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Descriptive geometry has indispensable applications in many engineering activities. A summary of these is provided in the first chapter of this paper, preceded by a brief introduction into the methods of representation and mathematical recognition related to our research area, such as projection perpendicular to a single plane, projection images created by perpendicular projection onto two mutually perpendicular image planes, but placed on one plane, including the research of curves and movements, visual representation and perception relying on a mathematical approach, and studies on toothed driving pairs and tool geometry in order to place the development presented here among them. As a result of the continuous variability of the technological environment according to various optimization aspects, the engineering activities must also be continuously adapted to the changes, for which an appropriate approach and formulation are required from the practitioners of descriptive geometry, and can even lead to improvement in the field of descriptive geometry. The imaging procedures are always based on the methods and theorems of descriptive geometry. Our aim was to examine the spatial variation in the wear of the tool edge and the machining of the components of toothed drive pairs using two cameras. Resolving contradictions in spatial geometry reconstruction research is a constant challenge, to which a possible answer in many cases is the searching for the right projection direction, and positioning cameras appropriately. A special method of enumerating the possible infinite viewpoints for the reconstruction of tool surface edge curves is presented in the second part of this paper. In the case of the monitoring the shape geometry, taking into account the interchangeability of the projection directions, i.e., the property of symmetry, all images made from two perpendicular directions were taken into account. The procedure for determining the correct directions in a mathematically exact way is also presented through examples. A new criterion was formulated for the tested tooth edge of the hob to take into account the shading of the tooth next to it. The analysis and some of the results of the Monge mapping, suitable for the solution of a mechanical engineering task to be solved in a specific technical environment, namely defining the conditions for camera placements that ensure reconstructibility are also presented. Taking physical shadowing into account, conclusions can be drawn about the degree of distortion of the machined surface from the spatial deformation of the edge curve of the tool reconstructed with correctly positioned cameras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is the extended version of a paper presented at the conference HMM2021, about the history of mechanical engineering. First, the initial cultural and industrial steps in the robotic field in Japan are introduced, to display the beginning of this interlaced path, before WW2; then, in the context of the aftermaths of the war, some famous anime heroes are presented as ancestors of the coming mecha anime series. The rising research in the field of robotics and more generally the developments of contemporary Japanese automation industry are then drawn, as a technological substrate for mecha conception. In particular, Masahiro Mori studies are taken into consideration to identify an actual robot design pattern to apply to the following comparative description and examination of the different mecha; finally, thanks to this analysis, the common breeding ground whence robotics and mecha (and their reciprocal influences) arise, is outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Function‐integrative lightweight engineering represents an essential element in modern design methods. Currently, there is a great need for the incorporation of sensors, actuators and electronics in novel, demand‐oriented components. In contrast to a subsequent, mostly adhesive bonding, structural integration offers numerous advantages, for example in terms of space requirements and robustness. This paper demonstrates the potential of integrated sensors for various industrial sectors based on selected examples from mechanical engineering, aviation, mobility, sports, and medical technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

British mechanical engineer Jack Keiser's postwar career in industrial education was simultaneously a career in justice work and Christian industrial mission. This paper examines the Christian critique of industry Keiser developed early in his career, as he transitioned in 1949–1950 into his life's work in firm-based industrial education, and asks how historians of technology might interpret a critique that characterized industry in hyperbolic terms as enslaving or demonic. Keiser's was part of an international critique connected to three important post-war Christian institutions: Student Christian Movement, the Industrial Mission Movement, and the World Council of Churches. He engaged with justice at both an intimate and a cosmic level, intimately through face-to-face relationships with apprentices and trainees under his supervision, and cosmically by engaging with the biblical prophets through whom God called for justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The papers covered a wide range of fundamental studies, industrial practices, and engineering innovations by applying knowledge on microsystems. Authors of selected papers from the conference were invited to submit full length papers for possible inclusion in this special issue of Microsystem Technologies (MST). This special issue on Innovation, Communication and Engineering consists of selected papers presented at the International Conference on "Innovation, Communication and Engineering", in 2018.The conference covered broad topics, including information science, innovation design, industrial design, applied mathematics, computer science, cultural and creative research, electrical and electronic engineering, mechanical engineering, automation engineering, green technology and architectural engineering, material science, and other related fields. [Extracted from the article]

This paper describes the numerical method for the solution to the problem of propagation of dynamic waves in elastic media--the bicharacteristics method with the usage of the ideas of the splitting method. The bicharacteristics method is one of the most convenient methods for software creating. In this research paper we have worked on the solution for non-stationary problem of the homogeneous isotropic elastic body dynamics using the bicharacteristics method, based on which the "ProgWave" software was designed. With this software, we have obtained the plots of isolines of normal and tangent tensions, which are very important for the studies of non-stationary dynamic waves propagation in flat elastic bodies, in engineering practice at construction designs calculation, in problems of mechanical engineering, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose designing transportation network topology and traffic distribution under fluctuating conditions using a bio-inspired algorithm. The algorithm is inspired by the adaptive behavior observed in an amoeba-like organism, plasmodial slime mold, more formally known as plasmodium of Physarum plycephalum. This organism forms a transportation network to distribute its protoplasm, the fluidic contents of its cell, throughout its large cell body. In this process, the diameter of the transportation tubes adapts to the flux of the protoplasm. The Physarum algorithm, which mimics this adaptive behavior, has been widely applied to complex problems, such as maze solving and designing the topology of railroad grids, under static conditions. However, in most situations, environmental conditions fluctuate; for example, in power grids, the consumption of electric power shows daily, weekly, and annual periodicity depending on the lifestyles or the business needs of the individual consumers. This paper studies the design of network topology and traffic distribution with oscillatory input and output traffic flows. The network topology proposed by the Physarum algorithm is controlled by a parameter of the adaptation process of the tubes. We observe various rich topologies such as complete mesh, partial mesh, Y-shaped, and V-shaped networks depending on this adaptation parameter and evaluate them on the basis of three performance functions: loss, cost, and vulnerability. Our results indicate that consideration of the oscillatory conditions and the phase-lags in the multiple outputs of the network is important: The building and/or maintenance cost of the network can be reduced by introducing the oscillating condition, and when the phase-lag among the outputs is large, the transportation loss can also be reduced. We use stability analysis to reveal how the system exhibits various topologies depending on the parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The current strategies for making electronic devices are generally time, water, material and energy consuming. Here, the direct writing of composite functional circuits through comprehensive use of GaIn10-based liquid metal inks and matching material is proposed and investigated, which is a rather easy going and cost effective electronics fabrication way compared with the conventional approaches. Methods: Owing to its excellent adhesion and electrical properties, the liquid metal ink was demonstrated as a generalist in directly making various basic electronic components such as planar resistor, inductor and capacitor or their combination and thus composing circuits with expected electrical functions. For a precise control of the geometric sizes of the writing, a mask with a designed pattern was employed and demonstrated. Mechanisms for justifying the chemical components of the inks and the magnitudes of the target electronic elements so as to compose various practical circuits were disclosed. Results: Fundamental tests on the electrical components including capacitor and inductor directly written on paper with working time up to 48 h and elevated temperature demonstrated their good stability and potential widespread adaptability especially when used in some high frequency circuits. As the first proof-of-concept experiment, a typical functional oscillating circuit including an integrated chip of 74HC04 with a supply voltage of 5 V, a capacitor of 10 nF and two resistors of 5 kΩ and 1 kΩ respectively was directly composed on paper through integrating specific electrical elements together, which presented an oscillation frequency of 8.8 kHz. Conclusions: The present method significantly extends the roles of the metal ink in recent works serving as only a single electrical conductor or interconnecting wires. It opens the way for directly writing out complex functional circuits or devices on different substrates. Such circuit composition strategy has generalized purpose and can be extended to more areas, even daily pervasive electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of thin metal cases or tubes with a filling made of metal foams is interesting and promising for many applications, in mechanical engineering. Components made of an outer hollow thin compact metal structure and a cellular lightweight core are especially suited to energy absorption applications. In order to allow for an efficient product/process design with a concurrent engineering approach, reliable and computationally affordable finite element method (FEM) calculations are required by both product and process engineers. The structural performance of these complex composite parts must be numerically predicted, in order to find the optimal combination of outer structure and metal foam properties. While FEM simulation at large deformations of bending, crushing, etc. of thin sheets and tubes is state of the art, the accurate FEM simulation of the mechanical behavior of metal foams cannot be considered fully established. In this paper the three most common methods for FEM simulation of metal foam materials are discussed: (a) homogenization approach, (b) realistic reconstruction of tomographic data, and (c) repetition of standard unit cells. A new effective approach is proposed, suited for simulation of composite, metal foam filled, structures of realistic dimensions. The approach is based on meshing the metal foam by replicating a unit cell made of 32 triangular shell elements, and then by randomizing the nodal position in order to emulate the intrinsic homogeneity of foam morphology. The method is validated by means of different experimental tests. The results show that the proposed method correctly predicts the behavior of foam structures in axial compression. The method slightly overestimated the actual load registered in three point bending tests. Several improvements are described and discussed in the paper, such as randomization of nodal positions of the mesh, in order_ to reduce the overestimation of forces. An FEM approach for the simulation of large deformations of metal foam filled metal structure (e.g., tubes) suited for the design of realistic large dimensions structural components has been presented. The proposed method shows some innovative features with respect to the available scientific literature, such as a configuration based on octahedral unit cells with low number of triangular shell elements. Randomization of nodal positions of each unit cell has been implemented as a method for better representing the intrinsic variability of metal foams and for reducing the stiffness of the simulated structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a contribution to the diagnosis of scientificresearch evaluation in Brazil, supported by a national database dubbed "Qualis". Capes is the governmental institution in charge of the development and management of this database, which presents the classification of journals and is an important tool for the improvement of Brazilian scientific research. The present paper identifies the major difficulties in research evaluation and provides an analysis of the latest changes regarding the criteria which are applied within the field of "Engineering III", which includes: Aerospace Engineering, Production Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Petroleum Engineering and Naval/Ocean Engineering. The analysis comprises a discussion of proposals for improvement and a conceptual map showing synthetically the interrelationships among the concepts utilized in the study. In addition, it presents some suggestions which are specific for the context of Operations Research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper aims at investigating the mechanism theory and application of deployable structures based on scissor-like element (SLE). The deployable structure has a wide application both in space structures and in general mechanical engineering. However, the mechanism theory of such deployable structures based on SLE is seldom probed systematically. Therefore, this paper starts from the mobility analysis of simple planar linkages, and then explores the mechanism theory of spatial deployable units utilized in flat, cylindrical and spherical deployable structures. The theoretical results obtained in this paper have a general adaptation in conceiving any kinds of deployable structures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper offers a multi-perspective view on engineering education at RWTH Aachen University: curriculum design, examples of newly developed teaching methods for engineering curri-cula, and teaching competencies and teacher qualification. It is based on the theories of student-centred learning, project learning, social skills, etc., but the paper covers the practical implications and ways of implementation of these items in a current design process of a new study programme: In the course of the Bologna process the mechanical engineering study programme of RWTH Aachen University has encountered a complete and thorough revision responding to the need of present-day technical students and - accordingly - to the fast-growing requirements of the engineering industry. This change process will be presented. A case study from engineering informatics shows concepts for modern teaching methods, responding to the requirements of students and industry, especially regarding social skills. Teaching competencies have to change and grow accordingly. Thus, a concept for the improvement of educational skills and abilities of engineering teachers - integrated into their work process - is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes an empirical look into industrial design in process and metal industries. The data are based on a case study of an industrial design pilot project at a company that is a market leader in mineral processing systems. In the paper, the overall structure of the project is outlined and aspects of design work are addressed through detailed analysis of interactions between the participants. In addition, the role of visualizations and the nature of design problems are examined. The conclusions of the paper include implications for the organization of industrial design projects. In addition, general notes are made about the nature of industrial design within the company—and technology intensive areas in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present all necessary generalisations to extend the bridging scale, a finite-temperature multiple scale method which couples molecular dynamics (MD) and finite element (FE) simulations, to two dimensions. The crucial development is a numerical treatment of the boundary condition acting upon the reduced atomistic system, as such boundary conditions are analytically intractable beyond simple one-dimension systems. The approach presented in this paper offers distinct advantages compared to previous works, specifically the compact size of the resulting time history kernel, and the fact that the time history kernel can be calculated using an automated numerical procedure for arbitrary multi-dimensional lattice structures and interatomic potentials. We demonstrate the truly two-way nature of the coupled FE and reduced MD equations of motion via two example problems, wave propagation and dynamic crack propagation. Finally, we compare both problems to benchmark full MD simulations to validate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reasonably determine the limit equilibrium zone width, a coal pillar was simplified as a half-infinite load-bearing beam while its weak floor rock mass was assumed to be a continuous elastic foundation according to the mechanical characteristics of the coal pillar. This paper develops the Winkler elastic foundation beam model of a coal pillar under high bearing pressure using the elastic foundation beam analytic method. Furthermore, the deflection, diversion, bending moment, and shear force at any interface of the coal pillar are studied based on a mechanical model of the coal pillar under different bearing pressures. A theoretical calculation formula for the width of the limit equilibrium zone of the coal pillar is put forward under conditions where a shear slip appears on the elastic-plastic interface of the coal pillar. The results show that the limit equilibrium zone width of the coal pillar is closely related to the buried depth of the roadway, volumetric weight of the overburden, the stress concentration factor, the width of the elastic zone, the elastic characteristic value of the floor, the lateral pressure coefficient, the cohesive force, and the internal friction angle on the elastic-plastic interface of the coal pillar. Taking an 850-875 m section of the transport gateway of the 13503 face in a Wangcun coal mine as an example, the theoretical limit equilibrium zone width of the coal pillar is calculated after the other parameters were determined. On this basis, the deformation and failure of the coal pillar in a range of 6 m is tested using a borehole scope. The theoretical width of the limit equilibrium zone of the coal pillar is almost consistent with the results of the field test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent systems are a new wave of the embedded and real-time systems that are highly connected, with a massive processing power and performing complex applications. Their pervasiveness is reshaping the real world and teh way, we interact with our digital life. These intelligent systems are creating new opportunities for industry and business, and new experiences for users and consumers. They can be found in all domains: automotive, rail, aerospace, defence, energy, healthcare, telecoms and consumer electronics. In this paper we use an intelligent system method to predict the roughness of hardened specimens. We use an algorithm for the construction visibility graphs in a 3D space to analyse topographical properties of hardened specimens. Drawing graphs as nodes connected by links in 3D space is visually compelling but computationally difficult. Thus, the construction of the 3D visibility graphs is highly complex and requires in their professional computers or supercomputers. The microstructure of the robot-laser-hardened specimens is very complex; however, we can present it using 3D visibility graphs. For predicting the surface roughness of the hardened specimens we use the neural network, genetic algorithm and multiple regression. Using the intelligent systems we increase production of the laser-hardening process by decreasing the time process and increasing the topographical property of materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Target design methodologies (DfX) were developed to cope with specific engineering design issues such as cost-effectiveness, manufacturability, assemblability, maintainability, among others. However, DfX methodologies are undergoing the lack of real integration with 3D CAD systems. Their principles are currently applied downstream of the 3D modelling by following the well-known rules available from the literature and engineers' know-how (tacit internal knowledge). This paper provides a method to formalize complex DfX engineering knowledge into explicit knowledge that can be reused for Advanced Engineering Informatics to aid designers and engineers in developing mechanical products. This research work wants to define a general method (ontology) able to couple DfX design guidelines (engineering knowledge) with geometrical product features of a product 3D model (engineering parametric data). A common layer for all DfX methods (horizontal) and dedicated layers for each DfX method (vertical) allow creating the suitable ontology for the systematic collection of the DfX rules considering each target. Moreover, the proposed framework is the first step for developing (future work) a software tool to assist engineers and designers during product development (3D CAD modelling). A design for assembly (DfA) case study shows how to collect assembly rules in the given framework. It demonstrates the applicability of the CAD-integrated DfX system in the mechanical design of a jig-crane. Several benefits are recognized: (i) systematic collection of DfA rules for informatics development, (ii) identification of assembly issues in the product development process, and (iii) reduction of effort and time during the design review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of engineered nanomaterial safety has been hindered by conflicting reports demonstrating differential degrees of toxicity with the same nanoparticles. The unique properties of these materials increase the likelihood that they will interfere with analytical techniques, which may contribute to this phenomenon. We tested the potential for: 1) nanoparticle intrinsic fluorescence/absorbance, 2) interactions between nanoparticles and assay components, and 3) the effects of adding both nanoparticles and analytes to an assay, to interfere with the accurate assessment of toxicity. Silicon, cadmium selenide, titanium dioxide, and helical rosette nanotubes each affected at least one of the six assays tested, resulting in either substantial over- or under-estimations of toxicity. Simulation of realistic assay conditions revealed that interference could not be predicted solely by interactions between nanoparticles and assay components. Moreover, the nature and degree of interference cannot be predicted solely based on our current understanding of nanomaterial behaviour. A literature survey indicated that ca. 95% of papers from 2010 using biochemical techniques to assess nanotoxicity did not account for potential interference of nanoparticles, and this number had not substantially improved in 2012. We provide guidance on avoiding and/or controlling for such interference to improve the accuracy of nanotoxicity assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cheating in the undergraduate classroom is not a new problem, and it is recognized as one that is endemic to the education system. This paper examines the highly normative behavior of using unauthorized assistance (e.g., a solutions manual or a friend) on an individual assignment within the context of an upper division undergraduate course in engineering mechanics. The findings indicate that there are varying levels of accepting responsibility among the students (from denial to tempered to full) and that acceptance of responsibility can lead to identification of learning and necessary behavioral changes. The findings have implications for institutions and engineering faculty, in particular the need for consistent academic integrity education and the teaching of professional integrity and ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, intercalation of nanoclay in the miscible polymer blend of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and acrylic rubber(ACM) was studied. X-ray diffraction was used to investigate the formation of nanoscale polymer blend/clay hybrid. Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray analysis revealed the coexistence of β and γ crystalline forms in PVDF/Clay nanocomposite while α crystalline form was found to be dominant in PVDF/ACM/Clay miscible hybrids. Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (B) was used to further explain the miscibility phenomenon observed. The B parameter was determined by combining the melting point depression and the binary interaction model. The estimated B values for the ternary PVDF/ACM/Clay and PVDF/ACM pairs were all negative, showing both proper intercalation of the polymer melt into the nanoclay galleries and the good miscibility of PVDF and ACM blend. The B value for the PVDF/ACM blend was almost the same as that measured for the PVDF/ACM/Clay hybrid, suggesting that PVDF chains in nanocomposite hybrids interact with ACM chains and that nanoclay in hybrid systems is wrapped by ACM molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the deformation of a clamped-clamped elastica under edge thrust and constrained inside a straight tube. The governing equations are formulated within the framework of director theory and solved by the shooting method. The deformations calculated from the elastica model are compared with those computed from small-deformation theory. For a relatively slender tube, the early stage of the deformation sequence is similar to the one obtained from small-deformation theory. They are one-point, two-point, three-point, and point-line-point contact deformations. However, some fundamental differences exist between these two theories even in this early stage of deformation. According to small-deformation theory, the constrained rod jumps from planar one-point contact to helical two-point contact suddenly. In elastica model, the planar one-point contact evolves to spatial one-point contact first and transforms to two-point contact smoothly. In small-deformation theory, the point-line-point contact is the final stage of deformation. In elastica model, on the other hand, the deformation may transform to other shapes as the edge thrust increases further. Generally speaking, the difference between small-deformation theory and elastica model grows as the radius of the constraining tube becomes larger. In the case when the ratio of the tube radius and the beam length is larger than 0.384, the constraining tube has no effect on the elastica deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we describe the effects of the combination of topographical, mechanical, chemical and intracellular electrical stimuli on a co-culture of fibroblasts and skeletal muscle cells. The co-culture was anisotropically grown onto an engineered micro-grooved (10 µm-wide grooves) polyacrylamide substrate, showing a precisely tuned Young’s modulus (∼ 14 kPa) and a small thickness (∼ 12 µm). We enhanced the co-culture properties through intracellular stimulation produced by piezoelectric nanostructures (i.e., boron nitride nanotubes) activated by ultrasounds, thus exploiting the ability of boron nitride nanotubes to convert outer mechanical waves (such as ultrasounds) in intracellular electrical stimuli, by exploiting the direct piezoelectric effect. We demonstrated that nanotubes were internalized by muscle cells and localized in both early and late endosomes, while they were not internalized by the underneath fibroblast layer. Muscle cell differentiation benefited from the synergic combination of topographical, mechanical, chemical and nanoparticle-based stimuli, showing good myotube development and alignment towards a preferential direction, as well as high expression of genes encoding key proteins for muscle contraction (i.e., actin and myosin). We also clarified the possible role of fibroblasts in this process, highlighting their response to the above mentioned physical stimuli in terms of gene expression and cytokine production. Finally, calcium imaging-based experiments demonstrated a higher functionality of the stimulated co-cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the steady hydromagnetic three-dimensional boundary layer flow of Maxwell fluid over a bidirectional stretching surface. Both cases of prescribed surface temperature (PST) and prescribed surface heat flux (PHF) are considered. Computations are made for the velocities and temperatures. Results are plotted and analyzed for PST and PHF cases. Convergence analysis is presented for the velocities and temperatures. Comparison of PST and PHF cases is given and examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a human-computer interface based on electro-oculography (EOG) that allows interaction with a computer using eye movement. The EOG registers the movement of the eye by measuring, through electrodes, the difference of potential between the cornea and the retina. A new pair of EOG glasses have been designed to improve the user's comfort and to remove the manual procedure of placing the EOG electrodes around the user's eye. The interface, which includes the EOG electrodes, uses a new processing algorithm that is able to detect the gaze direction and the blink of the eyes from the EOG signals. The system reliably enabled subjects to control the movement of a dot on a video screen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information theory is a powerful tool to express principles to drive autonomous systems because it is domain invariant and allows for an intuitive interpretation. This paper studies the use of the predictive information (PI), also called excess entropy or effective measure complexity, of the sensorimotor process as a driving force to generate behavior. We study nonlinear and nonstationary systems and introduce the time-local predicting information (TiPI) which allows us to derive exact results together with explicit update rules for the parameters of the controller in the dynamical systems framework. In this way the information principle, formulated at the level of behavior, is translated to the dynamics of the synapses. We underpin our results with a number of case studies with high-dimensional robotic systems. We show the spontaneous cooperativity in a complex physical system with decentralized control. Moreover, a jointly controlled humanoid robot develops a high behavioral variety depending on its physics and the environment it is dynamically embedded into. The behavior can be decomposed into a succession of low-dimensional modes that increasingly explore the behavior space. This is a promising way to avoid the curse of dimensionality which hinders learning systems to scale well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces novel vacuum/compression valves (VCVs) utilizing paraffin wax. A VCV is implemented by sealing the venting channel/hole with wax plugs (for normally-closed valve), or to be sealed by wax (for normally-open valve), and is activated by localized heating on the CD surface. We demonstrate that the VCV provides the advantages of avoiding unnecessary heating of the sample/reagents in the diagnostic process, allowing for vacuum sealing of the CD, and clear separation of the paraffin wax from the sample/reagents in the microfluidic process. As a proof of concept, the microfluidic processes of liquid flow switching and liquid metering is demonstrated with the VCV. Results show that the VCV lowers the required spinning frequency to perform the microfluidic processes with high accuracy and ease of control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial light interference microscopy (SLIM) is a highly sensitive quantitative phase imaging method, which is capable of unprecedented structure studies in biology and beyond. In addition to the π/2 shift introduced in phase contrast between the scattered and unscattered light from the sample, 4 phase shifts are generated in SLIM, by increments of π/2 using a reflective liquid crystal phase modulator (LCPM). As 4 phase shifted images are required to produce a quantitative phase image, the switching speed of the LCPM and the acquisition rate of the camera limit the acquisition rate and, thus, SLIM's applicability to highly dynamic samples. In this paper we present a fast SLIM setup which can image at a maximum rate of 50 frames per second and provide in real-time quantitative phase images at 50/4 = 12.5 frames per second. We use a fast LCPM for phase shifting and a fast scientific-grade complementary metal oxide semiconductor (sCMOS) camera (Andor) for imaging. We present the dispersion relation, i.e. decay rate vs. spatial mode, associated with dynamic beating cardiomyocyte cells from the quantitative phase images obtained with the real-time SLIM system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity and other chronic conditions linked with low levels of physical activity (PA) are associated with deprivation. One reason for this could be that it is more difficult for low-income groups to access recreational PA facilities such as swimming pools and sports centres than high-income groups. In this paper, we explore the distribution of access to PA facilities by car and bus across mainland Scotland by income deprivation at datazone level. GIS car and bus networks were created to determine the number of PA facilities accessible within travel times of 10, 20 and 30 minutes. Multilevel negative binomial regression models were then used to investigate the distribution of the number of accessible facilities, adjusting for datazone population size and local authority. Access to PA facilities by car was significantly (p<0.01) higher for the most affluent quintile of area-based income deprivation than for most other quintiles in small towns and all other quintiles in rural areas. Accessibility by bus was significantly lower for the most affluent quintile than for other quintiles in urban areas and small towns, but not in rural areas. Overall, we found that the most disadvantaged groups were those without access to a car and living in the most affluent areas or in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to explore whether there is a gender difference in the beneficial effects of Racing Academy, which is a video game used to support undergraduate students learning of Mechanical Engineering. One hundred and thirty-eight undergraduate students (15 females and 123 males) participated in the study. The students completed a pre-test a week before they started using Racing Academy. The pre-test consisted of a test of students' knowledge of engineering, and a measure of students' motivation towards studying engineering. A week after using Racing Academy the students completed a post-test which was identical to the pre-test, except it also included a measure of how frequently they used Racing Academy and how motivating the students found playing Racing Academy. We found that after playing Racing Academy the students learnt more about engineering and there was no gender difference in the beneficial effect of Racing Academy, however there is some evidence that, female students found Racing Academy more motivating than male students. The implications for the use and design of video games for supporting learning for both males and females are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: It is well known that an engineering surface is composed of a large number of wavelengths of roughness that are superimposed on each other. This paper proposes a new method for surface topography analysis based on empirical mode decomposition. The method provides good adaptive separation of surface profile into multiple bands. Applications are conducted by using a milled engineering surfaces to demonstrate the feasibility and applicability of the empirical mode decomposition method in the analysis of engineering surfaces. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In an effort to cultivate initiative and innovative spirit, a new project was introduced in an undergraduate mechanical engineering laboratory, exemplified here by the Thermal Sciences Laboratory. In this project, each student lab group (typically a group of four) had to suggest improvements to a specific laboratory. There were no other imposed restrictions; improvements could be in any area, such as hardware, software, work procedure, technical presentation, and so on. By having the project run in parallel with the typical labs, several objectives were attained. First, students were exposed to the ideas of continuous innovation and product or process improvement. Second, being a group project, students were exposed to the practical aspects and important advantages of teamwork and brainstorming. Third, due to the latest innovations in technology and education, laboratory-based work is always in need of enhancement; students engaged in performing lab work are well positioned to understand the possible shortcomings, and thus propose improvements; each student should be able to have at least one contribution, ranging from very small to significant. Lastly, some of the best solutions can be followed by senior design projects in which the proposed improvements are further developed and implemented in the laboratory. This paper shows how the project was organized, and also presents results obtained during its first year of implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Condition monitoring and diagnostic engineering is a course that is well recognized by academics. It is offered to students across the globe who want exposure to instrumentation, data acquisition and processing. This paper introduces the technique of condition monitoring to budding engineers, from its conception to the present state of development, through a case study. An experimental investigation is highlighted in which the vibration condition of booster pump unit is monitored; the unit is a part of boiler feed pump train of a large thermal power plant. The booster pump is driven by a 3500 kW, 1440 rpm motor. The motor, along with the booster pump, is supported by four bearings. Tri-axial measurements were made at the bearing supports for 12 months. Root mean square values of displacement and velocity were measured along the horizontal, vertical and axial directions. The experimental data are plotted on a time domain for graphical analysis. Based on the experimental data, faults are diagnosed using ISO standards and causes are predicted. It is observed that the front and rear bearings of the booster pump experienced excess vibration. The work is concluded by way of suggesting remedial measures to ensure the vibration intensity at the said points falls within safe limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia, has sought accreditation from the UK Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE) for its Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) Mechanical programme. To be accredited, the programme must satisfactorily incorporate the UK-SPEC general learning outcomes, which have to be mapped to the Faculty's programme educational objectives and programme outcomes. The contents of the various courses comprising the programme have to be integrated to bring all the learning outcomes together and taught in a systematic approach to become a total system. In the project design, issues such as sustainable development, risk, health and safety, and professional ethics are areas of concern. This paper describes how IMechE's UK regulations and requirements are being met, and relates the Faculty's experience with the accreditation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, a new method (Hori and Hayashi) for the design of tooth addendum in a Mechanical Paradox 3K transmission gear was presented. A meshing scheme obtained in agreement with this method and actual meshing schemes after inclusion of generation and engagement limitations were presented. The results of calculations using a different approach proposed by the author to the problem of access/recess contact ratio equalisation were also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the pure bending of a linearly elastic, isotropic, nonhomogeneous bar. The bending stress, elastic strain energy and the end cross-section rotations are determined for inplane variation of the Young's modulus with small strains and displacements. It is shown that the governing formulae for elastic pure bending of nonhomogeneous bars have same forms as formulae for symmetrical bending (bending in the principal planes) of homogeneous bars. Two examples illustrate the application of the developed formulae. In the first, a composite beam is considered; the second deals with the determination of the maximum tensile and compressive stresses in a bent functionally graded elastic bar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the effect of beam offsetting in finite element calculations. The effect is evaluated by considering two case studies involving beams, in which finite element analysis is performed with solid elements and with shell elements. It is seen that, under certain conditions, ignoring the beam offset can lead to erroneous results. Although the beam offsetting feature is available in most commercial codes, it is not always well documented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, planar mechanisms with dyads are analyzed using Mathematica. First, a classification of dyads is introduced and then Mathematica packages for the analysis of the driver link and dyads are explained. The analysis provides a consistent coding scheme for planar mechanisms. The advantage of the group classification of a system lies in its simplicity. The solution of the whole system can then be obtained by composing partial solutions. This approach will eliminate the need to store complete mechanism information in a large database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flatness measurement of a large 2-D flat work- piece such as a satellite solar panel substrate is a key problem in its manufacturing process. Based on the current measuring methods and the actual engineering project, a new noncontact high-precision, low-cost large 2-D flat workpiece flatness measuring system is developed, in which the techniques of oblique optical triangle measuring structure, virtual measurement datum plane, and error self-correction are adopted. By means of the oblique optical triangle measuring structure that is first proposed, the measuring area and resolution of the measuring system can be greatly increased. Meanwhile, on the basis of the techniques of virtual measurement datum plane and error self-correction, the noncontact high-precision, low-cost flatness measurement can be realized on a nonprecise large metallic platform. Experimental results on the satellite solar panel substrate indicate the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed noncontact flatness-measuring system of the large 2-D flat workpiece. Although the specific application of the satellite solar panel substrate is presented in this paper, the proposed measurement techniques and measuring system could be applied independent of the nature or use of the large 2-D flat workpieces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current automotive electrical/electronic (E/E) systems are characterized by proprietary solutions, which seldom allow the exchange of applications between both automotive OEMs and their suppliers. It is especially difficult to change ECU suppliers or reuse the software in a new generation of products. Increasing functional requirements in automotive E/E vehicle development will significantly enhance the integration of novel functions. In order to satisfy the increasing requirements for the complex software development of automotive E/E system, implement the portability of application software modules and compatibility of ECU modules among different automotive OEMs and their suppliers, this paper presents an open design methodology based on quantum platform. An open architecture of automotive E/E system based quantum platform is established. Its principle and structures are described in detail. Finally, an automated mechanical transmission (AMT) system as a typical case is used to demonstrate the design process based on the proposed method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a technique that describes the combinations of events in a system which result in an undesirable outcome. FTA is used as a tool to quantitatively assess a system''s probability for an undesirable outcome. Time constraints from concept to production in modern engineering often limit the opportunity for a thorough statistical analysis of a system. Furthermore, when undesirable outcomes are considered such as hazard to human(s), it becomes difficult to identify strict statistical targets for what is acceptable. Consequently, when hazard to human(s) is concerned a common design target is to protect the system from single points of failure (SPOF) which means that no failure mode caused by a single event, concern, or error has a critical consequence on the system. Such a design target is common with “by-wire” systems. FTA can be used to verify if a system is protected from SPOF. In this paper, sufficient criteria for evaluating protection from SPOF for partially expanded fault trees are proposed along with proof. The proposed criteria consider potential interactions between the lowest drawn events of a partial fault tree expansion which otherwise easily leads to an overly optimistic analysis of protection from SPOF. The analysis is limited to fault trees that are coherent and static. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Noise emitted by a vacuum cleaner suction unit has aerodynamic, mechanical and electromagnetic noise origins. The aerodynamically generated noise within the blower mostly prevails in the total emitted noise at design and off-design operations. The vaned diffuser built into the blower has an important effect on the aerodynamically generated noise and its spectra. Therefore, in this part of the paper, the effects of the vaned diffuser on the performance and noise characteristics have been measured and analysed at the design and off-design operation. Analysis of measurement results have shown that the built-in vaned diffuser has numerous disadvantages, including: increase in the rotational noise, increase in the non-rotational turbulent noise, especially at off-design operation, increase in production costs and reduction of the flow rate. Therefore, and due to variable operating conditions of the suction units built into a vacuum cleaner, it could be omitted or replaced by a vaneless one. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Bouc-Wen model, widely used in structural and mechanical engineering, gives an analytical description of a smooth hysteretic behavior. In practice, the Bouc-Wen model is mostly used within the following black-box approach: given a set of experimental input–output data, how to adjust the Bouc-Wen model parameters so that the output of the model matches the experimental data. It may happen that a Bouc-Wen model presents a good matching with the experimental real data for a specific input, but does not necessarily keep significant physical properties which are inherent to the real data, independently of the exciting input. This paper presents a characterization of the different classes of Bouc-Wen models in terms of their bounded input-bounded output stability property, and their capability for reproducing physical properties inherent to the true system they are to model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper describes a modeling language that aims to provide a unified framework for representing control systems, namely, physical plants coupled with computer-based control devices. The proposed modeling methodology is based on the cardinal principle of object orientation, which allows describing both control software and physical components using the same basic concepts, particularly those of capsules, ports, and protocols. Furthermore, it is illustrated how the well-known object-oriented specification language unified modeling language can be adopted, provided an adequate formalization of its semantics, to describe structural and behavioral aspects of control systems, related to both logical and physical parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Three-dimensional shape retrieval is a problem of current interest in several different fields, especially in the mechanical engineering domain. There exists a large body of work in developing representations for 3D shapes. However, there has been limited work done in developing domain-dependent benchmark databases for 3D shape searching. We propose a benchmark database for evaluating shape-based search methods relevant to the mechanical engineering domain. Twelve different shape descriptors belonging to three categories, namely: (1) feature vector-based, (2) histogram-based, and (3) view-based, are compared using the benchmark database. The main contributions of this paper are the development of a new engineering shape benchmark and an understanding of the effectiveness of different shape representations for classes of engineering parts. Overall, it was found that view-based representations yielded better retrieval results for a majority of shape classes, while no single method performed best for all shape categories. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper describes a non-actuated glass-curtain wall-cleaning robot prototype that has been designed and realized based on some wall-climbing robots developed recently and common traits of glass-curtain walls of high-rise buildings. The robot hasn’t its own driving mechanism, but it can move on smooth glass surfaces depending on its own gravity and the lifting force of the trolley crane on the roof while adhering to the surfaces using dual vacuum suction cups. Obstacles, such as horizontal window frames, can be crossed while cleaning. The safety analysis ensures that the robot can work reliably. The analysis on characteristics of suction cups using fluidic network theory is to enhance the adhering capacity of the robot. The control system utilizes two-level computer control strategy to achieve the robot’s moving, cleaning and crossing obstacles. Experiments proved the robotic system is feasible and practical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a method by which material in- homogeneity may be taken into account in a reliability calculation. The method employs Monte-Carlo simulation; and introduces a material strength index, and a standard deviation of material strength to model the variation in the strength of a component throughout its volume. The method is compared to conventional load-strength interference theory. The results are identical for the case of homogeneous material, but reliability is shown to reduce for the same load as the component volume increases. The case of a tensile bar is used to explore the variation of reliability with component volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the complexity of automotive vehicles increases, so does the need for high calibre, multi-disciplined engineers. This paper provides a discussion into the type of control systems found in modern automotive vehicles and the skills required by the engineers working in this mechatronic system environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a world-wide interest in mechatronics education, there is no clear and consistent understanding of what mechatronics is, nor how, and at what level, it should be taught. The key challenge for mechatronics course designers is seen as that of ensuring an appropriate balance between depth and breadth while providing opportunities to enable students to practise integration. The paper discusses this in relation to a number of mechatronic themes. Factors influencing the design, structure and content of a mechatronics programme are discussed and suggestions made as to the possible core content of such a programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional dynamic modelling of multidisciplinary systems involves separate sets of analysis skills for each domain. Bond Graphs embrace commonality, providing a concise unified means of system representation and a systematic analysis method. This paper introduces Bond Graphs, benefits of acausal component models, and software for automated equation generation and simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the utility of a low cost, 1 m2 by 2 m forced ventilation, micro-climate test chamber, for the support of research and teaching in mechatronics. Initially developed for the evaluation of a new ventilation rate controller, the fully instrumented chamber now provides numerous learning opportunities and individual projects for both undergraduate and postgraduate research students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]