teen dating abuse and selected individual protective factors among high school students of the City of Zagreb and Zagreb County. Individual protective factors included in this research are: self-awareness and self-efficacy, empathy, problem solving and the existence of goals and aspirations for the future. The survey was conducted on a sample of 1071 secondary school pupils in the period from 23 May 2022 to 20 June 2022 and is part of an institutional project at the Faculty of Education and rehabilitation. The final sample shall cover 393 participants. Moreover, the following instruments were used: The questionnaire of teen dating violence perpetration (Ajduković, Löw i Sušac, 2011); The questionnaire of teen dating violence victimazation (Ajduković, Löw i Sušac, 2011) and Resilience and Youth Development Module (PMORM; WestEd and CDE, 2000, 2001). Data were analysed via descriptive statistics, correlation, Spearman's correlation coefficient and Kolmogorov – Smirnov's test. This research established the existence of a statistically significant connection between youth violence and empathy, self-awareness, self-efficacy and goals and aspirations for the future. In particular, the results showed that: 1) as the level of empathy increases, the frequency of committing sexual violence and experiencing physical violence decreases; 2) as the pursuit of goals and aspirations for the future increases, the frequency of committing sexual violence in youth relationships decreases; 3) as the level of self-efficacy increases, the frequency of experiencing teen dating violence decreases, especially psychological forms of violence and 4) as the level of self-awareness increases, the frequency of committing teen dating violence decreases, especially psychological and physical forms of violence and also, the frequency of experiencing teen dating violence decreases, especially psychological and sexual forms of violence in adolescent relationships. Self-awareness has proven to be a very important protective factor, since it is mostly related to experiencing and committing different types of teen dating violence. The results of this research can contribute to awareness of the importance of directing youth violence prevention programs towards recognizing and empowering youth's protective factors, developing a empathy and positive self-image along with developing adolescents personal interests and desires for the future.

Cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je utvrditi pripadaju li društvene mreže čimbenicima rizika za razvoj problema u ponašanju adolescenata. Rad se sastoji od teorijskog dijela koji obuhvaća određivanje pojmova adolescencija, društvene mreže i problemi u ponašanju te predstavljanja njihovog međuodnosa. U drugome dijelu rada predstavljeno je istraživanje u kojem je kvalitativno analizirano 2500 komentara na objave na društvenim mrežama Instagram i TikTok. Komentari najvećeg broja objava većim su dijelom neutralni, dok pretežito podržavajuće i nepodržavajuće komentare nalazimo kod jednakog broja objava. The primary objective of this thesis was to investigate the potential role of social media platforms as risk factors in the developement of behavioral problems among adolescents. The thesis consists of a theoretical part that includes the determination of the concepts of adolescence, social networks and behavioral problems and the presentation of their interrelationship. In the second part of the paper, research was presented in which 2,500 comments on posts on social networks Instagram and TikTok were qualitatively analyzed. The comments on most of the analyzed posts are for the most part neutral, while predominantly supportive and non-supportive comments are found in an equal number of posts.

Rad se temelji na istraživanju utjecaja okoline, odnosno vršnjaka, na rizična seksualna ponašanja mladih. Populaciju na kojoj je provedeno istraživanje čine studenti prve godine Fakulteta prometnih znanosti, Građevinskog fakulteta i Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Uvodni dio obuhvaća teorije adolescencije, spolno i seksualno sazrijevanje u razdoblju adolescencije, te definiranje rizičnih seksualnih ponašanja. Središnji dio rada posvećen je metodologiji istraživanja. Prema postavljenim hipotezama očekivala se pozitivna povezanost između rizičnih seksualnih ponašanja i konzumacije alkohola, te pozitivna povezanost između rizičnih seksualnih ponašanja i utjecaja vršnjaka. Rezultati dobiveni istraživanjem nisu u skladu s očekivanim rezultatima, niti prijašnjim istraživanjima. U zaključku su navedene preporuke za buduća istraživanja., This paper is based on a research how the environment (i.e. peers) influences on increase in risky sexual behavior in adolescents. The population which was subject to research consists of undergraduate students (1st year) of Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, Faculty of Law and Faculty of Construction sciences. The introduction encompasses theories of adolescence, sexual development during adolescence and defining various types of risky sexual behavior. The main part of the paper includes research methodology. Based on the paper’s hypostasis, a positive correlation was expected between risky sexual behavior and alcohol consumption as well as positive correlation between risky sexual behavior and peer influence. However, the results obtained thought the research were not in accordance with expectations (i.e. hypothesis) or prior research. The conclusion outlines recommendations for further research.

Rad istražuje kakav je prikaz mladih u suvremenom francuskom filmu. Temelji se na analizi deset francuskih filmova nastalih u razdoblju između 2000. i 2015. godine u kojima su protagonisti adolescenti. Radi se o coming-of-age filmovima koji prikazuju psihološki i moralni razvitak glavnih likova koji su na prelasku iz mladosti u odraslo doba. Prije same analize, rad donosi pregled razvoja francuskog filma, od braće Lumière koja su izumila kinematograf pa do suvremenog francuskog filma koji se analizira u radu. Istraživanje je pokazalo kako je dominantna tema u analiziranim suvremenim francuskim filmovima seksualnost. Mladi često promišljaju o navedenoj temi što ne čudi s obzirom da tek počinju razumijevati taj koncept te ispitivati svoj položaj u navedenom polju. Prilikom analize, adolescencija se pokazala kao turbulentno razdoblje u životu zbog čestih konflikata u koje mladi ulaze osjećajući se neshvaćeno. Sukobljavaju se najčešće u školi, s kolegama i profesorima, nakon čega slijede prepirke unutar obitelji. Svoje probleme i konflikte mladi rješavaju na različite načine, nerijetko izabirući bijeg kao najlakše rješenje. Kao krajnji način suočavanja s problemima neki odabiru samoubojstvo. The paper examines the representation of youth in contemporary French cinema. Research is based on an analysis of ten French films made between 2000 and 2015 in which protagonists are adolescents. These are coming-of-age movies that show the psychological and moral development of the main characters who are on the transition from youth to adulthood. Prior to analysis, paper offers a review of the development of French cinematography, from the time when brothers Lumière invented cinematograph until the contemporary French cinema, which is analyzed in the paper. Research has shown that the dominant theme in the analyzed contemporary French films is sexuality. Young people often think about indicated topic which is not surprising considering that they only begin to understand that concept and examine its position in that field. In the analysis, the adolescence proved to be a turbulent period of life because of frequent conflicts young people are being part of feeling misunderstood. They argue mostly at school with peers and teachers, followed by dissensions within the family. Youngsters are solving their own problems and conflicts in different ways, often choosing escape as the easiest solution. As the ultimate way of dealing with problems some choose suicide.

Rad istražuje kakav je prikaz mladih u suvremenom francuskom filmu. Temelji se na analizi deset francuskih filmova nastalih u razdoblju između 2000. i 2015. godine u kojima su protagonisti adolescenti. Radi se o coming-of-age filmovima koji prikazuju psihološki i moralni razvitak glavnih likova koji su na prelasku iz mladosti u odraslo doba. Prije same analize, rad donosi pregled razvoja francuskog filma, od braće Lumière koja su izumila kinematograf pa do suvremenog francuskog filma koji se analizira u radu. Istraživanje je pokazalo kako je dominantna tema u analiziranim suvremenim francuskim filmovima seksualnost. Mladi često promišljaju o navedenoj temi što ne čudi s obzirom da tek počinju razumijevati taj koncept te ispitivati svoj položaj u navedenom polju. Prilikom analize, adolescencija se pokazala kao turbulentno razdoblje u životu zbog čestih konflikata u koje mladi ulaze osjećajući se neshvaćeno. Sukobljavaju se najčešće u školi, s kolegama i profesorima, nakon čega slijede prepirke unutar obitelji. Svoje probleme i konflikte mladi rješavaju na različite načine, nerijetko izabirući bijeg kao najlakše rješenje. Kao krajnji način suočavanja s problemima neki odabiru samoubojstvo., The paper examines the representation of youth in contemporary French cinema. Research is based on an analysis of ten French films made between 2000 and 2015 in which protagonists are adolescents. These are coming-of-age movies that show the psychological and moral development of the main characters who are on the transition from youth to adulthood. Prior to analysis, paper offers a review of the development of French cinematography, from the time when brothers Lumière invented cinematograph until the contemporary French cinema, which is analyzed in the paper. Research has shown that the dominant theme in the analyzed contemporary French films is sexuality. Young people often think about indicated topic which is not surprising considering that they only begin to understand that concept and examine its position in that field. In the analysis, the adolescence proved to be a turbulent period of life because of frequent conflicts young people are being part of feeling misunderstood. They argue mostly at school with peers and teachers, followed by dissensions within the family. Youngsters are solving their own problems and conflicts in different ways, often choosing escape as the easiest solution. As the ultimate way of dealing with problems some choose suicide.

U hrvatskom obrazovnom sustavu, prijelaz iz osnovne u srednju školu je uobičajena pojava, no može biti itekako stresna za mladu osobu. Stres je prisutan u pogledu odabira odgovarajuće škole, a mogući izvori stresa i negativnih osjećaja su i prelazak u jedno sasvim novo i nepoznato okruženje, povećan obim i zahtjevnost gradiva, stroži nastavnici te sklapanje novih prijateljstava. Negativne osjećaje još dodatno potenciraju brojne emocionalne, kognitivne i fizičke promjene s kojima su mladi suočeni, a koje su specifične za razdoblje adolescencije. Imajući na umu specifičnosti prijelaza, kroz rad se naglašava važnost prevencije i preventivnih nastojanja da se navedena problematika ublaži. S obzirom na mnoge izazove koje prijelaz donosi i moguće negativne posljedice, u radu je prikazan razvoj preventivnog programa za djelotvornije nošenje sa izazovima prelaska iz osnovne u srednju školu., In the Croatian education system, the transition to high school is a common occurrence, but it can also be very stressful for a young person. Stress is present in terms of choosing the right school but also move to completely new and unfamiliar environment, increased and more complex curriculum, tough teachers and new peer relationships can be possible sources of stress and many negative feelings. Negative feelings even further emphasize many emotional, cognitive and physical changes that young people are facing during adolescence. Having in mind the specifics of the transition, this paper highlights the importance of prevention and preventive efforts to reduce these problems. In view of many challenges that transition brings and possible negative consequences, the paper presents development of prevention program aimed to successful coping with transition from primary to secondary school.

Adolescencija predstavlja razdoblje povećanog rizika za pojavu emocionalnih i ponašajnih problema zbog intenzivnih promjena u nizu aspekata tjelesnog i psihosocijalnog funkcioniranja. Kao polazište istraživanja prikazanog u ovom radu korišten je Achenbachov multivarijatni statistički pristup kojim se istražuje zastupljenost različitih problema u adolescentnoj dobi. Specifičan cilj rada je bio ispitati zastupljenost različitih sindroma kod mlađih adolescenata: anksioznosti/depresivnosti, povlačenja, tjelesnih poteškoća, agresivnosti, kršenja pravila, socijalnih problema, problema mišljenja i pažnje kao i zastupljenost zasebnih skupina internaliziranih i eksternaliziranih problema. Razmatrale su se i rodne razlike u zastupljenosti pojedinih problema te odnosi između internaliziranih i eksternaliziranih problema. Ujedno su dobiveni rezultati uspoređeni s normama postavljenim na uzorku djece i mladih u Republici Hrvatskoj u istraživanju Rudan i sur. (2005.). U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 937 učenika sedmih i osmih razreda osnovnih škola grada Zadra (476 adolescentica i 461 adolescenata) prosječne dobi 13 godina. Zastupljenost različitih problema ispitana je Skalom samoprocjene ponašanja mladih (YSR − Youth Self-Report, Achenbach i Rescorla, 2001.). Dobiveni rezultati na cijelom uzorku ukazuju da adolescenti iskazuju nešto više procjene zastupljenosti skupine internaliziranih problema nego skupine eksternaliziranih problema. Analizom rodnih razlika dobiveni rezultati ukazuju da su procjene zastupljenosti skupine internaliziranih problema više kod adolescentica u odnosu na adolescente. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na razlike u zastupljenosti simptoma anksioznosti/depresivnosti i tjelesnih poteškoća (koje su više zastupljene kod adolescentica) te kršenja pravila − delinkvencije (koje je više zastupljeno kod adolescenata). Nadalje, utvrđeni su značajni pozitivni odnosi između internaliziranih i eksternaliziranih problema. Na osnovi usporedbe s postavljenim normama u prijašnjim istraživanjima sa adolescentima (Rudan i sur., 2005.), ovo istraživanje ukazuje na blago više procjene zastupljenosti različitih problema kod adolescenata., Adolescence is a time of increased risk of emotional and behavioural problems due to intense changes in many aspects of physical and psycho-social functioning. The starting point for the research presented in this paper is the Achenbach's multivariate statistical approach exploring the incidence of various problems specific to adolescence. The specific purpose of the paper was to examine the incidence of various psychopathological problems in younger adolescents: anxiety/depression, alienation, physical difficulties, aggression, rule-breaking, social issues, opinion and attention issues, as well as the incidence of specific groups of internalised and externalised problems. The paper also considered gender differences with regard to incidence of individual problems, and the relations between internalised and externalised problems. The results were also compared with the standard values established on a sample of Croatian children and adolescents investigated in the research conducted by Rudan et al. (2005). A total of 937 primary school students in the seventh and eighth grades from Zadar (476 female and 461 male adolescents) of an average age of 13 years participated in the research. The incidence of various problems was investigated with the use of the Youth Self-Report rating scale (YSR, Achenbach and Rescorla, 2001). The results obtained for the entire sample show that adolescents exhibit a greater incidence of estimated internalised problems in comparison to externalised problems. The gender differences analysis shows that the incidence of estimated internalised problems is greater in female than in male adolescents. By examining the gender differences occurring in individual syndromes, the results exhibit differences in the incidence of the anxiety/depression and physical difficulties (more common in female adolescents) and rule-breaking – delinquency (more common in male adolescents). Furthermore, the research showed significant positive relations between internalised and externalised problems, and based on the comparison with the standard values established in previous research on adolescents (Rudan et al., 2005), this research shows a mild increase in the incidence of various estimated problems in adolescents.

U ovom radu prikazuju se i interpretiraju rezultati istraživanja provedenog od siječnja do srpnja 2022. godine na uzorku od 200 ispitanika u dobi od 18 do 29 godina. Po dobivenim rezultatima, iako okruženi prijateljima, mladi su se i dalje osjećali drugačijima i izoliranima ali ne zbog preispitivanja svoje seksualnosti i rodnog identiteta – u to iskazuju da su sigurni. Nisu se osjećali fizički privlačno te su uzore „perfektnog“ tijela i lica pronalazili u medijima. Rezultati istraživanja nam prikazuju da mladi uglavnom imaju zdravu i toplu vezu sa svojim roditeljima, prouzročena autoritativnim odgojnim stilom. O važnosti uvođenja zdravstvenog (seksualnog) odgoja kao predmeta u školu govori i činjenica da mladi nikada nisu razgovarali s roditeljima o većini seksualnih tema, koje mogu uvelike utjecati na njihove živote, već su istražujući po internetu nalazili potrebne informacije – ili kod teme ljubavnih veza, u filmovima i serijama. Unatoč tome što su poneki u djetinjstvu učeni negativnijim stavovima, mladi imaju pozitivan stav prema LGBTIQ+ zajednici., This paper presents and interprets the results of a survey conducted from January to July 2022 on a sample of 200 subjects, age 18 to 29. According to the obtained results, although surrounded by friends, young people still felt different and isolated, but not because of questioning their sexual orientation and gender identity – of those, they are sure. They did not feel physically attractive and found models of the „perfect“ body and face in the media. The research results show us that young people mostly have a healthy and warm relationship with their parents, caused by an authoritative parenting style. The importance of introducing health (sexual) education as a subject in school is also indicated by the fact that young people never talked to their parents about most sexual topics, which can greatly affect their lives, but instead found the necessary information by researching the Internet – or on the subject of romantic relationships, in films and series. Despite the fact that some of them were taught more negative attitudes in childhood, young people have a positive attitude towards the LGBTIQ+ community.

Temeljni cilj ovoga rada je ispitati razinu nepovoljnih iskustava u djetinjstvu, počinjenja i doživljavanja nasilja u mladenačkim vezama te povezanost ovih fenomena kod učenika i učenica srednjih škola Grada Zagreba i Zagrebačke županije. Specifično, istraživanjem se nastoji utvrditi pojavnost počinjenja i doživljavanja različitih vrsta nasilja u romantičnim vezama te razlike u vrstama počinjenog i doživljenog nasilja u odnosu na spol kod učenika i učenica srednjih škola Grada Zagreba i Zagrebačke županije. Nastoji se utvrditi postotak mladih koji su doživjeli jedno i četiri ili više nepovoljnih iskustava u djetinjstvu te postoji li statistički značajna povezanost između broja doživljenih nepovoljnih iskustava u djetinjstvu te počinjenja i doživljavanja različitih vrsta nasilja u mladenačkim vezama. Istraživanje je nastalo u sklopu institucionalnog projekta na Edukacijsko – rehabilitacijskom fakultetu te je ono je provedeno u online obliku, preko servisa LimeSurvey u razdoblju od 23. svibnja 2022. do 20. lipnja 2022. Podaci su prikupljeni na uzorku N=1071 učenika i učenica 7 srednjih škola Grada Zagreba i Zagrebačke županije. Sudjelovanje u istraživanju bilo je dobrovoljno i anonimno. Instrumentarij se sastojao od: 1) Upitnika o sociodemografskim obilježjima, 2) prilagođene verzije Upitnika nepovoljnih iskustava u djetinjstvu (Finkelhor i sur., 2015), 3) Upitnika počinjenih nasilnih ponašanja u vezi (Ajduković, Löw i Sušac, 2011) i 4) Upitnika doživljenih nasilnih ponašanja u vezi (Ajduković, Löw i Sušac, 2011). Za obradu podataka korištene su se metode deskriptivne statistike (aritmetička sredina, standardna devijacija, frekvencija odgovora), korelacije, Spearmanov koeficijent korelacije, Mann – Whitneyev test te Kolmogorov – Smirnovljev test za testiranje normalnosti distribucije. Prema dobivenim podacima mladi su najčešće izloženi psihičkim oblicima nasilja, bilo da ga sami čine ili doživljavaju, zatim slijedi fizičko nasilje, dok su činjenje i doživljavanje seksualnih oblika nasilničkog ponašanja najrjeđe zastupljeni. Nadalje, rezultati pokazuju kako djevojke češće čine psihičke i fizičke oblike nasilja u ljubavnim vezama te češće doživljavaju psihičko nasilje, dok razlika prema spolu nije utvrđena u činjenju seksualnog nasilja niti izloženosti fizičkim i seksualnim oblicima nasilničkog ponašanja u adolescentskim ljubavnim odnosima. Rezultati pokazuju kako je 68.5% sudionika doživjelo barem jedno nepovoljno iskustvo tijekom odrastanja, dok 28.3% adolescenata izvještava o četiri ili više doživljenih takvih iskustava. Spearmanovim koeficijentom korelacije utvrđena je statistički značajna umjerena pozitivna povezanost između broja nepovoljnih iskustava u djetinjstvu i počinjenja nasilja u mladenačkim vezama (r=.348, p0.01) te doživljavanja psihičkih oblika nasilja u vezi (r=.382, p, The main goal of this paper is to test adverse childhood experiences, teen dating violence perpetration and victimization and correlation between these phenomenas among male and female secondary school students of the City of Zagreb and Zagreb County. Specifically, the research seeks to determine incidence of committing and experiencing different types of violence in romantic relationships and the differences in perpetration and victimization teen dating violence in relation to gender of participants. Furthermore, to determine the percentage of young people who experienced one or four and more adverse childhood experiences. Also, this research seeks to determine whether there is statistically significant correlation between the number of adverse childhood experiences and perpetration and victimization of different types of violence in youth relationships. This research was created as part of an institutional project at the Faculty Education and Rehabilitation Sciences and it was conducted online through LimeSurvey during the period from May 23rd to June 20th of 2022. The data was collected on a sample of N = 1071 male and female secondary school students of the City of Zagreb and Zagreb County. Participation in the research was voluntary and anonymus. The instrument consisted of: 1) The questionnaire of sociodemographic data, 2) an adapted verison of the Questionnaire of adverse childhood experiences (Finkelhor i sur., 2015), 3) The questionnaire of teen dating violence perpetration (Ajduković, Löw i Sušac, 2011) and 4) The questionnaire of teen dating violence victimazation (Ajduković, Löw i Sušac, 2011). Dana were analysed via descriptive statistics (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, response frequency), correlation, Spearman's correlation coefficient, Mann – Whitney's test and Kolmogorov – Smirnov's test for testing normality of distribution. According to the collected data, young people are most often exposed to psychological forms of violence, whether they commit or experience it themselves, followed by physical violence, while committing and experiencing sexual forms of violent behavior are the least represented. Furthermore, results show that girls more often commit psychological and physical forms of violence in romantic relationships and more often experience psychological forms of violence, while gender differences where not found in committing sexual violence and exposure to physical and sexual forms of violent behavior in adolescent relationships. Results show that 68.5% of participants experienced at least one adverse childhood experiences while growing up, while 28.3% of adolescents reported four or more such experiences. Spearman's coefficient of correlation found a statistically significant moderate positive correlation between number of adverse childhood experiences and teen dating violence perpetration (r=.348, p0.01) and experiencing psychological forms of violence in a relationship (r=.382, p

Adolescencija je razdoblje razvoja u kojem dolazi do značajnih promjena u svim aspektima razvoja čovjeka te su mladići i djevojke u tom periodu izrazito podložni utjecaju okoline. Istovremeno, napredak digitalne tehnologije dovodi do novih oblika komunikacije, novih načina stvaranja veza s vršnjacima i time uzrokuje promjene u cjelokupnom funkcioniranju društva. Socijalni mediji su neizostavan dio spomenutog napretka tehnologije i odrastanja te na poseban, nov način oblikuju razmišljanja i ponašanja korisnika, u ovom slučaju adolescenata. Omogućuju simultanu interakciju s mnogo ljudi i organizacija, a korisnici su stalno izloženi povratnim informacijama drugih što zahtijeva posebnu pozornost jer upravo ta stalna, virtualna interakcija s okolinom može biti korisna, ali i zabrinjavajuća. Naime, s jedne strane, socijalni mediji mogu imati pozitivan doprinos razvoju uravnotežene osobnosti, no, neizbježni su i oni destruktivni sadržaji koji, uz ostale faktore, mogu dovesti do negativnog uspoređivanja, osjećaja manje vrijednosti, nezadovoljstva vlastitim tijelom i slično. Posljedično, u adolescenata se mogu javiti poremećaji u prehrani, mentalni poremećaji, poremećaji slike tijela i dr. što može negativno utjecati na funkcioniranje u društvu i psihofizičko blagostanje. S obzirom na navedeno, definiran je cilj ovog rada koji se odnosio na razmatranje odrednica koje definiraju specifičnu povezanost socijalnih medija i slike tijela u populaciji adolescenata. U tu svrhu proveden je sustavni pregled dostupne literature, odnosno, znanstvenih istraživanja dostupnih na online bazama časopisa kao što su Scopus, WoS, Google Scholar, Hrčak, Dabar i dr. Rezultati znanstvenih obuhvaćenih ovim pregledom literature ukazali su na negativan utjecaj socijalnih medija na sliku tijela odnosno povećanu zabrinutost oko izgleda vlastitog tijela i sniženo zadovoljstvo vlastitim tijelom kod adolescenata koji su češće izloženi socijalnim medijima. Stoga je važno posvetiti primjerenu pažnju ovoj temi kako bi se određenim intervencijama u najvećoj mogućoj mjeri smanjili negativni, a povećali pozitivni učinci neminovne izloženosti adolescenata digitalnim tehnologijama., Adolescence is a period of development during which significant changes occur in all aspects of human development, making young men and women in this period extremely susceptible to the influence of their surroundings. By introducing new forms of communication and new ways of connecting with peers, the progress of digital technology is causing changes in the way society functions as a whole. Social Media is an unavoidable part of progress mentioned above and growing up and in a special, new way, shapes the thoughts and behaviour of its users, in this case adolescents. It enables simultaneous interaction with multiple people and organisations, while the users are constantly exposed to others' feedback which demands special attention, precisely because this continuous virtual interaction with our surroundings can be useful but also concerning. On the one hand, social media can have a positive impact on the development of the personality, but destructive contents which, among other factors, can lead to negative (upward) comparison, low self-esteem, body dissatisfaction etc., are unavoidable. Consequently, eating disorders, mental disorders and body image distortions etc. can be developed in adolescents, and may negatively affect social interactions and psychophysical well-being of an individual. Accordingly, the aim of this paper has been defined as pertaining to the consideration of determinants that define the specific interconnectivity of social media and body image in adolescent population. To that purpose, an overview of available scientific researches available on different abstract and citation databases such as Scopus, WoS, Google Scholar, Hrčak, Dabar etc., has been made. The results of the scientific research consulted in this overview indicate a negative impact of social media on body image, increased concern with body appearance, and lowered body satisfaction in adolescents who are more often exposed to social media. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to this topic in order to minimize negative and increase the positive effects of the inevitable exposure of adolescents to digital technologies.

Slika tijela subjektivna je reprezentacija vlastitog tjelesnog izgleda koja odražava percepciju, mišljenje i osjećaje osobe vezane uz njezino tijelo. Važnost slike tijela posebno se ističe kada ona biva narušena ili iskrivljena tijekom rasta i razvoja te kada počinje stvarati probleme u različitim područjima funkcioniranja pojedinca, od emocionalnog, preko kognitivnog do bihevioralnog. U okviru ovog rada učinjen je pregled istraživanja nezadovoljstva tijelom kao jednog od poremećaja slike tijela koji je posebno izražen tijekom adolescencije, razdoblja mnogobrojnih i drastičnih tjelesnih promjena. Iako je nezadovoljstvo tijelom kod adolescentnih djevojaka, zbog svoje učestalosti postalo gotovo normativno u zapadnim kulturama, njegova zastupljenost nije zanemariva ni kod adolescentnih mladića, kod kojih se zaokupljenost mišićavošću tijela i primjena strategija za njegovim dostizanjem ističu kao važna pitanja vezana uz njihovu sliku tijela. Brojni su čimbenici koji utječu na nastanak i održavanje nezadovoljstva tijelom, a u ovom je radu dan osvrt na pojedine razvojne i socijalne čimbenike, poput vremena pubertalnog sazrijevanja te roditeljskog i vršnjačkog utjecaja. Na kraju rada prikazane su i tehnike procjene nezadovoljstva tijelom., Body image is the subjective representation of one’s physical appearance that reflects perceptions, opinions and feelings connected to one’s body. The importance of body image particularly stands out as it gets compromised or distorted during growth and development when it begins to create problems in an individual’s various areas of functioning. This study reviews the research of body dissatisfaction as one of body image disorders which are particularly pronounced during adolescence, a period of numerous and drastic physical changes. Although body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls is very common in Western cultures, its presence is not negligible in adolescent boys either. Their preoccupation with muscle tone and strategies of increasing muscle mass stand out as important issues related to body image. There are many factors which influence the formation and maintenance of body dissatisfaction. This paper presents an overview of some developmental and social factors, such as pubertal timing and parental and peer influence. The techniques of body dissatisfaction assessment are presented at the end of this paper.

U članku se govori o četiri romana za mlade autorice Sanje Pilić: O mamama sve najbolje, Mrvice iz dnevnog boravka, Sasvim sam popubertetio i Jesam li se zaljubila? Istaknut će se važnost autorice u hrvatskoj dječjoj književnosti te će navedena djela biti interpretirana na način da će se ukratko opisati njihov sadržaj i značaj, a opširnije će biti interpretirani glavni likovi, njihove zajedničke i individualne osobine, čija je glavna zajednička karakteristika da su svi u pubertetu. Kako ih autorica prikazuje onakvima kakvi su tinejdžeri u stvarnom životu, u članku će biti prikazane sličnosti i razlike između spomenutih dječaka i djevojčica. U stručnoj psihološkoj literaturi pronađene su činjenice koje potkrepljuju navedene sličnosti i razlike. Iako su po mnogočemu slični, svaki je lik, kao i svaka osoba u stvarnome životu, poseban, jedinstven i ima jasno izraženu osobnost., The paper discusses the four novels for the young by the author Sanja Pilić including the following: O mamama sve najbolje, Mrvice iz dnevnog boravka, Sasvim sam popubertetio and Jesam li se zaljubila? In addition to the emphasis of the author's importance in the Croatian children's literature, the interpretation of the novels is aimed at briefly outlining their contents and significance. A more detailed interpretation is dedicated to the main characters and their individual and common traits, adolescence being the most important one. Furthermore, the paper deals with the similarities and differences between the characters of boys and girls who are depicted true to their real-life counterparts. The evidence supporting those similarities and differences can be found in the psychological literature. Although in many respects similar, each character, as well as each person in real life, is unique with their striking personality.

U radu je izneseno nekoliko problema vezanih uz teorijsko obrađivanje pojma emocionalnog zlostavljanja s obzirom na poteškoće definiranja ovog, prema nekim autorima, najsloženijeg oblika zlostavljanja, te s obzirom na poteškoće razgraničavanja, "mjerenja" i kategoriziranja pojedinih pojavnih oblika roditeljskog ponašanja koja možemo opisati kao emocionalno zlostavljanje. Osim toga u radu su iznesene neke osobitosti emocionalnog zlostavljanja u obiteljima adolescenata, kao i mehanizmi obrane selfa prilikom zlostavljanja djece i adolescenata. Na kraju autor govori o nekim aspektima uloge profesionalnih pomagača u radu s roditeljima čiji odnos s adolescentima ima obilježja emocionalnog zlostavljanja., The paper presents several problems related to the theoretical elaboration of the term emotional abuse regarding the difficulties connected with defining this abuse, which is according to some authors, the most difficult form of abuse and considering the difficulties of its classification, ‘measuring’ and categorisation of individual manifestations of parental behaviour that can be described as emotional abuse. Apart from that, the paper presents some specific features of emotional abuse in adolescents’ families, as well as the mechanisms of self-defence during the abuse of children and adolescents. In the end the author discusses some aspects of the role of professional helpers in the work with parents whose relation with adolescents shows characteristics of emotional abuse.

Socijalne vještine naučeni su oblici ponašanja koja se uče i razvijaju cijeli život promatranjem i imitacijom interakcija u različitim situacijama iz okoline. Omogućuju pojedincu da učinkovito surađuje i ostvaruje interakciju s drugima te da uspješno funkcionira u socijalnoj okolini. Oštećenje vida ograničava mogućnosti za spontano učenje istih, stoga je slijepoj i slabovidnoj djeci potrebno verbalno opisati i demonstrirati različita socijalna ponašanja. U procesu razvoja socijalnih vještina roditelji imaju veliku ulogu jer su oni prvi socijalizacijski faktor s kojim se dijete susreće. Njihov najintenzivniji razvoj odvija se u školskoj dobi, pogotovo adolescenciji – prijelaznom razdoblju između djetinjstva i odrasle dobi kojeg karakteriziraju brojne fizičke, emocionalne i kognitivne promjene te socijalni izazovi. Cilj ovog rada je utvrditi postoje li, prema procjeni roditelja, razlike u području socijalnih vještina između učenika oštećena vida srednjoškolskog uzrasta s obzirom na spol i stupanj oštećenja vida. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 20 roditelja učenika oštećena vida: 9 roditelja učenika i 11 roditelja učenica. Prema stupnju oštećenja vida 11 je slabovidnih, a 9 slijepih učenika. Za procjenu socijalnih vještina korištena je subskala socijalnih vještina instrumenta Social Skills Improvement System (Gresham i Elliot, 2008). Roditelji su procjenjivali socijalne vještine svoje djece u područjima komunikacije, kooperativnosti, asertivnosti, odgovornosti, empatije, uključenosti i samokontrole. Rezultati su pokazali da postoje statistički značajne razlike u području socijalnih vještina između učenika i učenica oštećena vida te između slijepih i slabovidnih učenika., Social skills are learned behaviors that develop throughout life by observing and imitating interactions in different situations from the environment. These skills help an individual to cooperate effectively, interact with others and to function successfully in the social environment. Visual impairment limits the possibilities for spontaneous learning of the same, therefore it is necessary to verbally describe and demonstrate different social behaviours to blind and partially sighted children. In the process of developing social skills, parents play a big role because they are the first socialization factor the child encounters. Their most intensive development takes place at school age, especially adolescence - a transitional period between childhood and adulthood characterized by numerous physical, emotional and cognitive changes and social challenges. The aim of this paper is to determine whether, according to parents, there are differences in the field of social skills between high school students with visual impairments with regard to gender and the degree of visual impairment. The research involved 20 parents of adolescents with visual impairment: 9 parents of boys and 11 parents of girls. According to the degree of visual impairment, 11 students were visually impaired and 9 were blind. A subscale of the instrument Social Skills Improvement System (Gresham i Elliot, 2008) was used for the assessment of social skills. Parents assessed their children’s social skills in the areas of communication, cooperation, assertiveness, responsibility, empathy, involvement, and selfcontrol. The results have shown that there are statistically significant differences in the field of social skills between boys and girls with visual impairment and between blind and partially sighted students.

Socijalne vještine čine skup naučenih ponašanja koja se usvajaju i uče od najranije dobi promatranjem interakcija iz okoline u različitim kontekstima i s različitim ishodima. One pojedincu omogućuju uspješnu interakciju s drugima i socijalno pozitivne ishode istih. Deficit vida će kod slijepe i slabovidne djece ograničiti mogućnosti za spontano učenje socijalnih vještina pa im je potrebno fizički modelirati i demonstrirati različita socijalna ponašanja i interakcije u različitim okolnostima. Adolescencija predstavlja razvojno razdoblje u kojem se uz brojne fizičke i psihičke promjene javljaju i mnogi socijalni izazovi. Ovo razdoblje obilježeno je izlaganjem različitim novim socijalnim iskustvima i situacijama koje zahtijevaju usvajanje novih socijalnih vještina i razvoj socijalne kompetencije. Cilj ovog rada je istražiti postoje li, prema procjeni nastavnika, razlike u području socijalnih vještina između učenika oštećenog vida srednjoškolskog uzrasta s obzirom na njihov spol i stupanj oštećenja vida. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 5 nastavnika, točnije stručnih suradnika iz Centra za odgoj i obrazovanje Vinko Bek koji su procjenjivali socijalne vještine 24 učenika srednjoškolskog uzrasta. Od toga je 8 učenika slijepo (33,3%), a 16 učenika slabovidno (66,6%) te je 8 djevojčica (33,3%) i 16 dječaka (66,6%). Za procjenu socijalnih vještina učenika korištena je subskala socijalnih vještina instrumenta Social Skills Improvement System (Gresham i Elliot, 2008). Nastavnici su procjenjivali socijalne vještine učenika u područjima komunikacije, kooperativnosti, asertivnosti, odgovornosti, empatije, uključenosti i samokontrole. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazali su da postoje statistički značajne razlike između slijepih i slabovidnih učenika na području socijalnih vještina. Također se pokazalo kako postoje statistički značajne razlike između učenika i učenica oštećena vida., Social skills are a set of learned behaviors that develop from an early age by observing interactions from the environment in different contexts and with different outcomes. These skills help an individual to interact successfully with other people and ensure positive social outcomes for the person. Vision deficits in blind and visually impaired children will limit opportunities for spontaneous learning of social skills, so it is necessary to physically model and demonstrate different social behaviors and interactions in different circumstances to them. Adolescence is a developmental period in which, in addition to numerous physical and mental changes, many social challenges also occur. This period is characterized by exposure to various new social experiences and situations that require the acquisition of new social skills and the development of social competence. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether, according to teachers, there are differences in the field of social skills between high school students with visual impairment with regard to their gender and the degree of visual impairment. The research involved 5 teachers, more precisely professional associates from the Vinko Bek Center for Education, who assessed the social skills of 24 high school students. Eight of them were blind (33.3%), and 16 students were visually impaired (66.6%), and 8 are girls (33.3%) and 16 boys (66.6%). A social skills subscale of the Social Skills Improvement System instrument was used to assess students' social skills (Gresham and Elliot, 2008). Teachers assessed students' social skills in the areas of communication, cooperation, assertiveness, responsibility, empathy, involvement, and self-control. The results of this study have shown that there are statistically significant differences between blind and partially sighted students in the field of social skills. It was also shown that there are statistically significant differences between male and female visually impaired students.

Cilj istraživanja u ovom diplomskom radu jest predstaviti perspektivu stručnih suradnika Doma za odgoj djece i mladeži u Rijeci o problemima u ponašanju djece. Rad je podijeljen na dva dijela, s tim da se prvi teorijski dio odnosi na definiciju, klasifikaciji i fenomenologiju problema u ponašanju, rizične i zaštitne čimbenike, prevenciju problema u ponašanju i proces procjene potreba djece. Drugi, odnosno empirijski dio odnosi se na opisanu metodologiju istraživanja, uzorak istraživanja, metode i postupke prikupljanja podataka te analizu dobivenih podataka istraživanja. Istraživanje je provedeno kvalitativnom metodom fokus grupe u lipnju 2021. godine, a za potrebe istraživanja kreiran je protokol s pitanjima. U fokus grupi sudjelovalo je pet stručnih suradnika odjela za dijagnostiku Doma za odgoj djece i mladeži u Rijeci. Podaci dobiveni istraživanjem upućuju na važnost intervencije na prve indicije problema u ponašanju i važnost suradnje obitelji, lokalne zajednice i odgojno- obrazovnih institucija. Preporuke koje su stručni suradnici dali odnose se na poboljšanje kvalitete tretmana s djetetom i osuvremenjivanju metoda rada obzirom na promjene u društvu. Svrha ovog istraživanja jest razumjeti fenomen problema u ponašanju kako bi se, kroz adekvatan odgojno- obrazovni rad ti problemi znatno umanjili., The aim of the research in this thesis is to present the perspective of professional associates of the „Home for the Upbringing of Children and Youth“ in Rijeka on the problems in children's behavior. The paper is divided into two parts, with the first theoretical part dealing with the definition, classification and phenomenology of behavioral problems, risk and protective factors, prevention of behavioral problems and the process of assessing the needs of children. The second, empirical part, refers to the described research methodology, research sample, methods and procedures of data collection and analysis of the obtained research data. The research was conducted using the qualitative focus group method in June 2021, and a protocol with questions was created for the needs of the research. The focus group included five expert associates of the diagnostics department of the „Home for the Upbringing of Children and Youth“ in Rijeka. The data obtained from the research indicate the importance of intervention at the first signs of behavioral problems and the importance of cooperation between the family, the local community and educational institutions. The recommendations given by the professional associates refer to the improvement of the quality of treatment with the child and the modernization of working methods in view of changes in society. The purpose of this research is to understand the phenomenon of behavioral problems in order to, through adequate educational work, significantly reduce these problems.

U adolescentnoj fazi, koja je obilježena naglim rastom i razvojem, djeca su podložna razvoju deformacija kralježnice. Deformacije kifoze, lordoze i skolioze koje su opisane u ovom radu uglavnom su idiopatske što znači da im uzrok nije poznat. Adolescentne skolioze zahvaćaju 2-3% opće populacije. Najčešća patološka adolescentna kifoza odnosno Scheuermannova bolest zahvaća 1-8% opće populacije dok su patološke lordoze nešto rjeđe. Pretpostavlja se da je najvažniji rizični čimbenik razvoja deformacije nasljedni genetski faktor, a mogući su razlozi još ustaljeno nepravilno držanje, psihološka i patološka stanja, urođeni defekti, usporeni ili nejednaki rast, smanjena mišićna snaga, nedostatak minerala u prehrani i drugo. Gledano sa strane normalna kralježnica ima četiri pravilna zavoja, cervikalnu lordozu, torakalnu kifozu, lumbalnu lordozu i sakralnu kifozu. Intervertebralni diskovi i ligamenti kralježnici daju pasivnu stabilnost dok mišići omogućuju aktivnu stabilnost. Prilikom razvoja deformacija ta stabilnost se narušava i posljedično tome može doći do problema sa srcem i plućima, neuroloških ispada, poremećaja cirkulacije. Pravovremenom dijagnostikom i početkom terapije smanjuje se šansa za povećanje deformacije. Iako postoje neinvazivne metode dijagnostike, poput površinske topografije, u praksi je i dalje zlatni standard za dijagnostiku deformacija kralježnice RTG. RTG-om se također provjerava stupanj okoštavanja ilijačne kosti i otvorenost ili zatvorenost radijalne epifizne hrskavice. Prestankom koštanog rasta nestaje fleksibilnost tijela te je puno teže doći do valjanih rezultata terapije. Stoga je bitno educirati dijete i roditelje o planovima terapije, mogućnostima napretka te naglasiti upornost i konzistentnost kao ključni dio terapije. Kirurška intervencija se primjenjuje u slučaju težih deformacija, a najčešće korištena je konzervativna terapija u smislu tjelovježbe i ortoza. Fizioterapijska procjena se sastoji od antropometrijskih mjerenja (visina, težina, duljina ekstremiteta, itd.), procjene mišićne snage i izdržljivosti, ravnoteže, koordinacije i propriocepcije. Procjenjuje se opseg pokreta te plućni kapaciteti i frekvencije disanja. Fizioterapeut uzima u obzir ritam hoda i način držanja tijela tokom hoda. U proces fizioterapije ubrajaju se istezanja skraćenih grupa mišića, vježbe motoričke kontrole pokreta, vježbe disanja i jačanje muskulature te manualna masaža za opuštanje napete muskulature. In the adolescent phase, which is characterized by rapid growth and development, children are susceptible to the development of spinal deformities. The deformities of kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis described in this paper are mostly idiopathic meaning that their cause is unknown. Ado-lescent scoliosis affects 2-3% of the general population. The most common pathological adoles-cent kyphosis or Scheuermann's disease affects 1-8% of the general population, while pathological lordosis is somewhat rarer. It is assumed that the most important risk factor for the development of deformity is a hereditary genetic factor, and possible reasons are still irregular posture, psycho-logical and pathological conditions, birth defects, slow or uneven growth, reduced muscle strength, lack of minerals in the diet and more. From a side profile, the normal spine has four regular bends, cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, and sacral kyphosis. The intervertebral discs and ligaments of the spine provide passive stability while the muscles provide active stability. During the development of deformities, this stability is disturbed and, as a result, heart and lung problems, neurological outbursts, and circulatory disorders can occur. Timely diagnosis and the beginning of therapy reduce the chance of increasing the deformity. Although there are non-inva-sive diagnostic methods, such as surface topography, in practice the gold standard for diagnosing spinal deformities are still X-rays. The reason for this may be insufficient financial resources or the habit and reliability of radiological examination. X-rays also check the degree of iliac bone ossification and the openness or closure of the radial epiphyseal cartilage. With the cessation of bone growth, the adaptability of the body to change disappears and it is much harder to get valid therapy results. Therefore, it is important to inform the child and parents about treatment plans, opportunities for progress and emphasize persistence and consistency as a key part of therapy. Surgical intervention is applied in case of severe deformities, and the most applied is conservative therapy using exercise and orthoses. Physiotherapy assessment consists of anthropometric meas-urements (height, weight, limb length, etc.), assessment of muscle strength and endurance, bal-ance, coordination, and proprioception. Movement range and pulmonary capacity and respiratory rate are assessed. The physiotherapist takes into account the rhythm of walking and the body pos-ture during walking. The process of physiotherapy includes stretching of shortened muscle groups, motor control exercises, breathing exercises and muscle strengthening, and manual massage to relax tense muscles.

Temeljni cilj ovog diplomskog rada je upoznati i razumjeti područje mentalno-zdravstvene pismenosti adolescenata u Hrvatskoj, uvidom u karakteristike te stupanj mentalno-zdravstvene pismenost maturanata grada Našica. Specifični ciljevi se odnose na ispitivanje prepoznavanja problema, stavova o traženju pomoći, intervencija prve pomoći te iskustva mentalnih problema. Također, ispitivalo se postojanje razlika u prepoznavanju problema i traženju pomoći s obzirom na vlastito iskustvo mentalnih problema. Istraživanje je provedeno putem online upitnika postavljenog u programu LimeSurvey, koji je bio aktivan od 15. svibnja 2020. do 29. svibnja 2020. godine. Prigodni uzorak činilo je 79 maturanata srednje škole Isidora Kršnjavoga u Našicama. Za procjenu mentalno-zdravstvene pismenosti upotrijebljen je Upitnik zdravstvene pismenosti u području mentalnoga zdravlja djece i mladih (Mental Health Literacy Questionnaire – MHL), autora prof. Antonyja Jorma. Hrvatsku verziju upitnika preveo je i prilagodio Hrvatski zavod za javno zdravstvo za potrebe istraživanja zdravstvene pismenosti odgojno-obrazovnih djelatnika u području mentalnoga zdravlja. Upitnik upotrijebljen u ovom istraživanju je temeljen na vinjetnoj istraživačkoj metodologiji koja opisuje probleme socijalne fobije i depresivnosti. Rezultati su pokazali da maturanti uključeni u istraživanje u većoj mjeri bolje i točnije prepoznaju probleme depresivnosti dok je za vinjete socijalne fobije utvrđen manji stupanj točnog prepoznavanja tog problema. Sudionici su skloni tražiti pomoć kod neformalnih izvora pomoći (prijatelja i obitelji) za probleme depresivnosti i socijalne fobije. Slušanje s pozornošću, poticanje društva da razvesele osobu te poticanje osobe tjelesnu aktivnost su načini pomoći koje smatraju korisnima, ukoliko bi njima bliska osoba imala isti problem kao u vinjeti. Veći udio sudionika navodi postojanje vlastitog iskustva problema socijalne fobije, nego problema depresivnosti. Nije se pokazala statistički značajna razlika u prepoznavanju problema i traženju pomoći s obzirom na vlastito iskustvo mentalnih problema., The basic aim of this paper is to get to know and understand the field of mental health literacy of adolescents in Croatia, with insight into the characteristics and level of mental health literacy among high school graduates in the city of Našice. Specific objectives relate to examining problem recognition, help-seeking attitudes, first aid interventions, and personal experiences of mental disorders, as well as to examine the differences in recognizing problems and seeking help with respect to personal experience of mental disorders. The research was conducted through an online questionnaire set up in the LimeSurvey program, which was active from May 15, 2020, to May 29, 2020. The convenience sampling consisted of 79 high school graduates from Isidora Kršnjavi in Našice. Mental Health Literacy Questionnaire (MHL), developed by prof. Anthony Jorm was used for the assessment of mental health literacy. The Croatian version of the questionnaire was translated and adapted by the Croatian Institute of Public Health for the purpose of researching mental health literacy among educators. The questionnaire used in this research is based on a vignette research methodology that describes the problems of social phobia and depression. The results showed a higher recognition of depression than a social phobia. Participants tend to seek help from informal sources of help (friends and family) for both depression and social phobia. Listening attentively, encouraging a group of friends to cheer a person up, and encouraging a person to be physically active are ways they find helpful if a person they are close with has the same problem as the person in the vignette. Higher rates for personal experience of mental disorders were recoded for social phobia than depression. There was no statistically significant difference in recognizing the problem and seeking help with respect to personal experience of mental problems.