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Spanish Abstract: En un intento de contribuir al desarrollo del derecho ambiental y de las energias renovables en America Latina, los autores sometieron una comunicacion amicus curiae a un Tribunal Federal de Primera Instancia en Argentina. El caso se refiere a una accion colectiva relativa a problemas ambientales derivados de la contaminacion atmosferica producida por una planta de produccion de biodiesel localizada en la ciudad de Cordoba (Argentina). A pesar que los requisitos que exige la Corte Suprema argentina para este tipo de presentaciones fue cumplido, el juez de primera instancia decidio declarar inadmisible el escrito, sin especificar las razones para su rechazo in limine. Los principales argumentos sometidos al Tribunal se encuentran contenidos en el trabajo que se adjunta, el cual se publica como paper en espanol English Abstract: In an attempt to contribute to the legal development of environmental law and renewable energy aspects in Latin America, the authors drafted an amicus curiae file for it submission to a First Instance Federal Tribunal in Argentina. The matter at issue is relevant as it deals with a class action which may involve serious air pollution by a biofuel-processing plant located in the city of Cordoba (Argentina). Although the Argentine Supreme Court’s requirements were met, the first instance judge decided not to admit the file without specifying any reasons for rejecting in limine the submission. The main arguments put forward are contained in the attached paper which is published in Spanish.

Geographically referenced US census data provide a large amount of information about the extent of urbanization and land consumption. Population count, the number of housing units and their vacancy rates, and demographic and economic parameters such as racial composition and household income, and their change over time, can be examined at different levels of geographic resolution to observe patterns of urban flight, suburbanization, reurbanization, and sprawl. This paper will review the literature on prior application of census data in a geospatial setting. It will identify strengths and weaknesses and address methodological challenges of census-based approaches to the study of urbanization. To this end, a detailed overview of the geographic structure of U.S. Census data and its evolution is provided. Ecological Fallacies and the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) are discussed and the Population Weighted Density as a more robust alternative to crude population density is introduced. Of special interest will be literature comparing and/or integrating census data with alternative methodologies, e.g. based on Remote Sensing. The general purpose of this paper is to lay the groundwork for the optimal use of high resolution census data in studying urbanization in the United States.

Understanding the structure of a literature may be enhanced and demonstrated when a literature review is accompanied by an associated bibliographic atlas. This paper conceptualizes the framework for such an atlas founded on the primary structural form by which a literature develops, namely, citations. The constitution of the atlas is inferred from the educational research literature itself, and addresses explorations of coverage, sources, and the media in which sources are published. Some features of the atlas include its focus on longitudinal, evolutionary, and historical understanding of a literature, and its provision of maps that support the identification of concepts and themes as well as an essential reading list. An implication of the paper is that structural cartography should be considered for methodological inclusion in literature reviews.

In this paper we present and discuss a short work on the history of physics that Eligio Perucca wrote for a talk during the opening ceremony of the Academic Year 1960-1961 at Turin Polytechnic. The talk was entitled "Solids in Physics Today," where "today" is the year 1960. In his talk, Perucca is giving a full picture of the evolution and increasing relevance of his contemporary solid state physics. It is also interesting to see that he recognizes the importance that the researches on the subjects of such physics have as origin of the technologies which are radically changing the human society [text of the paper in Italian]

Spanish Abstract: El documento presenta la metodologia de calculo antidumping, Zeroing, mediante la exposicion de sus antecedentes en el marco del Comercio Internacional, prestando especial atencion a los conflictos que ha suscitado en el seno de la Organizacion Mundial del Comercio y en las relaciones de Estados Unidos con economias globales de primer nivel. Con motivo de la dispersion teorica del Zeroing y de la dificultad de comprension que le es connatural, el paper adhiere un planteamiento conceptual de la conducta, estructurado en torno a las “variables” que suscita su empleo o no aplicacion a un supuesto de hecho particular. Evidenciando igualmente, la actualidad del Zeroing en el contexto del comercio internacional, en determinacion de la atencion que han prestado sus exponentes a las recomendaciones de la OMC, de abolicion de la conducta en sus investigaciones antidumping. English Abstract: The paper presents the anti-dumping methodology named Zeroing, by the exposure of its precedents in the framework of international trade, with particular attention to the conflicts that has caused within the World Trade Organization and on the relations of the United States with other top-tier global economies. By virtue of the theoretical dispersion of the zeroing and its innate difficulty of understanding, the paper adheres to a conceptual approach of the conduct, structured around the "variables" that raises their use or inapplicability to a specific case. The document also shows the topicality of the Zeroing in the foreign trade context, trying to understand the regard given by it's principal actors to the recommendations of the WTO, about the cessation of the methodology in anti-dumping investigations.

Spanish Abstract: El objetivo mas general del articulo es utilizar los aportes de Marx, en particular la teoria del valor-trabajo, para analizar la contradiccion capital-naturaleza que se manifiesta en los crecientes conflictos ecologicos globales y locales. La doble concepcion de la produccion y el proceso de trabajo, y la contradiccion entre valor de uso y valor de cambio nos permiten determinar el rol especifico que tiene la naturaleza en el modo de produccion capitalista, en particular, en el proceso de acumulacion de capital y vincular organicamente el problema ambiental a la forma de valor capitalista, es decir, a la forma de trabajo asalariada. A lo largo del articulo tambien se deja en evidencia algunas malas interpretaciones muy difundidas que sostienen que en la teoria del valor la naturaleza es relegada a un plano pasivo o marginal.English Abstract: The aim of the paper is to use the Marx contributions, specifically, the value theory to analyze the nature-capital contradiction revealed in the increasing global and local ecological conflicts. The double conception of the production and the labor process, and the use value – exchange value contradiction allow to determinate the specific role of the nature into the capitalist mode of production and the capital accumulation process, and organically relate the environmental issue to the capitalist value form namely, the wage-labor form. In addition, throughout the paper we expose widely disseminated misinterpretations assert that in the value theory the nature is downgrade to passive or marginal role.

Spanish Abstract: En este documento se presenta una revision de la teoria institucional, a partir de una comparacion y contraste de los trabajos de sus principales autores, que pretende mostrar la evolucion de las perspectivas institucionales utilizadas en el analisis organizacional. Con este objetivo, se realizo una revision de los articulos mas representativos de la Teoria Institucional o “Viejo” institucionalismo, del “Nuevo” o Neoinstitucionalismo, y una sistematizacion de las citaciones a estos articulos. Ademas de la identificacion de los planteamientos de las nuevas perspectivas institucionales (cambio, trabajo, emprendimiento y logicas institucionales) y sus autores mas representativos.English Abstract:This paper is a review of the Institutional Theory, starting from a comparison and contrast of the work of its principal authors, with the purpose to show the evolution of institutional perspectives used in organizational analysis. To this end, was performed a review of the most representative papers of Institutional Theory or "Old" institutionalism, the "New" or Neoinstitutionalism and a systematization of the citations to these articles. In addition to identifying the approaches of the new institutional perspectives (change, work, entrepreneurship and institutional logics) and their representative authors.

Portuguese Abstract: Este trabalho argumenta que as revelacoes de Snowden acabaram por centrar o foco da opiniao publica na vigilância de tipo estatal, deixando (injustificadamente) em segundo plano a vigilância mercantil. Ela e tao ou mais frequente que a estatal, principalmente pela ascensao dos modelos de negocio baseados na publicidade comportamental. Embora haja semelhancas entre os dois tipos de vigilância, eles sao orientados por logicas distintas, que requerem criterios eticos distintos para sua problematizacao. O trabalho reflete sobre as contribuicoes de Haggerty & Ericson, Fuchs e Palmas em relacao a tematica, sobretudo na critica da nocao de prosumption, e na passagem de um paradigma simplificado do controle individual rumo a concepcoes mais sofisticadas, como a da “assemblagem da vigilância”. Analisa o carater menos individualizado da vigilância mercantil (em contraste com a estatal), e as consequencias sistemicas que dele decorrem: a frustracao neurotizada dos desejos de consumo, e o desequilibrio de poder pelo acesso a grandes quantidades de dados pessoais. Conclui propondo que, para analisar adequadamente a vigilância mercantil, e necessario construir uma concepcao de privacidade social (e nao apenas individual).English Abstract: This paper argues that Snowden’s revelations ended up by focusing public opinion on state surveillance, sending mercantile surveillance (unjustifiably) to the background. Mercantile surveillance is at least as frequent as state surveillance, particularly because of the ascension of business models based on behavioral advertising. Although there are similarities between those two types of surveillance, they are driven by different logics, that require different criteria for their critique. The paper reflects about Haggerty & Ericson, Fuchs and Palmas’ contributions to this subject, specially in the critique of the notion of prosumption, and in the shift from a simplified paradigm of individual control towards more sophisticated conceptions, such as the “surveillant assemblage”. It analyses the less individualized character of mercantile surveillance (contrasted with state surveillance), and the systemic consequences that flow from it: the neurotic frustration of consumption desires, and the power imbalance caused by the access to large quantities of personal data. It concludes proposing that, in order to adequately analyse mercantile surveillance, it is necessary to build a social (and not only individual) notion of privacy.

EG index, the most widely adopted agglomeration index has two major limitations. First the index does not yield a statistical significance value and hence prone to Type-I and Type-II errors. The paper uses the method proposed by Cassey and Smith (2014) to overcome this limitation. Second, the index treats space symmetrically and as a result does not capture agglomeration when the clustering range extends beyond the boundary of a single spatial unit. Moran’s I, a spatial correlation measure, that measures the correlation between the spatial units and the units contiguous to them is used along with the EG index to overcome this limitation. The paper also uses LISA, a spatial exploratory technique to break down the Moran’s I vale for each spatial unit, to locate the industry clusters using data for 144 Indian manufacturing industries for the year 2005-06.

Spanish Abstract: El presente trabajo busca dar una respuesta al “dilema” Constitucional chileno. Para ello, junto con caracterizarlo, abordo la pregunta contingente del mecanismo que se debe seguir para “reformar” o “cambiar” la actual Constitucion Politica de la Republica de Chile. Reviso brevemente las criticas que se han realizado a la Constitucion Politica 1980-2005 y su diseno institucional, contrastandolo con los principales aspectos teoricos del Constitucionalismo democratico-social y la democracia deliberativa, para senalar las limitaciones ideologicas de la Constitucion y las consecuencias practicas de ello. Posteriormente, evaluo la respuesta de la institucionalidad chilena a la demanda social de una “nueva constitucion” y argumento la incapacidad institucional de resolver el problema constituyente mediante el mecanismo contemplado en el Capitulo XV de la Constitucion. Concluyo el trabajo, afirmando la necesidad de que la “nueva” Constitucion se materialice a traves de un mecanismo participativo, deliberativo e inclusivo, similar a lo que se entiende doctrinariamente como asamblea constituyente. English Abstract: The objective of this paper is to respond to the Chilean Constitution “dilemma”. To do this, along with characterizing it, I review the question about which mechanism we must follow to "reform" or "change" the current Constitution of the Republic of Chile. First, I briefly review the main critics that have been made to the Constitution 1980-2005 and its institutional design, contrasting it with the main theoretical aspects of the social-democratic constitutionalism and deliberative democracy, to point out the ideological constraints of the Constitution and its practical consequences. Later, I evaluate the response of the Chilean institutions to the social demand for a "new constitution" and I argue the institutional incapacity to resolve the Chilean constitutional “dilemma” through the mechanism provided in Chapter XV of the Constitution. I conclude the paper, stating that the need for the "new" Constitution materializes through a participatory, deliberative and inclusive mechanism, similar to what is doctrinally understood as constituent assembly.

Spanish Abstract:La teoria “coasena” del Derecho, y la teoria del Analisis Economico del Derecho (AED) en general, asumen implicitamente la veracidad de ciertas premisas comportamentales: la “exogeneidad de la preferencia” y la “independencia de la referencia”. Sin embargo, el articulo senala algunas objeciones a estas premisas, y en este orden evidencia las multiples y profundas inconsistencias acerca de: (i) como el AED pronostica los comportamientos de las personas, asi como los efectos de las normas juridicas, y (ii) como, – desde un punto de vista normativo – la teoria economica sugiere las decisiones del juez o del legislador. El articulo ademas presenta los desafios que debe enfrentar del AED al aceptarse la premisa comportamental de que las personas valoras las cosas, incluidos los derechos, no en terminos absolutos, sino en terminos relativos, comparados con un punto de referencia (dependencia de la referencia).English Abstract: The “coasean” theory of Law and the theory of Law & Economics (L&E) in general, implicitly assume the truthfulness of certain behavioral assumptions: the "preference exogeneity" and "reference independence". In this context, this paper points out some objections to these assumptions, and in this order, the paper shows multiple and deep inconsistencies with regard to: (i) how the L&E predicts individual behavior and the effects of legal rules, and (ii) – from a normative point of view – the way that economic theory recommends the lawmakers decisions. The paper also shows some L&E challenges associated with the behavioral assumption that people value the things, including rights, not in absolute values, but rather in relative terms as compared to some reference point (Reference Dependence).

Spanish Abstract: El presente informe forma parte de los resultados del proyecto academico Lawyers, Conflict & Transition (Abogados, Conflicto, y Transicion), una investigacion academica de tres anos de duracion.Este articulo analiza el papel clave jugado por el derecho, los abogados, y los juristas tanto en la justicia transicional como en debates posteriores sobre reforma y derechos en Chile, uno de los estudios de caso mas paradigmaticos en materia de transiciones desde un regimen autoritario hacia la democracia. La experiencia chilena se convirtio en referente para decisiones sobre verdad, justicia, reparaciones y amnistias tomadas en otros contextos tales como el de Sudafrica. El estilo cauteloso y gradual que Chile adopto en el desmantelamiento de los legados de su dictadura tiene un fuerte contenido legal y legalista, con argumentos desde y sobre el derecho, desplegado tanto por fuerzas progresistas como por fuerzas conservadoras. El caso chileno, por tanto, puede ser leido en clave comparada como un ejemplo tanto de los beneficios evidentes como de las limitaciones a largo plazo de una transicion que demuestra aversion al riesgo, orientada sobre todo hacia la estabilidad, en que la legalidad autoritaria heredada es preservada como punto de partida, evitando realizar innovaciones radicales en un plazo corto.Una larga tradicion republicana que ha marcado Chile desde su independencia de Espana en 1810 incluye un fuerte compromiso con la nocion misma de la ley, lo cual ayuda a explicar la importancia practica y simbolica adquirida por los abogados y los discursos sobre la ley durante y despues del regimen autoritario de 1973 a 1990. Este articulo enfatiza los usos del derecho en tres periodos claves, comenzando en 1973. Evalua la probabilidad de que se asienta, en un futuro cercano, una preferencia clara y transversal por el Estado de derecho en su version democratico, por sobre una version autoritaria que enfatiza el uso del derecho para la imposicion del orden.La primera parte explica la importancia que el derecho y la cultura legal tienen en esta sociedad fuertemente legalista. La segunda parte describe los principales desafios legales presentados por 17 anos de dictadura, acompanado por masivas y sistematicas violaciones a los derechos humanos (DDHH). La tercera parte retrata las ventajas y desventajas de una transicion altamente controlada, en que se valoro la estabilidad por sobre las reformas radicales en la reconstruccion democratica. Tambien analiza como el Caso Pinochet de 1998 rompio con una especie de estancamiento sobre el manejo del legado del pasado, produciendo la renegociacion de un ‘equilibrio inestable’ entre verdad y justicia. La ultima seccion analiza los desafios de la justicia transicional que Chile aun enfrenta a casi dos decadas y media de iniciada su transicion. Entre los aciertos o avances, cabe mencionar que se ha reactivado la persecucion penal de responsabilidades por crimenes cometidos durante la dictadura, y se plantea tanto el reemplazo o reforma de los elementos anti-democraticos de la Constitucion como la modificacion del Decreto Ley de Amnistia de 1978. Promesas de larga data para mejorar garantias de no repeticion con una mirada hacia el futuro, han empezado a concretarse luego de que una parte de la derecha politica comenzase a deponer su oposicion al discurso y vocabulario de los derechos humanos. Y por ultimo, una nueva generacion de ‘cause lawyers’ o abogados de derechos humanos parece estar en formacion, si bien aun forman una minoria dentro de una profesion esencialmente conservadora.English Abstract:This paper discusses the key role law and lawyers played during Chile’s military dictatorship, in different transitional justice processes as part of the return to democracy, and in later reform and rights debates. Chile is widely recognised as one of the classic cases of democratic transition after authoritarian rule: its experience was a forerunner for truth, justice, reparations and amnesty decisions in later transitions including the South African one. But the specific influence of members of the legal profession on Chilean transitional justice processes has been understudied. The paper shows that Chilean lawyers were pivotal in steering legal and political responses to the dictatorship, and they have played a key role in post-authoritarian transitional justice processes and in recent reform and rights debates.Chile’s long republican tradition since formal independence from Spain in 1810 includes a strong commitment to the notion of law, which helps explain why lawyers and legal framings were symbolically and practically important during and after authoritarian rule (1973-1990). Chile’s gradual and cautious approach to dismantling the legacies of dictatorship has relied heavily on law and legal arguments for both progressive and conservative purposes. As a case study, it can therefore serve as a useful illustration of both the immediate benefits and the mid to long term drawbacks of a risk-averse, stability-oriented transition that takes authoritarian legality as its starting point and avoids radical early innovation.The paper highlights how law was used in key periods since 1973, and assesses the prospects for democratic understandings of the rule of law to win out over authoritarian ones in the immediate future.Part one explains why law and legal culture are so important in this strongly legalistic society. The next three sections correlate with three main phases in Chile’s recent political history; a chronology of key events is provided at the end. Part two describes legal challenges created by 17 years of military dictatorship and the systematic human rights violations carried out by the Pinochet regime. Part three assesses the advantages and drawbacks of a strictly controlled transition that valued stability more highly than radical reform in building a new democracy. It also analyses how a domestic stalemate over questions related to dealing with the past was challenged by the 1998 Pinochet case, leading to renegotiation of Chile’s truth and justice balance. Part four assesses Chile’s transitional justice challenges nearly two and a half decades after the transition began. Criminal trials for past crimes have been reactivated, and there are moves to replace the country’s undemocratic constitution and modify its self-amnesty law. Longstanding promises to improve forward looking rights guarantees on a range of issues have started to be kept, now that part of the political right has softened its opposition to human rights language and ideas. A new generation of ‘cause lawyers’ or human rights lawyers seems to be emerging, though still in the minority in what remains a largely conservative legal profession.

Italian Abstract: Questo working paper cerca di far luce su un emergente tema che si sta imponendo come nuovo paradigma di gestione delle citta: le strategie integrate di resilienza urbana. Le prime sezioni illustrano l’evoluzione di questo concetto, i limiti delle prime pratiche e l’emergere di complessita derivate dalla similarita concettuale tra i paradigmi di resilienza e sostenibilita. Le sezioni centrali illustrano il percorso accademico svolto da diversi autori nel cercare di proporre dei framework integrati sulla resilienza urbana, mentre si propone nella discussione l’emergere di possibili resilience trade-offs. Infatti, una delle principali conclusioni di questo paper e proprio la necessita di stabilire metodi e criteri per coordinare differenti aspetti della resilienza urbana e di poter misurare eventuali resilience trade-offs quando strategie di resilienza urbana stabiliscono priorita nella gestione dei sistemi urbani.English Abstract: This working paper explores the new and emerging issues related to the application of integrated city resilience strategies. The first section illustrates the evolution of urban resilience, emphasizing the challenges of putting into practice the resilience metaphor and the emerging complexity arising from the conceptual similarity between resilience and sustainability domains. In the second section the paper illustrates the inception and evolution of some integrated frameworks, both from academia and the practitioner perspectives, for urban resilience conceptualization and building. Finally, the core of the paper highlights within the discussion section the emergence of potential resilience trade-offs once integrated city resilience thinking is put in practice. One of the main paper insights is the call for critically and strategically set city resilience goals, aware that resilience trade-offs can happen, even if usually un-accounted. The paper concludes by opening the scientific arena for discussing and proposing methods and criteria for establishing and measuring urban resilience trade-offs.

Italian Abstract: Il paper indaga i processi di trasformazione urbana nel settore est di Milano, il sistema normativo che li regola ed i conseguenti equilibri e squilibri che si producono, con l’obiettivo di identificarne l’esito aggregato sulla qualita urbana ed il benessere degli abitanti. Presentando il caso studio di Lambrate il paper mette a sistema le azioni e le posizioni di svariati portatori d’interesse, pubblici e privati. Ritenendo che una valutazione complessiva degli effetti finali sul benessere di Lambrate potra esprimersi solamente quando l’intero quartiere sara reso operativo, la ricerca sottolinea l’importanza di approcciare il tema della trasformazione considerandone simultaneamente le implicazioni spaziali e quelle temporali. Le conclusioni del testo propongono di allargare lo sguardo alla scala sovra-comunale, avviando un ragionamento coordinato tra i quartieri periferici della citta e i comuni di cintura, nel tentativo di delineare una traiettoria coerente e strategicamente sostenibile di sviluppo del territorio.English Abstract:This paper investigates the processes of urban transformation within the east area of Milan, the prescriptive system which regulates them and the resulting imbalances that are produced. The aim is to identify the expected results on urban quality and well-being. Through the case study of Lambrate the paper outlines the actions and positions of both public and private stakeholders. Assessing that the overall evaluation of the final results on Lambrate’s well being may be stated only when the whole settlement will be complete, the research emphasizes the importance of approaching the topic of urban transformation considering both spatial and temporal implications. A proposal to view this transformation at the metropolitan scale is recommended, as is stressing the importance of a common debate among suburban districts and external municipalities, trying to outline a coherent and sustainable development trajectory of the territory.

Spanish Abstract: El presente texto responde a la idea de un manual o guia tanto para mejor leer con fundamento como para efectuar estudios de eficiencia comparativa de empresas y otras organizaciones economicas. En primer lugar (apartados 2 a 6) se exponen los diferentes indicadores mas frecuentemente utilizados en la practica para medir la eficiencia; y se subraya tanto que cada uno de ellos nos mide la eficiencia entendida desde una perspectiva distinta, como que estan de hecho relacionados entre si. Y despues (apartados 7 y 8) se exponen las tecnicas de analisis tambien mas frecuentes en los estudios o trabajos de investigacion; es decir, las metodologias mas usuales en los articulos de revistas cientificas: como se suelen utilizar los indicadores para llegar a conclusiones fiables sobre la eficiencia comparativa, tanto en analisis longitudinal (en el tiempo) como – y sobre todo – en estudios cross section (comparar la eficiencia de dos o mas tipos de empresas; publicas y privadas, por ejemplo). Previamente (apartado 1) se presentan las diferentes caras del concepto de eficiencia, y las condiciones que deberian darse siempre para que un calculo y comparacion de indicadores nos hable realmente de que 'la empresa A es mas eficiente que la empresa B.' Dado el tema y el enfoque, concretamente los indicadores de productividad ocupan una parte destacada del texto. No solo porque en cierta manera miden el concepto mas basico de eficiencia ('producir algo mas, con los mismos recursos productivos, o producir lo mismo con algo menos de recursos') sino porque los indicadores de productividad son utilizados tanto para evaluar la eficiencia comparativa de empresas y otras organizaciones economicas como para fundamentar los indices de productividad que se suelen publicar periodicamente sobre sectores de actividad o sobre paises enteros. English Abstract: This monograph intends to be a handbook or guide regarding efficiency analysis tools, for those interested in either reading – and properly understanding – specialised papers on the topic, or in carrying out efficiency analysis studies. In points 2 to 6 the more usual efficiency measures in the topic's literature are presented and discussed; and it is highlighted the fact that each of them measure companies' efficiency from a different perspective, at the time that, nevertheless, they are in fact formally interrelated. Then, points 7 and 8 are devoted to explain and develop the more usual techniques for efficiency/productivity analysis we can find in research works; that is those methodologies more usual in academic journals' articles: How the referred efficiency measures or indexes are applied (which means mainly the use of econometric tools) in order to get reliable conclusions on companies' comparative efficiency. The paper approach covers both longitudinal, cross-time, analysis (comparison over time) and cross-section analysis (comparing the relative efficiency of two or more companies or types of companies; public-owned and private ones, f. e.). The above is preceded (point 1) by a briefing on the different facets of the efficiency concept (what we talk about when we talk of efficiency), and a discussion on the necessary pre-conditions that should be present for any calculation and comparison of efficiency indexes may actually be interpreted as properly telling us 'company A is more efficient than company B'. Given the topic and approach, productivity indexes have a wide presence in the text. Not only because they represent in some way the more basic principle of efficiency ('to produce something more with the same productive inputs, or to produce the same with less inputs') but also because – besides being they currently used for assessing comparative efficiency of companies, they are also used as the basis for those productivity indexes regularly published for such and such industry or for the whole country.

Spanish Abstract: El transporte aereo es un sector caracterizado por ser uno de los de mas rapido crecimiento en la economia mundial. Este aumento explosivo constituye un desafio para los aeropuertos en terminos de desarrollo de la capacidad y la gestion. La conversion hacia la comercializacion y privatizacion de la infraestructura aeroportuaria ha seguido los procesos de desregulacion y privatizacion de las aerolineas aunque con un importante retraso. Entre los motivos que han conducido a estos procesos se encuentra la necesidad de mejorar su eficiencia para enfrentar una industria aeronautica altamente competitiva. Este articulo de reflexion tiene como punto de partida la idea, generalmente aceptada, de que la privatizacion como modelo de propiedad o gestion esta asociada a una mayor productividad. Los trabajos de referencia abordados hacen mencion a aquellos cuyo analisis de la eficiencia es realizado a traves de la tecnica DEA por ser una de las mas consolidadas y aceptadas en la literatura.English Abstract: Air transport has been characterized for being one of the fastest growing sectors. This significant growth is a challenge for airport infrastructures in terms of capacity and management. The shift to commercialization and privatization of airports has followed the same path of the deregulation and privatization of airlines, but with certain delayed. One of the common reasons for these new processes is the improvement in efficiency levels in order to face a highly competitive industry. This reflection paper focuses on a generalized idea that considers the form of a firm ownership and its management model is positively associated to high levels of productivity. Studies addressed in the present paper are limited to those papers considering DEA as the technique of efficiency analysis for being one of the most accepted in the academic literature.

English Abstract: This paper is an early attempt to analyze the controversy about the allocation of critical Internet resources, generated by ICANN’s new gTLD program. This paper presents the preliminary findings of the .AMAZON case, a contested prime example in ICANN’s effort to extend the Internet’s name space. The analysis covers the argumentations of the major stakeholders involved, Amazon, Inc. on one side, and the South American governments on the other, but also examines ICANN’s role as administrator of the TLD. However, at the core of this paper there is a dichotomy to analyze: 1) the right of a private entity to assert a brand that it has used for the last 19 years as a new gTLD, and 2) the public interest of the Latin American people to preserve a name that reinforces the preservation of the Amazon region, and which has been used for the last 500 years.Spanish Abstract: Este trabajo es un primer intento de analizar la controversia acerca de la asignacion de los recursos criticos de Internet, generados por el nuevo programa de gTLD de ICANN. Este trabajo presenta los resultados preliminares del caso. AMAZON, un excelente ejemploen el esfuerzo de la ICANN de ampliar el espacio de nombres de Internet. El analisis abarca no solo las argumentaciones de los principales actores involucrados, Amazon, Inc., por un lado, y los gobiernos de America del Sur, por el otro, sino que tambien examina el papel de ICANN como administrador del dominio de nivel superior. Sin embargo, en el nucleo de este trabajo existe una dicotomia para analizar: 1) el derecho de una entidad privada para hacer valer una marca que se ha utilizado durante los ultimos 19 anos como un nuevo gTLD, y 2) el interes publico de la region de America pueblo estadounidense para preservar un nombre que refuerza la preservacion de la Amazonia, y que ha sido utilizado durante los ultimos 500 anos.

Spanish Abstract: Este ensayo se propone estudiar las raices del liberalismo de la Escuela Austriaca, y las distintas etapas evolutivas que surgieron desde su fundacion. En este sentido se destacan raices en los pensadores pre-socraticos de la Antigua Grecia, en Juan de Mariana y la Escuela de Salamanca, en las contribuciones del irlandes Richard Cantillon, en la Fisiocracia y el laissez faire frances, en el pensamiento escoces de Adam Smith, David Hume y Adam Ferguson y en la Escuela Clasica britanica que reunio a los “primeros economistas teoricos” a partir del ultimo cuarto del siglo XVIII. Ademas, podria destacarse con cierto paralelismo cronologico a los autores clasicos de las Ciencias Politicas, que desarrollaron una literatura especifica sobre los limites al poder y el control al Leviatan, nutriendo e influenciando los escritos de filosofia politica de los autores austriacos. La tradicion austriaca, sin embargo, surge como “Escuela” en Viena recien a fines del siglo XIX, tomando en general a 1871 como el ano de su fundacion. Su maximo esplendor lo alcanza entre la segunda y tercera decada del siglo XX especialmente con las contribuciones de Ludwig von Mises y Friedrich Hayek, aunque luego –entre 1940 y 1970- sus autores principales caen en el aislamiento. El resurgimiento de los anos 1970 le devuelve a esta Escuela algo de protagonismo, abriendo poco despues una etapa de oportunidades para desarrollos modernos en distintos campos de estudio de la economia. Concluimos el trabajo con algunas reflexiones acerca de la actualidad de la Escuela, con mayor presencia de sus seguidores en las universidades y tambien en revistas cientificas. English Abstract: This paper aims to study the roots of liberalism of the Austrian School, and the various evolutionary stages that emerged from its foundation. They stand rooted in the pre-Socratics of ancient Greece, in Juan de Mariana and the School of Salamanca, in the contributions of the Irish Richard Cantillon, in the French laissez faire of Physiocracy, in the Scottish thinkers as Adam Smith, David Hume and Adam Ferguson, and in the British Classical School that brought the "first theoretical economists" from the last quarter of the eighteenth century. It could also stand in some classical authors of Political Science, who developed a specific literature on the limits to power and control the Leviathan, nurturing and influencing political philosophy writings of Austrian authors. The Austrian tradition, however, emerges as "School" in Vienna until the late nineteenth century, generally taking 1871 as the year of its founding. It reaches its peak between the second and third decades of the twentieth century, especially the contributions of Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek, although after 1940 and 1970 among its principal authors fall into isolation. The revival of the 1970s returns to this school some prominence, opening shortly after a period of opportunity for modern developments in various fields of study of economics. We conclude the paper with some reflections on the present School, with a greater presence of his followers at the universities and in scientific journals.

Spanish Abstract: Sobre la apropiacion de las TIC, las politicas publicas a nivel global y particularmente en Colombia establecen en sus justificaciones un derrotero hacia el desarrollo, el mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida y el crecimiento social y economico. Articulan como estrategia omnipresente el desarrollo tecnologico y la implementacion estrategica de las TIC. Sin embargo, esto que ha sido una constante en muchos campos como el de productividad industrial o la cultural, no afecta de igual manera a los sistemas educativos. La educacion y sus contextos se ven abarrotados de estrategias, teorias y discursos que disertan sobre los metodos, los mecanismos, la importancia y el impacto de las TIC, pero que no concluyen finalmente con los resultados con los que fueron planeados. En este trabajo, se identifican algunas de estas problematicas y sus posibles causas, buscando proponer soluciones mucho mas eficaces, objetivas y visibles.Esta ponencia presenta conclusiones y algunos resultados pertenecientes al proyecto de investigacion “Pautas pedagogicas para la integracion de las TIC en las escuelas colombianas” y presenta algunos planteamientos de partida para el desarrollo del proyecto “Cultura digital en America Latina, politicas de integracion tecnologica en las escuelas”.English Abstract: On the appropriation of TIC public policy globally and particularly in Colombia in their justifications set a course towards the development, improvement of living conditions and the social and economic growth. Articulated as ubiquitous technology development strategy and strategic implementation of TIC. However, this has been a constant in many fields such as industrial productivity or cultural, does not affect equally to educational systems. Education and its contexts are packed with strategies, theories and discourses who lecture on the methods, mechanisms, the importance and impact of TIC, but not finally conclude with the results that were planned. In this paper, some of these problems and their possible causes are identified, seeking to propose more effective, objective and visible solutions. This paper presents some results and conclusions pertaining to the research project "Guidelines for pedagogical integration of TIC in Colombian schools" and presents some initial proposals for the development of the project "Digital Culture in Latin America, policies, technology integration in schools. "

Spanish Abstract: En este trabajo se reflexiona sobre la profunda reforma contable llevada a cabo entre los anos 2001 y 2010 en Espana, cuyo hito mas importante fue la promulgacion del Plan General de Contabilidad revisado en 2007. Los razonamientos se hacen desde el objetivo declarado de hacer converger la normativa espanola con las Normas Internacionales de Informacion Financiera, haciendo un balance del proceso, de las consecuciones y de los problemas que se han planteado en el sistema contable espanol, que ha cambiado fuertemente su orientacion de una manera poco usual para un pais de tradicion continental europea.Como resultado del proceso, se han introducido importantes novedades en la informacion financiera de todas las empresas, que han aceptado modernizarse como una forma de participar en el proceso de internacionalizacion que caracteriza a la economia espanola, de forma que conceptos tales como la clasificacion de los instrumentos financieros, los ajustes en otro resultado integral o la contabilidad del efecto impositivo basada en el enfoque del balance son moneda comun en la practica contable.El cambio, que se gesto de una forma participativa (Libro Blanco de la contabilidad en Espana) ha preservado el instrumento de la normalizacion por excelencia, que es el Plan General de Contabilidad, a la vez que ha consolidado la independencia coordinada de los ambitos contable y fiscal. El trabajo resalta algunas deficiencias del sistema contable espanol, entre las que destaca la poca flexibilidad para posteriores cambios, ya que el Plan General de Contabilidad se concibe como un codigo de reglas interconectadas que admite con dificultad las enmiendas, que por causa del proceso administrativo para su introduccion pueden hacer que los cambios futuros se retrasen, perjudicando el objetivo de acercamiento continuo a las normas internacionales.English Abstract: This article presents some reflections on the in-depth Spanish accounting reform carried out between the years 2001 and 2010, where the more important milestone is the promulgation of the General Accounting Plan revised in 2007. Arguments are made from the stated goal of converging the Spanish standards with International Financial Reporting Standards, making a balanced review of the process, the achievements and the problems that have arisen in the Spanish accounting system, which has greatly changed its orientation in an unusual way for a country of continental Europe accounting tradition. As a result of the process, Spain has introduced huge innovations in the financial reporting of all companies which have agreed to modernize in order to participate in the internationalization process that characterizes the Spanish economy, so that concepts such as the classes of financial instruments, other comprehensive income or the deferred tax accounting based on the balance sheet approach are common accepted in accounting practice. The change, which was developed in a participatory manner (White Paper), has preserved the quintessential standardization tool, which is the General Accounting Plan, while consolidating the independence of accounting and tax rules. The paper highlights some weaknesses of the Spanish accounting system, most notably the lack of flexibility for further changes, since the General Accounting Plan is conceived as a code that supports hardly any amendments, not only because of the companies’ reluctance to change, but also for the time taken for administrative processes to introduce improvements. For that reason, changes could be delayed for the foreseeable future, harming the objective of continuous approach to international standards.

Spanish Abstract: El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un analisis alternativo de la manera como opera la politica monetaria y sus efectos sobre la distribucion funcional del ingreso en Colombia. El punto de partida son los presupuestos de la teoria endogena de la moneda. En este documento se considera que la inflacion es el resultado del conflicto distributivo entre los poseedores de riqueza real o financiera y los trabajadores. Cuando el Banco Central actua para regular el conflicto inflacionario (o mejor distributivo) puede adoptar una politica de neutralidad frente al status quo o seguir el camino de una politica sesgada contra alguno de los perceptores del ingreso. En otras palabras, puede ser el "tercero excluido" o hacer parte de la contienda inflacionaria entre salarios, beneficios, intereses y rentas. Ese es el verdadero dilema de la politica monetaria. Las politicas monetarias no son neutrales ni en el corto y ni en el largo periodo. La inflacion es un indicador de la tension distributiva entre los intereses de las diferentes clases sociales en cualquier economia monetaria de produccion. De alli que el arreglo institucional de la politica monetaria determina el papel del banco central a favor o en contra de alguno de los agentes en conflicto. En Colombia, las decisiones de la Junta del Banco de la Republica se han alejado de la regla justa de la tasa de interes, es decir, sus efectos no han sido neutrales, por el contrario, promovieron claramente un patron regresivo de la distribucion del ingreso a favor de los poseedores de riqueza.English Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present an alternative analysis of how monetary policy operates and its effects on functional income distribution in Colombia. The starting point is the assumptions of the endogenous theory of money. This paper considers that inflation is the result of the distributive conflict between owners of real or financial wealth and labor. When the Central Bank acts to regulate the conflict inflationary (or better distributive) may adopt a policy of neutrality (status quo) or go the way of a skewed policy against any of the income earners. In other words, you can be the "excluded middle" or be part of the inflationary contest between wages, profits, interest and rents. That's the real dilemma for monetary policy. Monetary policies are not neutral nor in the short or long period. Inflation is an indicator of distributive tension between the interests of different social classes in any monetary production economy. Hence, the institutional arrangement for monetary policy determines the role of the central bank in favor or against any of the agents in conflict. In Colombia, the decisions of the Board of the Bank of the Republic have moved away from the just rule of the interest rate, ie., their effects have not been neutral, however, clearly promoted a regressive pattern of income distribution in favor of the holders of wealth.

Spanish Abstract: El sector de las telecomunicaciones en Colombia ha sido un mercado el cual ha presentado una dinamica bastante interesante en lo corrido del nuevo siglo, asi lo demuestran las estadisticas concernientes. La liberalizacion de este sector y la entrada al mercado de agentes privados ha caracterizado esta dinamica por el auge de la telefonia movil con crecimientos anuales incluso superiores al 10%, lo que ha traido como efecto adverso el decaimiento generalizado en el sector de Telefonia Publica Basica Conmutada. Una reduccion del total de abonados desde el 2008 hasta lo corrido del 2013 del 19.77%, evidencia los retos que afronta la telefonia fija en Colombia en miras de recuperar la posicion privilegiada de la cual gozo por mucho tiempo en el mercado.El presente trabajo muestra la relacion de sustitucion casi perfecta que se ha presentado entre los servicios ofrecidos de telefonia fija y telefonia movil a partir de 2008. Asi mismo, se enfoca en la investigacion de las politicas adoptadas por el sector de TPBC para mantenerse en el mercado.English Abstract: The telecommunication sector in Colombia has been a market which has presented a dynamic very interesting along this century, and it is represented in the related statistics. The liberalization of this sector and the entrance into the market of private agents has defined this dynamic in a mobile phone boom whit annual growth even upper than 10%, what has brought a decline in the Commuted Basic Public Phone. A fall in the total of subscribers since 2008 to 2013 of 19.77% shows challenges affronted for the public phone in Colombia to recover the privileged position which enjoy for a long time.This paper shows the almost perfect substitution relation which has been present among public phone and mobile phone services since 2008. In this way, this paper focuses on research politics adopted by the CBPP to stay in market.

El presente documento busca analizar los posibles efectos de las asimetrias en los programas de delacion en diversas jurisdicciones territoriales sobre el comportamiento anticompetitivo de los agentes en un contexto multi-mercado. En particular, este trabajo analiza el programa de delacion de Colombia y lo contrasta con el de Estados Unidos para identificar posibles diferencias entre ellos que pudieran incidir en la efectividad de la politica de delacion.This paper analyzes the possible effects of asymmetries in the leniency programs on anti-competitive behavior of agents in multi-market context. In particular, this paper analyzes the Colombian leniency program and compares it with the United States program to identify possible differences between them that could affect the effectiveness of the leniency policy.

The English version of this article can be found here: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2263760 La version francaise de cet article peut etre consultee a: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2264238 Die deutsche Version dieses Artikels finden Sie unter: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2263892 La versione italiana di questo documento e disponibile al seguente link: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2264244 La version espanola de este articulo se puede encontrar en: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2263886 Ate que ponto pode crises e ciclos monetarios e financeiros ser explicada atraves de teorias economicas? Este trabalho tem como objetivo destacar por uma dependencia de teorias economicas podem ser necessarias dadas certas falhas que foram reveladas a partir da recente crise financeira. Ou seja, que os fundamentos economicos e legais da estabilidade financeira nem sempre pode ser considerada credivel. Alem disso, o trabalho tem como objetivo acentuar sobre o porque, apesar do argumento valido (que a referencia a teorias economicas pode ser obrigado a explicar causalidades de crises financeiras e monetarias), causalidades tambem poderia ser explicada a partir de outras perspectivas - ainda que essas perspectivas podem, as vezes, nao ser tao preciso. To what extent can monetary and financial crises and cycles be explained through economic theories? This paper is aimed at highlighting why a reliance on economic theories may be necessary given certain flaws which have been revealed from the recent Financial Crisis. Namely, that economic and legal foundations of financial stability cannot always be considered to be credible. Further, the paper aims to accentuate on why despite the valid argument (that a reference to economic theories may be required to explain causalities of financial and monetary crises), causalities could also be explained from other perspectives – even though these perspectives may sometimes, not be as accurate).

Spanish Abstract: La literatura sobre las Alianzas Estrategicas es muy amplia, tanto de investigaciones teoricas como empiricas. En general, los trabajos han focalizado variables estructurales especificas, aunque la denominacion de estas no es congruente y en algunos casos se aprecian contradicciones si se trata de contrastar su influencia en el rendimiento de la Alianza. Por esto el objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar una sintesis de la bibliografia existente, partiendo de los articulos teoricos para la determinacion de las variables claves tratadas y asi posteriormente indagar en los estudios empiricos su comportamiento. Para ello se aplico la metodologia del Meta-analisis. A traves de la misma se recopilaron 241 articulos publicados entre 1995-2012, de ellos 88 empiricos aportaron datos de 27782 alianzas identificandose las variables que impactan o moderan su performance estas son: Los Mecanismos de Coordinacion, los socios, y la diversificacion funcional y geografica de las actividades objeto de la Alianza.English Abstract: Strategic alliances literature is large from theoretical and empirical point of view. In general, studies have focused in specific structural variables, although denomination of them is inconsistent and sometimes contradictions are found when the objective is to confirm variables influence on alliance performance. Therefore the aim of this paper is to develop a synthesis of the literature, based on the theoretical papers for the determination of key variables and thus subsequently investigate their behavior in empirical studies. In order to achieve this objective the methodology of Meta-analysis was applied. 241 published papers were considered (1995-2012), of which 88 provided empirical data of 27782 alliances. As a result variables (Coordinating Mechanisms, Partners, Functional and Geographical Diversification of Alliances Activities) influencing performance were identified.

The English version of this paper can be found at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2590962.La versione in italiano di questo documento si trova in http://ssrn.com/abstract=2594884.Spanish Abstract: Este documento contiene 100 preguntas y respuestas sobre la Zona Especial de Desarrollo Mariel.English Abstract: This paper contains 100 Frequently Asked Questions about Cuba’s Mariel Special Development Zone legislation.

Spanish: Este articulo analiza el conflicto entre las normas de la Organizacion Mundial del Comercio y las de los Tratados de Comercio Preferencial realizando una prediccion y, con base en esta, presentando una propuesta. Este conflicto, que ocurre porque la proliferacion de estos tratados puede tornar irrelevantes muchas de las normas de la Organizacion Mundial del Comercio, posiblemente se decantara en favor de los Tratados de Comercio Preferencial sin que mucho pueda hacerse por evitar esta tendencia. En efecto, ante el estancamiento de las rondas multilaterales, estos tratados regularan en el futuro casi la totalidad de los temas sustanciales de vanguardia en el comercio internacional. Basado en esa prediccion, y con los objetivos tanto de evitar que el rol preponderante de los Tratados de Comercio Preferencial minimice la importancia de la Organizacion Mundial del Comercio como de aprovechar el exito de esta organizacion en el arreglo de diferencias, este articulo propone que el sistema de solucion de controversias multilateral no solo tenga jurisdiccion sobre las disputas actuales sino que tambien abarque las diferencias que surjan con motivo de cualquier Tratado de Comercio Preferencial.English: This paper studies the conflict between the legal rules of the World Trade Organization and the provisions of Preferential Trade Agreements making a prediction and, based on it, putting forward a proposal. This conflict, which arises because the increase in number and scope of Preferential Trade Agreements may make irrelevants many of the legal rules of the World Trade Organization, would likely tilt in favor of Preferential Trade Agreements. Indeed, and because of the stagnation of multilateral rounds, Preferential Trade Agreemetns would regulate in the future almost all important topics related to international trade. Based on this prediction, and with the goals of avoiding not only that the growing role of Preferential Trade Agreements minimize the importance of the World Trade Organization but also of taking advantage of the success of this organization in the settlement of disputes, this paper proposes that the Dispute Settlement Body does not only have jurisdiction over the current controversies but that also cover the differences arising out the interpretation or application of any Preferential Trade Agreement.

The English version of this article can be found here: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2263760 La version francaise de cet article peut etre consultee a: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2264238 Die deutsche Version dieses Artikels finden Sie unter: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2263892 A versao em portugues deste artigo pode ser encontrada em: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2264232 La version espanola de este articulo se puede encontrar en: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2263886 In che misura le crisi e cicli monetari e finanziari essere spiegati attraverso teorie economiche? Il presente documento ha lo scopo di evidenziare il motivo di un ricorso a teorie economiche puo essere necessario dato alcuni difetti che sono stati rivelati dalla recente crisi finanziaria. Vale a dire, che le basi economiche e giuridiche di stabilita finanziaria non possono sempre essere considerati credibili. Inoltre, il lavoro si propone di accentuare il motivo per cui, nonostante l'argomento valido (che un riferimento a teorie economiche puo essere richiesto di spiegare causalita di crisi finanziarie e monetarie), causalita potrebbe essere spiegato anche da altri punti di vista - anche se queste prospettive possono a volte, non essere il piu preciso. To what extent can monetary and financial crises and cycles be explained through economic theories? This paper is aimed at highlighting why a reliance on economic theories may be necessary given certain flaws which have been revealed from the recent financial crisis. Namely, that economic and legal foundations of financial stability cannot always be considered to be credible. Further, the paper aims to accentuate on why despite the valid argument (that a reference to economic theories may be required to explain causalities of financial and monetary crises), causalities could also be explained from other perspectives – even though these perspectives may sometimes, not be as accurate.

Spanish Abstract: El presente texto pretende ser una descripcion y una primera evaluacion de las privatizaciones de empresas publicas (EP) llevadas a acabo en Espana (el grueso de ellas, entre 1985-2003). Se parte de considerar que una EP ha sido privatizada cuando se efectua una operacion de venta, total o parcial, que hace que la empresa pase a estar bajo control de inversores privados. En muchos casos la operacion consiste en la venta directa de la EP a una empresa o grupo privado, aunque el mayor volumen de transacciones corresponde en el caso de Espana a operaciones de venta en Bolsa de sucesivos paquetes de acciones de tal o cual EP.Las privatizaciones contempladas aqui son concretamente las de empresas publicas estatales. Ciertamente son, con mucho, las mas importantes, tanto por su numero como por su peso economico; aunque no las unicas, ya que tambien se han privatizado algunas empresas publicas autonomicas y municipales.Antes de entrar en la descripcion y analisis de las privatizaciones llevadas a cabo en Espana, en el apartado 1 se revisan lo que corrientemente se etiqueta como privatizar, y se precisa lo que se entiende por tal en el presente informe, delimitandolo respecto a las operaciones de liberalizar, y a las de dejar-de-subvencionar. En el apartado 2 se resumen los principales hitos del ‘periodo de privatizaciones’ en Espana, que se enmarca entre los anos 1985-2003. Se destaca la diferencia entre la etapa 1985-1996, con gobiernos del PSOE -en la que se privatizan algunas EP industriales al tiempo que se potencian y expanden otras; y la etapa de 1996-2003, con gobiernos del PP -en la que se llevan a cabo las grandes privatizaciones.Entrando mas en detalle, en el apartado 3 se detallan todas las operaciones de privatizacion relevantes, en orden temporal: las empresas, la forma de privatizacion, la situacion publico-privado despues de la operacion (en el caso de privatizaciones por fases –tabla 2), los ingresos que genero para el Estado, y quien compro la EP (en el caso de venta o adjudicacion directa, tabla 1). Esto se complementa con un resumen sobre los resultados que venian presentando las cuentas de las EP antes de su privatizacion; y con un analisis del uso por parte del gobierno de los cuantiosos ingresos obtenidos con las privatizaciones, especialmente en la segunda etapa. Con toda esa informacion sobre la mesa, parece logico preguntarse cuales fueron los objetivos perseguidos con las privatizaciones por los sucesivos gobiernos; y a eso responde el apartado 4. En el se trata de analizar el grado de concordancia entre los objetivos que los respectivos gobiernos declaraban perseguir, con los que pueden deducirse a partir de tener en cuenta las privatizaciones efectivamente realizadas y sus datos. Destaca aqui como resultado, por ejemplo, que el objetivo recaudatorio –que en las declaraciones gubernamentales aparecia solo de forma marginal- emerge sin embargo como hipotesis explicativa mas razonable para una parte substantiva de las operaciones realizadas. Y destaca tambien que una parte de las privatizaciones parecen venir explicadas por motivaciones que no formaban parte del ‘listado’ de objetivos que se declaraba perseguir.El presente texto se cierra –apartado 5- examinando lo que nos dicen los estudios empiricos disponibles sobre si la eficiencia de las EP privatizadas espanolas mejoro despues de su privatizacion –ya que era uno de los objetivos ‘estrella’ en las declaraciones gubernamentales; especialmente en el caso de gobiernos conservadores-. Y, con una perspectiva mas amplia, se presenta un analisis de las repercusiones socio-economicas del conjunto de privatizaciones realizadas.English Abstract: The present paper is intended as an account of and discussion on the privatisations of Public (Owned) Enterprises (PE) carried out in Spain (the bulk of them, between 1985-2003). The initial option has been here to consider a PE is privatised when it is sold whole or partially so that it passes to be controlled by private investors. In many cases the operation consists in a direct sale of the PE to a private company or corporation, although in the case of Spain the highest amount of transactions corresponds to privatisations done throughout successive sales of packages of shares in the stock market (IPO).The Spanish privatisations referred in here are specifically the ones of State’s PE. Certainly they have been, by far, the most important, both by number and by its economic weight; although not the only ones, since also some regional and municipal PE have been privatized.As previous to the description and analysis of the privatisations carried out in Spain, this paper starts -- section 1 -- by discussing the different kind of operations that are currently talked-of as ‘privatisations’, and thus delimiting ‘privatisation’ with respect to, on the one side, ‘liberalization’ and on the other side ‘to reduce-or-stop subsidising’. In section 2 the main milestones in the ‘period of privatizations’ in Spain years 1985-2003 -- are summarized. Here it is highlighted the difference between a first stage, 1985-1996, with governments of the PSOE (socialist), where some industrial PE were actually privatised but some other were, on the contrary, enhanced-expanded; and a second stage, 1996-2003, under governments of the PP (conservative), where those big expanded PE’s were privatised. In section 3 all the relevant privatization operations are detailed, in temporal order, along 1985-2003: The companies, the form of privatization, the public-private situation after the operation (in the case of privatizations by phases -- table 2), the income they generated for the State, and the companies or investors that bought the respective EP (in the case of direct sale, table 1). This is complemented by a summary of the profits or losses that the incumbent PE’s accounts were presenting prior to their privatisation; and by an assessment of the use by the Government of the substantial proceeds obtained from those privatisation.With all that data on the desk, it makes sense to ask ourselves, what were the objectives pursued with those privatisations? That is the issue addressed in section 4, where it is attempted to analyse the degree of consistency between the aims the respective Governments claimed to pursue by privatising, with what can be deduced from taking into account the privatizations actually made and their data. As a result, it highlights here that the fundraising goal -- which in the Governments’ statements appeared only marginally -- emerges however as the more reasonable explanatory hypothesis for a significant part of the privatisation’s operations. And also that some other privatisations seem to come actually explained by motivations that do not appeared in the ‘list’ of aims declared to pursue by governments.The paper closes -- section 5 -- by examining what can be drawn from the already available empirical studies that try to measure if the efficiency of the privatised Spanish PE improved after their privatisation -- since that was one of the ‘star’ objectives claimed for in the governmental declarations; especially in the case of conservative governments. And finally, taking a broader outlook, it is analysed which has been the main socio-economic impact of the privatisations carried out in Spain.

The Italian version of this paper can be found at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2220272Un primer balance del Ano Internacional del Cooperativismo evidencia como las formas de la economia cooperativa sean plurales, amplias y de larga duracion. A estos rasgos distintivos se debe la particular resiliencia y la amplitud de uso de este tipo de empresa, a la cual, sin embargo, la percepcion publica tiende a atribuir escasa importancia y un caracter de transitoriedad. El debate actual que la crisis ha provocado en torno a los limites del capitalismo financiero esta cuestionando la condicion de marginalidad de la economia cooperativa. En el texto se comparan dos visiones economicas opuestas: la financiera, que se basa unicamente en el crecimiento del capital, y la cooperativa que se propone la busqueda de un equilibro a dimensiones multiples, incluyendo la social y la ambiental. Una estrategia economica que quiera responder a los problemas que enfrentaremos en los proximos anos - el crecimiento demografico, la escasez de recursos naturales la nueva migracion urbana, la redistribucion y la inclusion social - no puede prescindir del cooperativismo, como parte de una nueva vision del desarrollo economico y social. Esta oportunidad requiere que los actores de la economia cooperativa sean innovadores y piensen en su modelo no en terminos dogmaticos, sino valorizando su adaptabilidad y su capacidad de gestionar la diversidad. En la empresa cooperativa, de hecho, se refleja la conviccion de que las acciones humanas no son dictadas unicamente por los principios del interes individual, ya que las personas actuan segun una pluralidad de motivaciones, y tambien se ven influenciadas por la orientacion hacia la reciprocidad y la busqueda de justicia y equidad.An early assessment of the results of the International Year of Cooperatives suggests how plural, widespread and long-lived the different forms of the cooperative economy are; hence, the particular resilience and breadth of use of this form of enterprise. The global crisis has generated a debate around the limits of financial capitalism and is actually questioning the condition of marginality that has been traditionally attributed to the cooperative economy. This paper focuses on two divergent economic visions: on the one hand, the financial economy focused on the capital growth; and on the other hand, the cooperative economy, which instead emphasizes the need of establishing a balance between multiple dimensions, including the social and environmental ones. An approach to economics willing to address the critical issues that we will have to face in the upcoming years - population growth, scarcity of natural resources, new urban migration, redistribution of income and social inclusion - cannot disregard cooperatives, as a part of a new vision of economic and social development. In order to seize this opportunity, the agents involved in the cooperative economy should be innovative and develop their model in a non-dogmatic way, enhancing the adaptability of this organizational form and the ability to manage their diversity. Cooperative enterprises, indeed, reflect the belief that human actions are not driven only by the pursuit of self-interest, but by a variety of motivating forces, amongst them the sense of reciprocity and the search for justice and fairness.

The English version of this article can be found here: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2263760La version francaise de cet article peut etre consultee a: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2264238Die deutsche Version dieses Artikels finden Sie unter: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2263892La versione italiana di questo documento e disponibile al seguente link: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2264244A versao em portugues deste artigo pode ser encontrada em: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2264232?En que medida pueden las crisis y los ciclos monetarios y financieros se explica a traves de las teorias economicas? Este trabajo tiene como objetivo poner de relieve por que puede ser necesario un mayor recurso a las teorias economicas dadas ciertas fallas que se han revelado desde la crisis financiera reciente.Es decir, lo hicieron fundamentos economicos y juridicos de la estabilidad financiera no siempre pueden ser considerados como creibles. Ademas, el trabajo tiene como objetivo acentuar el por que a pesar del argumento valido (una referencia a las teorias economicas puede ser necesario para explicar causalidades de las crisis financieras y monetarias), causalidades tambien podrian ser explicadas desde otras perspectivas - a pesar de estas perspectivas pueden, a veces, no ser lo mas preciso.To what extent can monetary and financial crises and cycles be explained through economic theories? This paper is aimed at highlighting why a reliance on economic theories may be necessary given certain flaws which have been revealed from the recent Financial Crisis. Namely, that economic and legal foundations of financial stability cannot always be considered to be credible. Further, the paper aims to accentuate on why despite the valid argument (that a reference to economic theories may be required to explain causalities of financial and monetary crises), causalities could also be explained from other perspectives – even though these perspectives may sometimes, not be as accurate.

The city of Beirut has been heavily destroyed during and after the civil war. A private company, Solidere s.a.l., attempts to rebuild the City Center in a way heavily contested by observers who fear the loss of the city's memory because of Solidere's focus on luxury offices, shops, and apartments. This paper reviews some aspects of the project in the light of its attempt to both surpass the sectarian lines dividing Beirut and to reorient the City Center and the town with it towards international networks within the Arab world and the Lebanese diaspora. Using a George Spencer-Brown modeling of Solidere to reconstruct the project with respect to second-order observers getting caught up within their mutual orientation towards each other the paper asks whether there is a chance to replace the city's altogether too narrow if understandable focus on the region's conflicts, big investors' money, and a street wary of one-sided advantages with an acknowledgement of Beirut's uncertain future. Such an acknowledgement, or so it seems, would have a rather more civilizing impact on the city than its current focus on the history of Beirut and its divergent memories.

This paper aims at assessing some widespread assertions related to the highly controversial issue of cyberwar. It does so by using the following approach: First, it reviews the original concept of cyberwar according to its original employ. Second, it presents three general controversial assertions synthesized from the qualitative content analysis of selected academic publications, landmark documents, and news accounts. These assertions are: (a) Cyberspace is a new operational domain for waging war; (b) Cyber warfare can be as severe as conventional warfare; and (c) Cyber warfare can be waged both by state and non-state actors. Each of the assertions is scrutinized according to supportive or contradictory logical, theoretical and empirical evidence in the following section. Finally, the paper consolidates findings and points out paths for furthering inquiry and policy development in the field. Deliberately, this text hires the same provocative title employed in the past by some journalistic accounts of the phenomenon. (Tennant, 2009; Morozov, 2009; Greenemeier, 2011; Valeriano & Maness, 2012 1 ) This repetition has two reasons. Firstly, it seeks to highlight the fact that “the fog” encompasses not only the real uncertainties surrounding the interrelations between cyberspace and military planning and operation, but also a great deal of confusion and misunderstanding generated by the works of commentators, scholars, and technicians who approach the topic. Secondly, it aims at reconnecting the idea of “fog of war” to its Clausewitzian roots, highlighting the importance of theoretical debates on the securitization of cyberspace.

Spanish Abstract: En este documento se desarrolla una reflexion sobre las transformaciones que ha experimentado el sistema de produccion internacional en las ultimas decadas, que ha dado origen a lo que se denomina un nuevo modelo de produccion e innovacion, y sus implicaciones para las universidades, en particular para la investigacion que se realiza en ellas, su organizacion y forma de relacionarse con el aparato productivo.English Abstract: This paper contains a reflection on the transformations experienced by the international production system in recent decades, which has given rise to what is called a new model of production and innovation. From that point, the paper examines the implications of the model for universities and in particular for research to be performed on them, their organization and way of relating to the production system.

Este es un material de estudio (slides, diapositivas) que acompana al paper Beyond Forecasting Period: The Terminal Value (Mas Alla de Las Proyecciones: El valor Terminal). This is a course material (slides in pdf format) for the paper Beyond Forecasting Period: The Terminal Value (Mas Alla de Las Proyecciones: El valor Terminal). The slides are in Spanish. Las diapositivas estan en espanol.

This paper analyses concept of geographical indication as a tool for the protection of tradition knowledge involved in ‘pashmina’ which is one of the most refine form of the cashmere. This paper focuses on what are the legal issues involved in the protection of the ‘pashmina’, which is one of the treasure and trove of the Kashmir. What kind of protection to provided to the indigenous people so that they may be secured from the detriment that is causing to them by the bio piracy by the different countries by misappropriating the name of the ‘pashmina’. Thus leading to lower the reputation, goodwill of ‘pashmina’ in the market and driving them out of the business.

Traditional accounts often have underestimated complexities involved in suburbanization process by assuming direct, linear causality to explain the suburban patterns of metropolitan development. Yet, an explicit explanation that encompasses the complexities of the multitude of flux of causal relationships and feedbacks and incorporates demographic and morphological variations of contemporary suburban types is still not available. In this paper, I apply a complexity approach to provide an inclusive justification for suburbanization that fits more flexible into most patterns of the post-WW II American suburbs. Taking into account intersections of many weaker factors, this paper approaches suburbanization as an intra-metropolitan residential mobility pattern. Over the course of the second half of the 20th century, residential mobility preferences coupled with land market preferences, technological advancement, and political support to escalate rates of city-to-suburb residential mobility and spread this pattern of mobility.

La penetrazione dei social media all’interno di ampi strati della societa ha fatto emergere sia le possibilita connesse all’espressione di un potere creativo, individuale o collettivo, di contenuti, linguaggi e pratiche comunicative non piu solo subiti sia la nascita di un rapporto sempre piu paritario e permanente tra media industries e forme di produzione comunicativa dal basso (Jenkins 2010, Boccia Artieri 2011) Allo stesso modo, anche a livello socio-politico, l’affermazione di piattaforme d’interazione on line se, da una parte, rimette in discussione la capacita degli attori istituzionali di esercitare un monopolio sul settaggio dell’agenda, dall’altra, consente ad individui, attori collettivi auto-organizzati e gruppi d’azione spontanei di dar forma e visibilita a se stessi, alla propria identita, ai contenuti rilevanti per se (Bennett 2008). Inoltre, nell’economia della storia piu recente dell’Italia segnata da due decenni di leadership politica basata su una personalizzazione ortodossa di processi e programmi (Fabbrini 1999, Helms 2005, Diamanti 2007), i social media sembrano assumere un elevato potere d’impatto dal momento che si configurano come volano tecnologico per l’affermazione di un paradigma politico dopo-moderno, in grado d’incarnare un superamento rispetto a burocratizzazione dei partiti, gestione clientelare e dinamiche di cooptazione verticali. A partire da queste premesse il paper si propone d’indagare il caso di studio rappresentato dal Popolo Viola. Si tratta di un movimento sociale nato nell’estate del 2009 per dare una struttura d’azione unitaria allo scontento maturato a seguito di una serie di misure legislative adottate dall’allora governo Berlusconi. L’architettura dell’attore collettivo, basata sull’uso creativo di un network di pagine Facebook geo-referenziate, ha consentito sia d’integrare realta socio-culturali distanti e differenti che di costituire un luogo “pubblico” di dibattito e negoziazione dell’agenda. Attraverso l’analisi del fenomeno si tentera, dunque, di rispondere a due principali domande di ricerca:Qual’e la struttura funzionale/comunicativa di un Digital Social Movement? Quali sono i contenuti che la riempiono di un senso specifico?Come si oggettivano le narrazioni prodotte sia dai suoi membri che dal movimento inteso come soggetto collettivo? Concentrando l’attenzione su comunicazioni on line, sono in fase di testing sia una griglia per la content analysis che un questionario on line da somministrare agli appartenenti alle Facebook Pages di movimento piu attive. All’interno del paper, dunque, si tentera di effettuare un’analisi critica dei risultati raggiunti a partire da una prospettiva d’osservazione che evidenzi le connessioni esistenti tra comunicazioni, forme di organizzazione e azioni di stampo politico.Penetration of online interactions platforms in socio-political realm if, on one hand, challenges the monopoly of agenda setting held by istitutional actors, on the other, allows individuals, self-organized actors and spontaneous action groups to give visibility to themselves, their identities and relevant contents per se (Bennett 2008). Moreover, in Italy's recent history marked by two decades of political leadership based on personalization of methods and programs (Helms 2005, Diamanti 2007), social media could be considered as a guiding technology toward a post-modern political paradigm able to overcome party bureaucracy, patronage and cooptation dynamics. This political change has to be framed within general evolution of society described by a more equal and permanent relationship between mass media industries and grassroots-based productions (Jenkins 2010, Boccia Artieri 2012).Starting from this scenario, the proposed paper aims at investigating the case study of Purple People, an italian social movement founded in 2009 to give a unique organizational structure to those who were most disappointed by the ex prime minister Silvio Berlusconi. Purple People’s structure, based on a network of Facebook pages, created a connection among groups of people coming from different regions and provided a "public" space in which discussions and negotiation of internal agenda took place.The analysis will attempt to answer two main research questions:What is the communicative/functional structure of a Digital Social Movement? What kind of contents give them specific meaning?What is the self-narrative phenomenon produced by members as well as by movement as collective actor?I’m presenting the results of both a content analysis of online contents posted on Purple People’s Facebook pages and an online questionnaire. Therefore, I will make a critical analysis of main findings using an operational perspective that highlights connections between communications, organization and political-type actions. The English version of this document can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2151276

The English language version of this paper is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1585976 Spanish Abstract: Este documento es el sexto de seis lecturas previas de nuestro curso "Ser un Lider y el Ejercicio Efectivo del Liderazgo: Un Modelo Ontologico Fenomenologico." Parte del material presentado en este curso esta basado o es derivado de los programas de Consultoria y el material del grupo Vanto y del material presentado en el Foro Landmark y otros programas ofrecidos por Landmark educacion LLC. Las ideas y la metodologia creada por Werner Erhard subyacen en gran parte del material. USO justo: Usted puede redistribuir este documento libremente, pero por favor no publique la version electronica en la web. Agradecemos publicar el enlace al documento: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2134158. Revisamos nuestros documentos con regularidad, y proporcionar el enlace al documento original garantiza que los lectores recibiran la version mas reciente. La intencion de este curso de liderazgo de un semestre es dejar a los participantes siendo lideres y ejerciendo liderazgo efectivamente como su expresion natural. Entendemos por "expresion natural" una forma de ser y de actuar en cualquier situacion de liderazgo que es una respuesta efectiva espontanea e intuitiva a con lo que uno esta lidiando. El curso esta basado en una nueva ciencia del liderazgo. Ademas de haber sido disenada para crear lideres, esta nueva ciencia del liderazgo le permite a los investigadores academicos acceder, estudiar, investigar y ensenar a ser un lider y el efectivo ejercicio del liderazgo como estos son de hecho vividos y experimentados. Documento traducido al espanol por Hector Hernandez y Alberto Velasquez. Material traducido en version libre de acuerdo con autorizacion de su titular. Para preguntas y comentarios respecto de la traduccion favor enviar un mensaje a: avelasquezv@hotmail.com. English Abstract: This document is the sixth of six pre-course readings for our full-semester course “Being a Leader and The Effective Exercise of Leadership: An Ontological/Phenomenological Model.” The intention of this one semester leadership course is to leave participants actually being leaders and exercising leadership effectively as their natural self-expression. By “natural self-expression” we mean a way of being and acting in any leadership situation that is a spontaneous and intuitive effective response to what one is dealing with. The course is based on a new science of leadership. In addition to being designed to actually create leaders, this new science of leadership enables scholars to access, study, research, and teach being a leader and the effective exercise of leadership as these are actually lived and experienced. We revise our papers regularly, and providing this link to the original ensures that readers will receive the most recent version. Document translated into Spanish by the Group icClic. For questions or comments regarding the translation please send a message to: contacto@icclic.com.

El presente escrito presenta una aproximacion critica al Estatuto del Consumidor en Colombia (Ley 1480 de 2011), especificamente en lo relacionado con la definicion y la aplicacion del termino “calidad” de los productos especificado en la misma norma, haciendo uso para los efectos de algunas premisas y criterios normativos deducibles de la teoria microeconomica. El documento demuestra que, si bien en varios aspectos, la aproximacion juridica que se le da a la nocion de “calidad” se alinea adecuadamente con ciertos criterios deducibles de la teoria economica, en otros aspectos entra en contradiccion con la misma, particularmente por el hecho que en lo referente a la calidad, el Estatuto se abstrae en ocasiones de las autenticas dinamicas de consumo en los mercados sobre los cuales se aplica aquel, lo que genera algunas consecuencias negativas incluso respecto de quienes la misma norma pretende proteger.This paper presents a critical approach to the Consumer Statute in Colombia (Law 1480 of 2011), specifically with regard to the definition and application of the term "quality" of the products specified in the same rule, using for the purpose of some premises and deductibles regulatory criteria of microeconomic theory. The paper shows that while in many respects, the legal approach that is given to the notion of "quality" is properly aligned with certain deductibles criteria of economic theory, in other respects it contradicts it, particularly by made regarding quality, sometimes abstracted Statute of the real dynamics of consumption in the markets on which one applies, generating some negative consequences even for those it is intended to protect.

La Mejora al Proceso de Software involucra un complejo proceso de conformacion. La escasez de investigacion sobre este tema dificulta comprender su dinamica, plantear modelos teoricos y desarrollar soluciones adecuadas para las empresas. Este trabajo expone lineamientos metodologicos para enfrentar la investigacion del proceso de conformacion desde la perspectiva de una propuesta de proyecto de Mejora al Proceso de Software. Los lineamientos metodologicos definen la conformacion de un proyecto y permiten fundamentar la definicion del problema, justifican el planteamiento de investigacion, y establecen objetivos de investigacion, todo lo cual conduce a la obtencion de componentes, elementos y artefactos para la conformacion de la propuesta de proyecto de Mejora al Proceso de Software. Los resultados obtenidos muestran la necesidad de una futura agenda de investigacion del tema y la importante necesidad de orientar resultados aplicados a PyMEs desarrolladoras de software. El documento muestra el estado del arte y los lineamientos de investigacion. Improving the Software Process involves a complex forming process. The paucity of research on this topic difficult to understand its dynamics, raise theoretical models and develop appropriate solutions for businesses. This paper discusses methodological guidelines to address the process of setting up research from the perspective of a project proposal to the Process Improvement Software. The methodological guidelines define the conformation of a project and allow to base the definition of the problem, justify the research approach, and set research objectives, all of which lead to the production of components, items and artifacts to the formation of the proposed project the Process Improvement Software. The results show the need for future research agenda of the subject and the important need to guide SMEs results applied to software development. The paper shows the state of the art and research guidelines.

The Italian version of this paper can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1950198Este documento de trabajo presenta un estudio de caso del Trentino, una de los territorios europeos con la mayor densidad de empresas cooperativas. El sistema de cooperacion desarrollados en esta zona fronteriza a lo largo de su ciento veinte anos de historia ha respondido a una serie de acontecimientos que han cambiado sustancialmente y en repetidas ocasiones el marco institucional y economico, que muestra una gran versatilidad. Esta caracteristica es analizada a seguir por un lado desde el punto de vista de su capacidad de responder a los cambios de contexto, configurandose como un elemento fundamental de las dinamicas del desarrollo local y, por el otro, como aporte en terminos de una reflexion sobre una teoria de la pluralidad de formas de empresa, es decir como nucleo de una estrategia para responder a la crisis del modelo industrial tradicional, enfocado sobre la gran empresa de capital.This working paper presents the case of the Italian region of Trentino, one of the areas in Europe with the highest concentration of cooperative businesses. The cooperative system that developed in this border region has reacted to a series of events over the course of its 120 years of history that have radically and repeatedly modified the institutional and economic context, demonstrating notable versatility. This characteristic is analysed here in reference, on the one hand, to the capacity to respond to changes in the context as a fundamental element of local development, and on the other hand as an element of reflection for a theory of entrepreneurial pluralism as the nucleus of a strategy to respond to the crisis in the classic industrial model based on large capitalistic firms.

Spanish Abstract: La formacion y consolidacion de empresas constituye un elemento clave para lograr la transformacion social y economica de Colombia. Muestra de esta hipotesis, son el creciente numero de trabajos academicos y politicas encaminadas a fomentar la actividad emprendedora en el pais y sus regiones. Por tanto, se quiere contrastar lo observado en la literatura aplicado al caso de Medellin Area Metropolitana para el ano 2009, con el fin de aportar a la discusion sobre los determinantes y politicas de creacion y fortalecimiento de empresas. De esta forma, dadas unas caracteristicas socioeconomicas de los individuos y la region se quiere conocer cual es probabilidad de que una persona sea empresaria, independiente formal, empleada o independiente informal, siendo el primer estado aquel que genera mayor efecto en el crecimiento y desarrollo de la region. Para ello, se utilizan tres modelo de eleccion discreta, tales como logit y probit multinomial, y logit binario secuencial, que permiten observar que la educacion, uso de tecnologias de informacion y telecomunicaciones, y el capital financiero son variables que mas contribuyen en la probabilidad de ser empresario.English Abstract: The formation and consolidation of businesses is a key element in achieving social and economic transformation of Colombia. Example of this hypothesis, are the increasing number of academic papers and policies to promote entrepreneurship in country and its regions. Therefore, we want to contrast what is observed in the literature applied to the case of Medellin Metropolitan Area in 2009, to contribute to the discussion on the determinants and policy creation and strengthening of companies. the main objective if this paper is know what is the probability that an individual will be an entrepreneur, formal independent,employee or informal independent, being the first state that generates the largest effect on growth and development of the region. We use three discrete choice models such as Logit and Multinomial Probit and Logit Binary sequence, for observing that education, use of information technologies and telecommunications, and financial capital are variables that contribute to the probability to be entrepreneur.

Portuguese Abstract: Esse trabalho examina a relevância das decisoes concorrenciais da Uniao Europeia (UE) como referencia para as decisoes do Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Economica (CADE).No Direito Brasileiro, a legislacao antitruste passou a ter maior expressao no cenario de liberalizacao economica dos anos 90, quando, em 1994, foi promulgada a Lei n. 8.884, trazendo maior relevância e credibilidade ao Direito Concorrencial no Brasil . Houve um aperfeicoamento legislativo da materia e a implementacao de um verdadeiro Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrencia (SBDC). O CADE foi transformado em autarquia federal, o que lhe deu maior autonomia, contando com o auxilio, na defesa da concorrencia, da SDE – Secretaria de Defesa Economica, do Ministerio da Justica, e da SEAE – Secretaria de Acompanhamento Economico, do Ministerio da Fazenda. O CADE tornou-se mais atuante e passou a ter decisoes mais expressivas, inclusive em termos de relevância para a economia nacional (ao menos, em tese). No ano de 2010, por exemplo, 835 (oitocentos e trinta e cinco) novos processos foram instaurados no CADE, tendo sido julgados 765 (setecentos e sessenta e cinco), sendo a maioria deles Atos de Concentracao de empresas.O fortalecimento do orgao antitruste tem sido crescente ao longo dos anos. Nessa esteira, foi sancionada, em 30 de novembro de 2011 (e publicada em 1o de dezembro de 2011), a Lei n. 12.529/11 , que cria o “SuperCADE”, conferindo mais poderes e competencias ao tribunal administrativo, com a absorcao do Departamento de Protecao e Defesa Economica (DPDE) da SDE e o controle previo dos atos de concentracao. Essa lei entra em vigor em Dentre as suas decisoes, apesar de o direito estrangeiro nao ser o seu fundamento direto, e certo que, ao interpretar o direito concorrencial brasileiro, o CADE frequentemente faz referencia ao direito concorrencial da UE e as leis antitruste dos Estados Unidos da America (EUA) para buscar ideias sobre como desenvolver os seus proprios regulamentos e confirmar as suas proprias decisoes (Secao 2). Alguns acham isso apropriado. Ha tambem doutrinadores e instituicoes no Brasil que acreditam que as regras de concorrencia sobre acordos anti-concorrenciais visam proteger o bem estar do consumidor (Secao 3(b)). Da mesma forma (Secao 4(b)), a Comissao Europeia (principal orgao executando os regulamentos concorrenciais da UE) e opiniao academica em geral, acreditam que o bem estar do consumidor e, e deveria ser, tambem o unico objetivo dos regulamentos da EU, proibindo acordos anti-concorrenciais. Desde que as leis de concorrencia do Brasil e da Uniao Europeia tenham os mesmos objetivos, e sejam levados em conta os diferentes contextos institucionais e socioeconomicos (bem como as clausulas especificas das proprias leis de concorrencia), pode fazer sentido que o CADE se baseie nos resultados de decisoes sobre concorrencia na UE para confirmar as suas proprias decisoes.Todavia, antes de decidir se o CADE deve ou nao agir dessa forma, e preciso certificar-se de que os objetivos desses dois sistemas de concorrencia estao realmente alinhados. Na Secao 3(c), ainda, argumenta-se que, na verdade, as leis de concorrencia brasileiras nao tem como objetivo unico o bem estar do consumidor. Da mesma forma, conhecer os objetivos da lei concorrencial da UE e importante. Nas Secoes 4(c) e (d) argumenta-se que, de fato, as leis de concorrencia da UE tambem nao tem o bem estar do consumidor como objetivo unico; apesar do regulamento europeu ser guiado por uma constelacao de objetivos equilibrada que difere da lei brasileira.Considerando-se que ha diferentes objetivos, a Secao 5(a) discute os problemas teoricos surgidos em decisoes sobre concorrencia no Brasil que estejam baseadas nas decisoes da UE. A Secao 5(b), por sua vez, nos da exemplos ilustrativos de como esses objetivos divergentes podem ser relevantes. Por fim, a Secao 6 ressalta a importância das decisoes da UE em concorrencias para obtermos ideias de como um regime concorrencial diferente do nosso enfrenta e soluciona um cenario real equivalente. Todavia, pode haver um exagero do CADE na sua dependencia sobre esses julgamentos ao confirmar suas proprias decisoes.O presente trabalho enfoca os regulamentos referentes a acordos anti-concorrenciais (nao inclui acordos de fusao) do ponto de vista da UE. O regulamento relevante nas normas juridicas europeias e o Artigo 101 TFUE. Nao examinaremos o antitruste dos EUA, mas existe neste caso algo semelhante, na medida em que os objetivos dos EUA diferem dos brasileiros.This paper (written in Portuguese) examines the relevance of European Union (EU) competition decisions for guiding the judgments of the Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Economica (CADE). English Abstract: Although CADE does not directly base its judgments on foreign law, when interpreting Brazilian law it refers to EU and US antitrust for ideas on how to develop its own rules and to confirm its own judgments, Section 2. Some believe that this is appropriate. There are many who argue that the Brazilian competition rules governing anti-competitive arrangements aim to protect consumer welfare, Section 3(b). Similarly, Section 4(b) shows that the European Commission (the main body enforcing the EU competition rules) and academic opinion in general, believe that consumer welfare is and should be the sole goal of the EU rules forbidding anti-competitive arrangements. If Brazilian and EU competition laws have the same goals, then as long as one takes account of the different institutional and socio-economic contexts (as well as the specific provisions of the competition laws themselves), it makes sense for CADE to rely on the outcomes of similar EU competition decisions to confirm its own judgments.However, before one can decide whether or not CADE should act in this way, one must ensure that the goals of these two competition systems are really aligned. Section 3(c) argues that, in fact, the Brazilian competition rules do not have a sole consumer welfare goal. Similarly, knowing the goals of EU competition law is important. Sections 4(c) and (d) argue that, in fact, the EU competition rules do not have a sole consumer welfare goal either; although the EU rule is guided by a differently balanced constellation of goals from the Brazilian law.Given their differing goals, Section 5(a) discusses the theoretical problems of relying on EU competition decisions in Brazilian competition judgments. Section 5(b) goes on to provide two illustrative examples of where these differing goals may be important. Section 6 concludes that reference to EU competition decisions is valuable in order to get ideas about how another competition regime approaches and solves an equivalent factual scenario. However, CADE may be placing an inappropriate amount of reliance on these decisions when it uses them to confirm its own judgments.This paper focuses on the rules that apply to anti-competitive agreements (not including merger agreements) on the EU side. The relevant rule in the European legal order is Article 101 TFEU. We do not examine US antitrust, but a similar point is relevant there, to the extent that US goals diverge from Brazilian ones.

Here in this human resource management paper, the authors examine and interpret the concept of Taoism that the Chinese believe and practice for many centuries, and the paper is oriented towards attaining life/work balance in the light of modern day living. The authors also explain the ancient Chinese studied and followed the nature way which is the foundation of Taoism, and subscribing to living simply as in the nature’s way, makes for a more wholesome and balanced living. Here, the Taoist’s wisdom of ‘being empty’ is also expressed and explained. Using various examples and analogies, the authors indicate, draw parallels as well as examine and highlight the key lessons drawn from nature.

Spanish Abstract: El objetivo principal de la presente investigacion es describir y analizar los cambios en la transmision de conocimiento en los establecimientos educativos femeninos de Bogota y la participacion de la mujer dentro del mercado laboral bogotano. A partir de los resultados que arrojo la encuesta de empleo de 1963-1970 para Bogota y la encuesta integrada de hogares 2006, se elaboro un estudio por cohortes para analizar la relacion entre educacion y participacion laboral femenina. Adicionalmente, se realizo una exhaustiva revision de los Diarios Oficiales entre 1900 y 1950, con el fin de identificar las principales leyes y decretos educativos y la evolucion en la estructura curricular de las escuelas para hombres y mujeres. Asimismo, se revisaron los principales periodicos nacionales de la epoca para analizar los cambios en la mentalidad sobre el papel de la mujer dentro de la sociedad bogotana. Los principales resultados de la investigacion revelan que la mujer tuvo un papel mas activo dentro de la sociedad al ingresar a la universidad y al mercado laboral. Asi, el promedio de anos de educacion de la mujer aumento de 3 a casi 6, durante la primera mitad del siglo XX y, a partir de la cohorte de los anos treinta, la mujer comenzo a integrarse mas al mercado laboral como resultado de las politicas educativas y los cambios en la estructura y en la organizacion de la economia nacional.English Abstract:The main purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze changes in transmission of knowledge in the women schools in Bogota and their participation on the labor market. Using the data base “Encuesta de Empleo de 1963-1970 para Bogota” and “Encuesta Integrada de Hogares 2006”, this paper shows a methodology research by cohorts to analyze the relation between education and women labor participation. In addition, we conducted a thorough review of “Diarios Oficiales” and national newspapers between 1900 and 1950 to identify key educational regulations, curriculum structure evolution in schools and mentality changes about the role of women in society. The main findings reveal that the woman had a more active educational and labor role in society. Thus, the average years of women education increased from 3 to about 6, during the first half of the twentieth century, from the cohort of the thirties, the woman had more integration into the labor market as a result of educational policies and changes in the structure and organization of the national economy.

Portuguese Abstract: Este escrito analisa o sistema juridico de Macau numa perspectiva de direito comparado. A suposicao geral neste dominio e a de que Macau faz parte da familia romano-germânica de sistemas juridicos. Esta concepcao e questionada e discutida a partir de uma perspectiva ampla. Em primeiro lugar e necessario ter tambem alguns desenvolvimentos no campo do direito publico em conta, algo que os comparatistas nem sempre fazem, permanecendo focados no direito privado. Em segundo lugar e necessario abandonar a abordagem eurocentrica implicita na divisao entre civil law vs common law; cabe usar uma taxonomia mais abrangente. Em terceiro lugar e tambem necessario ter em conta o papel mais amplo do direito na sociedade. O quadro geral proposto por Ugo Mattei e adoptado. Neste sentido, o texto tenta capturar os desenvolvimentos juridicos que ocorreram em Macau apos o retorno a soberania chinesa em 1999 e questionar as suas implicacoes. Em geral, Macau e ainda hoje um sistema juridico romano-germânico, como resultado do legado portugues, com base no Estado de Direito. O direito de Macau tem agora elementos de sistemas juridicos socialistas e, claro, tracos juridico-culturais comuns a Asia Oriental. Este escrito indica linhas recentes de evolucao nas areas do direito constitucional e administrativo, do direito penal e do direito dos negocios. O tema geral e que o direito de Macau esta em transicao do Ocidente para o Oriente e sempre sera um hibrido, mostrando uma mistura peculiar de influencias, que podem, na verdade, variar em cada area do direito. O texto inclui tambem varias observacoes sobre a formacao juridica em Macau, o papel do portugues como lingua oficial e ainda sobre as perspectivas de evolucao depois de 2049, o periodo apos o qual a Declaracao Conjunta Luso-Chinesa deixara de vigorar. English Abstract: This paper looks at the Macau legal system from a comparative law perspective. The general and commonly held assumption is that Macau is a part of the Roman-German family of legal systems. This assumption is questioned and discussed from a broad perspective. First, it is necessary to also take developments in the field of public law into account, which comparative lawyers not always do, remaining focused on private law. Second, is also necessary to abandon the Eurocentric approach implied in the division between civil law and common law and use a more comprehensive taxonomy. Third, it is also necessary to take into account the broader role of law in society. The general framework proposed by Ugo Mattei is adopted. In this vein, the paper tries to capture the legal developments that took place in Macau after the return to Chinese sovereignty in 1999 and question their implications. In general, Macau is today still a Roman-German legal system as a result of the Portuguese legacy, based in the rule of law. Macau law has now elements of socialist legal systems and of course legal-cultural traits common to East Asia. The paper indicates recent lines of evolution in the fields of constitutional and administrative law, criminal law and business law. The general theme is that Macau law is in a transition from West to East and will always be a hybrid, showing a peculiar mix of influences, which may actually vary in each area of the law. The paper also includes various observations on legal education in Macau, the role of Portuguese as an official language and perspectives of evolution after 2049, the period after which the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration will no longer apply.

The Italian version of this paper can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1950054El texto trata del renovado interes europeo, dentro del debate politico-institucional, para la economia social. En particular se aborda el reconocimiento de la diversidad de formas de empresas despues de mas de dos decadas en las que, tanto el paradigma economico continentale asi como las comunes estrategias de desarrollo de la Union Europea fueron monopolizadas practicamente por el predominio del modelo de las grandes empresas capitalistas enmarcas dentro del duopolio Estado - mercado. La crisis que se estallo en 2008 ha acelerado un proceso (ya iniciado por el declive de las formas tradicionales del Estado del bienestar), que entreve la aparicion de formas de empresas sociales y tambien el papel mas activo de las cooperativas. Este marco forma parte del debate reciente sobre la Innovacion Social, que ve entre sus participantes la propia Comision Europea. Inclusdo evitando de tratar sobre las referencias conceptuales y terminologicas que aun no han formado una teoria adecuada sobre la pluralidad de formas de empresa, este debate es un reconocimiento de como la experiencia europea esta caracterizada por muchos ejemplos, especialmente a nivel local, mostrando que demuestran como este pluralismo se ha mantenido siempre vivo y productivo, y hoy puede representar un componente importante de una estrategia de salida de la crisis financieras y de la falta de confianza que afecta las sociedades europeas.The paper discusses the renewed interest in the social economy within the European political and institutional discourse. After over two decades during which the economic thought and development strategies in our continent have been monopolized by the model of large capitalistic enterprises within a state-market dichotomy, there is now a greater acknowledgment of the diversity of enterprise forms. The crises that started in 2008 has accelerated this process, which had already started with the decline of the traditional welfare state and the rise of social enterprises, coupled with a more active role played by cooperatives. In this context, the new debate on social innovation arose, which saw the active involvement of the European Commission itself. Despite the limitations imposed by a conceptual and terminological frame of reference that still does not translate into an adequate theory of the pluralism of enterprise forms, this debate reflects the acknowledgement that the European experience is populated by myriad examples, particularly at the local level, of how this pluralism has always been alive and well, and how it can now be an important element in a strategy that can lead us out of the financial and confidence crisis that plagues European societies.

The aim of the paper is to provide a review of the literature on economic evaluation of environmental impacts. Due to the complex nature of environmental goods, their evaluation is a difficult task. At the same time, it could be interesting to explore alternative approaches to the standard neoclassical model that tried an evaluation of the environment. The paper is organized in three sections. The first analyzes some of the latest big and known environmental damages and the attempts made to evaluate them. The second reviews the standard literature trying to provide a definition and an evaluation of the total economic value of the environment. The final third part presents some of alternative approaches to estimate the value of the environment in a manner that differs from the standard neoclassical model. Obiettivo di questo paper e’ quello di fornire una rassegna della letteratura economica sulla valutazione dei beni ambientali. Tale esigenza nasce sia dalla consapevolezza che, data la natura del bene oggetto della valutazione, qualsiasi misurazione potra risultare incompleta e perfettibile, sia dall’ interesse nell’ analizzare come approcci alternativi al modello economico neoclassico hanno affrontato il problema della misurazione del bene ambiente. Partendo da alcuni gravi e conclamati disastri ambientali verificatisi nell’ultimo anno, si analizzano i metodi di domanda e non di domanda per la misurazione del valore economico totale dell’ambiente facendo riferimento a recenti e non, esempi forniti dalla letteratura economico;ambientale. La rassegna si conclude con l’analisi di alcuni approcci alternativi alla valutazione dell’ambiente basati su una parziale confutazione di alcune delle ipotesi alla base del modello economico neoclassico.

Almost universally, the Oaxaca (1973) decomposition is used to compare the outcomes between two discrete groups, e.g., black and white or male and female. In many applications, however, groups are not readily divided into discrete bins. The purpose of this paper is to extend the Oaxaca decomposition to examine differences amongst groups that are most naturally modeled as at a point in a continuum. This paper also extends the Oaxaca decomposition to a probit model.