Search

Abstract: The pulp and paper industry is one of the most energy-intensive industries worldwide. In 2007, it accounted for 5% of total global industrial energy consumption and 2% of direct industrial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. An energy audit is a primary step toward improving energy efficiency at the facility level. This paper describes a plant-wide energy audit aimed at identifying energy conservation and CO2 mitigation opportunities at a paper mill in Guangdong province, China. We describe the energy audit methods, relevant Chinese standards, methods of calculating energy and carbon indicators, baseline energy consumption and CO2 emissions of the audited paper mill, and nine energy-efficiency improvement opportunities identified by the audit. For each of the nine options, we evaluate the energy conservation and associated CO2 mitigation potential. The total technical energy conservation potential for these nine opportunities is 967.8terajoules (TJ), and the total CO2 mitigation potential is equal to 93,453tonnes CO2 annually, representing 14.4% and 14.7%, respectively, of the mill’s total energy consumption and CO2 emissions during the audit period. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The ever-increasing challenges related to water security and climate mitigation underscore the pressing need for forward-thinking systems planning tools to drive urban sustainability transitions. In this study, we propose a novel city-level multi-objective planning framework that explores the nexus between carbon trading and water management, with the aim of facilitating water-efficient urban industrial restructuring. The framework integrates cap-and-trade mechanisms into a two-layered optimization model, creating an integrated approach to optimizing carbon emissions and generating economic opportunities for improving water efficiency. To illustrate the potential application of this framework, we conducted a case study focusing on Dongguan City, a water-stressed industrial metropolis in southern China. The results illustrate potential synergies between water planning strategies and carbon trading schemes, which could be harnessed to enable targeted reductions in water usage and carbon emissions. Furthermore, our findings identify the textile, apparel, and paper products manufacturing industries as primary candidates for strategic production scale reduction, emphasizing the importance of sustained support for the development of the computer and electronic manufacturing sector as a catalyst for urban sustainability transitions. By pioneering this new nexus-based perspective, our study offers valuable insights into long-term strategic planning for a low-carbon and resource-efficient urban economy. • Synergizing carbon trading and water management within a novel integrated planning framework. • Implementing resource-efficiency-driven optimization for water- and carbon-intensive manufacturing sectors. • Gaining insights into the specific roles of key manufacturing sectors in water management and carbon trading. • Introducing carbon trading systems may help in promoting water-efficient industrial restructuring. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fluctuation of oil futures price greatly influences the market investment sentiment, which can cause credit risk and capital pressure risk of various financial institutions, and ultimately affect the idiosyncratic risk and systemic risk of financial institutions. This paper adopts MES to measure the systemic risk of Chinese financial institutions and proposes a high-dimensional time-varying parameter spillover network matrix to identify the infection route and source of systemic risk. Finally, the paper investigates the mechanism by that oil futures affect the contagion effect of systemic risk across institutions. The results show that banking financial institutions are the main exporters of risk while insurance is the main absorber, and after the outbreak of COVID-19, the risk contagion capacity of institutions generally increased, the network structure became more complex, and the risk spillover level was pro-cyclical. The empirical results show that the rise of oil futures will promote the (net) risk spillover capacity of institutions and inhibit the risk absorption capacity, and the above process can be transmitted through the stock market, bond market, and foreign exchange market. • Banking institutions are transmitters of risk, while insurance are receivers; • Financial institutions' risk contagion network becomes more complex after COVID-19; • The systemic risk spillover level of Chinese financial institutions has obvious pro-cyclical; • Higher oil futures price promotes the (net) risk spillover capacity of institutions and inhibit the risk absorption capacity; • The above impacts involve three possible transmission mechanisms: the stock market, bond market and foreign exchange market; [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the second in a two-part series on the concavity-convexity of the distribution system security region (DSSR). In Part I, the concave-convex characteristics and mechanism of DSSR are revealed by observing many case grids. In Part II (this paper), the concave-convex principle of DSSR is revealed through mathematical deduction. Firstly, the relevant concepts of sub-regions are proposed, and a DSSR model based on the union of sub-regions is developed. Secondly, the concave-convex principle of DSSR is proposed. The proposed criteria show that the security region of a distribution system with a single load transfer path for each feeder is convex, while that with multiple load transfer paths for some feeders can be concave or convex. Thirdly, the proposed criteria are deduced mathematically. Fourthly, based on the criteria, a method is proposed to judge whether a DSSR is concave or convex. Fifthly, the proposed criteria and method are verified through several cases, and the DSSR concavity-convexity of real distribution systems in China is also analyzed. Finally, the applications of DSSR concavity-convexity are illustrated. This work lays a mathematical foundation for the research of the topological properties of DSSR and is also useful for the application of DSSR. • The DSSR mathematical model based on the union of sub-regions is developed. • Three criteria are proposed and proved, revealing the concave-convex principle of DSSR. • A judgment method for DSSR concavity-convexity is proposed based on these criteria. • The DSSR concavity-convexity of real distribution systems in China is analyzed. • The application values of DSSR concavity-convexity are demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medium- and long-term operation strategy of the hybrid power system needs to adapt to the continuous changes in the market. This paper presented a medium-term (monthly) operational simulation model and nested it into a long-term (yearly) optimization model. It was solved by the genetic algorithm (GA) to maximize yearly revenue. The planned delivered-electricity to power process constraints were present to improve the optimization efficiency. Using penalty price factor (α) and threshold of exempted punishment for the supply shortage δ to characterize the punishment for supply shortage risk. This framework was applied for a new hybrid power system so-called LCHES-WP (large-scale cascade hydropower energy storage system, wind power, PV power). It can participate in the electricity trading market with a bundled output pattern. The real cascade hydropower stations in Qinghai Province, China, are selected as the case study. In the baseline scenario, the current time of use (TOU) electricity price and punishment level (α = 0.05, δ = 5%) were considered. It reveals that (1) the revenue (baseline scenario, 6.15351 billion CNY) in the bundled output pattern is higher by 45.6% than in the separate output pattern. (2) the economic and technical indicators are sensitive to α , but not to δ. α increases make the punishment stricter, supply shortage risk was significantly reduced due to the probability of the shortage event, the maximum monthly supply shortage ratio and punishment electricity are reduced by up to 22.5 percentage points, 26.7 percentage points, and 1880.1 GWh, respectively. The yearly revenue is reduced by up to 4.7%. the reason is the yearly curtailment is increased and the penalty amount does not change dramatically with the changes in punishment. (3) The α = 0.6 and α = 1.8 can be regarded as demarcation point and upper boundary point for the case of hybrid power system, respectively. It is proposed that when planning a capacity scheme, stakeholders should consider that the demarcation point is higher than the current α. In general, this paper provides a reference for the medium- and long-term operation optimization of the LCHES-WP hybrid power system in the future. • Electricity settlement rule in medium and long term electricity trading is considered. • The monthly operational simulation model was nested in the yearly optimization model. • Bundled output pattern can rise by 45.6% of revenue than the separate output pattern. • The supply shortage risk is significantly reduced by increasing the punishment level. • The penalty amount does not change obviously with the changes in the punishment level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Digitalization become a new driving force to improve energy-saving and emission reduction performance (EEP). • The relationship between digitalization and EEP has spatial and temporal heterogeneity. • There is a synergy between digitalization and industrialization. • Some constructive policy suggestions are proposed from the perspective of digital development. In the digital era, enterprises actively use digital technology to enable resource conservation and pollution reduction, which has important practical significance. However, the existing research has not fully clarified the link between digitalization and energy-saving and emission reduction. This paper measures the digital development level and energy-saving and emission reduction performance (EEP) of 271 Chinese cities from 2003 to 2019 and empirically explores the impact of digitalization on EEP. The empirical results are: (1) digitalization can significantly improve EEP in Chinese cities, and become a new driving force to save energy and reduce emissions in the new era. After solving the endogeneity problems and replacing the explained variables, the conclusion remains robust. (2) The relationship between digitalization and EEP has significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Digitalization helps to promote EEP in China's eastern cities, but it has not shown a positive effect in western cities. The positive effect of digitalization began to emerge after 2011. (3) There is a synergy between digitalization and industrialization, which enables cities to save energy and reduce emissions. This study helps clarify the relationship between digitalization and EEP, which provides important insights into how digitalization can empower cities' energy-saving and emission reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how green fiscal expenditure affects G reen T otal F actor E nergy E fficiency (GTFEE) from both non-spatial and spatial perspectives based on selected panel data of 254 cities in China. The results of the non-spatial panel model indicate that green fiscal expenditure has a significant positive impact on GTFEE. A comparative study of different econometric models shows that the main parts of the results are largely consistent, which indicates that the conclusions are robust. The spatial autocorrelation findings indicate a statistically significant presence of positive spatial spillover effects in the GTFEE of Chinese cities. Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) and Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model (DSDM) indicate that green fiscal expenditure has a similarly significant positive effect on GTFEE, which will increase over time. This paper considers different spatial weight matrices and changing measures to measure GTFEE, and the conclusions remain robust. Furthermore, industrial structure upgrading, and digital economy are vital in strengthening the relationship between local governments' green fiscal expenditure and GTFEE. According to heterogeneity analysis, green fiscal expenditure has a more significant effect on the GTFEE in mature resource-based cities and non-resource-based cities. • Influence factors of green total factor energy efficiency (GTFEE) is explored. • Green fiscal expenditure (GFE) has a significant positive impact on GTFEE. • Significant positive spatial spillover effects exist in the GTFEE of Chinese cities. • Industrial structure upgrading and digital economy are vital for GFE and GTFEE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's energy transformation has been accompanied by potential energy security issues. However, the influence degree and driving mechanism behind this phenomenon remain unclear. In this paper, we developed a complex network-based technical resilience assessment framework and quantified both the historical trajectory and the prospective pathway of energy technical resilience in China. We proposed to reveal the relationship between cleaner energy supply and technical resilience by defining three energy technology resilience indicators: energy robustness, energy recovery rate, and energy performance loss. The results showed a consistent decline in energy technical resilience within China, predominantly characterized by an average diminution of 6.83% in energy robustness from 2010 to 2018. Taking carbon neutrality as a target, China's energy system transformation, characterized by increasing clean energy supply, leads to a significant improvement of 7.73% in energy robustness from 2020 to 2060. Conversely, the nationally determined contribution scenario exhibited negligible changes (±0.57%) in energy robustness, while a decline of 2.21% was noted under the business as usual scenario. Furthermore, energy robustness exhibited increments of 12.07%, 2.3%, and 4.17% for every 10% rise in the share of clean energy supply during 2020–2060, demonstrating greater resilience for cleaner energy systems against disruptions, including energy import interruptions, malicious attacks, and random failures. It has been concluded that enhancing the supply of clean energy can significantly contribute to bolstering China's energy technical resilience, while simultaneously addressing climate change concerns. • Network analysis is used to assess China's energy technical resilience. • Energy technical resilience is evaluated regarding robustness, recovery rate, and performance loss. • Energy system robustness significantly increases under carbon neutrality scenario. • Increasing clean energy supply strengthens resilience against shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributed photovoltaic energy storage systems (DPVES) offer a proactive means of harnessing green energy to drive the decarbonization efforts of China's manufacturing sector. Capacity planning for these systems in manufacturing enterprises requires additional consideration such as carbon price and load management. This paper proposed a triple-layer optimization model for DPVES capacity configuration in the manufacturing sector using a chemical fibre manufacturing enterprise for demonstration. Refined photovoltaic generation and energy storage lifetime models were used. Beyond the considerations of electricity prices and meteorological conditions, we further studied the influence of carbon price and user load management on system capacity configuration and associated economic feasibility. Firstly, without considering carbon, minimizing user costs requires maximizing PV capacity up to the area limit while adjusting the ES to its optimal capacity and power. The optimal DPVES annually reduces the grid electricity consumption and carbon emissions, resulting in a 12.73% annual cost reduction. When considering the costs of carbon emissions, the carbon reduction contributed by DPVES can reduce the annual costs, making the whole system more economically feasible. However, the presence of substantial carbon emissions costs diminishes the economic feasibility of the ES, leading to a reduction of 24.51% in the optimal capacity configuration. Finally, user load management can further reduce system costs because it replaces some of the functions of energy storage. This results in a decrease of over 39% in the optimal energy storage capacity and a further reduction in related costs. Additionally, we found that load management by enterprises is more effective during the low carbon price than the high carbon price, implying that companies should implement load management as soon as possible. • Established a triple-layer optimization model for capacity configuration of distributed photovoltaic energy storage systems • The annual cost can be reduced by about 12.73% through capacity and power configuration optimziation • High carbon prices may reduce the economic viability of the energy storage system, causing reduction in its optimal capacity • Load management can further reduce the energy storage capacity demand by 39%, bringing economic benefits especially in low carbon prices [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind and solar power are expected to play important roles in many countries to achieve carbon neutrality; however, their inherent instabilities pose significant threats to existing power grids. Because hydropower has been recognized as a viable compensatory resource for solar and wind energy uncertainties, many studies have sought to determine optimal scheduling strategies for hydro-PV, hydro-wind, and hydro-PV-wind systems. However, few studies have simultaneously considered the sizing and scheduling of large-scale hydro-PV-wind hybrid systems connected to long-distance transmission lines. Therefore, this paper develops a mathematical metric to measure the wind and solar output complementarity and incorporates it into a multi-objective sizing and scheduling model for a hybrid hydro-PV-wind system, in which resource complementarity, profit generation, system reliability, and power curtailment trade-offs are concurrently considered. The ɛ -constraint method is employed and decision makers' attitude parameters are introduced to transform the proposed model into its equivalent single objective form. A case study in China reveals that the maximum wind and solar power output complementarity rate can be at least 0.19 for the studied hybrid hydro-PV-wind system. The incorporation of wind enables the hybrid hydro-PV-wind system to provide 4.11% more load than a hydro-PV system. In addition, if 2% of power curtailment is permitted, 1.53% more load can be served and 14.9% higher profits can be earned. To better explore the application of hybrid systems, management recommendations are provided for system operators, the power industry, and management administrations. • Multi-objective sizing and scheduling method for the hybrid renewable system is proposed. • Mathematical metrics to measure wind and solar power complementarity is provided. • A complementarity rate of 0.19 can be reached with 100% reliable service and no curtailment. • Integrating wind power into the hydro-PV system can reliably serve 4.11% more load. • An optimal rather than minimal level of the renewable power curtailment is more efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) significantly increases, their inherent uncertainty has brought about a paradigm shift in distribution system planning and operation. The existing planning methodologies usually consider the uncertainty during the investment and day-ahead stages while neglecting the interactive power fluctuations during the intraday stage, resulting in planning schemes with a risk of inadequate regional stability. In light of this, this paper proposes a novel adaptive robust distribution system planning approach that integrates local uncertainty management (LUM) to provide a comprehensive and refined consideration of uncertainty. First, we introduce the concept of LUM that can effectively address the deviations between predicted and actual power of RES and load. Second, we propose the adaptive robust planning model for the distribution system, in which the investment and day-ahead operation are considered in the first stage, while LUM is considered in the second stage to maintain the local stability of interactive power. The proposed model can actively manage uncertainties of RES and load demand, reaching the optimal balance between the investment cost, operational cost, and LUM cost. Finally, by employing the column-and-constraint generation (C&CG), the adaptive robust planning model is decoupled into a master min problem and a slaver max-min problem, after which the max-min problem is converted into a single mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem through the strong duality theory and big-M method. The effectiveness of the proposed model is demonstrated using a real-world distribution system located in Fujian Province, China. The simulation results indicate that the proposed model achieves a quantitative decrease of approximately 10% in total cost compared to deterministic planning. Sensitivity analysis is also conducted to reveal the trade-off between economic cost and robustness level. • Local uncertainty management (LUM) is incorporated into distribution system planning. • A three-stage framework is developed for the planning problem incorporating LUM. • An adaptive robust distribution system planning model incorporating LUM is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy plays a vital part in stimulating economic progress, and the shift towards a cleaner energy system is highly significant for ensuring the sustainable development of the economy. China's energy structure urgently needs to be transitioned. The fast advancement and implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) has provided a new and important tool for promoting the transition of energy structure. So, what is the relationship between the application of artificial intelligence and the transition of the energy structure? This research introduces artificial intelligence into the energy sector, focusing on the relationship between artificial intelligence and energy transition. Since nonlinear models are better able to study the complex effects and phase differences of artificial intelligence. Using China's provincial panel data spanning from 2006 to 2019, this study employs nonlinear modeling to explore the stage differences in the process of AI in facilitating energy structure transformation. This paper derives the following findings based on empirical research. First, there is a U-shaped relationship between artificial intelligence and the transition of energy structure. Specifically, before the inflection point, the initial application of artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence may adversely impact energy transition. When the inflection point is passed, AI will help facilitate the energy transition. Second, the U-shaped relationship between AI and energy transition is more pronounced in coastal and non-resource-based regions. Third, energy intensity, government investment in science and technology, and informatization will moderate the U-shaped relationship between artificial intelligence and energy transition, changing the steepness of the original U-shaped relationship and even reversing it. Hence, it is imperative to effectively utilize the technological benefits of artificial intelligence through the development patterns and distinctive features of different regions, thereby facilitating the smooth transition of the energy structure. [Display omitted] • The role of artificial intelligence in the energy transition process is studied. • Stage differences in the role of AI are analyzed. • The nonlinear relationship between AI and energy transition is investigated. • Provide insights into the factors affecting the relationship between AI and energy transition. • This research helps the government to advance the energy structure transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at a large number of decentralized resources such as rural biomass, rooftop photovoltaic, and decentralized wind power, a novel rural virtual power plant (VPP) has been conceptualized. The VPP is integrated by biomass waste conversion system (BWC), carbon to energy (C2P), demand response aggregator (DRA), and distributed renewable energy (DRE), namely, BDCD-VPP. Then, this paper proposes a data-driven two-stage robust optimization dispatching model for BDCD-VPP considering carbon-green certificates equivalent conversion mechanism. This model aims to address the uncertainty of wind power plants (WPP) and photovoltaic (PV) power generation. Strong duality theorem (SDT) and C&CG algorithm are applied to construct this model. Thirdly, the Aumann-Shapley method (A-S) was enhanced by incorporating risk factor, cost factor, and carbon reduction factor. This refinement results in the development of a synergistic scheduling revenue allocation method for electricity‑carbon-green certificates. Finally, the Lankao rural energy revolution pilot program in China is selected as the case study, the results showed: (1) The BDCD-VPP aggregates distributed energy sources such as the rural WPP and the PV to realize electricity‑carbon-electricity cycle effect. The BDCD-VPP generates a green certificate revenue of 47.17¥/MWh and exhibited carbon emissions of 0.37 t/MWh. The proposed Carbon-Green Certificates Equivalent Conversion Mechanism increases BDCD-VPP benefit ratio by 3.52%. (2) The proposed two-stage robust optimization dispatching model enhances the ability of BDCD-VPP to adapt to uncertainty. Compared to the day-ahead stage, biomass power generation (BPG) and waste power generation (WPG) increase upward peaking power by 24.05% and 9.99% in intra-day stage. Flue gas treatment system (FG-TS), gas-power plant carbon capture (GPPCC) and power to gas (P2G) increase downward peaking power by 65.15%, 70.99% and 25.94%. (3) Utilizing the proposed benefit allocation methodology, BPG and WPG need to concede 38.25¥/MWh and 65.02¥/MWh for carbon emissions associated with electricity. WPP and PV need to concede 64.25¥/MWh and 33.71¥/MWh for power generation uncertainty. GPPCC, P2G, DRA, and small hydropower station (SHS) obtain revenues of 24.48 ¥/MWh, 55.07 ¥/MWh, 70.38 ¥/MWh, and 51.30 ¥/MWh. Compared to the A-S, the proposed benefit allocation methodology exhibits 6.92% improvement in satisfaction. Overall, the proposed data-driven two-stage robust optimization dispatching model and benefit allocation strategy facilitates the optimal aggregation and utilization of rural distributed energy resources, considering the interests of various stakeholders. This is conducive to achieving a clean and low-carbon transformation of the overall energy structure. • Proposed a novel rural virtual power plant considering biomass waste conversion and carbon to power. • Designed carbon-green certificate equivalence conversion mechanism. • Proposed a data-driven scenarios generation and reduction strategy for uncertainty factors. • Construct a two-stage robust optimization dispatching model and strong duality C&CG algorithm. • Construct an improved Aumann-Shapley-based benefit allocation strategy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) progresses and energy technologies advance, integrated energy systems (IES) have emerged as a practical solution for leveraging RES and balancing local demand–supply dynamics. This paper investigates the planning and optimization of operations for an electricity-hydrogen integrated energy system (EH-IES), considering degradation and multi-timescale operations of storage devices to minimize the life cycle costs. To mitigate computational challenges, the planning model adopts a Representative Time Period (RTP) framework, and a novel intertemporal operation model is developed to coordinate the operations of battery and hydrogen storage. Furthermore, we propose a two-stage approach to derive representative weeks and hours from meteorological and load data using fewer data points, ensuring chronological coherence and preserving long-term patterns to validate storage device constraints and improve planning accuracy. Case studies in southeastern China's IES verify the effectiveness of our planning approach, which lowers equivalent annual costs by 4.5% and reduces battery capacity needs by 12.8%, thereby highlighting its significant economic benefits. Additionally, numerical analyses reveal that our two-stage method surpasses conventional RTP selection techniques, delivering at least 10% less average error with an equal number of operating points. • A novel planning and intertemporal model of EH-IES based on representative time periods is established. • The multi-timescale operations of the battery and hydrogen storage system is considered. • An efficient and accurate representative time-period selection method is developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensification of global climate change has led to a widespread consensus on carbon reduction, with the power industry being the principal contributor to carbon emissions necessitating an inevitable transition of its energy structure. Concomitantly, the escalating frequency of natural disasters caused by extreme weather presents formidable challenges to both secure power supply and the low-carbon transition of the power system. To fulfill the developmental requirements of a low-carbon power system and address the carbon emission risks imposed by natural disasters, this paper proposes a bi-level model for generation expansion planning (GEP) that incorporates constraints on the carbon emission trajectory and the influence of natural disasters. The planning-level model optimizes investment costs of various generation technologies and energy storage (ES), as well as the overall operational expenses over the planning period, with an objective to minimize them. It incorporates carbon emission trajectory constraints and policy constraints, such as carbon peaking, carbon neutrality and renewable energy (RE) penetration rates, in order to optimize the planning installed capacity of power sources. The operational-level model aims to minimize typical daily operating costs while also simulating power unit outputs in routine and disaster scenarios. A case study is conducted in a disaster-prone province in southern China to analyze the power generation expansion planning and the trajectory of carbon emissions from 2020 to 2060 under different scenarios. The simulation results show that compared to thermal power, the planning scheme mainly focused on RE with ES is better suited to achieve the goal of a low-carbon transition of the power grid. Moreover, after considering natural disasters, the cost and carbon emissions of power system planning are higher, and the risk of carbon emissions increases with the severity of disasters. • A multi-time scale bi-level low-carbon GEP model is proposed. • Natural disaster scenarios and low-carbon policy constraints are considered in the GEP model. • Carbon emission trajectory of the planned power system is estimated and introduced as a constraint into the GEP model. • Evaluation indicators that comprehensively consider low-carbon performance and economic feasibility are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the influence of exogenous factors such as weather, solar power generation shows the characteristics of instability and volatility, so the prediction of solar power generation has become especially important. In this paper, a new seasonal central difference autoregressive moving average model abbreviate as SARCIMA is proposed to accurately predict solar power generation. Firstly, the non-stationary time series is subjected to central difference until the difference series is stationary. Then, by analyzing autocorrelation images and partial autocorrelation images respectively, the number of the autoregressive term p and the moving average term q are obtained, so as to obtain the ARCIMA model. Next, the seasonal difference is combined with the ARCIMA model, thus establishing the SARCIMA model. Finally, the new model is applied to the prediction of solar power generation data exhibiting periodic characteristics and compared with five competing models. Mean absolute percentage error and residuals are separately calculated as indicators to evaluate the accuracy and stability of the models. In addition, the prediction of solar power generation in the next three months shows that the new model has better effectiveness, which provides a scientific basis for predicting solar power generation in the future. • A new central difference operator is introduced based on backward and forward difference. • A new ARCIMA model is proposed based on central difference. • A novel SARCIMA model is established by combining the seasonal difference with the ARCIMA model. • The application of solar power generation in China verifies that the SARCIMA model is more competitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimating the total wind power output from the meteorological information at a province level (called Provincial Regional Wind Power Conversion Model, PRWPCM) plays vital and fundamental roles in energy modeling community and regional wind power forecasting. How to construct a reliable PRWPCM is a real challenge, since PRWPCM involves a large number of widely distributed wind turbines, massive meteorological data across the whole province, and complex nonlinear correlations. This paper proposes a lightweight PRWPCM by integrating Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis technology and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). First, we conduct the land suitability analysis for wind turbine sites through the multi-criteria GIS layer overlay method to make the provincial wind turbine land suitability map (WTLSM) with scored divisions from the least suitable to the most suitable areas. On this basis, a new fusion mechanism for geographic and meteorological information is proposed, through which the raw meteorological data matrix can be reconstructed to filter and amplify the meteorological information that is more relevant to the total wind power output of the province, and avoid the time-consuming and labor-intensive data collection and processing, large-size model construction and validation. Second, a CNN-based regression architecture is designed to further capture the mapping relationship between the reconstructed meteorological data and total wind power output of the province; each type of meteorological factor is considered as an input channel and the attention modules are introduced to adaptively enhance useful channels and suppress less useful ones. Numerical experiments based on the wind power operation data of Yunnan Province, China, are conducted to validate the superiority of the proposed PRWPCM via benchmarking against 13 classical methods. • Mapping relationship between wind power output and meteorological information at a province level is recognized by integrating GIS and CNN. • A new fusion mechanism for geographic and meteorological information is proposed to achieve lightweight modeling. • Comparative experimental studies are conducted in Yunnan province, China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydropower, an excellent power source for peak shaving, can respond quickly to load changes, which helps to overcome the anti-peak characteristics of wind and solar power. However, complementary operation with wind and solar power changes the operating boundaries of hydropower stations, making the original operating rules no longer applicable. Considering daily peak-shaving demands, this paper proposes a methodology to develop operating rules for a hydro–wind–solar hybrid system (HWSHS). First, a multi-objective and multi-timescale operation model is developed to ensure energy generation and peak-shaving performance simultaneously. Second, the feasible and reasonable region of available energy-based operating rules is analyzed, and three rule forms are employed to explore the optimal operating rules. Last, NSGA-II is utilized to optimize the rule parameters. A decoupling method is proposed to handle the shape constraints of operating rules, and the multi-timescale simulation method for a HWSHS is developed as the fitness function. In the simulation method, a load reconstruction-based load shedding (LRLS) method is introduced to determine the hourly output of each hydropower station. A forebay elevation check method is performed to obtain the hourly forebay elevation and correct the hourly output. The Beipan HWSHS in Guizhou Province, China, is selected as a case study, and the optimal operating rules are determined. The results also show that (1) the standard operating rules with hedging and packing increase peak-shaving performance by an average of 4.31% and 2.03% compared to the standard operating rules and linear operating rules, respectively; (2) the peak-shaving performance can be significantly increased (6.70%) with a slight decrease (0.37%) in the energy generation through changing the seasonal distribution of water and energy of the cascade hydropower stations; (3) the LRLS method, which makes the interday energy distribution more uniform, increases the peak-shaving performance by an average of 9.17% compared to the traditional load shedding method; (4) the energy generation and peak-shaving performance of the HWSHS are affected by the transmission capacity, and it is necessary to increase the transmission capacity by 25% to 35% of the installed capacity of wind and solar power stations. • A methodology is proposed to develop operating rules considering peak-shaving demands. • A multi-objective and multi-timescale operation model is developed. • The feasible and reasonable region of available energy-based operating rules is analyzed. • A multi-timescale simulation method is designed to simulate the operation of a HWSHS. • The methodology significantly improves the peak-shaving performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equilibrium capacity expansion is an effective tool to help regulators predict the generation evolution of power systems by analyzing the decision-making of generation companies (Gencos). With the development of carbon markets (CMs) and electricity markets (EMs), Gencos' decisions in these two markets (encompassing investment and bidding decisions related to carbon emission allowances and electricity) are deeply intertwined through market clearing results. However, existing studies mainly focus on equilibrium capacity expansion with fixed carbon prices and usually ignore the realistic clearing process of CMs, which cannot simulate Gencos' coupled decision-making and accurately predict generation evolution under the CMs and EMs. This paper proposes a two-level equilibrium capacity expansion model for power systems which considers the coupled decisions of Gencos between CMs and EMs. At the upper level, multiple Gencos' coupled decision models are proposed based on their interaction with market clearing results. At the lower levels, CMs and EMs are respectively cleared to determine the varying carbon and electricity prices. Furthermore, the developed equilibrium capacity expansion model is reformulated as an equilibrium problem with equilibrium constraints (EPEC), which is solved by a diagonalization-based solution procedure. Finally, a provincial power system of southeast China is used to validate the performance of the proposed framework. The results illustrate that under CMs and EMs, non-fossil energy would account for 81.3% of total capacity and 73.88% of total generation in 2050. Compared to the existing model using fixed carbon prices, the consideration of realistic carbon market clearing will promote the installation of renewable energies and improve social welfare. The proposed model can provide beneficial references for regulators to perceive the evolution of power systems in CMs and EMs. • A two-level equilibrium capacity expansion model for power systems is proposed. • A novel coupled decision model for Gencos in CMs and EMs is developed. • The proposed model is solved by a diagonalization based solution procedure. • The results can guide the transition of power systems under the CMs and EMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming, mainly caused by rising carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions in the atmosphere, has led to severe effects worldwide. Hence, reducing carbon emissions has become an urgent need to mitigate the adverse effects. To do so, accurately forecasting CO 2 emissions is crucial for policymakers in formulating climate and energy policies. Existing CO 2 emission forecast models rely on various longitudinal economy, energy or environment data collected at the same periods, e.g., yearly, as indicators. However, these data usually come from diverse sources with different sampling frequencies, e.g., monthly vs. daily. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce for the first time a Mixed-frequency data Sampling Grey system Model (MSGM) that can exploit the potential information in high-frequency sampling (HF) data of economic and social indicators to effectively forecast annual CO 2 emissions. In MSGM, (1) we directly model low-frequency CO 2 emissions and HF economic-energy influence indicators without undertaking same-frequency conversion, thereby avoiding potential information loss and enhancing prediction accuracy; (2) we introduce polynomial weight functions to address the frequency mismatch, and its parameters are obtained through search optimization algorithms; (3) unlike existing grey system models, the whitening equation of MSGM adopts a reduced-order form to address the exponential explosion issue caused by HF data accumulation; (4) the time and cumulative terms are also introduced separately to explore the effects of temporal development and historical data on future CO 2 emissions. Extensive Monte-Carlo simulations show that MSGM exhibits high accuracy on both training and testing datasets and outperforms many other state-of-the-art rival techniques like MIDAS, AR-MIDAS, AMTGM, MLRM, BPNN, SVR, ARIMA and TVGBM. We further demonstrate the potential of MSGM to forecast China's CO 2 emissions under three distinct scenarios. Out-of-sample forecasting results indicate that only under a tight-contraction scenario does the growth rate of CO 2 emissions decrease. To the best of our knowledge, the MSGM is the first technique that can exploit different frequency data to effectively forecast CO 2 emissions. [Display omitted] • A novel grey system forecast model based on mixed-sampling frequency is proposed. • Introducing more higher frequency data from economic and social indicators. • Selecting popular local search algorithms to find optimal unstructured parameters. • The CO 2 emission forecast for 2022–2026 is carried out under three distinct scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reasonable road design can not only improve traffic efficiency, ensure driving safety, reduce construction costs, but also reduce the energy consumption of road transportation. However, existing road design research mainly focuses on safety, efficiency, and economic factors, with few studies considering the actual construction difficulty as well as energy saving and emission reduction of transportation. To fill the research gap, this paper proposes a longitudinal slope design method for highway sections that considers both vehicle fuel consumption minimization and construction feasibility. First, the passenger car trajectory data and fuel consumption data from the Beihuan Highway in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China were collected, and the optimal combination features of the random forest algorithm were extracted using parameters such as vehicle operating conditions and road grades, thus establishing a fuel consumption estimation model for passenger cars on highways. Second, by combining the fuel consumption estimation model with dynamic programming algorithm, an ecological speed planning model for passenger cars on highways was developed. Finally, for the scenario of ecological driving of intelligent vehicles, a fuel-efficient slope design (FSD) method was proposed based on the Nested Monte Carlo Tree Search algorithm, and the best fuel-efficient slope design was selected considering the balance of cut and fill factors. The results show that FSD can reduce the fuel consumption of passenger cars on the section by about 4.50%–6.52%; the fuel-efficient slope design considering the balance of cut and fill not only can reduce the fuel consumption of passenger cars on the section by about 5.21%, but also has the advantage of lower engineering volume. The research results conduce to establish a theory and standards for fuel-efficient slope design of highways suitable for ecological driving scenarios of intelligent vehicles, which can reduce the trip fuel consumption of highway traffic flow in the long run while considering traffic efficiency, and have great significance for reducing carbon emissions, saving travel costs, and protecting non-renewable resources. • The study proposes a fuel-efficient longitudinal slope design method for highway. • The method can reduce the fuel consumption of a passenger car by about 4.50%–6.52%. • The concave curve is effective in reducing fuel consumption for passenger cars. • Considering the balance of cut and fill makes the slope scheme more fuel-efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 10,951 underground coal mines are selected as research samples. • The national and provincial coal mine methane emission factors are calculated. • The uncertainty range of different methane emission factors are determined. • The detailed and updateable emission factor matrices are established. • Improve the accuracy of China's greenhouse gas emissions inventories. Fugitive methane from underground coal mining is the main source of methane emissions in China. Accurate and updateable methane emission factors for underground coal mining are of great significance for the accounting of methane emissions in China. In this paper, 10,951 underground coal mines are investigated for developing an emission factor matrix for national and provincial scales. For national emission factors, 27 types of emission factors are determined according to the classification of the ownership of the enterprise, gas emission rate, and maximum mining depth. For provincial emission factors, three types of emission factors for 25 provinces are determined based on gas emission rates. Based on these metrics, this paper uses bootstrap and Monte Carlo simulations to determine the uncertainty range of different emission factors at the 95% confidence interval (CI). The results show that emission factors at the national scale ranged from 3.005 m3/t to 54.487 m3/t, with a 95% CI of 2.735 m3/t to 76.082 m3/t, and that emission factors at the provincial scale ranged from 0.58 m3/t to 56.19 m3/t, with a 95% CI of 0.347 m3/t to 108.115 m3/t. By comparison, the emission factors calculated in this paper are more representative than the default values recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). In addition, these results are more specific and updateable than those in previous studies, which lays a foundation for the future study of fugitive methane emissions from underground coal mines at different scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The dynamic mesh numerical method is validated by the model experiment. • Energy conservation by effective utilization of piston wind is significant. • The energy saving rates are about 13%∼32% in different climatic regions. • The minimum train speed is calculated based on the CO 2 concentration. • From the perspective of thermal environment, the optimal train speed is 30 m/s. Abstract With the flourishing development of the subway construction, it becomes increasingly urgent to improve the subway tunnel environment and reduce the energy consumption of the tunnel ventilation system. The tunnel environment is significantly affected by the piston wind, which is influenced by the train speed. In this paper, a three-dimensional computational model of a subway tunnel is developed and validated through experiments. The model is used to study the carbon dioxide concentration and thermal environment of the subway tunnel. The optimal train speed is proposed with the aim to minimize the volume of mechanical supply air and to optimize the carbon dioxide concentration and thermal environment of the tunnel. In parallel with the considerations of tunnel environment, the subways in 25 cities of China are analyzed to study the energy conservation of the tunnel ventilation system by making full use of piston wind. The results indicate that the optimal train speed is 30 m/s based on the carbon dioxide concentration and thermal environment. The effective utilization of the piston wind can reduce 13%∼32% of the energy consumption for tunnel ventilation. The calculation method of the optimal train speed developed in this paper is also applicable to ordinary railway tunnels and high-speed railway tunnels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substituting renewable energy for coal power under the carbon neutrality goal is an inevitable path for power system transformation, while the high share of renewable energy leads to a rapid rise in system flexibility demand. Currently, coal-fired power is still one of the most economical and reliable large-scale flexible resources in China. Therefore, the issue of how to mitigate the conflict between cleanliness and flexibility for coal-fired power is urgent to be solved. Accordingly, this paper established an optimization framework for the retirement and technology adoption of coal-fired power units with high spatial-temporal resolution, and the regional carbon emission budget is estimated from a top-down perspective. Secondly, a dynamic carbon quota allocation method considering technological innovation and adoption is proposed. The carbon trading cost of the units is evaluated from a bottom-up perspective, to realize the interaction between the obligatory policy constraints of the top-level target and the flexible incentives of the market mechanism. Finally, the empirical analysis was conducted in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China. The optimal solution achieved by proposed method results in a substantial 27% reduction in total costs while keeping the increase in carbon emissions below 3%. By analyzing the dynamic evolution path of coal and the scale of diffusion of multi-type technologies, the differences in the roles coal power assuming at various stages of decarbonization are discussed. The robustness of the model and the validity of the proposed method were verified by comparing the dynamic/static carbon quota allocation. Overall, this study provides an effective optimization model for investigating the low-carbon technology adoption timing for coal power in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, and offers valuable insights for other coal-dominated emerging economies seeking for power system transformation roadmap in the forthcoming net-zero carbon age. • A decision-making optimization model of CCPs low-carbon technology is proposed. • A dynamic CET system with upper-lower layer interaction is introduced. • The proposed dynamic CET system results in 27% reduction in total costs. • The high-resolution data of coal power in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region are used. • The strategy to solve the conflict between cleanliness and flexibility is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an experimental study conducted on a multi-column tension leg platform (TLP) floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT). A prototype model of the TLP FOWT supporting the NREL 5-MW wind turbine with a scale ratio of 1:50 is tested under various wind and wave conditions at the State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering at Dalian University of Technology, China. This work has particularly focused on the tendon failure and its impact on the dynamic response of the FOWT. Free decay tests, regular wave tests, wind-wave combined tests and tendon failure tests are conducted using different environmental parameters. The results suggest that natural periods, dynamic responses of the platform, and forces in the tendons satisfy the design requirements. The analysis indicates that the impact of tendon failure on the platform surge, heave and pitch responses are found to be insignificant. When one of the tendons is broken, the adjacent tendons experience a significant increase in tensile force; and, the maximum tensile force in the remaining tendon is found to increase by about 130%. The overstepping of the minimum breaking load as recommended by the design standard DNV GL is not reached, and this indicates that the safety of the system is ensured even during the harshest failure condition. • Dynamic responses of a TLP floating offshore wind platform (FOWT) with a failed tendon under wind and wave conditions have been investigated. • Numerical simulations and wave tank experiments of a 1:50 scale model are undertaken under combined wind and wave conditions. • Good agreement in the results between the numerical and physical model tests is achieved. • Several key outcomes observed, including a significant increase of force in the tendon adjacent to the broken tendon, are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon market is the most effective market tool for carbon emission reduction. China, the largest carbon emitter in the world, established the national carbon market in 2021, covering over 2000 key units in the power sector. Therefore, the forecasting of carbon price has profound implications for environmental and energy policies. In this paper, two traditional econometric model and three kinds of machine learning (ML) algorithms are used to predict carbon returns in the Chinese carbon trading market based on carefully selected predictors. Among all forecasting models, the Random Forest (RF) has the best forecasting performance, followed by some GARCH models using various factors. Compared with the traditional benchmark of ARMA model, the BP neural network (BP) and the GA improved BP method (GA-BP) are less competitive in predicting carbon returns in China because of their large forecasting errors. According to the optimal model, social attention to the carbon market, the international crude oil returns and the overall performance of the stock market are the most important predictors. The findings are robust to the change in the sample set. Overall, the ML approach shows an advantage in forecasting carbon returns, but the selection of predictors is also important. • Machine learning and econometric models are used to forecast carbon returns in China. • The selection of predictors is based on economic analysis. • The Random Forest (RF) outperforms the other ML and econometric methods. • The energy market is extremely important for predicting carbon returns. • Social concerns and stock market performance improve forecasting accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Future energy system will feature in a high-share of renewable energies (REs), which poses huge challenges to obtain full utilization of renewable power generation. To solve the problem, this paper presents a joint-operation two-stage mixed integer linear programming model to coordinate the power system and train transportation system by optimizing the logistics of mobile batteries and real-time charge/discharge in cities. The full/empty batteries are transported through the train transportation system between the load side and the renewable energy station, which improves renewable energy penetration, economics, and mobilities. The first-stage model deals with the preliminary logistic optimization of batteries including routes, time and capacities of transportation, and the second-stage model optimizes real-time schedule of charge/discharge of batteries. The aim of the proposed model is to minimize the transportation cost, maximize the utilization rate of renewable energy in an energy system and smooth the daily load curve. The proposed model considers technical constraints such as railway transportation capacity, load demand satisfaction and renewable energy consumption in the power system. The optimal logistics plan and real-time charging and discharging plan can be obtained for both full and empty battery transportation. The validity of the method is verified with real data from Northeast China and Northern China, including railway routes, renewable energy output, and load profiles. The results show that the renewable energy penetration rate increases from 84.4% to 95.3% in Northeast China and from 42.7% to 78.2% in Northern China under the 2050 scenario with the proposed method. The peak-to-valley difference in the daily load curve decreases by 84% and 100% in Northeast China and Northern China, respectively. Meanwhile, the case study shows that the costs of battery transportation decrease from 0.398 CNY/kWh and 0.377 CNY/kWh to 0.252 CNY/kWh and 0.254 CNY/kWh when energy density of battery increases from 0.170 kWh/kg to 0.250 kWh/kg. This indicates that mobile energy storage has great economics. Moreover, renewable energy penetration rate is increased and peak-to-valley difference of daily load curve is decreased with no additional transmission lines. The model moves renewable energy from renewable energy power plants to end users. [Display omitted] • MESS aims to solve uneven spatio-temporal distribution of renewable energy and load. • A framework for joint operation of power system and transportation system is proposed. • The model is validated based on real data from Northeast and North China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play a pivotal role in natural water recycling and safeguarding the water security of approximately 42% of the world's population, yet they confront challenges posed by escalating energy consumption and regional energy constraints. In this study, we developed an evaluation framework that integrated regional energy scarcity with the operation conditions of WWTPs to quantify their energy efficiencies by applying multiregional input–output (MRIO) analysis and data envelopment analysis (DEA). A case study using this framework was conducted on 3776 WWTPs in 30 provinces in China. The results showed that the average scarcity-based energy efficiency level of WWTPs in China was low, of which those in northern provinces were higher compared to southeastern provinces. Furthermore, only 24 WWTPs in China attained the highest efficiency levels, while the rest had different degrees of input redundancy, indicating an energy-saving potential of 9.05 × 109 kWh. This paper enables the development of optimal efficiency strategies for WWTPs in different provinces considering the potential energy scarcity risks caused by trading activities. • The DEA and MRIO analyses were combined for 3776 WWTPs in China. • Efficiency evaluation index was modified considering energy scarcity levels. • Scarcity-based energy efficiency assessment framework for WWTPs was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale renewable integration presents an effective way to decarbonize power grids, but carries increased risk of supply shortfalls owing to its volatility and uncertainty. Storage is a promising option to improve the generation adequacy of renewable. Thus, capacity credit assessment of renewable and storage is crucial in ensuring adequate generation capacity to meet loads. However, efficiently and accurately assessing capacity credit of these resources is challenging due to temporal dependencies in the operational time series (net loads and conventional generation units) and the need for extensive operation simulations. This paper develops a comprehensive multi-time-scale assessment framework integrating analytical and simulation methods to calculate the capacity credit of renewable and storage, thus capturing temporal features of these time series. Then, an interval-based strategy is proposed to simulate system operations, incorporating demand response in key scenarios. Furthermore, partitioning around medoids clustering and parallel computing techniques are employed to greatly accelerate the numerous operations for capacity credit assessment. The proposed method is validated using the RTS-79 system and a provincial real-world power grid in China. The results indicate that the developed framework can achieve efficient and refined capacity credit assessment and thus evaluate the impact of storage on the capacity credit. • Propose a novel method to quantify temporal features of operational time series for capacity credit (CC) assessment. • Develop a multi-time-scale CC assessment framework with an interval-based strategy to capture temporal features. • Utilize partitioning around medoids clustering and parallel computing to greatly enhance calculation efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing the membrane thickness of Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer was found to efficiently promote the hydrogen production rate. However, it can also aggravate the phenomenon of hydrogen permeation, leading to an increased hydrogen content on the anode side and posing a risk of explosions. Thus, optimal design of the membrane thickness of PEM electrolyzer systems is crucial to ensure both safe and efficient hydrogen production. In this paper, we propose two optimization problems for the membrane thicknesses, aiming at achieving a balance between the hydrogen content on the anode side and the hydrogen production rate under constant and varying power input conditions. First, the theoretical model of a PEM electrolyzer is established, and a photovoltaic-PEM electrolyzer system is considered to provide varying power input conditions. Then, the two optimization problems are formulated and resolved using the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms, respectively. Our results reveal that the optimal membrane thickness decreases as the constant input power increases. This suggests that high/low power inputs require thin/thick membranes. For varying power input, we collected one year of solar radiation intensity data from four different regions in China. The findings demonstrate that the selection of the optimal membrane thickness depends not only on the average solar radiation intensity but also on its seasonal variations. By applying these strategies, we effectively optimize the membrane thickness in PEM electrolyzer systems, thereby enhancing the efficiency and safety of hydrogen production. The outcomes provide valuable insights for selecting the appropriate membrane thickness in regions with varying solar radiation intensities and accounting for seasonal variations in solar radiation. • Optimizing membrane thickness balances hydrogen production and permeation. • Two optimizations address constant and varying power inputs practically. • Algorithms (SQP, PSO) efficiently optimize membrane thickness. • Solar variations guide optimal membrane selection for diverse regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After-treatment devices of diesel engines effectively reduce exhaust emissions but deteriorate over time. Consequently, the China-VI emission regulation mandates a useful life of seven years or 700,000 km for after-treatment devices. Conventional engine bench aging methods, being costly and time-consuming, are inapplicable for long-term emission durability verification. This paper introduces an accelerated aging method based on the thermal accumulation and Arrhenius equation. Accelerated aging of four after-treatment devices of the same model at different temperatures and durations was carried out. Results revealed that barring the CDPF's PN filtration efficiency, the efficiencies of the DOC, SCR, and ASC catalysts declined with accelerated aging, especially under lower temperatures. Deterioration in conversion efficiencies of catalysts increased the NOx, CO, THC, and NH 3 emissions under cold- and warm-WHTC tests. Considering that the equivalent durability mileage of the after-treatment devices under 150 h 650 °C accelerated aging condition is approximately 870,000 km, while the CO, THC, PN, NOx, and NH 3 emission factors are 0.05 g/kWh, 0.21 g/kWh, 2.14 × 1010 #/kWh, 0.44 g/kWh, and 3.48 ppm, respectively, so the durability of the tested after-treatment devices could comply with the China-VI emission regulation. Although accelerated aging did not significantly affect PN emissions, it increased the balanced point temperature of CDPF and the proportion of sub-23 nm particles. If emission regulations further reduce the lower limit of PN measurement to 10 nm, it could negatively impact the emission durability of CDPF. In addition, comparing the 1000 h of conventional aging showed similar characteristics and results in NOx conversion efficiency and NOx emission, suggesting that the accelerated aging method is reliable. In conclusion, the accelerated aging method reduces the durability verification duration, providing a cost-effective regulatory tool for environmental protection authorities and guidance for manufacturers to optimize device performance and durability. • Accelerated aging method for after-treatment devices of diesel engines is developed • Catalyst performance deteriorates more seriously under low temperatures • NOx deterioration is most pronounced during accelerated aging • Accelerated aging is well-equated with conventional bench aging based on SCR [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen produced from renewables-fuelled electrolysis has the potential to provide deep decarbonisation for sectors that are the most difficult to decarbonise, but the intermittency of renewable sources may result in low electrolyser utilisation and, consequently, high costs. This study determines the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and levelised cost of hydrogen (LCOH) associated with blending wind electricity with the grid to increase electrolyser utilisation. A novel cost model was developed to determine the production performance, costs and embodied CO 2 emissions of an electrolyser with hybrid fuel supply (wind and grid) considering dynamic load constraints of alkaline (ALK) and Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers and using high-resolution historical weather data to determine wind production profiles in two case study regions: northern (Bayannur) and southern (Pingtan) China. The results show that using 52% of grid electricity in an ALK electrolyser in Bayannur reduces LCOH by 11%, increasing hydrogen production by 74% but with 17.4 kg CO 2 / kg H 2 generated in CO 2 emissions. When a carbon price is accounted for, the optimal electrolyser utilisation is reduced to 40%, with the LCE 44% reduced. Emissions of 9.8 kg CO 2 /kg H 2 are lower than for stream methane reforming with carbon capture. In Southern China (Pingtan), LCOH is higher than Bayanur because of the high electricity cost. The economic benefits of increasing grid power depend primarily on the total CAPEX cost, grid power cost, and carbon tax. By altering the carbon tax, the optimal blend of wind/ grid differs. The grid contribution to the optimal blend diminishes as a carbon tax approaches 35 USD/ t CO 2. • This paper analyses the value of adding grid electricity to a pure wind-powered H 2 production plant. • The LCOH and CO 2 life-cycle emissions are obtained for Alkaline and PEM electrolysers. • We are introducing the novel ICOH metric to optimise the trade-off of LCOH and CO 2 emission on H 2 production. • Using only 52% of grid electricity in an ALK electrolyser, H 2 production can increase by 75%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Literature on energy production from roadways is surveyed. • e-Roads, which produce energy by energy harvesting modes, are proposed. • In addition to power production, e-Roads can support smart infrastructure. • Scaling-up of e-Road concept could potentially supply most of China's power. Abstract Increasing and projected shortages in non-renewable energy sources have directed attention toward the potential for using regenerated energy from road traffic. There are currently three primary techniques for harvesting energy from roadways—piezoelectricity, thermoelectricity and photoelectricity—although, to date very few studies have focussed on the potential for integrating two or more of these, with most examining the application and optimisation of single-mode harvesting. To address this gap, this paper reviews and analyses the body of past research on road energy harvesting with the goal of developing a 'dynamic-heat-light division recommendation' based on the literature. From this research, a new concept of 'e-Roads' is proposed and defined in detail. If full use can be made of roadways as e-Roads under the division recommendation made in this paper, these structures have the potential to serve as one of the largest sources of energy in the near future. In this manner, this study serves as a reference for road construction and road network planning as well as a source of ideas for the development of intelligent traffic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • An energy saving and emission reduction policy is analyzed in this paper. • This policy has a significant and positive effect on sustainable development. • Policy effect emerges three years later after the implementation of this policy. • Long-term mechanism for energy saving and emissions reduction should be established. Abstract " National Comprehensive Demonstration of Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Fiscal Policy" (ESER policy) is an important measure for urban pollution control and energy conservation in China. A reasonable evaluation of this policy can provide a reference to further promote energy saving and emissions reduction work. Using the panel data of 114 Chinese cities, this paper explores the effect of ESER policy on urban sustainable development. We first construct a sustainable indicator, which is defined as eco-efficiency, by using the non-directional distance function method. Then we evaluate the effect of ESER policy on eco-efficiency by adopting the Difference-in-differences method. The conclusions based on the findings include: (1) The eco-efficiency of Chinese cities has been effectively improved during the study period. (2) The baseline estimate reveals that the ESER policy has a positive and statistically significant effect on eco-efficiency, while the event study corroborates that ESER policy is ineffective in the short term, but the policy effect emerges three years later after the implementation of ESER policy. (3) A series of identification tests prove that the results are robust and credible. Our findings contribute to the understanding of energy saving and emissions reduction policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A nonlinear relationship between industrial agglomeration and energy efficiency. • A threshold effect exists when industrial agglomeration affects energy efficiency. • When agglomeration degree is less 1.3865, it will promote energy efficiency. • Future policy for energy efficiency in China's textile industry is suggested. Abstract Based on provincial panel data on the textile industry in China, this paper calculates the total-factor energy efficiency of this industry as the dependent variable. Additionally, based on linear panel analysis of the relationship between industrial agglomeration and energy efficiency, in-depth analysis of the industry is performed at different industrial agglomeration levels. The paper identifies different impacts of industrial agglomeration on energy efficiency, uses the threshold regression model to extend the research to a nonlinear framework, and constructs a double threshold regression model in which the threshold of the textile industry agglomeration level serves as the threshold variable. The results show, first, a threshold effect occurs when industrial agglomeration affects total-factor energy efficiency. Second, a significant positive correlation exists among the degree of economic development, energy prices, research and development investment (R&D), enterprise scale, and total factor energy efficiency of the textile industry. Third, a non-linear relationship exists between industrial agglomeration and energy efficiency in the industry. When industrial agglomeration is low, promoting it improves energy efficiency. However, when industrial agglomeration reaches a certain level, agglomeration and energy efficiency show a negative relationship. Finally, based on the empirical results, ways of improving energy efficiency in the industry are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Shared transportation mitigates traffic and environmental pressures. • Shared transportation is a supplementary way for public transportation. • Shared transportation is gradually affecting the passengers' travel behavior. • Credit management helps to improve shared transportation services. Abstract Electric vehicle sharing (EVS) and bike sharing have been recognized as promising solutions to growingly serious problems of traffic congestion, air pollution, and insufficient parking spaces. This paper, based on the current research status, analyzes and evaluates the effect of shared transportation on alleviating or solving the traffic and environmental issues of mega-cities from five perspectives-resource, environment, convenience, economy and governance. Then, taking Beijing as a case, one of the representative giant cities, this paper investigates and analyzes the development situation, feasibility, and adaptation of shared transportation. Compared with 2015, the share of cars decreased by more than 3.2%, and the trip frequency decreased by more than 55% for private car owners in 2016. Shared transportation reduced energy consumption, nitrogen emissions and PM 2.5 by 45 million liters of gasoline, 540,000 tons and 4.5 billion mg just in one year in Beijing in 2016. The results indicate that shared transportation has an important role and potential in alleviating traffic and environmental issues of mega-cities. A series of development suggestions and some practical considerations are provided at the end, which might supply good decision-making guidance for policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decentralized energy management can preserve the privacy of individual energy systems while mitigating computational and communication burdens. However, most decentralized energy management methods are partially decentralized and cannot ensure information exchange security. Therefore, this paper provides a secure fully decentralized energy management by using blockchain. First, a fully decentralized energy management framework using the optimality condition decomposition (OCD) is provided, in which individual energy system operators only exchange the boundary information with their peers rather than submitting proprietary information to a centralized system operator. Then, an asynchronous mechanism is proposed for updating the information exchange in OCD, enabling the proposed decentralized management to work under potential communication latency or interruption. Furthermore, the blockchain-based framework with state machine replication (SMR) based consensus algorithm is provided to safeguard the information exchange among individual energy systems in a secure and tamper-proof manner. The proposed decentralized energy management is tested on a multi-energy system with seven subsystems and a real-world multi-energy system in North China. The numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in privacy protection and data security enhancement. The proposed method can prevent the cost increase caused by cheating activities, which in some subsystems can reach 17.6%. Additionally, the proposed fully decentralized method outperforms the partially decentralized method by 37.7% in reducing computation time. Also demonstrated are the computational precision, scalability and adaptability of the proposed method. 1 Information about the data used in the case study of this paper, including how to access them, can be found in the Cardiff University data catalogue at http://doi.org/10.17035/d.2023.0247331015. 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world's largest producer and consumer of coal, coal phaseout is critical for China to achieve carbon neutrality and contribute to global decarbonization. Here, utilizing the Global Change Assessment Model, this paper simulates China's coal phaseout pathways at the sectoral level between 2015 and 2060, considering the deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS). The results show that China's coal consumption peaks at 96.4 Exajoules (EJ) in approximately 2020 and needs to decrease to 10.9 EJ by 2060 to achieve carbon neutrality. Specifically, the power sector bears the most significant proportion of responsibility, as its coal consumption must fall to 1.4 EJ by 2060, which is approximately 97.2% lower than the peak in 2020. The industrial sector is next and needs to decrease consumption to 9.2 EJ of coal in 2060, which is a reduction of 32.3 EJ below the 2020 level. Electricity will replace coal as the dominant energy source in the industrial sector after 2040. However, a portion of feed coal will remain in the industry for a long time. Among the industrial subsectors, the steel sector needs to put significant pressure on efforts to phase out coal, followed by the cement and nitrogen fertilizer sectors. In 2060, these three sectors will consume 5.7 EJ of coal, accounting for 64.1% of the total coal consumption in the industrial sector. The deployment of coal-CCS is one of the alternatives to achieve carbon neutrality and ensure smooth coal phaseout. Under the carbon neutrality scenario, the annual deployment of coal-CCS needs to exceed 0.13 EJ from 2025 to 2045, with a peak at 3.3 EJ in 2045. • China's coal phaseout pathway is assessed in the carbon neutrality scenario (CNS). • Coal consumption needs to drop to 10.9 EJ in 2060 to achieve carbon neutrality. • The power sector's coal will decrease to 97.2% below the peak by 2060 in the CNS. • The industry will pass the power sector as the top coal consumer by 2045 in the CNS. • The deployment of coal-CCS will peak at 3.3 EJ after 2045 in the CNS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of China's dual‑carbon goals and electricity market reforms, the high penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) in a single microgrid (MG) imposes challenges to its flexible operation. This paper addresses the cooperation within a virtual power plant (VPP) aggregated by multiple MGs. The VPP, managed by the VPP operator, acts as an intermediate entity to facilitate MGs' economic and low-carbon operation. To ensure the interests of various stakeholders in the VPP, this work proposes a low carbon oriented tri-stage collaborative energy management framework. In the 1st stage, the day-ahead optimal scheduling of individual MGs and the bidding strategy of the VPP operator are modeled, where an internal pricing method is incorporated. The 2nd stage addresses the real-time redispatch of the VPP operator using a receding horizon-based model predictive control (MPC) solution. This aims to satisfy the real-time operational requirements of MGs and reduce adjustment costs. Furthermore, in the 3rd stage, a penalty allocation mechanism is established for MGs based on their forecasting errors, to protect the VPP operator's interests. The effectiveness of the proposed solution is evaluated through comparative simulations in the context of the Guangdong electricity market. • The virtual power plant (VPP) aggregated by multiple microgrids (MG) is studied. • The quantification of carbon emission is involved in the whole scheduling process. • An peer-to-peer (P2P) electricity trading pricing method is improved and adopted. • A penalty allocation mechanism is proposed to guarantee interests of each entity. • The Guangdong electricity market is considered as the market mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major difficulty in integrating large scale wind power generation in an electrical power system is that wind generated power appears to be erratic, intermittent, and volatile. In this paper, we demonstrate the efficacies of a novel ultra short term 1-step ahead wind generated power prediction model, by combining two best of breed machine learning models in their respective areas of applications: a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) model, known to be effective in classification problems, and a bi-directional long short term memory (Bi-LSTM) model, known to be effective in 1-step ahead time series prediction problems, using a cross attention (XA) mechanism on three challenging practical datasets: the East-China dataset, the Yalova (Turkey) dataset, and the 16 MW dataset. There are two alternative cross attention models: (1) using the CNN features as the key–value pair, and the Bi-LSTM features as the query, this we called a XA model, and (2) using the Bi-LSTM features as the key–value pair, and the CNN features as the query, this we called a XA_I model; we found empirically for a properly chosen sliding window length, whichever CNN model or Bi-LSTM model performs well in the 1-step ahead prediction, then its features should be used as the query in the cross attention mechanism, thus, the XA achieves better results than XA_I on the East-China dataset, while XA_I achieves better results than XA on the Yalova dataset, and on the 16 MW dataset. Where comparable results using other state-of-the-art models are available on the Yalova dataset and the 16 MW dataset, we found that our XA_I results are superior. Moreover, it is found empirically, that the cross attention mechanism model produces stable k -step ahead predictions, for k ≤ W 2 , where W is the sliding window length. • A novel prediction model for wind generated power based on cross attention mechanism has been proposed. • The proposed method demonstrated on three practical datasets to have superior performance. • The cross attention mechanism based models give a stable multi-step ahead prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale underground oil storage has a great effect on national energy safety. China's oil dependency has exceeded 70% for four consecutive years, so it is necessary for China to build strategic oil storage. The salt cavern is a good medium to store oil, and it is widely used in foreign countries. China is rich in salt mines and has basic conditions for building salt cavern oil storage (SCOS). In this paper, the necessity and advantages of SCOS are analyzed, the salt rock mechanics experiments of SCOS are conducted, the geological feasibility evaluation model is built, the 3D numerical creep stability model in three working conditions (long-term, oil pressure dynamic, injection and production) is built, and the economic feasibility evaluation model is built. The results show that the implementation of SCOS in China is feasible, the earthquake (51%) and fault (28%) have a great effect on geological selection, the SCOS has good stability under three working conditions, the storage cost of SCOS is lower by 64.3% and 84.3% contrasted to rock cavern and storage tank in 2025. The study has a reference value for the development of SCOS in China. • A comprehensive feasibility evaluation of the salt cavern oil energy storage system is proposed. • The necessity and advantages of salt cavern oil storage are analyzed. • The geological evaluation model is built to select the best site. • A 3D stability numerical model under three working conditions is analyzed. • The economic evaluation model is built to select the cheapest oil storage methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with complex air pollution and traffic congestion, the road area ratio has gradually gained great importance in society and government. It is the ratio introduced from the field of road design and road engineering, but to study the efficiency of city planning and transportation recently. However, few studies have been conducted to study the relationship between urban congestion and pollution in the view of improving road area ratio. This paper investigated the effect of increasing the relative capacity of urban roads, i.e., road area ratio, on urban air pollution using panel data from cities in China from 2006 to 2018. In addition, the road area ratio can be further decomposed to explore the inner logic of pollution from congestion. Thus, we also explored whether the insufficient network density or width caused the pollution from congestion. We found that an increasing urban road area ratio significantly reduced air pollution, regardless of whether or not the impact of surrounding cities is included. Moreover, only an increased road density can increase traffic efficiency and reduce congestion emissions, which should be the priority of future traffic construction. The effect of increasing road width is not significant. • The increase in the urban road area ratio decreases air pollution. • There exists the "neighbor effect" of pollution in urban cities. • Decomposing the road area ratio factor to road width and road network density. • Only the increased road network density reduces traffic emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple geographically dispersed data center buildings have been increasingly positioned in renewable-rich areas due to their high energy consumption. This paper proposes an optimal multi-energy portfolio for zero carbon data center buildings in the presence of proactive demand response programs. In the data center buildings, the complementarities of hydro-solar-wind hybrid renewable energy sources (RESs) are fully exploited via multi-energy conversion and storage devices, which are modeled as 100% renewable energy hubs for zero carbon multi-energy supplies. In order to exploit the hub-internal operational dispatchability and flexibility, a comprehensive energy consumption model of data center buildings is proposed to facilitate the demand response in terms of available serves, while the variable speed pumped storage (VSPS) is modeled to capture its dynamic operational characteristics. The energy‑carbon production, conversion, storage, and consumption are formulated as an energy‑carbon matrix, which are solved via a two-stage method to obtain the optimal portfolio. Case studies on southwest China data center buildings are implemented to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed methodology on cost-effective accommodation of RESs. Simulations results show that the system portfolio cost can be reduced by at most 17.8% with a higher operational flexibility. • A cost-effective data center building is proposed to accommodate zero carbon targets. • Hydro-solar-wind 100% renewables are formulated for multi-energy supplies. • VSPS and data center energy consumption are modeled to exploit inherent flexibility. • The energy-carbon production, conversion, storage, and consumption are optimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to poor economic efficiency caused by the single service mode of energy storage stations, a double-level dynamic game optimization method for shared energy storage systems in multiple application scenarios considering economic efficiency is proposed in this paper. By analyzing the needs of multiple stakeholders involved in grid auxiliary services, fully tap into the profitability potential of energy storage stations. The capacity of the shared energy storage system is optimized by the non-dominant sorting beluga whale optimization algorithm (NSBWOA) in the upper level, and the operation strategy under multiple scenarios is optimized by the adaptive greedy search algorithm (AGSA) in the lower level. With the goal of maximizing the gross annual total income and high-value peak regulation ratio, and minimizing the cost- income ratio, the optimal capacity configuration and operation strategy of the shared energy storage system are obtained through collaborative optimization between upper and lower level models. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through the simulation testing of actual operating data of a certain power grid in China. Simulation results show that the gross annual income and high-value peak regulation ratio across multiple scenarios (Scenario III) are the highest, and the cost-income ratio is at an acceptable low level, which can provide a theoretical basis for the large-scale application of energy storage systems in new power systems. • The profit relationship between multiple stakeholders in auxiliary services and energy storage needs is explored. • Double-level optimization control model for shared energy storage system in multiple application scenarios is established. • The combinatorial optimal scheduling problem in decision sets is solved by adaptive greedy search algorithm. • The non dominated sorting beluga whale optimization algorithm effectively solves multi-objective optimization problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volatility and uncertainty of wind energy has brought great challenges to its accommodation in electric power systems. To determine a wind power trading strategy in the real-time power market, the accurate assessment of wind energy accommodation capability (WAC) is of great significance. However, most current studies investigate the wind energy accommodation potential from the perspective of dispatch, but rarely provide quantitative assessment results. Additionally, the non-anticipativity of decisions has not been considered in the assessment yet. This paper proposes a novel quantitative assessment method for WAC based on the multi-stage robust optimization (RO), which addresses the anticipativity issues in the traditional two-stage method while maintaining the decision-making process' robustness. In the assessment method, the operational risk is integrated via a tractable scheme to obtain dynamic admissible WAC boundaries. To obtain the optimal solution of the proposed multi-stage RO problem, a fast robust dual dynamic programming (FRDDP) algorithm is employed, where the adaptive techniques are developed to accelerate the computation. Numerical studies on the modified IEEE 14-Bus system and a real-world system in Zhejiang Province of China validate the effectiveness of the proposed assessment model and adaptive acceleration techniques. The simulation results demonstrate the presented method brings a 18.87% reduction in operational cost, and reduces 29.34% curtailment of wind energy. Compared with the original FRDDP, the adaptive technique significantly reduces the computational consumption by 73.34% on the real-world test system. • A novel assessment method for WAC is proposed based on the multi-stage robust optimization. • Tractable risk evaluation method is integrated in the multi-stage framework. • Adaptive techniques are designed for FRDDP method to accelerate the optimal solution. • The proposed method achieves both non-anticipative and robust assessment decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and timely carbon emission accounting (CEA) is vital to industrial corporations, especially those who participate in the carbon market. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence and power systems, the power data-based method provides a new way for real-time CEA. However, the extensive installation of distributed photovoltaics (PV) significantly increases the accounting difficulty of corporate carbon emissions. This paper proposes a non-intrusive method of real-time CEA for industrial corporations from the perspective of modern power systems. First, a device operation state (DOS) estimation model based on a modified Informer algorithm is proposed to calculate corporate direct carbon emissions. Wherein, an equivalent distributed PV output estimation model is used to decrease the impact of invisible PVs on direct emission accounting. Second, an improved carbon emission flow model is proposed to calculate corporate indirect carbon emissions, which considers "prosumers" arising from the installation of distributed PVs. Finally, the total corporate carbon emissions, including direct and indirect parts, are obtained by using the CEA model. Case studies based on four typical high‑carbon-emission factories in Zhejiang province, China demonstrate that the proposed method can make accurate CEA for industrial corporations by effectively lessening the impact of distributed PVs. • A non-intrusive carbon emission accounting method for industrial corporations. • A novel perspective of modern power systems for carbon emission accounting. • Calculating carbon emissions considering distributed photovoltaics' impacts. • The method becomes superior as the photovoltaic output proportion increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anormal temperature data caused by various reasons such as sensor faults and operation faults, which has a negative influence on heat metering and operation regulation in district heating system (DHS). However, it is difficult to detect and diagnose anormal temperature among massive unlabeled operation data. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel hierarchical classifying and two-step training strategy to facilitate the anormal temperature detection and diagnosis task. Firstly, self-defined feature change rate of operation data like water temperature, flow rate, and valve opening are constructed as additional training features to capture the characteristics of anormal temperature conditions. Then, a hierarchical classifying method is proposed to detect anormal temperature data. Finally, a two-step training strategy which combines expert knowledge with support vector machine (SVM) to fulfill anormal temperature type diagnosis. The proposed strategy is applied to a typical DHS in cold region of China. A total of 10,920 anormal data are detected. Four anormal temperature conditions are diagnosed including offline sensor, inversely connected sensor, anormal operation of heat source, and shutdown of heat station. The diagnosis accuracy for the 4 kinds of anormal temperature conditions all reached over 98%. • Detecting anormal temperature based on hierarchical classifying strategy. • Self-defined feature change rate added to train the diagnosis model. • A novel two-step training strategy is proposed to train the diagnosis model. • 4 anormal types diagnosed and over 98% diagnosis accuracy achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the penetration rate of renewable energy increases in the electric power system, the issues of renewable power curtailment and system inertia shortage become more severe. Innovative solutions such as Cloud Energy Storage (CES) can be employed to address this challenge. However, the energy storage resources aggregated by the traditional CES business model mainly concentrate on Electrical Energy Storage (EES), which is still limited and expensive. It necessitates the exploration of new approaches to enhance the flexibility and cost-effectiveness of energy storage utilization, in which using District Heating System (DHS) as an equivalent energy storage resource of the power system is an effective method. Therefore, this paper proposes an optimal planning strategy of energy storage system under the CES model considering inertia support and electricity-heat coordination. Firstly, the system components and business model of the CES are described, and the framework of energy storage planning problem from the perspective of CES operator is formulated. Then the evaluation methods of energy storage utilization demand from CES users are proposed, including the evaluation of the renewable power curtailment, system minimum inertia requirement, and the equivalent energy storage ability of DHS. Based on this evaluation results, a bi-layer optimal energy storage planning model for the CES operator is established, where the upper-layer model determines the installed capacity of lithium (Li-ion) battery station and the lower-layer model determines the optimal schedules of the CES system. The numerical tests based on the operation profile of a typical city in China are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The simulation result shows that the annual profit of the CES system can be improved by 15.26% after installing the energy storage system whose capacity is determined by the proposed method. • A CES model considering electricity-heat coordination and system inertia support is designed. • CES users' demand is evaluated by system operation simulation and inertia shortage estimation. • A bi-level optimization model of BES expansion planning is proposed for the CES operator. • Empirical study based on practical power system data in China to provide real-life experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, electric vehicle safety incidents related to batteries have occurred frequently enough to question the adequacy of the current international safety standards. As the world's leading producer of batteries for electric vehicles, China has thus formulated its own national standards, but there are questions as to the unique value of these standards. This review paper analyzes the Chinese safety standards from the perspective of the battery materials, cells, modules, battery systems, battery management systems, and vehicles. The findings from the analysis of the Chinese standards is used to provide suggestions for building better international battery safety standards with recommendations for different battery levels, battery life cycle design and emerging battery technologies. • Analyzed China's safety standards in terms of multi-level of battery grouping. • The article reviews battery safety standards for design and manufacturing. • Standardization efforts in emerging battery tech have been considered. • Rational suggestions have been proposed for battery safety standardization efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-energy industrial parks, composed of the district energy supply system and terminal industrial loads, are dominant energy consumers with over 50% occupation of total energy consumption. Considering the energy conversion in the district energy supply system and adjustment of production subtasks in terminal industrial loads, the industrial parks could provide considerable flexibility for utility multi-energy systems to deal with contingencies. However, industrial parks may have multiple uncertainties originating from the production subtasks' variability, distributed renewable energy's fluctuation, and random failures of equipment. These uncertainties could make the flexibility assessment of industrial parks unreliable, which may further exacerbate utility system risks. To address the problem, this paper innovatively proposes the concept of probabilistic integrated flexible regions and corresponding characterization approaches, which can effectively describe the credible multi-energy adjustment ability of industrial parks. First, the energy-material flows in the industrial park are modeled considering multiple uncertainties while subject to constraints such as operating limits of equipment, energy and material balancing, and production targets. Then, the modeling and calculation methods of probabilistic integrated flexible regions are given. These regions are labeled with certain probability requirements and visualized in the input multi-energy space. Using a real-world test system that produces air conditioning equipment in China, the results show that the proposed model can effectively reflect the probability characteristics of the integrated flexibility under multiple uncertainties. For this test system, the area of a highly credible integrated flexibility, represented by the probabilistic integrated flexible region with 99% probability, is about half of that obtained by the deterministic model. That is, half of the integrated flexibility evaluated by the deterministic method in the test system may not be practically utilized considering the impacts of uncertainties. Therefore, the proposed method could provide a credible and comprehensive evaluation of the multi-energy industrial park's flexibility considering multiple uncertainties. • Exploiting the multi-energy(integrated) flexibility of industrial parks • Describing the probability characteristics of the integrated flexibility • Uncertainties in industrial parks shrink their integrated flexibility • Facilitating the interaction between demand and utility side in energy systems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]