LATE OTTOMAN PERIOD JERUSALEM: THE EXPANSION OF THE HOLY CITY BEYOND THE WALLS.

The development of European and local settlements outside of the Old City of Jerusalem during the late nineteenth century reflected many of the trends described above, including the growing influence of Europe in international politics and the rise of industrialism and modernization in the Holy Land. These tendencies were demonstrated through the introduction of new technologies and agricultural techniques; the exodus from the ancient, overcrowded Old City; and in the advancement of modern ideas such as religious liberty [1]. In order to illustrate these developments, the following paper offers a description of the topography of the city as the foundation to understand the expansion of these communities beyond the Old City Walls. Thereafter, the paper examines the advent of each community that settled outside of the Old City and explains the motivations behind their origins and the contributions that they made to the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]