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The Serbian Armed Forces support represents a part of the military activity aimed at creating conditions for the execution of missions and tasks. For successful support, it is necessary to establish the cooperation with relevant institutions of the Republic of Serbia. The conceptual definition of the geo-topographic support has been researched in the context of previous and current regulations, which have shown that the achievements of information and communications technology have influenced not only the development of the geographic information systems, but also directly the definition of this concept. The importance of the geographic information systems in the collection, processing, analysis and use of geospatial data has also determined the contents of the geo-topographic support. The continuous development of the geographic information systems in the direction of establishing a service-oriented approach to the distribution and use of geospatial data, will directly affect the future improvement of the content of the geo-topographic support. Such a process is accompanied by the establishment of the geo-topographic support principle, which should enable the construction and maintenance of a stable structure, in order to successfully carry out the assigned missions and tasks of the Serbian Armed Forces.

Effects of artificial thermal aging on color variations of various commercial papers (fine paper, coated paper, newsprint and filter paper) were investigated. With thermal aging at 105 o C, most of papers showed a special trend in a * -b * plane: the a * (red-green) values of the samples were initially reduced (heading to a * side) and after a turning point they increased to +a * side while the b * (blue-yellow) values were kept increased to +b * side (yellowing of paper). Different papers had different turning points for a * value. The filter paper consisted of a pure chemical pulp and the copy paper with OBA (optical brightening agent) showed the latest turing points. In addition, the papers without OBA showed less reduction in brightness compared with that with OBA, suggesting that OBA could adversely influence the brightness stability during thermal aging. Keywords: Thermal aging, brightness, optical brightening agent, color differences, CIE L * a * b * 1. 서 론 종이가 제조된 후, 시간의 흐름에 따라 종이의 노화가 발생한다. 종이가 노화됨에 따라 종이의 물리적, 화학적 성질이 어떻게 변화하는지는, 종이의 보존 측면에서 또는 종이를 재생하는 측면에서 여러 연구자들에 의해서 연구되어져 왔다.

In this study, we use wavelet approach to study the scientific research papers received by two journals i.e., i) Journal of Informetrics and ii) Research Policy, by using monthly observations during the period of 1970:2 to 2010:2 from article received history of both publishers database. Instead of analyzing the time series at their original level, as it is usually done, this study decompose the two variables i.e., scientific papers and the time dependent factors at various scales of resolution using wavelet decomposition and then we study the relationships among the decomposed series matched to their scales. A major finding of the study is that some variations in received articles explained by many other time dependent factors that are previously not captured due to uneven time lags, therefore, an estimate with a time trend is made in this study. Both variables are not constant over frequency bands as it depends on the time scales. The two series (i.e., Springer and time factors) are correlated at higher frequencies, but their correlations measures in time dimension do not last long. However, during two structural breaks i.e., 1990-1995 and 2007-2011, the two time series seems to be correlated for longer period with frequency band higher than 321days. The results further provides an evidence that the two time series are in phase and the Elsevier scientific papers are time dependent in the long run. Thus, the analysis of wavelet coherence reveal that the two series i.e., scientific papers and time dependent factors correlated during the sample period.

Public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS) are an increasingly important tool for collecting spatial information about the social attributes of place. The availability of Internet-based options for implementing PPGIS presents new opportunities for increased efficiency and new modes of access. Here we used a mixed-mode approach to evaluate paper versus Internet mapping methods for the same PPGIS survey in Wyoming. We compared participant characteristics, mapping participation, and the spatial distribution of mapped attributes between participants who responded to the paper versus Internet option. The response rate for those who completed the paper version of the survey was nearly 2.5 times the response rate of the Internet version. Paper participants also mapped significantly more places than did Internet participants (43 vs. 18). Internet participants tended to be younger, more likely to have a college degree, and had lived in the region for less time than paper participants. For all but one attribute there was no difference in the spatial distribution of places mapped between Internet and paper methods. Using a paper-based PPGIS survey resulted in a higher response rate, reduced participant bias, and greater mapping participation. However, survey mode did not influence the spatial distribution of the PPGIS data.

Contents: List of Maps and Illustrations Preface Acknowledgements Glossary of Abbreviations Chronology of Admiral Somerville's Life and Career PART ONE: Flag Commands and Other Active Service, 1936-1940 PART TWO: Force H, June 1940-January 1942 PART THREE: The Eastern Fleet, February 1942-August 1944 PART FOUR: the British Admiralty Delegation, Washington, October 1944-December 1945 Index List of Documents and Sources.

Few publications may claim to have transcended the original field in which they were written, by shaping a wide range of research areas and philosophies. In this short paper we reflect on the manner in which Gilbert F. White’s 1945 publication ‘Human adjustment to floods’ has not only shaped how we study and perceive flooding, but has also had a significance beyond its original aims, revolutionizing the ways in which hazard and risk are conceptualized more generally. Before considering the impact of ‘Human adjustment to floods’, we briefly review academic understanding of floods in the decades leading up to the 1940s and later place the 1945 paper in the context of White’s subsequent contributions to research which both developed and built on his ideas.

A water distribution network (WDN) is a dynamic system in which the demand is a nonstationary process. On the other hand, most of the successful data-driven fault detection and isolation (FDI) methods have been developed by assuming static models and stationary processes. A demand model for the WDN is formed by a periodic signal plus a stochastic variable. This model allows the transformation of data such that a stationary and extended space of data can be obtained as it is demonstrated here. This proposition is the principal contribution of this work. To illustrate the advantages of the proposal, three well-known data-driven FDI algorithms are applied for the leak detection of the Hanoi distribution network: principal component analysis (PCA), independent component analysis (ICA), and support vector data description (SVDD). The leaks were emulated with different outflow magnitudes in all nodes. As a performance index, the fault detection rate is used, and the results indicate an improvement in the general index of approximately 75% when data are periodically transformed according to the proposal.

To investigate the best blue and green primary for color display from KANSEI-evaluation point of view, evaluation experiment using Semantic Differential method was carried out using four different blue primaries, and five different green primaries, in Exp.1 and 2, respectively. In Exp.1, results of 430nm, 450nm, and 470nm blue primaries showed similar performance, those of 480nm blue primary showed the worst performance for almost all test images and adjective pairs. For overall, 470nm blue primary shows the best performance. In Exp.2, difference among five green primaries is less significant than that in Exp.1, while performance of 510nm is worse than other primaries. Results of both Exp.1 and 2 suggest that color appearance of objects in the image is important factor in the selection of RGB primaries.

Current desktop technology is largely mouse-driven, but many analysts predict that in less than five years we will have a professional workforce that have only experienced learning in a touchscreen environment. Midland Valley have developed a digital mapping tool for smartphones called FieldMove Clino, which has been downloaded more than 20 000 times over the past year. The free version offers an effective way of introducing students to digital field mapping. However, many geoscience departments and teachers of field mapping have yet to make the switch from traditional paper-based methods to digital technology. This article aims to answer some of the frequently asked questions about digital field mapping and outlines some of the advantages for improving field skills and geological thinking in students.

In this paper, we challenged the traditional way of information retrieval and proposed information cartography in scientific research domain which generates an information map for users to mitigate information overload in current systems. A legible information map embodies not only the results retrieved by a fine-designed mechanism, but also the complex relationships between them. Our framework of information cartography consists of three parts: document representation, network reconstruction and network compression. A novel syncretic representation learning method(SR) was proposed to learn a low-dimensional representation for each document, where a double-layer Skip- Gram model was leveraged to absorb heterogeneous information simultaneously. We carried out a series of experiments on CORA dataset to demonstrate the satisfying performance of SR for tasks such as text classification and link prediction. We also showed the effectiveness of our network compression method in preserving connectivity while optimizing legibility. Finally, pilot user studies manifested that our information map indeed improved the experience of information retrieval.

28 páginas En el marco de una investigación mayor, que busca vincular el cambio cultural en Chile en los últimos 40 años con la evolución de la publicidad del retail, se analiza exploratoriamente una muestra de piezas gráficas de 1997. El objetivo es caracterizar la publicidad de la época mediante una descripción cuantitativa de los personajes presentes en los avisos y de un análisis cualitativo de los mensajes lingüísticos y de casos desviados. Aunque Chile vivía entonces importantes cambios económicos y socioculturales, que promovieron un desarrollo explosivo del consumo, la publicidad analizada presenta un estilo simple y denotativo, donde predominan los textos y la promoción de ofertas asociada a precios bajos y variedad de productos. La minoritaria representación de personajes tiende a mostrarlos en actitudes pasivas, en especial a las mujeres. No obstante, se visualiza, asimismo, una tendencia emergente hacia la individuación del sujeto femenino. As part of a larger investigation, which seeks to link the cultural change in Chile in the last 40 years with the evolution of retail advertising; in which an exploratory analysis of a sample of graphic pieces from 1997 took place. The aim is to characterize the advertising time using a quantitative description of the characters present in the advertisements and a qualitative analysis of linguistic messages and deviant cases. Although Chile was living important economic and socio-cultural changes, which promoted an explosive development of consumption, the advertising analyzed presents a simple and denotative style, where texts and associated promotion offers low prices and a variety of predominate products. Minority representation of characters tends to display passive attitudes, especially women. However, it also displays an emerging trend toward individuation of the female subject.

Este artículo presenta el estado de la cuestión sobre la prevención y resolución de conflictos desde el Área de Educación Física tomando como referencia las principales aportaciones de la comunidad científica internacional. El análisis se ha realizado mediante la explotación de las principales bases de datos, tanto nacionales como internacionales, a saber, ISOC, TESEO, ISI y ERIC, con el objetivo de acceder a las publicaciones que permiten identificar los tipos de conflictos más frecuentes que se dan en el área de educación física, las diferentes estrategias que se adoptan para abordarlos, así como, los modelos que se pueden establecer a partir de las diferentes formas de aproximarse al conflicto. La investigación que ha generado este estado de la cuestión, se centra en la necesidad de abordar, desde la educación física, formas para la prevención y resolución de la conflictividad en los centros escolares cuyo incremento es hoy en día una realidad. Palabras clave: educación física, prevención del conflicto y resolución del conflicto, estado de la cuestión.Abstract: This review paper offers the current international scientific status of the prevention and conflict resolution issue in physical education. The analysis has being made through the examination of the most important national and international databases, as, ISOC, TESEO, ISI and ERIC database, with the aim of identify the most frequent conflicts in physical education, the different ways of dealing with them, as well as, to identify the models found behind each way of conflict approach. The increment of the disputes in the schools communities and the need to find new approach of prevention and conflict resolution, justifies the research in which we develop this scientific status of this issue.Key words: physical education, conflict prevention and conflict resolution, review.

Anche se Steinberg parlava raramente in pubblico degli anni trascorsi a Milano (1933-1941), questa sua esperienza ha gettato le fondamenta della sua futura carriera in America. Non ha mai praticato da architetto, ma e rimasto un architecton- paper, usando l’architettura come veicolo per dichiarazioni estetiche e socioculturali. Allo stesso tempo, la precisione nell’arte del disegno che aveva imparato al Politecnico non smise mai di influenzare il suo modo di disegnare. Uguale influenza ebbe la sua breve carriera da vignettista per il Bertoldo e il Settebello

This paper describes the development and current use of GIS in the work of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS). As the national body of survey and record for Scotland, many areas of RCAHMS work make extensive use of GIS, from coordinating field recording and desk-based mapping, to management of extensive datasets. The impact of digital technologies on both recording and presenting the field archaeology of Scotland are explored. Examples of current practice are presented, concluding with a discussion of challenges, including INSPIRE, and the need to develop spatial data standards for cultural heritage, in the present and for the future.

From our current vantage point, Michael Goodchild's 1992 game-changing ‘Geographical Information Science’ paper roughly bisects the history of our field from its beginnings in the1960s to the present. This makes it an appropriate landmark around which to organize some reflections on the evolution of geographic information science, and more particularly on Goodchild's role in the developments that have defined it these past 20 years. The focus here is on intellectual leadership rather than on any direct scholarly contributions, though scholarship provides the backbone of the narrative. The clearly spelled out research agenda that lies at the core of the 1992 paper and a handful of subsequent essays greatly facilitate that task. This paper explores different facets of Goodchild's leadership in sections titled ‘Naming’, ‘Adapting’, ‘Accepting’, ‘Persevering’, ‘Educating’, and finally, ‘Leading’, and provides evidence that, like any other science, geographic information science is a social as well as an intellectual enterprise. An aspect of the social function of intellectual leadership is that Goodchild's continuing role as agenda-setter for the diverse field of geographic information science goes well beyond generating disciples and followers; it also stimulates dialectic responses from researchers coming from quite different perspectives, thus contributing to the broadening and deepening of the field.

The infrared (IR) spectra of different white copy paper types tend to appear indifferent. Discrimination between white copy papers could lead to the solution of forgery cases. In this preliminary study, three varieties of white paper were purchased from local stationery shops in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The papers were classified according to their manufacturers using Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and sparse PLS-DA (sPLS-DA) models. The error rate for the two models on the training and the test data sets were estimated and compared. Results show that the performance of the two models are comparable. By including the first six latent variables in both models, classification accuracy as high as 100% can be achieved.

This essay considers how maps became implicated in historical inquiry, with particular reference to the city of Paris. Three interrelated episodes are discussed, from the early eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century, each associated with specific mapmakers and collectors whose activities shaped the early development of map history. These episodes reveal how maps were historicized in different ways in this period, initially as images created in the present to reveal the past and eventually as objects of historical interest in their own right. It is further argued that this intellectual shift was associated with a growing awareness, especially among state officials, that the study and collection of historic maps had important geopolitical implications. In tracing this story across three episodes in a single urban setting, the essay seeks to make larger observations about the relationship between the map as a visual representation, the map collection as an urban ‘assemblage’ of geographical...

Contents: List of maps and illustrations List of abbreviations 1743-6: Senior Captain: the Battle of Toulon and after July 1747-July 1748: the second Battle of Cape Finisterre July 1748-January 1754: Admiral between the Wars February 1755-May 1756: Prelude to the Seven Years War June 1756-January 1757: Minorca July-December 1757: Rochefort and after March-May 1758: the Basque Roads and a rash step May 1759-February 1760: the blockade of Brest and Battle of Quiberon Bay August 1760-August 1762: Hawke's last campaigns: November 1766-January 1771: First Lord Notes List of documents and sources.

Existe una abundante bibliografía acerca de en qué consiste la comunicación académica, cómo se debe investigar y el protocolo para comunicar lo investigado. Sin embargo, no es inusual encontrarte como editor o como revisor, trabajos que, independientemente de su valía como investigación, están pobremente presentados. En este artículo me gustaría resumir algunos de los errores comunes que cometen los investigadores que no están habituados a escribir artículos científicos y mostrar algunas pautas de solución a esos errores. (As editor or reviewer is common to find work, regardless of their value as research, are poorly presented. This is true even though there is abundant literature on what constitutes scholarly communication, how to investigate and the protocol to communicate research. In this article, I summarize some of the common mistakes that researchers who are not used to write papers do. And I show some guidelines to fix these errors.)

Fecha limite de presentacion de originales para todas las secciones: 1 de abril de 2016 Fecha de publicacion: otono de 2016 Agora (seccion monografica de la revista) dedicada a: Miradas educativas a la ciudad: experiencia, cotidianidad y participacion. Coord. M. Mar Estrela Cervero

On his way from Rome to Paris in February 1642, Gabriel Naude visited the cabinet of curiosities of Gaspard de Monconys in Lyon, which the contemporary sources described as one of the richest in Europe. Impressed by its magnificence, he advised De Monconys to draft a catalogue of all his medals, to be sent to their mutual friend, the Roman collector Cassiano dal Pozzo, patron of the Museum Cartaceum. Eight months later, De Monconys launched an editorial project which intended to immortalize a part of his collection through a ‘paper gallery’ of forty copper-engraved portraits of cardinals. This recently rediscovered project typifies his position in a scholarly network and illuminates the importance he attached to visual imagery.

WHILE HIS CLASSMATES REMAINED AT CAMBRIDGE DURING THE SUMMER of 1790 to prepare for final examinations, Wordsworth was not to be found within the precincts of his university. Instead, he was traveling by boat and foot through Europe and the Alps with his friend Robert Jones. "Nature," Wordsworth explains in The Prelude, was "sovereign in my heart, / And mighty forms seizing a youthful Fancy / Had given a charter to irregular hopes." (1) After landing in Calais on the eve of the anniversary of the fall of the Bastille, the college friends journeyed over 2,000 miles through France, Switzerland, Italy, and Germany. (2) Much of what we know about Wordsworth and Jones's 179o tour of the continent comes from a letter Wordsworth wrote to his sister during the trip and from the account he gives in The Prelude, Book 6, over seven-hundred lines of blank verse composed primarily in 18o4 and revised periodically throughout his life. (3) From these and other sources, biographers and critics have substantially reconstructed the Alpine portion of the tour, motivated by the powerful yet enigmatic account of the crossing of the Simplon Pass. (4) Introduced as an event of "deep and genuine sadness" (6.492), but interrupted by a rejoicing paean to the human Imagination, the Simplon crossing has long captivated scholars, and criticism of the episode has come to define generations of Romantic scholarship. (5) Despite the scholarly fascination with the crossing of the Pass, relatively little attention has been paid to one of the most fundamental and at the same time richest contexts informing both the event and its reinscription in The Prelude--cartography. And yet the letter to Dorothy composed over ten September days of that 179o tour provides a clue to cartography's significance for Wordsworth, from his very outset. Maps, the letter shows, were vital figures in Wordsworth's literary representation of his European tour. They were vital, I shall argue, not just in the 1790s when he wrote to Dorothy, but also, in a more complex and conflicted way, in 18o4 when he again put the tour on paper. Maps, as figures in Wordsworth's verse--and as representational pages that themselves bear figures on their surfaces-shed light on Wordsworth's rendering of journeying on the two-dimensional pages of The Prelude. Maps, both as artifacts produced by a cultural practice (cartography) with scientific, touristic, and military functions, and as figures in written discourse--letters, journals, and poems--had multiple effects on Wordsworth's representations of his journey. Few critics, however, have investigated their importance. In his Prelude annotations, Raymond Havens only provides the sparest of maps of France and Switzerland traced by a student from an undated London Times Atlas (first edition, 1895) (6) Similarly, in separate works Max Wildi and Donald Hayden reproduce modern-day sketch-maps and photographs of the region in order to plot the tour and to situate the pivotal missed-turn at the Pass: "One would like to know which were the three unforgettable hours [of Wordsworth's 'walk among the Alps']," Wildi claims. "Where did Wordsworth spend them? What was it that impressed him so deeply that he returned to this experience again and again as to one of those 'spots of time' in connection with which the deepest revelations were vouchsafed to him?" (7) Assuming the significance of geo-temporal fact to the Simplon episode, these studies neglect to regard the map as an historical representational form in its own right--a form conditioned by particular representational imperatives and dilemmas--and as an object shaped by historically specific practices. Thus they leave unquestioned the relevance of the visual language of maps to Wordsworth's charting of his poetic and affective development in Book 6. Even Michael Wiley's cartographically informed reading of the Simplon episode omits local maps in its pursuit of an analogy between Wordsworth's "blanking" of the landscape in the apostrophe to the imagination and the lingering blank spaces on African and West-English maps of the period (signifying the limits of cartographers' geographic knowledge). …

In their paper on the last glaciation of Shetland, Golledge et al. (2008) concluded on the basis of a remote sensing study that during that period Shetland had been overrun by ice from Scandinavia. Since the method of study they used does not reveal the sense of the direction in which the ice flowed and since they ignored earlier ground-based work involving striations which do reveal the sense of direction of ice flow their conclusions have no scientific basis.

Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojisindeki hızlı gelişmeler okuma alanında önemli değişikliklere neden olmaktadır. Basılı ürünlere dayalı olarak geliştirilen okuma becerileri değişmekte, yerini “ekran okuma”, “ekranik düşünme” gibi yeni beceriler almaktadır. Önümüzdeki yıllarda bilgisayarların giderek yayılacağı, öğrencilerin kağıt kitapları tamamen bırakacakları ve ekran okumaya yönelecekleri iddia edilmektedir. Bunların olumlu ve olumsuz yönleri incelenmektedir. Araştırmalar, kâğıttan okuma ile ekran okuma arasındaki önemli farklılıkların olduğunu göstermektedir. Bunlar göz hareketleri, dikkat, anlama, düşünme ve zihinsel becerilerde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Ekran metinlerinin sürekli hareket etmesi, sayfaların peş peşe gelmesi, okuyucunun göz ve zihnini etkilemekte, bilginin yerini bulmayı ve hatırlamayı güçleştirmektedir. Ekran metninin parça parça görünmesi metindeki bilgileri birleştirmeyi ve anlamayı güçleştirmektedir. Zihnimiz ekrandan görülen bölümlerle kaybolan bölümlerdeki bilgileri birleştirmek ve anlamak için daha fazla çalışmaktadır. Ekran okumanın bu tür sıkıntıları yanında önemli yararları da bulunmaktadır. Bunların başında dil, zihinsel ve sosyal becerileri geliştirmesi gelmektedir. Ekran okuma beynimizin çeşitli bölgelerini harekete geçirmekte, karmaşık düşünceleri izleme, kontrol etme, çok yönlü düşünme, hızlı karar verme gibi becerileri geliştirmektedir. Böylece alanda yıllardır uygulanan kâğıttan okuma öğretimi, metin, ortam ve okuyucu tipi değişmektedir. Bu durum okuma kültürü ile alışkanlığını da etkilemekte ve değiştirmektedir. Eğitim sürecinde basılı ürünleri okuma kadar ekran ve e-kitap okuma öğretimine de önem verilmeli, öğrencilerimizin geleceğin daha karmaşık teknolojilerine hazırlıklı olmaları sağlanmalıdır. Anahtar kelimeler: Ekran okuma, okuma öğretimi,okuma becerileri

Se reseñó el libro: El Poema del Cid en Europa : la primera mitad del siglo XIX.

The paper discusses changes that have occurred over the last 15 years in how maps are sold, where they are sold and who is buying them. The emphasis is on the situation in the United States of America, but developments in Europe and the United Kingdom are also included.

This paper discusses the significance of the collection of papers deposited by Dona Torr with the British Communist Party archive, and now held at the National Museum of Labour History in Manchester. Torr was a founder member of the Communist Party, and later a pioneer of 'history from below'. Although she would not have recognized the term, we can see her now as one of a generation of socialist feminists. Torr was certainly an influence on Christopher Hill and Edward and Dorothy Thompson, and through them on Sheila Rowbotham and the Ruskin generation who started History Workshop. Radicalized as much by the Great War as by the campaign for suffrage, Dona Torr became a socialist activist in her late thirties. In common with other middle-class campaigning women of her generation, Torr was able to leave the confines of the domestic sphere. Yet in her public work and in her published writing, there is little sense of personal memory or private emotion. The journey was travelled in one direction, and not returned. For these reasons, Torr's private papers give an important access to a personal story that is not well known. This paper begins with a summary of Torr's public life, before moving on to describe the papers deposited with the archive in Manchester.

Historians of cartography have observed that the proliferation of maps and mural map cycles in 16th century Italy is evidently intertwined with the shifting configurations of political and territorial hegemony that mark the early modern period. These maps trace and celebrate the expansion of Europe into Africa, Asia, and the Americas, and document claims to territorial possessions within both Europe and its newfound lands. They appear in paintings as accoutrements of political power, they fresco the walls of the private quarters and public chambers of powerful rulers and regimes. Most of them use Ptolemaic techniques to create mathematically proportioned projections and scales; the resulting precisions imply that the jurisdictions and polities they document are precise and "real"that they are legitimate and historically stable and continuous. But frequently these maps are in fact graphic representations of what Eric Wolf once called "imagined entities," rather than actual jurisdictions or polities. As such, they are polemical and controversial-fluid rather than frozen in time and space. In this paper for Salvatore I want to look at

Jim Griffiths replying on behalf of his co-authors, writes: can I thank Mr Roly Edwards for his contribution of a discussion on our paper and respond to the issues he raises. The purpose of our paper was to provide a rare quantitative evaluation of the effectiveness of aerial photograph interpretation (API) by analysing the success of the technique in identifying landslides during research into the distribution and causes of landsliding within a single river catchment (Hart 2004). There are examples of studies that have made qualitative statements about how effective or ineffective aerial photograph interpretation can be (e.g. Fookes et al . 1991), but we found little evidence in the literature that the technique had been analysed numerically. Thus, the resume at the beginning of our paper on remote sensing and terrain evaluation was not intended to be comprehensive and to have incorporated such a review into the paper would have detracted from the main thrust of the argument. Indeed, given that the paper already contains over 50 references, a detailed discussion on these matters would have taken us beyond the normally accepted length of a QJEGH paper. However, the issues raised by Mr Edwards warrant further consideration. With respect to the use of IR remote sensing imagery, Mr Edwards is correct to point out that specially flown aerial surveys …

The purpose of this paper to examine the method of data collection using pedometer and clarify the pedestrian characters which have not been surveyed by existing method in detail. First, the comparative study between pedometer and existing survey is conducted through the analysis of actual condition on pedestrian mobility. Second, from the deference of pedestrian mobility between metropolitan city and local city, some behavioral patterns in various type of area are investigated by using normal and high performance pedometer. A result obtained for these analysis shows amount of walking in large shopping center is no less than in centerdistrict.