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Background: Cardiac pacemakers and implantable defibrillators are potentially susceptible to electromagnetic interferences as they have complex circuitry for sensing and communication purposes. Cellular telephones being an important source of electromagnetic waves are likely to cause interference in the function of these devices. Methods: A systematic analysis of studies on interaction between cellular telephones and implantable devices was done using professional databases for literature. Related articles and references of relevant articles were also searched for suitable studies. Results: Fourteen studies on pacemakers and eight studies on implantable defibrillators were identified. No dangerous malfunction was found in any of the analyzed studies, but most of the studies noted interference with device function when the phone was operated very close to the device. Interference was minimally in those devices with built in feed-through filters for eliminating electromagnetic interference. Device programming and interrogation were the most susceptible phases of operation. Summary: Cellular phones are likely to interfere with implantable rhythm devices if operated in close proximity or during programming of the device. Patients with implanted devices can safely use cellular phones if they are not carried close to the implanted devices or operated near them. Carrying the cellular phones in the belt position, receiving calls in the ear opposite to the side of the implanted device and keeping the phone as far away as possible while dialing can be considered a safe practice. Interrogation of the devices should take place exclusively in areas where utilization of cellular phones is strictly prohibited. Studies on pacemakers published in the current decade have shown much lesser rates of interference, possibly due to improvement in device technology.

The European Administrative space (EAP) is consisted of many important principles which should be incorporated in the practice of each European Government, national or supranational. The goal of this paper will be to present and analyze the principles of openness and transparency, as two very fundamental segments of the EAP, which should be carried and fulfilled by all democratic governments, institutions and administrative structures, not only at the European continent, but even in the other parts of the world. Due to the character of the paper, the main research methods which will be used are descriptive method, content analysis method and comparative method. The expected results from this paper will be to detect the level of application of the principles of openness and transparency in Europe, to make comparative analysis, but also to suggest some measures for improvement of the situation in the implementation process of these principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper on financial regulation addresses the extent to which rules on liability for information should be standardized across the EU/EEA region. The method applied is an analysis of legal documents. My finding is that further harmonization may lead to difficulties concerning procedural rules. Some authors suggest harmonizing the civil procedure for prospectus liability cases. This could reduce asymmetric information and thus contribute to efficient markets. However, mandatory disclosure comes with costs. These may increase if standards inconsistent with domestic procedures are imposed. The topic may be of interest for regulating other aspects of life, such as environmental information disclosure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of European and local settlements outside of the Old City of Jerusalem during the late nineteenth century reflected many of the trends described above, including the growing influence of Europe in international politics and the rise of industrialism and modernization in the Holy Land. These tendencies were demonstrated through the introduction of new technologies and agricultural techniques; the exodus from the ancient, overcrowded Old City; and in the advancement of modern ideas such as religious liberty [1]. In order to illustrate these developments, the following paper offers a description of the topography of the city as the foundation to understand the expansion of these communities beyond the Old City Walls. Thereafter, the paper examines the advent of each community that settled outside of the Old City and explains the motivations behind their origins and the contributions that they made to the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]