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It has been clearly demonstrated that it would be feasible to consider recycling paper in an academic institution. This can be achieved through combining specific waste paper baskets, a pulping machine and power supplied by a renewable energy source, with an already established local paper making company. The paper making company would be able to gain a subsidy from the government which pays them to actually recycle paper, to counteract the cost of the pulped paper which is 30% more expensive than raw wood pulp. The academic institution would save money on waste disposal and decrease its carbon footprint by 600% with savings of up to around 5e6 tons of CO2 per year, instead of the 1e2 tones carbon offset for just recycling the paper normally. This entire process could be adapted for recycling the vast quantities of waste paper produced by students, an initiative which often fails due to the high cost of disposal. This could be achieved through urged use of the same paper disposal methods already in use, with the paper being collected and pulped once a week directly from the student paper waste bins. This research aims to study and limit the quantities of paper consumed in academic institutions in Iraq, by identifying the steps of recycling, and the extent of its environmental and economic impact, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the extent to which the Iraqi university community accepts this idea, and then study these quantities and evaluate them economically and find out the possibility of establishing a paper recycling plant based on these quantities. As well as the current research deals with the accumulation of paper waste caused by the performance of exams. In the third semester of the research, the amount of paper waste at Thi Qar University was calculated as a model for conducting a detailed research study of all departments and colleges of the University. the amount of paper waste was (11,055 tons/year), as well as calculating the cost of paper processing for the University amounted to (126252271 Iraqi dinars) and at the end of the third semester, the amount of paper waste in Iraqi academic institutions for the academic year 2022e2023, approximately (367,60976 tons/year). The cost of preparing exam books in Iraqi academic institutions for the academic year 2022e2023 amounted to approximately (4202150971 Iraqi dinars). The devices used in the practical aspect and each device and its purpose in the paper waste recycling process were explained. In addition, in the fourth chapter of the research, waste recycling was carried out in a practical way, and the results were satisfactory. We proposed a project to establish a paper and cardboard waste recycling plant in Nasiriyah, detailing its technical processes and stages in a mature way, the costs of establishing such projects in detail, as well as the annual profit of the project. At the conclusion of the research, some important recommendations were attached that help the paper waste recycling process and its success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demands of sustainable, portable, and wearable electronics pose new demands on miniaturized energy storage devices that can be integrated on flexible substrates such as paper. Microsupercapacitors (MSCs), especially MXene‐based pseudocapacitive MSCs with fast charging/discharging rate, high power density, and long cycle life, are competitive candidates as power supply for emerging flexible and wearable on‐paper electronics. However, few studies have reported MXene‐based on‐paper MSCs to simultaneously attain ultrahigh‐rate (>1000 mV s−1) capability and large areal capacitance >10 mF cm−2. Herein, ultrafast metal‐free on‐paper MSCs are fabricated through leveraging the synergistic effect of conductive PEDOT:PSS and capacitive MXene (Ti2C) to achieve a remarkable areal capacitance of 30 mF cm−2 and long lifetime (>96% capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles) at an ultrahigh scan rate of 1000 mV s−1, outperforming most of the present on‐paper or MXene‐containing MSCs. Moreover, the printed on‐paper metal‐free MSC arrays attain extended working voltage window of up to 6 V and outstanding capacitive performance at an ultrahigh scan rate of 10 V s−1. The on‐paper PEDOT:PSS‐Ti2C composite MSCs offer new opportunities as eco‐friendly microscale power sources for emerging paper‐based portable and wearable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self‐charging power systems (SCPSs) are envisioned as promising solutions for emerging electronics to mitigate the increasing global concern about battery waste. However, present SCPSs suffer from large form factors, unscalable fabrication, and material complexity. Herein, a type of highly stable, eco‐friendly conductive inks based on poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) are developed for direct ink writing of multiple components in the SCPSs, including electrodes for miniaturized spacer‐free triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and microsupercapacitors (MSCs), and interconnects. The principle of "one ink, multiple functions" enables to almost fully print the entire SCPSs on the same paper substrate in a monolithic manner without post‐integration. The monolithic fabrication significantly improves the upscaling capability for manufacturing and reduces the form factor of the entire SCPSs (a small footprint area of ≈2 cm × 3 cm and thickness of ≈1 mm). After pressing/releasing the TENGs for ≈79000 cycles, the 3‐cell series‐connected MSC array can be charged to 1.6 V while the 6‐cell array to 3.0 V. On‐paper SCPSs are promising to serve as lightweight, thin, sustainable, and low‐cost power supplies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustaining life on the Earth with its ever-growing population is forcing changes in people’s way of life, industrial and agricultural production, exploitation of energy resources, and approaches to ecology. We face continual growth in the world’s population, and the demand for materials is growing even more rapidly. Every manufacturing and consumer sector is looking for ways to save energy and materials, attempting to minimize their negative impacts on the environment. In the pulp and paper industry, one of the segments in which progress can be made and help protect the planet is to reduce the brightness of paper. Such a reduction would lead to a lowering in the energy and material costs associated with paper production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro Fuel cells or microfluidic fuel cells (μMFCs) are one of the most promising power supplies for portable electronics. However, the necessary electrode spacing is required to prevent fuel-crossover and maintain the stable operation, introducing the unavoidable ohmic resistance and retarding the miniaturization. Herein, we propose a novel μMFC device combining the cellulose paper as separator, with selective catalysts at the cathode side to eliminate the unwanted side reactions and increase the system compactness. One single reactant solution containing fuel and electrolyte is applied to keep the device stable operation. The power-generation properties are evaluated in typical alkaline conditions. A great construction simplification makes the device a substantial high-power density of 2.14 W cm−3 and maximum current density of 15.82 A cm−3. The μMFC stacks are arranged in series and parallel manners, which delivers a maximum power output of 23.6 mW and current of 194.6 mA. It is expected that innovative and customizable performance from commercial paper and low-cost carbonaceous catalysts can provide a forum for future advancement in chip-based electrochemical energy generation and storage devices. • Filter paper served as a membrane for μMFC is proposed. • The electrode-pair distance is greatly minimized (∼140 μm). • The optimized μMFC delivers an ultrahigh power density of 2.14 W cm−3. • The μMFC stacks power output of 23.6 mW and current output of 194.6 mA are achievable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the dynamic evolution of solids content in a pilot-scale through air drying tissue machine, aiming to enhance comprehension and refine optimization strategies for tissue manufacturing. It focuses on development of solids content throughout the process. Analyzing the interaction between process parameters and solids content provides deeper insights into water removal dynamics. The research employs solid contents monitoring techniques in pilot scale, offering a detailed view of solids content evolution from the wet web's inception to the final tissue product. It significantly highlights the impact of key parameters, particularly pulp refining, on solids content across all positions of the pilot machine. Additionally, the study emphasizes the influence of vacuum system configurations, identifying the relationship between energy expended in the vacuum system and evaporation energy. Furthermore, the results indicate that compression and air displacement dewatering in vacuum boxes are less speed-sensitive compared to heat-driven evaporation in the TAD- and Yankee cylinders. Solid contents at all positions in the tissue machine correlates between various dewatering elements. Optimizing site-specific dewatering and evaporation strategies can potentially save drying energy in the Yankee drying phase which hold promise for enhanced energy and resource utilization, aligning with demands for sustainable manufacturing practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Plasma‐based ionization sources play a vital role in rapidly analyzing diverse compounds without extensive sample pretreatment. In contrast to other sources, DC voltage‐based ionizations are more advantageous due to their high analytical sensitivity and good tandem with commercially available mass spectrometers without extra power supplies. However, their performance is at the risk of high current DC voltage and helium flow rate, which poses significant challenges to practical operation and increased expense. Methods: In this work, we propose a novel focusing plasma desorption ionization (FPDI) in which a visible plasma beam is favorably generated between a conducting wire in a polymeric tube and a counter electrode composed of metal mesh and filter paper drilled with holes. A systematic investigation has been conducted on the influences of the geometry of drilled holes in filter paper, applied DC voltage, helium flow rate, and filter paper size. The optimized system is used to analyze various pesticides in fluid foodstuffs. Results: Compared to metal mesh and conducting paper as the counter electrode for FPDI‐MS, combining metal mesh and filter paper drilled holes improved the analysis sensitivity by a factor of more than five. By applying the developed protocol for determining pesticides in complex matrixes such as orange juice and milk, a limit of detection as low as 1.3–3.0 ng mL−1 could be achieved. Conclusions: A novel FPDI‐MS technique has been developed by combining metal mesh and filter paper drilled with holes as the counter electrode and sample carrier. The corresponding improvement in analysis sensitivity facilitates the future expansion of FPDI‐MS applications into different pesticides and other compounds in complex matrixes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overwintering insects are facing energetic challenges because of food shortage, low temperature, and desiccation stress. Paper wasps of the genus Polistes overwinter as mated adults (gynes) in hibernacula protecting them from predation, snow, and rain but barely from low environmental temperature. In different climates, they face differing overwintering temperature regimes, and therefore they may differ in their energy use. We investigated how much of energy resources built up until autumn is used during diapause dormancy in natural hibernacula by measuring lipid, glycogen, and free carbohydrate content in autumn and early spring in Polistes dominula from temperate European (Austrian) and warm Mediterranean (Italian) climate and Polistes gallicus from Mediterranean climate. Winter energy consumption amounted to ~ 339 and ~ 310 J per wasp in the Austrian and Italian Polistes dominula populations. The smaller Italian Polistes gallicus consumed ~ 247 J. This amounts to 2.62, 2.35, and 1.79 J per day. Of this, the energy demand was mainly fuelled by lipids (84%, 93%, and 90%, respectively), but glycogen stores contributed also considerably (16%, 6%, and 9%). Free carbohydrates decreased only by 0.7%, 1%, and 0.8%. While fat stores seem still sufficient in spring, the wasps depleted most of their carbohydrates. The energy reserves of 396, 400, and 147 J per wasp remaining in spring in the three populations seem sufficient to fuel rest or simple brood care activities for a whole summer but restrict foraging flights to a few hours (~ 3.5–6 h). Results suggest that energy supply might become challenging in expected future climate scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper was already being used in southwestern Germany before the first paper mills began production there in the late 14th century. But it was the establishment of a local paper industry that made the still relatively new writing material available in large quantities. The demand for paper made the operation of a paper mill seem profitable, and the increased supply of paper in turn fueled the rise in writing. At the end of the Middle Ages, paper thus became the material basis of a media evolution that extended far into modern times. But how was the new writing material produced? The new craft of papermaking differed significantly from the production of parchment, the traditional writing material, in terms of equipment, raw materials, capital requirements, and working methods. Nevertheless, papermaking could use already existing infrastructures, especially in the field of energy supply by waterwheels. This article examines the specific characteristics of the new craft using the example of the German southwest, where numerous paper mills were established in the 15th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes a direct optical readout of an ion-selective potentiometric sensing array without an external power supply. Electronic paper (e-paper) was chosen as the signal transducer owing to its fast response on the order of seconds and its wide dynamic range of about 1.5 V. The capacitive character of the display allows one to observe the optical response at zero current, which is a desired condition for the potentiometric measurement. An applied potential of 1 V gives a transient charge flow of about 11 μC for the e-paper to exhibit a maximal intensity change. The cathodes of three different pixels of the e-paper were connected to three different ISEs responsive to Na+, K+, and Ca2+, while their common anode was connected to the shared reference electrode (RE). In this manner, each pixel is mapped to the behavior of one sensor, making it possible to detect multiple ions with an e-pixel array. The sensor configuration gave quantitative information on Na+, K+, and Ca2+ from 10−5 M to 10−1 M by analyzing the RGB information of the pixels. The e-paper exhibited a stable response within half a minute, much faster than previously established electrochromic material transducers such as Prussian Blue (PB). With this approach we successfully carried out multi-ion concentration sensing without external power, which is potentially attractive for applications in environmental monitoring, clinical assays and wearable sensing devices. [Display omitted] • A self-powered multi-channel potentiometric sensor array for simultaneous monitoring of potassium, calcium, and sodium. • The rapid optical response of this sensor is adequate for real time monitoring. • Excellent correlation between this approach and direct potentiometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant operators and policy makers frequently use energy benchmarking to assess the potential for reducing energy consumption from industrial plants. As benchmarking studies require considerable resources and the cooperation of plant operators it is tempting to try to merge or compare data from different studies. This paper reviews published benchmarks and energy-saving estimates from the paper and pulp industries to explore how comparable data from independent studies are. A literature review was conducted which identified that benchmarks were either produced through a top-down process using annual production and fuel consumption data or through a bottom-up process from process-level data. It was concluded that top-down benchmarks are useful in measuring national trends but are of little value to individual plants. For common process such as Kraft pulp production it is possible to compare values from different studies but only if sufficient information is given in the original studies to confirm that their scope is identical. However, it is unlikely that improvement rates in energy use can be inferred from the difference between studies that use different sources, as the degree of disagreement between contemporary studies is of the same order as the identified potential energy savings. Benchmarking studies were found to provide good summaries of potential technological improvements although there is some inconsistency in estimations of potential impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion of ubiquitous hygrothermal resources into renewable energy offers significant potential for cable‐free, self‐powered systems that can operate worldwide without regard to climatic or geographic limitations. Here, an all‐printed flexible hygro‐thermoelectric paper generator is demonstrated that uses bifunctional mobile ions and electrons to make the moist‐diffusion effect, the Soret effect, and the Seebeck effect work synergistically. In the ordinary hygrothermal settings, it generates an unconventional hygro‐thermoelectric output pattern and shows almost a dozen‐fold increase in positive hygro‐thermopower of 26.70 mV K−1 and also another negative hygro‐thermopower of −15.71 mV K−1 compared to pure thermopower. A single paper generator can produce a giant 680 mV displaying typical cyclic sinusoidal waveform characters with volt‐sized amplitudes. The ion‐electron conductive ink is easily printable and consists primarily of a Bi2Te3/PEDOT:PSS thermoelectric matrix modulated with a hygroscopic glycerol that releases ion charges for moist‐diffusion effect and Soret effect, as well as electron charges for Seebeck effect. The emerged hygro‐thermoelectric harvesting strategy from surrounding hygrothermal resources offers a revolutionary approach to the next generation of hybrid energy with cost‐efficiency, flexibility, and sustainability, and also enables large‐scale roll‐to‐roll production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although, Spain does not obtain an official arctic strategy, it was mentioned in the paper for Spanish Polar Strategy that the Arctic region has become one of the country's national interests. The government of Spain is also deeply concerned about the problem of climate change and how it affects economic and social aspects of life. When addressing the Arctic energy issue we must make a prior delimitation, since it does not propose to study in detail, and only in general description, the internal functioning of the Arctic energy systems, that is, the one that serves to supply their populations with lighting, water, gas or electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-powered electronic equipment has rapidly developed in the fields of sensing, motion monitoring, and energy collection, posing a greater challenge to triboelectric materials. Triboelectric materials need to enhance their electrical conductivity and mechanical strength to address the increasing demand for stability and to mitigate unpredictable physical damage. In this study, polyaniline-modified cellulose was prepared by means of in situ polymerization and compounded with polydimethylsiloxane, resulting in a triboelectric material with enhanced strength and conductivity. The material was fabricated into a tubular triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) (G-TENG), and an electrocatalytic pretreatment of mixed office waste paper (MOW) pulp was performed using papermaking white water as the flowing liquid to improve the deinking performance. The electrical output performance of G-TENG is highest at a flow rate of 400 mL/min, producing a voltage of 22.76 V and a current of 1.024 μA. Moreover, the deinking effect of MOW was enhanced after the electrical pretreatment. This study explores the potential application of G-TENG as a self-powered sensor power supply and emphasizes its prospect as an energy collection device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, as the use of wearable devices and the demand for eco-friendly energy have increased, many studies have been conducted on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which can economically harvest energy. Paper is considered a promising substrate and frame material that can be used to manufacture self-powered TENGs, owing to its flexibility, low cost, and accessibility. Herein, we present a sandwich-structured foldable paper-based TENG (FP-TENG) that comprises flexible materials and uses paper as a substrate. The FP-TENG can generate up to 572 mW/m2 of power via contact–separation of the triboelectric electrified body at the top and bottom. With more folds of the FP-TENG, the triboelectric cross-sectional area increases, and, thus, the electrical output increases. In addition, the proposed TENG exhibits excellent durability without signal degradation under 5000 cycles of repeated pushing motions. To demonstrate its practicality, the FP-TENG was manufactured in the form of a wristwatch Velcro and connected to an electronic watch panel to supply power. Various deformations are possible with origami, and they can drive wristwatches through external forces. Therefore, the FP-TENG is expected to be utilized as a sustainable and promising eco-friendly energy source for small electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct integration of paper-based microfluidic fuel cells (μFC's) toward creating autonomous lateral flow assays has attracted attention. Here, we show that an air-breathing paper-based μFC could be used as a power supply in pregnancy tests by oxidizing the human urine used for the diagnosis. We present an air-breathing paper-based μFC connected to a pregnancy test, and for the first time, as far as we know, it is powered by human urine without needing any external electrolyte. It uses TiO 2 -Ni as anode and Pt/C as cathode; the performance shows a maximum value of voltage and current and power densities of ∼0.96 V, 1.00 mA cm − 2 , and 0.23 mW cm − 2 , respectively. Furthermore, we present a simple design of a paper-based μFC's stack powered with urine that shows a maximum voltage and maximum current and power densities of ∼1.89 V, 2.77 mA cm − 2 and 1.38 mW cm − 2 , respectively, which powers the display of a pregnancy test allowing to see the analysis results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) capable of efficiently harvesting various mechanical energies from the environment are an effective way to solve the energy supply problem of wearable electronic devices. A series of flexible and lightweight TENGs with different surface morphologies of "dots"–"lines"–"honeycombs" hierarchical micro-structures are developed using low-cost and easily accessible background paper as a substrate. Polydimethylsiloxane films with dots–lines–honeycombs hierarchical micro-structures are prepared by the spin coating to obtain larger contact areas and, thus, enhance the triboelectric effect. Under the same test conditions, the honeycombs TENG (H-TENG) with complex surface morphology has the largest output performance with an open-circuit voltage of 55 V and a short-circuit current of 2.7 μA, which is 2.1 and 2.5 times that of the flat TENG, respectively. By combining with nylon gloves, the H-TENG can harvest the mechanical energy during hand movement and realize sensing of hand movement patterns through the difference of electrical signals. In addition, this device can power the liquid crystal display screen through a rectifier circuit and capacitor. This simple and efficient TENG device shows great potential in the wearable field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a mainstream power storage and supply device, batteries are continuously upgraded. The microfluidic fuel cell has great development potential, and the paper-based microfluidic fuel cell is the latest achievement of its lightweight, which can be applied in the field of medical and biological detection. In this work, the cell models with various folding forms and unconventional absorption pads are creatively constructed, then the influence mechanism on cell performance is revealed by numerical simulation. Both transient and steady-state simulation methods are employed to monitor the whole process of paper-based microfluidic fuel cell. Conclusions show that the cell performance decreases with the increase of folding angle, the peak power density is as low as 1.71 mW/cm2, and the corresponding fuel utilization is only 2.73%. The changes in the absorbent pad shapes have little improvement on cell performance, thus the most direct way is increasing the absorbent pad volume. Moreover, materials with better water absorption capacity can increase the maximum current density to 28.70 mA/cm2, and the appropriate increase of operating temperature can also increase the peak power density to 2.36 mW/cm2, but the effect on the cell is significantly weakened if the temperature exceeds a certain limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel approach to create a low‐cost and user‐friendly water‐induced actuator based on hydrophobic papers and a simple embossing method. By injecting water onto the papers through microfluidic channels made by embossing, fast and reversible bending actuation can be induced. The actuation angle and speed are dependent on the amount and duration of the water applied, which allows the actuator to be effectively controlled by syringe injection/drawing without the need for an external power supply. A bending angle of >90° can be achieved in ≈15 s, with complete reversal attainable in ≈3 min; and the actuation can be induced again by resting for ≈1 h after the reversal. This work represents a significant contribution to the field of paper‐based microfluidics by demonstrating actuation in a battery‐free, low‐cost, and simple approach, with potential applications in paper‐based analytical devices such as medical diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large-scale implementation of renewable energy systems necessitates the development of energy storage solutions to effectively manage imbalances between energy supply and demand. Herein, we investigate such a scalable material solution for energy storage in supercapacitors constructed from readily available material precursors that can be locally sourced from virtually anywhere on the planet, namely cement, water, and carbon black. We characterize our carbon-cement electrodes by combining correlative EDS-Raman spectroscopy with capacitance measurements derived from cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge experiments using integer and fractional derivatives to correct for rate and current intensity effects. Texture analysis reveals that the hydration reactions of cement in the presence of carbon generate a fractal-like electron-conducting carbon network that permeates the load-bearing cement-based matrix. The energy storage capacity of this space-filling carbon black network of the high specific surface area accessible to charge storage is shown to be an intensive quantity, whereas the high-rate capability of the carbon-cement electrodes exhibits self-similarity due to the hydration porosity available for charge transport. This intensive and self-similar nature of energy storage and rate capability represents an opportunity for mass scaling from electrode to structural scales. The availability, versatility, and scalability of these carbon-cement supercapacitors opens a horizon for the design of multifunctional structures that leverage high energy storage capacity, highrate charge/discharge capabilities, and structural strength for sustainable residential and industrial applications ranging from energy autarkic shelters and self-charging roads for electric vehicles, to intermittent energy storage for wind turbines and tidal power stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this framework, experimental tests on different battery technologies, BMS and cooling systems are extremely important to extend the battery life and BEV performance (Sehil et al. [[13]]). Electrical machines and magnetic components, high-voltage voltage power converters, and battery storage systems are some basic bricks to build an effective and efficient energy conversion environment. Electrical Machines and Power Converters The electrical power conversion from renewable energy sources plays a crucial role in the development of a sustainable society. Finally, the fil rouge of every contribution in this section is oriented to investigate the power converters, electrical machines, magnetic components, and battery storage systems in actual energy conversion applications for renewable energy sources integration by a modelling approach. [Extracted from the article]

Traction transformers are one of the most important equipment in the traction power supply system. Thermal aging of transformer insulation system determines its reliable life. To achieve an estimation of the insulation life of traction power transformers operated under real load condition, the effects of traction loads on the thermal aging of oil-paper insulation in traction transformers were investigated. First, the design principles for the accelerated thermal aging experiment were studied and proposed by considering magnitude (i.e., load rate) and frequency (i.e. spare time and lasting time) of the traction load. Then, an experimental system was established in the laboratory to conduct extensive accelerated thermal aging experiments, in which the traction loads were mimicked by using positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heating plates and a programmable logic controller (PLC). Finally, the experimental results were analyzed and discussed to reveal the effects of traction load on the thermal aging of oil-paper insulation in traction transformers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This review analyzes papers presented at the "Second International Kosygin Readings: Energy- and Resource-Efficient Environmentally Safe Technologies and Equipment," an International Scientific and Technical Symposium Celebrating the 100th Anniversary of the Kosygin State University of Russia, which was held as part of the International Kosygin Forum. These papers consider the fundamental principles of methods for intensifying basic processes in various industrial technologies, the scientific fundamentals of the development of energy- and resource-efficient chemical and other processes, innovative developments in this field, issues of the environmental safety of technological processes and equipment, effective systems for increasing technosphere safety, the theory and calculation of heat and mass transfer processes in technosphere protection systems, the issues of digitization as an intellectual and technological factor for increasing the energy and resource efficiency of chemical-manufacturing processes and plants, and the results of studies aimed at developing the theoretical fundamentals of energy- and resource-efficient industrial machinery and equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-based microfluidics (lab on paper) emerges as an innovative platform for building small-scale devices for sensing, diagnosis, and energy storage/conversions due to the power-free fluidic transport capability of paper via capillary action. Herein, we report for the first time that paper-based microfluidic concept can be employed to fabricate high-performing aluminum–air batteries, which entails the use of a thin sheet of fibrous capillary paper sandwiched between an aluminum foil anode and a catalyst coated graphite foil cathode without using any costly air electrode or external pump device for fluid transport. The unique microfluidic configuration can help overcome the major drawbacks of conventional aluminum–air batteries including battery self-discharge, product-induced electrode passivation, and expensive and complex air electrodes which have long been considered as grand obstacles to aluminum–air batteries penetrating the market. The paper-based microfluidic aluminum–air batteries are not only miniaturized in size, easy to fabricate and cost-effective, but they are also capable of high electrochemical performance. With a specific capacity of 2750 A h kg−1 (@20 mA cm−2) and an energy density of 2900 W h kg−1, they are 8.3 and 12.6 times higher than those of the non-fluidic counterpart and significantly outperform many other miniaturized energy sources, respectively. The superior performance of microfluidic aluminum–air batteries originates from the remarkable efficiency of paper capillarity in transporting electrolyte along with O2 to electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbonization of biomasses is an effective and important approach to recycle biomass waste. The tissue papers are one of the most common household trash and waste lots of natural resources and energies. Herein, the one-step carbonization and activation treatment was applied on two kinds of tissue papers to transform them into porous carbons. It was found the precursor structure and composition as well as the calcination temperatures play key roles to control the pore structures. As the active materials of supercapacitor electrodes, the resultant porous carbons obtained from different paper precursors and calcination temperatures (700–900 °C) presented different electrochemical performances. The microporous carbons derived from the 700 °C calcination of the tissue paper using the wood pulp as the raw material showed high capacitance up to ~ 200 F/g, providing a simple but effective way to recycle biomasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper industry is a traditional industry with extensive consumption of resources and energy and more pollutant discharge. This industry is closely related to production and life activities. Under the general requirement of "to step up conservation of the Yangtze River and stop its over development", the paper industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt should urgently undergo green transformation and development. Based on the undesirable slack-based measure model, spatial gravity center, Kernel density function, Theil index, and panel model, this study examines the green development efficiency and its influencing factors of the paper industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2001 to 2016. Results showed the following: (1) from 2001 to 2016, the green development efficiency of the paper industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt had been steadily improved, but the overall efficiency value is not high, which has a great potential for improvement. The green development efficiency of the paper industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt presents the regional differentiation law of gradient increasing in the upper, middle, and lower reaches. (2) According to the gravity center trajectory, the efficiency center of the green development of the paper industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt is located in the middle reaches of Hunan Province and Hubei Province and moves to the southwest. This case indicates that the green development efficiency of the paper industry in provinces and cities in the southwest has been improved. (3) The regional differences in the green development efficiency of the paper industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt show the characteristics of narrowing fluctuations. The regional differences are the primary sources of the difference in the green development efficiency of the paper industry. (4) The enterprise scale, science and technology investment, and industrial structure have significant positive effects on the green development efficiency of the paper industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. On the contrary, environmental regulation and foreign investment intensity have significant negative effects. However, the above factors have different effects on the green development efficiency of the paper industry in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid, low-cost, and sensitive nucleic acid detection and quantification assays enabled by microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) hold great promise for point-of-care disease diagnostics and field-based molecular tests. Through the capillary action in μPAD, flexible manipulation of nucleic acid samples can be achieved without the need for external pumps or power supplies, making it possible to fabricate highly integrated sample-to-answer devices that streamline the nucleic acid extraction, separation, concentration, amplification, and detection. To detect minute amounts of genetic materials from clinical and biological samples, it is also critical to develop sensitive signal readouts that generate physically detectable signals for in-device nucleic acid detection and/or quantification. In this review, we will focus on μPAD approaches for the facile manipulation of nucleic acids and emerging signal transduction strategies allowing sensitive and specific nucleic acid detection in μPAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors (FASSCs) have attracted much attention as power supplies for portable and wearable electronic products. Herein, we report the fabrication of a foldable, extra lightweight, flexible chopped carbon fiber paper (CFP) with a porous network structure prepared via wet-mold papermaking that can serve as a conductive substrate. The conductivity and pseudocapacitance of the electrode were improved by controlling the growth of 3D Cu(OH) 2 nanorod arrays on CFP substrate. The Cu(OH) 2 @CFP electrode has a high specific capacitance of 421.8 mF cm−2 at a current density of 0.5 mA cm−2 with capacitance retention of 82.98% at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 after 5000 charge-discharge cycles. The FASSC manifested not only a large capacitance of 196.1 mF cm−2 at 2 mA cm−2, as well as energy and power densities of 6.97 × 10−2 mWh cm−2 and 1.6 mW cm−2, respectively, but also excellent stability of 80.3% over 5000 cycles at 5 mA cm−2. In addition, we confirmed that the FASSC has a large bending angle and can be twisted into various shapes, thereby indicating its applicability in portable and wearable electronic devices. [Display omitted] • The folding, ultra-light carbon fiber paper was prepared by Papermaking wet molding. • 3D Cu(OH) 2 nanorod arrays were controlled to grow on CFP substrate. • Cu(OH) 2 @CFP electrode exhibits prominent flexibility and capacitive properties. • The commercial LED can be lit in series by two FASSC devices for up to 6 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the recent decade, different researchers have performed hardware implementation for different applications covering various areas of experts. In this research paper, a novel analog design and implementation of different steps of fuzzy systems with current differencing buffered amplifier (CDBA) are proposed with a compact structure that can be used in many signal processing applications. The proposed circuits are capable of wide input current range, simple structure, and are highly linear. Different electrical parameters were compared for the proposed fuzzy system when using different membership functions. The novelty of this paper lies in the electronic implementation of different steps for realizing a fuzzy system using current amplifiers. When the power supply voltage of CDBA is 2V, it results in 155mW, power dissipation; 4.615KΩ, input resistance; 366KΩ, output resistances; and 189.09 dB, common-mode rejection ratio. A 155.519 dB, voltage gain, and 0.76V/μs, the slew rate is analyzed when the power supply voltage of CDBA is 3V. The fuzzy system is realized in 20nm CMOS technology and investigated with an output signal of high precision and high speed, illustrating that it is suitable for real-time applications. In this research paper, a consequence of feedback resistance on the adder circuit and the defuzzified circuit is also analyzed and the best results are obtained using 100K resistance. The structure has a low hardware complexity leading to a low delay and a rather high quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming to overcome the obstacles of power supply requirement and chip usefulness in practice, a low-cost and convenient portable electrochemical sensing device is introduced for the first time, featuring bipolar electrode system, LED read-out, laminated paper-based devices, and low-voltage button cells. The electric circuits of this practical device are constructed on laminating films with copper and conductive carbon tapes, and the reservoirs facilitating chemical reactions are made with chromatography paper. The device is sensitive to electrochemical responses, validated by the demonstrative hydrogen peroxide and enzyme-assisted glucose detection. The business-card-size chip achieves sensitive analyte detection by naked eyes as well as further image processing in both laboratory samples and human serum samples testing, featuring detection limit as low as 1.79 μM and a dynamic range from 10 μM to 10 mM. This new practical design of point-of-care sensing chip entails the properties of facile fabrication, simple usage, high robustness, low power consumption, and accurate sensing showing the attainability of fabricating a useful and portable analytical device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the assessment of woody biomass resources in Russia and the Baikal region. The analysis of the literature demonstrates that the Baikal region has considerable amounts of waste from the logging, timber processing, and pulp and paper industries (up to 220 PJ). A review of utilization technologies for woody biomass demonstrates that the existing technologies based on biomass gasification are promising for energy purposes. The gasification of biomass for small-capacity power plants has some advantages compared to its combustion. This paper considers an autonomous power system that consists of photovoltaic converters, wind turbines, storage batteries, a biomass gasification power plant, and a diesel power plant. A mathematical model used to optimize the system's structure finds the minimum of the total discounted costs for the creation and operation of the system with some constraints met. Based on mathematical modeling, the cost-effectiveness of such a power supply system is assessed for different climatic zones of the Baikal region and the coastal area of Lake Baikal. The findings indicate that the optimal solution is the integration of various renewable energy sources in hybrid power systems. The proportion of energy sources of different types in the installed capacities is found. The study demonstrates that the optimal structure of the power system can provide significant savings (the total discounted costs are reduced by almost 2.5 times compared to the option using a diesel power plant alone). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate understanding of the marginal energy-saving costs of energy-using entities is critical for regulatory authorities to formulate and implement energy-saving policies. This article brings out an easy-to-operate analytical framework to measure the marginal energy-saving cost and construct energy conservation supply curve with the help of data envelopment analysis and quantitative model. Furthermore, taking China's pulp and paper industry as an example, the authors discuss the difference of economic costs between industry energy-saving task assignment with and without considering the difference of marginal energy-saving costs of different energy using entities with the help of linear programming model. The main empirical results are as follow. First, there is a big difference in the industrial marginal energy-saving costs in different provinces. The difference between the highest and lowest energy-saving costs is twice as large. Second, the optimal energy-saving task assignment based on an accurate energy conservation supply curve can help to save nearly 35% of total economic cost. • An alternative method of measuring energy conservation cost is provided. • An optimal energy saving task assignment model is constructed. • The problem of trade-off between efficiency and equity in policy making is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Novel method to estimate total technical potential for improving energy efficiency. • Bottom-up sector energy model used to characterize energy demands and opportunities. • Technology-explicit analysis framework used to estimate integrated energy savings. • Application to Canada's pulp & paper sector indicates major savings are possible. • Technical potential to reduce natural gas use by 95% and net electricity by 54% Industrial energy efficiency has long been recognized as a critical tool for energy management and emissions reduction and is increasingly considered to be an energy resource in its own right. However, the complexity of most industrial sectors creates barriers for modellers, companies, and policymakers in understanding and achieving the overall potential for efficiency-driven energy savings. To address this gap, we have developed a novel method that combines disaggregated bottom-up sector energy modelling with analysis of a comprehensive set of technology-explicit energy efficiency measures. This approach overcomes the deficiencies of top-down analyses and better represents the complexities of multi-measure efficiency investments compared to piecewise studies of individual measures. In this study, we demonstrated application of our method to the case of the Canadian pulp and paper sector. Our analysis shows that the sector can reduce its natural gas and electricity use by 95% and 41%, respectively, by adopting economical efficiency measures. This equates to 71 PJ of natural gas and 44 PJ of electricity saved annually and would result in cost savings of $81 per tonne of output sector-wide. Notably, we find that efficiency and fuel switching have the technical potential to reduce natural gas consumption by 98% across the sector. Taken together, the results provide quantitative evidence that energy efficiency is an underestimated resource for cost-effective energy savings in the Canadian pulp and paper sector. Our analysis framework can be applied to any industrial sector in any region to provide insights regarding energy conservation strategies and policy design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the channel patterns and the characteristic parameters of the zigzag microchannel based on microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), in which the mixing efficiency and speed can be greatly enhanced. Better mixing of the solutions was obtained by adding a simple directing electric field to the optimized structure of the zigzag microchannel on paper-based chips instead of the traditional complex devices. A higher mixing efficiency was reached when the direct-current (DC) power supply reached 20 V. Meanwhile, a piezoelectric transducer (PZT) driver was used in the mixing experiment with the paper-based zigzag microchannel. The results show that the mixing efficiency reached a maximum value when the input voltage and frequency were 30 V and 150 Hz, respectively. These paper-based devices meet the requirements of the biochemical analysis field because they are low cost, easy to operate, and have high efficiencies, giving them good prospects for future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy resources can potentially solve global warming issues that arise from the large amounts of CO2 emissions from currently used energy resources. Microbial fuel cells (MFC) can produce electrical energy from the environment, making them attractive for energy harvesting. The structures and mechanisms of MFC have been studied for a few decades, and the performance of MFC has constantly been improved using new materials in the devices or by interacting microbial species on the anode chamber of MFC. However, the ecological phenomena, especially inter‐species interactions, within the microbial community in MFC are still largely unknown. Analysis and control of the microbial community have high potential to improve the MFC performance. In this idea paper, I have provided ways to analyze the species interactions in the microbial communities of MFC: (a) empirical dynamic modeling for detecting species interactions in MFC, and (b) network analysis to explore the core microbe species in the MFC. The interaction analyses of the microbial communities in MFC devices can potentially contribute to improving the performance of MFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a handheld paper-based bipolar electrode-electrochemiluminescence (P-BPE-ECL) system has been proposed. In this system, a rechargeable battery is used for power supply, while a smartphone is applied for read-out of ECL signal. For the P-BPE-ECL, the carbon ink-based BPE and driving electrodes are screen-printed on the paper, and the wax-screen-printing is employed to fabricate microfluidic channels on electrode-patterned paper. Moreover, the luminol/H 2 O 2 -based ECL reaction is applied to demonstrate the quantitative ability of the P-BPE-ECL system. Under optimized conditions, H 2 O 2 can be determined over the range of 5–5000 μM, with a detection limit of 1.75 μM, and relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 7.59%, 3.82% and 4.93% for 10, 100 and 1000 μM H 2 O 2 (n = 5). Thus, this system has an acceptable sensitivity, dynamic range, stability and reproducibility. Finally, the applicability of the P-BPE-ECL system is demonstrated for detection of glucose in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and artificial urine (AU) samples, with the detection limits of 0.017 mM and 0.030 mM, respectively. Moreover, the P-BPE-ECL system has the ability to perform high-throughput detection of glucose. Therefore, the developed system can provide a new platform for many applications such as point-of-care testing, health diagnosis and environmental monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For high-power quasi-continuous laser drivers, the switched pulse power supply (PPS) is a promising technique due to its higher efficiency when compared with linear drivers. However, there are some digital control challenges with high precision, fast response and zero overshoot during the flat-top current stage. To promote the use of a switched PPS, this paper proposes a digital control strategy based on predictive current control under a multiphase PPS converter circuit. The key of the proposed control strategy is that predictive inner current control is only used for the master phase circuit. Meanwhile, the current sharing control is used for balancing the phase currents, and the setting outer current controller is used for keeping the whole converter control system stable and robust. Furthermore, to obtain fast and precise current tracking, a predictive average current control independent from the load values is derived. Moreover, a reducing gain method is applied to guarantee the stability of the inner current control. When compared with the conventional multiphase control, the proposed strategy possesses a faster dynamic response and a higher accuracy. In addition, it is more flexible under digital control implementation. A 360 W dual-interleaved PPS prototype is utilized for verifying the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Buck converter is a commonly used voltage regulator (VR) structure that supplies power to the load devices and responds to load transients. In most of the applications, the VR is controlled by voltage or current mode control, and some nonlinear approaches are used to improve the transient response which brings more complexities to the closed loop design. To achieve a fast transient response without over-regulation under a load step transient, this paper proposes a digital single-cycle regulation (SCCR) controller, which comprised a fast path, a slow path, and a neutralization path. Unlike the conventional PID control, the neutralization path of the SCCR controller is used to offset the excessive energy change in the first cycle after a load step occurs, which makes the inductor current reach its new static condition in a shorter period of time. The mathematical model of the SCCR control is established in this paper and a scanning algorithm is proposed for the design of the compensator parameters. Experimental results are presented to verify the improvement of the transient response when compared to the conventional and nonlinear PID control, the recovery time is decreased by 64.3% and 43% for load step-up and step-down when compared with nonlinear PID control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper exploits smart inverters of distributed energy resources (DERs) for the mitigation of fault-induced delayed voltage recovery (FIDVR). According to the IEEE Standard 1547-2018, smart inverters with voltage ride-through and var injection capabilities are promising technologies for mitigating FIDVR. This paper quantitatively investigates the effectiveness of smart inverters for FIDVR from a system-wide perspective. It shows that the penetration of smart inverters and induction motors are important factors affecting mitigation success. In addition, the over-voltages at the end of FIDVR due to load disconnections can be prevented with coordinated control of DERs and automated switching capacitors. The control scheme of smart inverters used for FIDVR is extended from the distributed volt/var droop control to include low- and high-voltage ride-through capabilities. The IEEE 13-bus feeder, the 8500-node test feeder, and the IEEE 390-node low-voltage network test system are used to illustrate the impact of DER penetration. For example, one can determine the residential air conditioner penetration level (for a given system at certain DER penetration level) that makes a system susceptible to FIDVR. The effects of solar intermittency are also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world No.1 emitter of carbon dioxide (CO2), China has made up its mind to act on climate change. After trials in six pilot regions- Shenzhen, Shanghai, Beijing, Guangdong, Tianjin, Hubei, and Chongqing- a nationwide ETS has been established and implemented in line with the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan period (2016–2020). This paper simulates the effect of a national ETS in China using GTAP 9.1 database and a revised GTAP-E model. The simulation results show that the ETS is very effective in emissions reduction but will cause a mild economic contraction. At the sectoral level, the energy and resource sectors and energy intensive sectors are to be hit hard while most other sectors are affected negatively but insignificantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]