529 results
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2. From Paper Maps to Virtual Reality — A View from Hong Kong.
- Author
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Tung Fung, Yee Leung, and Hui Lin
- Subjects
- *
CARTOGRAPHY , *COMPUTERS , *CARTOGRAPHIC materials , *CARTOGRAPHERS , *VIRTUAL reality - Abstract
Offers a look at the changes in the field of cartography. Impact of the advent of computers on cartography; Changes in cartographic communication; Comparison between the roles of cartographers, map users and virtual reality.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Blueprinting in the History of Cartography.
- Author
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Murray, Jeffrey S.
- Subjects
19TH century history ,BLUEPRINTING ,MAPS ,CARTOGRAPHY ,MATHEMATICAL geography - Abstract
From the mid-19th century to the Second World War, blueprinting played an important role in the dissemination of maps. The technology was well suited to meeting the need for inexpensive copies, particularly when print runs required quick production schedules with little or no assistance from skilled tradesmen. Despite its popularity, blueprinting has received little recognition from the historical community. As a result, examples of blueprinting are under-represented in archival collections. This article examines the early development of blueprint mapping and calls for greater study and awareness of the technology as it relates to the mapping industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Mind the Map: Redesigning the London Underground Map.
- Author
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Field, Kenneth
- Subjects
SUBWAYS ,MAP design ,CARTOGRAPHY ,CARTOGRAPHERS ,MAPS - Abstract
In May 2022, ahead of the 90th anniversary of Beck's original London Underground map, Transport for London opened the new Elizabeth Line, and added it to the already-congested map. But is the map still fit for purpose? This paper references critiques of the recent iterations of the map, and undertakes a cartographic review that assesses its form and function. It includes new designs of the map, created by the author, that attempt to deal with the issues identified, as well as providing a wider critique. In exploring why cartographers and designers offer alternative, often unrequested, new designs of such classic maps, the paper will reflect upon the issue of whether holding on to an iconic map, with its flaws, is preferable to letting go of the past and designing a completely new map. Changing the map would be a brave move, but is one that this author, among others, feels is too pertinent an issue to continue to ignore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Lines of Power: The Eighteenth-Century Struggle Over the Norwegian–Swedish Border in Central Scandinavia.
- Author
-
Lien, Anne Christine and Lundberg, Anders
- Subjects
ELECTRIC lines ,BORDERLANDS ,CARTOGRAPHY ,STRUGGLE ,NEGOTIATION ,COUNTRIES ,HISTORICAL maps - Abstract
The final position of the Norwegian–Swedish border was determined in 1751, after challenging negotiations. This paper focuses on central parts of Scandinavia and investigates the role of cartography in the border positioning process. The examination of a wide variety of historical maps before and after the border treaty provides insight into the differing opinions on the border region's shifting affiliation. Other factors that helped to shape the borderline were a turbulent political situation with shifting sovereignty over the area in question, as well as conflicts over valuable resources. The findings indicate that cartographic evidence had an important role in the position of the Norwegian–Swedish border in central Scandinavia. The paper adds to our understanding of maps as a political tool as well as of the role of resources in border processes, and provides new knowledge on how cartography influenced a national border between two countries fighting for land, resources and hegemony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Learning About the Soviet State: The Establishment of Soviet Educational Cartography in the 1920s and 1930s.
- Author
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Gavrilova, Sofia
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,NINETEENTH century ,CURRICULUM ,LEARNING ,MAPS - Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the development and the establishment of Soviet educational cartography, using the example of school world atlases. Geography, as a compulsory school subject, began to be implemented in the curriculum only after 1934, putting maps right at the centre of the educational process. This triggered the formation of new governmental committees and centralized map production, introducing new approaches to school atlases and new content that was aligned to the newly developed programme. This paper, therefore, examines the changes in the cartographic production and content of school world atlases from the late nineteenth century until 1937 against the context of changes in managing and perceiving the Russian and Soviet spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Advancing Global Cartography and GIScience.
- Author
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Cartwright, William
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,ASSOCIATIONS, institutions, etc. ,MAPS ,GEOGRAPHIC information systems ,RESEARCH ,SOCIETIES - Abstract
The International Cartographic Association (ICA) has, for over 50 years, strived to advance cartographic theory and praxis. Throughout its work throughout the last half-century member organisations, commission and working group members and its various executive committees have established mechanisms to investigate the Art, Science and Technology of Cartography and GIScience. This paper provides an overview of the ICA. It outlines its work and its commitment to facilitate discourse in the discipline through encouraging research, publishing the findings of research and development, disseminating current thinking via various fora, encouraging excellence in map-making through competitions and exhibitions and acting internationally as the key authority in Cartography and GIScience, in many instances through member nations and with sister societies and other international bodies. This is offered to give a background to the papers provided in this special issue of The Cartographic Journal, which offers papers selected by the Scientific Committee of the 25th International Cartographic Conference of the International Cartographic Association, held in July 2011 in Paris, France. These selected papers formed part of over 900 papers that were received, reviewed and published. It is doubly rewarding, as this conference celebrates the 50th anniversary of last Paris ICA conference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] - Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Numbers from a Cartographic Voyage.
- Author
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Field, Kenneth
- Subjects
TOPOGRAPHIC maps ,MAPS ,CARTOGRAPHY - Abstract
The article discusses various reports published within the issue, including one by Alexander Kent on stylistic diversity in medium scale European topographic maps, one by Jantien Stotier and colleagues on specifications for automated solutions for generalising map data, and one by Hartwig Hochmair on the influence of map design on route choice in people's selection and use of public transportation networks.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Teragons for Testing Implementations of Point Reduction Algorithms.
- Author
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Visvalingam, Mahes
- Subjects
ALGORITHMS ,CARTOGRAPHY ,GEOMETRIC analysis ,GENERALIZATION ,JAVASCRIPT programming language - Abstract
There are several open source and commercial implementations of the Visvalingam algorithm for line generalization. The algorithm provides scope for implementation-specific interpretations, with different outcomes. This is inevitable and sometimes necessary and, it does not imply that an implementation is flawed. The only restriction is that the output must not be so inconsistent with the intent of the algorithm that it becomes inappropriate. The aim of this paper is to place the algorithm within the literature, and demonstrate the value of the teragon-test for evaluating the appropriateness of implementations; Mapshaper v 0.2.28 and earlier versions are used for illustrative purposes. Data pertaining to natural features, such as coastlines, are insufficient for establishing whether deviations in output are significant. The teragon-test revealed an unexpected loss of symmetry from both the Visvalingam and Douglas-Peucker options, making the tested versions unsuitable for some applications, especially outside of cartography. This paper describes the causes, and discusses their implications. Mapshaper 0.3.17 passes the teragon test. Other developers and users should check their implementations using contrived geometric data, such as the teragon data used in this paper, especially when the source code is not available for inspection. The teragon-test is also useful for evaluating other point reduction algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Evaluating the Geometry of Objects in Cartographic Generalization with Hu's Invariants.
- Author
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Bac-Bronowicz, Joanna, Kozioł, Krystian, Kwinta, Andrzej, Santos, Celso Augusto Guimarães, and Maciuk, Kamil
- Subjects
- *
GENERALIZATION , *GEOMETRY - Abstract
This paper presents a novel approach to assessing the geometry of objects using Hu's invariants in the context of cartographic generalization. The primary focus is to improve the generalization process and produce more readable and informative maps. The study demonstrates the applicability and effectiveness of the modified invariant moment M1* in evaluating regular shape similarity. Experiments, based on 24 shapes, exhibit greater stability in the results and reveal the high suitability of this moment in the investigation and classification of buildings, among other generalization processes. The efficiency of the proposed method is compared to previous generalization techniques, showing a significant improvement in the generalization process. In conclusion, this research contributes to the development of cartographic generalization methods by introducing the use of Hu's invariants for evaluating object geometry. This approach can improve the automation of map generalization processes and more effective communication of geographic information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. John H. Andrews: Historian of Irish Cartography.
- Author
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Oliver, Richard
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,HISTORIANS ,HISTORY of cartography ,CARTOGRAPHIC materials ,CARTOGRAPHERS - Abstract
27th May 1927 to 15th November 2019 Graph After graduating from Cambridge, John Harwood Andrews joined the geography department at Trinity College, Dublin in 1954, from which he retired as Associate Professor in 1990. The spread of Harley's ideas was not impeded by his premature death in 1991; Andrews published several papers arguing for a less theory-dependent approach, but seemed to be battling against the tide. (1975) A Paper Landscape: The Ordnance Survey in Nineteenth-Century Ireland Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Tactile Mapping: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow.
- Author
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Tatham, Andrew F.
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,MAPS ,TOUCH ,PEOPLE with visual disabilities ,MATHEMATICAL geography - Abstract
The paper presents an overview the development of techniques in and uses of tactile mapping[sup 2] through the last fifty or so years. It provides both a background for the other papers in this issue,[sup 3] and an account of the current state of the art. It notes that cartography has almost as much to learn from tactile cartography as vice versa, and suggests possible routes and areas for future developments in tactile mapping and the education and care of blind and visually impaired people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Cartographically Wordy but not Necessarily Worthy.
- Author
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Field, Kenneth
- Subjects
EDITORIALS ,MAPS ,COMPUTER network resources ,CARTOGRAPHY ,METAPHOR - Abstract
The author discusses a notion that many maps may be visually engaging but reveal very little data. He uses the word cloud as a metaphor for many current online mapping, which he describes as very visual and engaging but ultimately lacking in purposeful information. He asserts that a lot of online mapping fails because of the use of third-party map services to produce such maps, giving little thought to design, layout or the message to be communicated.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Cartographic Upgrading: Manual to Automatic.
- Author
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Field, Kenneth
- Subjects
MAPS ,CARTOGRAPHY - Abstract
The article discusses various reports published within the issue, including one on a new standard for symbol design for landmine hazards and mine actions and another on the relationship of road maps with advertising for the period 1860-1940.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Producing Tactile Maps Using New Inkjet Technology: an Introduction.
- Author
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McCallum, Don, Rowell, Jonathan, and Ungar, Simon
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,MAPS ,INK-jet printers ,PIEZOELECTRIC devices ,RESEARCH - Abstract
Three common methods for producing tactile maps are mixed media, microcapsule paper and thermoform. This paper describes a new method for producing tactile diagrams using piezoelectric inkjet. To produce diagrams a photo-curing acrylic polymer ink is repeatedly printed onto a thermoplastic substrate and exposed to ultraviolet light which bonds the ink to the substrate and cures it solid. The speed and precision of the process means maps with fine, easily discriminated tactile features will be readily available to users. The new process will facilitate further psychological, psychophysical and cartographic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. An Analysis of Drawing Techniques used on European Topographic Maps in the Eighteenth Century.
- Author
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Medyńska-Gulij, Beata and Żuchowski, Tadeusz J.
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHIC materials ,TOPOGRAPHIC maps ,CARTOGRAPHERS ,CARTOGRAPHY ,TOPOGRAPHY - Abstract
This paper presents a comparative analysis of the drawing techniques (i.e. tools, materials and procedures) used in eighteenth-century manuscript topographic maps of European countries. The application of analytical methods from the field of art history to analyse the graphical means of expression in a sample of 11 maps, which are both unique and characteristic of eighteenth-century cartography, provides a new perspective for examining the relationship between drawing techniques and aesthetic responses to topographic subjects. The study concludes that drawing techniques are an important aspect in the evolution of the professional and aesthetic visualization of European topography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. 'Ordnance Survey: Global Brand, National Treasure'.
- Author
-
Field, Kenneth
- Subjects
PREFACES & forewords ,CARTOGRAPHY - Abstract
The article discusses various reports published within the issue including the several papers related to the products from Ordnance Survey and a paper on generalization of building outlines from base scale data for the production of 1:500,000 scale maps.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Editorial Note on 42.2.
- Author
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Vujakovic, Peter
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHIC materials ,CARTOGRAPHY - Abstract
This article introduces several papers which deal with cartographic materials.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Mapping Mount Kōya, one of Japan's Most Revered Pilgrimage Sites.
- Author
-
Lukacs, Gabor
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,MAPS ,WORLD Heritage Sites ,BUDDHISM ,MONASTERIES - Abstract
This paper describes the earliest surviving hand-coloured manuscript maps as well as later printed maps of Mount Kōya, (高野山, Kōyasan in Japanese), a UNESCO World Heritage site and one of Japan's most revered pilgrimage sites with several hundreds of temples. It was founded 1200 years ago in 816 by the famous Buddhist monk Kūkai, 空海, 774–835, also known as Kōbō Daishi, 弘法大師. Several exhibitions were held recently in Japan and many books published to commemorate the anniversary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. From Children's Maps to Child's Play: Imagination Inspires Cartography.
- Author
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Field, Kenneth
- Subjects
CONFERENCES & conventions ,CARTOGRAPHY ,ASSOCIATIONS, institutions, etc. - Abstract
The article discusses the highlights of the 24th International Cartographic Conference of the International Cartographic Association (ICA) held in Santiago, Chile in November 2009. The event was attended by almost 1,000 participants who enjoyed the exhibitions and excursions. According to the author, the map exhibition has been impressive in terms of quantity and quality.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Technical Evolution of Flood Maps Through Spanish Experience in the European Framework.
- Author
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Olcina-Cantos, Jorge and Díez-Herrero, Andrés
- Subjects
FLOOD risk ,EMERGENCY management ,FLOOD warning systems ,FLOODS ,MAPS ,GREEN infrastructure ,ADMINISTRATIVE courts ,CARTOGRAPHY - Abstract
Flood maps group different types of cartographies related to flooding and the components and variables of flood risk and its mitigation measures. This paper analyses the most important facts in the development of flood mapping in Spain and assesses the current. While 60/2007 EU Directive has been an important step for mapping risk, future developments must: (i) overcome the concept of return period; (ii) incorporate other aspects of the European Directive, basically vulnerability and susceptibility to flooding from rainwater, also the effect of climate change on flood hazards; (iii) include scenarios for the consequences of climate change; (iv) incorporate risk cartography as a key element of 'green infrastructure', like tool in spatial planning; (v) Reduce the map representation scale; (vi) incorporate new elements within risk maps to improve emergency management; (vii) improve public-private cooperation; (viii) facilitate the legal use of hazard and risk maps in administrative and court processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Multi-Criteria Geographic Analysis for Automated Cartographic Generalization.
- Author
-
Touya, G.
- Subjects
GENERALIZATION ,CARTOGRAPHY ,MAPS ,AUTOMATION ,TEXT messages - Abstract
Cartographic generalization is a process similar to text summarization that transforms a map when scale is reduced. Cartographic generalization simplifies the map content while preserving as much as possible the initial characteristics and spatial relations of the map. The automation of this process requires a deep understanding of the context of each map feature, which involves different criteria such as the shape of the feature, the semantic nature of the feature, or the spatial patterns of its neighbouring features. This is why multiple criteria decision techniques can be relevant during the process. This paper proposes two use cases of cartographic generalization sub-tasks where multiple criteria decision techniques improve past techniques: the classification of urban building blocks and the ordering of the buildings to keep in the map as a priority. In both use cases, the proposed methods are experimented on large real cartographic datasets, and evaluated in comparison to alternative techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Estimation of the Positional Uncertainty in Line Simplification in GIS.
- Author
-
Chui Kwan Cheung and Wenzhong Shi
- Subjects
MATHEMATICAL models ,MAP scales ,MEASUREMENT of distances ,CARTOGRAPHY ,ALGORITHMS - Abstract
This paper presents a new model for handling positional uncertainty in the process of line simplification. It considers that positional uncertainty in a simplified line is caused by (a) positional uncertainty in an initial line propagated through the process and (b) a deviation of the simplified line from the initial line. In order to describe the uncertainty in the simplified line, the maximum distance is defined as a measure. This measure is further adopted to determine parameters to a line simplification algorithm. Therefore, this model makes a step forward in the implementation of an uncertainty indicator for the line simplification. As compared existing models, the proposed uncertainty model in this paper is more comprehensive in uncertainty assessment for line simplification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Building Displacement Based on the Topological Structure.
- Author
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Sun, Yageng, Guo, Qingsheng, Liu, Yuangang, Lv, Xiuqin, and Yang, Nai
- Subjects
TOPOLOGY ,ALGORITHMS ,NUMERICAL calculations ,FEASIBILITY studies ,CARTOGRAPHY - Abstract
Map data at smaller scales than their source can result in spatial conflict, whereby map symbols become too close, or overlaid. Server map generalisation operators may be applied to solve this problem, including displacement. In this paper, we show how an optimisation algorithm, the snake algorithm, was used to displace multiple objects in order to resolve spatial conflicts and maintain important spatial relationships between objects during displacement. Two principles based on the snake algorithm are proposed in this paper. First, the truss structure mirroring spatial proximity relationships between buildings and between building and road is formed based on the weighted proximity graph derived from constrained Delaunay triangulations (CDT) in each map partition. In the weighted proximity graph, each connecting line is determined as a snake and as an element unit to assemble the global stiffness matrix in snake algorithm. Second, a buffer method that calculates force between a building and a road (or other linear features) or between pair of buildings is adopted in the snake algorithm. This avoids the imbalance phenomenon caused by different force calculation methods during the displacement. The feasibility of the approach is demonstrated in obtaining real geographic data. Finally, the results are cartographically usable and in particular, the spatial relationships between objects are preserved. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Cartography, Society and Technology.
- Author
-
Vujakovic, Peter
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,MAPS - Abstract
Introduces several articles about cartography and mapping.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Landmarks in Mapping.
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,SURVEYING (Engineering) - Abstract
An introduction to the journal is presented in which the author discusses various reports within the issue on topics including the use of three-dimensional technology in cartography, the challenges in surveying South Africa in the early-middle 1900s, and the life and works of cartographer John Wood.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. A Key Numbering Solution for 1:25,000 Topographic Maps.
- Author
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Çap, Turgay, Selvi, Hüseyin Zahit, and Buğdayci, İlkay
- Subjects
TOPOGRAPHIC maps ,SOCIAL interaction ,CARTOGRAPHY - Abstract
The automatic placement of map labels in graphically dense areas is one of the challenging problems in modern cartography. Creation of the annotation layer still requires human interaction and automation of this process has significant potential for reducing the time required for map production. In this paper, we present a software technique for the key numbering process that we applied to approximately 20% of the 1:25,000 topographic maps of Turkey. The results were compared with those obtained from the traditional manual method. The consistency of the results is above 90%, achieving time savings of 70%, which indicates an substantial improvement in topographic map production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Courtier and Seeing-Man: Differences in Europeans' Roles in East Asian and Central American Societies as Reflected through Maps.
- Author
-
Shi, Hua
- Subjects
COURTS & courtiers ,MAPS ,INDIGENOUS peoples ,CARTOGRAPHY ,EIGHTEENTH century - Abstract
This paper analyses the maps of East Asia and Central America drawn by Europeans between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, and illustrates the distinctions in the roles of Europeans in these two civilizations through the investigation of cartographic differences. In the initial stage of Europeans' entry into East Asia and Central America, the local maps have both the characteristics and techniques of the outsiders and the insiders, reflecting the distinct scene of the encounter of civilizations. In the process of localization, the map system of East Asia deconstructed European cartography, the original purpose of early Europeans entering China was digested by Chinese society, and their role changed from missionary to royal courtier. European cartography deconstructed and colonized the traditional cartography of Central America, which corresponds to the history that Europeans gradually became the rulers of indigenous people in real life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Fifty Years of The Cartographic Journal.
- Author
-
Field, Kenneth and Kent, Alexander J.
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY periodicals ,PUBLISHING ,CARTOGRAPHY ,SCHOLARLY publishing ,GEOGRAPHIC information systems - Abstract
The Cartographic Journal was established a year after the founding of the British Cartographic Society in 1963 and so 2014 marked 50 years since the first, general-distribution journal of cartography in English was published. This paper offers a brief account of its genesis and its development in reflecting and shaping the leading themes in cartographic research over the years, and explains how the Society's flagship publication and an official journal of the ICA (International Cartographic Association) has maintained its position at the forefront of academic publishing in cartography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Challenges in Converting the Polish Topographic Database of Built-Up Areas into 3D Virtual Reality Geovisualization.
- Author
-
Halik, Łukasz
- Subjects
TOPOGRAPHIC maps ,CARTOGRAPHY ,GEOGRAPHIC information systems ,VIRTUAL reality ,THREE-dimensional display systems - Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) is a display and control technology. VR creates artificial worlds of sensory experience or immerses the user in representations of real spatial environments that might otherwise be inaccessible by virtue of distance, scale, time or physical incompatibilities of the user and the environment. The idea of VR is not new the first instances of VR were created in 1960s. But despite this, the issue of using VR technology in the aspect of existing topographic databases has not yet been researched by cartographers. The experiment was carried out on the Polish topographic database (BDOT 10k) in scale 1:10 000 to identify challenges in converting built-up areas into 3D VR geovisualization. In this paper, the author describes main features of VR, advantages and disadvantages of the analysed 2D topographic database in the context of 3D geovisualization, cartographic principles which may be applied into VR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. The Use of Minority Place Names on Maps of the Third Austrian Military Survey - With a Regional Focus on Slovenian and Croatian Lands.
- Author
-
Jordan, Peter
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,MILITARY topography ,TOPOGRAPHICAL surveying ,MILITARY engineering ,HISTORICAL maps - Abstract
The paper investigates into the rendering of minority place names on maps of the Third Austrian Military Survey, i.e. the Francisco-Josephinian topographical survey in the scales 1:75 000 (‘Special Map’) and 1:200 000 (‘General Map’) executed and edited by the Military-Geographical Institute in Vienna in the 1870s and 1880s with a regional focus on two sample areas, i.e. bilingual (German-Slovenian) southern Carinthia and Italian-Croatian parts of the Austrian Littoral. On the background of already well-established national identities and a rather well-developed nationality legislation in these Austrian crownlands, the paper shows the extent to which the rendering of place names for all feature types on official maps reflects nationality rights, inter-ethnic relations and Viennese state policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. The Role of the Magnitude of Change in Detecting Fixed Enumeration Units on Dynamic Choropleth Maps.
- Author
-
Cybulski, Paweł and Krassanakis, Vassilios
- Subjects
SIGNAL detection ,MAPS - Abstract
Dynamic maps are commonly used for the depiction of quantitative information. However, their users often fail to notice changes in the intensity of geographic phenomena. Moreover, if the distribution of colour values between two scenes changes, the user might have a problem with recalling the colour arrangement from the previous scene. A commonly occurring mistake is indicating that the colour changed its value, while in reality it did not. This paper examines the potential impact of the magnitude of change on the detection of the fixed enumeration units of a dynamic choropleth map. The research is based on Signal Detection Theory methodology and uses eye-tracking technology to examine the change blindness phenomenon on spatiotemporal maps. The results show that regardless of the magnitude of change and the number of enumeration units, the participants were convinced that the colour value in a particular place changed, even though it did not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Narrative Cartography: From Mapping Stories to the Narrative of Maps and Mapping.
- Author
-
Caquard, Sébastien and Cartwright, William
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,MAPS ,NARRATIVES ,CARTOGRAPHERS ,GEOGRAPHIC information systems - Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the multiple ways of envisioning the relationships between maps and narratives. This is approached from a map making perspective. Throughout the process of editing this special issue, we have identified two main types of relationships. Firstly, maps have been used to represent the spatio-temporal structures of stories and their relationships with places. Oral, written and audio-visual stories have been mapped extensively. They raise some common cartographic challenges, such as improving the spatial expression of time, emotions, ambiguity, connotation, as well as the mixing of personal and global scales, real and fictional places, dream and reality, joy and pain. Secondly, the potential of maps as narratives and the importance of connecting the map with the complete mapping process through narratives is addressed. Although the potential of maps to tell stories has already been widely acknowledged, we emphasize the increasing recognition of the importance of developing narratives that critically describe the cartographic process and context in which maps unfold - the core idea of post-representational cartography. Telling the story about how maps are created and how they come to life in a broad social context and in the hands of their users has become a new challenge for mapmakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Principles of Digital 'Panneau' Cartographic Visualisations.
- Author
-
Pedzich, Pawel and Galach, Henryk
- Subjects
PANORAMIC photography ,CARTOGRAPHY ,VISUALIZATION ,DIGITAL image processing - Abstract
A significant development in visualisation methods based on perspective rules has been observed recently. It is manifested in some examples worth mentioning, such as virtual walks, visualisations of 3D objects and panoramas. In order to assist users in the perception of such presentations, they are supplemented by typical cartographic elements, such as fragments of maps or city plans. One kind of such cartographic works, recently slightly forgotten, but still worth attention, are the so-called panoramic maps of 'panneau' type. A panoramic map of 'panneau' type is a form of a view panorama of 360° horizon, projected on a flat plane in the form of a closed circle. Landscape 'panneau' presentations are usually produced for characteristic points of observation, mainly in mountainous areas, but also at points of observation in cities (e.g. the Arch of Triumph in Paris) and they are located on special viewing platforms. They are additional tourist attractions and perform an educational function. 'Panneaus' are usually engraved or etched on special metal plates, on china or they are printed on other media, for example, on paper. The objective of such imageries was to allow users to familiarize themselves quickly with the landscape which may be seen from a given point of observation, directly at that point – and thus to provide them with the possibility to locate and identify (by name) such geographical features as mountain peaks, passes, localities and other characteristic points. This paper presents the principles, methodology and technology used to create panoramic images of 'panneau' type using digital techniques. The starting point to create the 'panneau' is a 3600 rectangular panorama of a given horizon. Depending on the image type, which should be obtained, appropriate technology of image recording is applied. Panoramic images acquired with the use of a standard analogue or digital camera are photomontages combining individual photographs that belong to a series of images encompassing the entire scene. Single shots must be geometrically and tonally matched, so that it should be difficult to differentiate them. In digital techniques, special software tools are applied for combining individual images, such as Panorama Factory or Panorama Maker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Charting Newly Created Statehood: A Maritime Survey of the Adriatic by the Joint Forces of the Austro-Hungarian and Italian Hydrographic Offices.
- Author
-
Altić, Mirela
- Subjects
HYDROGRAPHIC surveying ,COASTAL mapping ,CARTOGRAPHY ,SURFACE area - Abstract
The process of political and territorial unification of the Kingdom of Italy (1860) and Austria-Hungary (1867) highlighted the issues of territoriality both on land and at sea. As a part of that effort, a need of maritime survey of the Adriatic conducted by the joint forces of the Austro-Hungarian and Italian hydrographic offices appeared. The purpose of this endeavour was to enable the production of modern charts based on a comprehensive survey covering the whole sea surface area, from coast to coast. Under the supervision of Commander Tobias Ritter von Oesterreicher and Counter-Admiral Duke Antonio Imbert, the survey started in 1866 and, by the end of 1873, resulted in a general chart of the Adriatic, 4 course charts of the Adriatic Sea, 55 coastal charts as well as number of harbour plans. This paper presents an analysis of the course of the survey, its products as well as its impact on the subsequent cartography of the Adriatic Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Quality Assessment of an Automatic Sounding Selection Process for Navigational Charts.
- Author
-
Lovrinčević, Dejan
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,SURVEYING (Engineering) ,MATHEMATICAL geography ,LAND use mapping ,NAUTICAL charts ,METHODOLOGY - Abstract
A good seabed representation is one of the important characteristics of any navigational chart. Along with depth contours and coloured depth areas, soundings are used for this task. All the soundings on a navigational chart are selected for a reason. Soundings contribute to the navigational chart safety aspect by alerting to all the threats and dangers. They also show all the attributes of a seabed relief without overcrowding it, thus maintaining the overall chart quality. Soundings are selected from a hydrographic survey and since it consists of a vast number of data, the process of sounding selection is a challenging and demanding task. It requires experience and knowledge from the nautical cartographer and is mostly done manually. Some types of software nowadays provide an automatic selection feature. This paper analyses a process of automatic sounding selection in the dKart Editor software. On the Croatian side of the Adriatic Sea, Šibenski Kanal (Šibenik channel) and Kanal Sv. Ante (St. Ante’s channel) are used as the study area. A hydrographic survey of the area represents the input data. The official navigational chart of the surveyed area is used as the basis for determining three different sets of parameters for the selection process. After the selection, obtained results are assessed based on geometrical accuracy and on the conservation level of navigational safety. For geometrical accuracy, the best results were produced by the third set that was divided in two subsets for each channel. It was determined that the nature of the seabed relief had an impact on the selection process. The same set had the best result for navigational safety assessment but it was concluded that all the sets undermined the aspect. Because of these crucial shortcomings noticed in all the tested sets of parameters, the feature is considered inadequate for serious usage as a completely automatic tool for the process of sounding selection on navigational charts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. How the Black Line, Dash and Dot Created the Rules of Cartographic Design 400 Years Ago.
- Author
-
Medynska-Gulij, Beata
- Subjects
ATLASES ,MAP design ,CARTOGRAPHY ,PRAGMATICS ,TEXTBOOKS - Abstract
This paper analyses the use of the black line, dash and dot techniques in maps in commercial Dutch atlases from Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (1570) to Atlas Maior (1662). It is argued that the distinction between these three graphical means of expression became the basis for considering the nature of design rules for the next 400 years. In a departure from previous studies, this paper applies a combination of cartographic pragmatics and Gestalt theory with relation to the practical utilisation of graphical means of expression available in copperplate technology. While the importance of Gestalt theory and cartographic pragmatics has previously been highlighted in research papers and in textbooks, this study is the first to apply these two perspectives with relation to sixteenth and seventeenth century maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Towards 4D Cartography - Four-dimensional Dynamic Maps for Understanding Spatio-temporal Correlations in Lightning Events.
- Author
-
Resch, Bernd, Hillen, Florian, Reimer, Andreas, and Spitzer, Wolfgang
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,FOUR-dimensional imaging ,MAPS ,DATA visualization ,COMPUTER graphics ,LIGHTNING research - Abstract
While graphic variables in 2D maps have been extensively investigated, 4D cartography is still a widely unexplored field. In this paper, we investigate the usefulness of 4D maps (three spatial dimensions plus time) for cartographically illustrating spatio-temporal environmental phenomena. The presented approach focuses mostly on explorative research rather than on enhancement and extension of existing methods and principles. The user study described in the paper shows that 4D cartography is not a well-explored research area and that many experienced map users try to apply their knowledge from 2D maps to 4D dynamic visualisations. Thus, in order to foster the discussion within the community, we formulated several basic research questions for the area of 4D cartography, which range from methods for representing time in 4D visualisations and understanding the temporal context to finding generic methods to achieve optimized temporal generalisation and a consistent definition of graphical variables for 3D and 4D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Detecting Geometric Conflicts for Generalisation of Polygonal Maps.
- Author
-
Gao, Wenxiu, Gong, Jianya, Yang, Li, Jiang, Xiangchuan, and Wu, Xiaojing
- Subjects
POLYGONS ,MAPS ,CARTOGRAPHY ,CARTOGRAPHIC materials ,CARTOGRAPHERS - Abstract
Polygon generalisation is an essential process to produce multi-scale polygonal maps which are able to visualize categorical data at various levels of detail and with multiple themes. Detecting geometric conflicts, existing within an individual polygon and between polygons, is a primary step for polygon generalisation. This paper designs an inward-outward-buffering approach to detect narrow conflicts within an individual polygon. The approach not only detects the existence of narrow sections but also indicates their exact locations inside polygons. Another approach is presented to detect proximity conflicts in between polygons with two main steps. The first step associates buffering with an optimized proximity index to explore possible polygon clusters and spatial contexts around a problematic polygon. Based on the detected polygon clusters, the conflict regions are identified by combining outward-inward-buffering with topological operators. The tests with a real landuse dataset and two maps from other papers demonstrate that the presented approaches not only detect geometric conflict effectively, but also provide useful information for the selection of subsequent generalisation operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] - Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Reasserting Design Relevance in Cartography: Some Concepts.
- Author
-
Field, Kenneth and Demaj, Damien
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,MAPS ,CARTOGRAPHERS ,AESTHETICS ,SURVEYS - Abstract
Cartographers have always been concerned about the appearance of maps and how the display marries form with function. An appreciation of map design and the aesthetic underpins our fascination with how each and every mark works to create a display with a specific purpose. Yet debates about what constitutes design and what value it has in map-making persist. This is particularly acute in the modern map-making era as new tools, technology, data and approaches make map-making a simpler process in some respects, yet make designing high-quality maps difficult to master in others. In the first part of a two-part paper, we explore what we mean by map design and how we might evaluate it and apply it in a practical sense. We consider the value of aesthetics and also discuss the role of art in cartography taking account of some recent debates that we feel bring meaning to how we think about design. Our intent here is to reassert some of the key ideas about map design in cartography and to provide a reference for the second part of the paper where we present the results of a survey of cartographers. The survey was used to identify a collection of maps that exhibit excellence in design which we will showcase as examplars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] - Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Map Design for a Multi-Publishing Framework - Case MenoMaps in Nuuksio National Park.
- Author
-
Oksanen, Juha, Schwarzbach, Friederike, Tiina Sarjakoski, L, and Sarjakoski, Tapani
- Subjects
MAPS ,OUTDOOR recreation ,LEISURE ,CARTOGRAPHY ,SURVEYING (Engineering) ,ORTHOPHOTOGRAPHY ,ORTHOPHOTOMAPS - Abstract
The paper describes the map design process of the MenoMaps project, which aims to create new kinds of maps for supporting outdoor leisure activities, and to carry out research on the utilisation of multi-publishing in a cartographic context. The idea behind a multi-publishing service is that the service is able to deliver different kinds of outdoor maps through a number of channels and at varying scales and designs from a single data core. The data core utilizes integrated data sources, including the Finnish topographic and map databases of the National Land Survey of Finland, as well as datasets from the Nuuksio National Park test environment of the Finnish Geodetic Institute, including high-resolution orthophotos and digital terrain models based on airborne laser scanning (LIDAR). In contrast to traditional national park cartography, the multi-publishing framework sets new challenges for the map design. The paper summarizes the design process and gives examples of the in-house developed map design for so-called Topographic, Relief, Forest, Orthophoto and Winter maps. It concludes by discussing the design challenges of the multi-publishing framework. Ce papier décrit le processus de conception de cartes du projet MenoMaps dont les objectifs sont de 1/ créer de nouveaux types de cartes pour permettent les activités de loisirs en extérieur et 2/ de poursuivre des recherches sur l'utilisation de publications multiple dans un contexte cartographique. L'idée sous-jacente au service de publication multiple est que le service soit capable de produire différents types de cartes à travers différents canaux de diffusion, à différentes échelles, selon un design différent et ce à partir d'un noyau de données unique. Ce noyau de données est basé sur l'intégration de sources de données dont les cartes et bases de données du National Land Survey de Finlande, ainsi que les données environnementales du Parc National Nuukio de l'Institut de Géodésie de Finlande, en particulier des ortho-photographies à haute résolution et un modèle numérique de terrain basé sur des relevés LIDAR. En comparaison avec la cartographie traditionnelle des parcs nationaux, la structure de publication multiple apporte des nouveaux challenges dans la conception cartographique. Le papier résume le processus de conception et donne des exemples de conception de cartes dites topographiques, de relief, des Forets, Ortho et d'Hivers. Nous concluons en exposant les challenges de la conception dans la cadre d'une structure de publication multiple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] - Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Foreshadowing Contemporary Digital Cartography: A Historical Review of Cinematic Maps in Films.
- Author
-
Caquard, Sébastien
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,MATHEMATICAL geography ,SURVEYING (Engineering) ,MAPS ,MOTION pictures - Abstract
Through an historical review of cinematic maps – or 'cinemaps' – this paper argues that contemporary digital cartography was conceptualized in films. This argument is first developed through a discussion of the emergence of animated maps in docudramas of the 1910s. These early cinemaps were followed by more sophisticated examples that foreshadowed the structure and design principles of 'modern' cartography. The cinemap that appears in the movie M (Fritz Lang, 1931) can be considered the first 'modern' map as it prefigures many of the current functions of contemporary digital cartography such as the combination image/map, use of sound, shifts in perspective and spatial analysis. The remaining functions of digital cartography, including zooming and live data rendering, were conceptualized in cinema by the 1960s, as illustrated by examples from movies such as Casablanca, Dr. Strangelove and Goldfinger. When professional cartographers were creating their first animated maps, most of the functions of contemporary digital cartography had already been implemented in cinema. Building on these results, the paper anticipates the future incursion of mapping technologies into interpersonal, confidential and private spaces through the study of contemporary cinemaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Editorial.
- Author
-
Vujakovic, Peter
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,TOPOGRAPHIC maps ,COASTS - Abstract
Editorial. Introduces a series of articles about cartography and maps, including topographic mapping and the survey of the Bristol Channel and the south coast of England.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. 'Getting Your Feet Wet: Designing Soggy Blue Lines Effectively'.
- Author
-
Field, Kenneth
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,MAPS ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,SURVEYING (Engineering) ,CARTOGRAPHERS - Abstract
The article comments on several issues related to map-reading. The author states that sometimes problems with mapping are caused by the ineffective use of digital navigational aids. However, he also states that technological developments are still of benefit to cartography. In this regard, these aids should be use appropriately to provide reliable results.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Topographic Maps to Support Courses for Visually Impaired Students.
- Author
-
Pardy, D.
- Subjects
TOPOGRAPHIC maps ,MAPS ,CARTOGRAPHY ,CHILDREN with visual disabilities ,STUDENTS with disabilities - Abstract
This short paper describes an inexpensive method for making topographic maps to support visually impaired students. The maps are mainly for courses in geology and ecology, but maps for walking and other recreational purposes have also been produced. The method is not well suited to reproduction of multiple copies, but work is continuing to investigate replication. The paper also considers the choice of materials, scale (including vertical exaggeration) and optimum methods of labelling to meet the needs of both blind and partially sighted students. The project concentrates on making tactile maps affordable, and shows that these can be effective despite using simple tools and techniques from low cost (sometimes free, scrap) material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. The World of Touch: Results of an International Survey of Tactile Maps and Symbols.
- Author
-
Rowell, Jonathan and Ungar, Simon
- Subjects
MAPS ,TOUCH ,CARTOGRAPHY ,SIGNS & symbols ,SURVEYS - Abstract
This paper reports the findings of an international survey that collected data on production methods, techniques, outputs and design preferences among tactile map producers, designers and researchers worldwide. A number of consistencies and inconsistencies are identified and we speculate on the extent to which the current state of tactile map production is likely to meet the needs of the client population. We describe the sample on which the report is based, the output in terms of quantity of maps produced, choice of production method, types of environment mapped and intended uses of maps. We also focus on issues of map design, such as the choice of map size and format, and choice of symbols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Weight-Setting and Quality Assessment in Simultaneous Graphic Generalization.
- Author
-
Harrie, Lars
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,MAPS ,GRAPHIC methods ,GENERALIZATION ,GEOGRAPHY - Abstract
Cartographic generalization aims at simplifying the representation of data to suit the scale and purpose of the map. This paper deals with a method that implements the whole graphic generalization process (roughly defined as the operators simplification, smoothing, exaggeration and displacement) called simultaneous graphic generalization. This method is based on constraints, i.e. requirements that should be fulfilled in the generalization process. The constraints strive to make the map readable while preserving the characteristics of the data, which implies that all constraints cannot be completely satisfied. This study was concentrated on finding the optimal compromise between the constraints in simultaneous graphic generalization by setting weights for the constraints. Four strategies for determining the weights are described and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The discussion is based on the following assumptions: the constraints are independent, and the weights are only dependent on constraint type and object type. A comparison of the strategies reveals that the strategy constraint violation is the most promising. One advantage with this strategy is that it is related to the quality requirements of the map, and another advantage is that it provides a numerical measure for quality assessment. The paper concludes with a case study of the constraint violation strategy, in which visualization of the numerical quality measure is used. The case study shows that the constraint violation strategy gives a sound compromise between the constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. 2013 International Cartographic Maptember Preconference.
- Subjects
CONFERENCES & conventions ,CARTOGRAPHY ,CARTOGRAPHERS ,ASSOCIATIONS, institutions, etc. ,PERIODICALS - Abstract
The author comments on the 2013 International Cartographic Association Maptember Preconference held in Dresden, Germany. An overview of the conferences in Europe of interest to geographers is provided. The author criticizes the fact that the Society of Cartographers and the British Cartographic Society (BCS) hold their conferences across the same days. The author introduces the papers selected from the conference and published in "The Cartographic Journal."
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Celebrating Jacques Bertin.
- Author
-
Field, Kenneth
- Subjects
CARTOGRAPHY ,GEOGRAPHICAL perception - Abstract
The article discusses papers within the May 2011 issue of "The Cartographic Journal," including one about the work of the International Cartographic Association (ICA), an article on the influence of the work of French cartographer Jacques Bertin on cartography, and a paper which proposed a methodology for analyzing specific mental maps at world scale.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Enhanced Conceptual Model for Spatial References in Works of Fiction: Mapping Vilnius Literature.
- Author
-
Beconytė, Giedrė, Snežko, Julija, Balčiūnas, Andrius, and Vidugirytė-Pakerienė, Inga
- Subjects
CONCEPTUAL models ,COMPUTER input design ,CONCEPT mapping ,FICTION ,WEB-based user interfaces ,BIOGRAPHIES of authors - Abstract
This paper presents a data model developed during the project of mapping the literature of Vilnius, capital of Lithuania. The city has for centuries been an important place for Lithuanian, Polish, Jewish and Russian culture. Various literary texts reflect different spatial conceptualizations. The diversity of spatial references in the literature of Vilnius calls for a comprehensive literary database that would store the different types of spatial references: locations, zones, routes, spatial links and events, related both to literary spaces and to authors' biographies. For this purpose, a data model proposed by previous researchers has been modified and enhanced. A Web GIS application was designed for the input of geographic data. The elaborated conceptual model is not limited to Vilnius literature. It can readily be applied to any work of fiction or biography depending on the academic interests of the researcher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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