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The sandwich paper electrophoresis technique, such as that of Foster (1952b), was modified to permit routine examination of as many as 15 samples of materials such as bacterial cultures, simultaneously, and with greater rapidity than with paper chromatography techniques. By the use of borate buffer at pH 9.6 with aniline hydrogen oxalate for development, materials such as glucose, fructose, 2-ketogluconic acid, and 5-ketogluconic acid could be separated in three hours.

Paper chromatography has recently been applied to the separation and estimation of the individual tocopherols. The present communication draws attention to errors that are likely to arise if a solution of ‘Vaseline’ petroleum jelly in ethyl ether is used to impregnate the filter paper in order to achieve phase-reversal. The use of liquid paraffin B.P., dissolved in light petroleum, not only overcomes these objections, but enables the elution after chromatography to be simplified. Losses of tocopherols are minimized by chromatography in an inert atmosphere. The modified technique, which is described in detail, has consistently given recovery figures of 95%, or better, when tested with mixtures of synthetic tocopherols.

A new glucoside, Nukain, was isolated from the water extract of rice bran as previously reported in this Journal 19, 577 (1943). The properties of Nukain and Nukagenin were investigated by the paper chromatography. The fluorescent spots on paper were observed under ultra-violet ray lamp. Though Nukain showed a tailing figure, Nukagenin gave a single spot. An yellow coloring matter isolated from the fraction precipitated with basic lead acetate showed 3 spots. The paper chromatography of the sugar fraction of Nukain by anilinehydro-genphthalate gave the figure of glucose. The selective adsorption of Nukain by ion exchange resin could not be remarkedly observed. An yellow coloring matter could not be adsorbed by both anion-or cation-exchange resin. Nukain and Nukagenin gave the characteristic spots by paper electrophoresis as snown in Table 5 and 6. When Nukain was treated with Takadiasta. se and emulsin two spots were observed as shown in Table 7 but the spot of Nukagenin could not be found. The zinc dust distillation product of Nukagenin showed a spot on paper chro-matogram by Dragendorf's reagent, which was identical with that of quinolin. Nukagenin may have a quinolin nucleus.

Methods are given for determining individual tocopherols in natural oils and food-stuffs. These methods consist of either a single-dimensional separation on zinc carbonate-impregnated paper, or this separation in conjunction with a second-dimensional partition separation on paraffin-coated paper. Chromatographic runs are short and rapid and can be made without preliminary removal of carotenoids and moderate amounts of vitamin A or sterols. Over 98% recoveries are obtained with pure tocopherols. The presence of the recently described 5-methyltocol in wheat products has been confirmed, and, in addition, using two-dimensional methods, a substance has been isolated from some cereal grains, which appears to be a new tocopherol.

The usefulness of the physical barrier of a paper sack against insect infestation, particularly by Tribolium castaneum Herbst. in stored decorticated groundnuts in Northern Nigeria was studied. Laboratory trials and open-air field tests showed that the storage of uninfested nuts in paper sacks preserved quality and reduced losses to a greater extent than did conventional hessian sacks. Previously infested groundnuts stored in paper sacks showed lower quality and greater losses in weight than similar nuts in hessian containers. Paper sacks with a sleeve valve for filling were more proof against insects than open-mouthed paper sacks and both types were particularly successful when situated either in the upper layers or in the interior of a stack in the open air.

A paper-chromatographic method has been developed for the separation and detection of the constituents of BHC (benzene hexachloride) and chlordane, and the behaviour of Toxaphene and DDT on paper was also observed. Acetic anhydride was used as the fixed phase with n-hexane or light-petroleum fractions as the moving solvent. The method should be of value in the separation and identification of traces of materials present as contaminations after the use of dusts and sprays on crops. The method has been applied to the quantitative estimation of y-hexachlorocyclohexane in insecticidal preparations, on a micro-scale using sheets of filter paper, and on a larger scale using columns of hydrocellulose.

The serviceability of lined kraft-paper bags for packaging cornflour has been assessed in statistically-designed transport trials. Closely similar results were obtained by laboratory drop-tests. Conventional strength-tests on the kraft paper showed no correlation with the behaviour of the bags in service.

タンニンのpaper chromatographyに影響を及ぼす種種の因子について検討を行つた結果 i. タンニンのスポットの検出には紫外線及び0.5% FeCl3メタノール溶液が用いられる. ii. 濾紙を塩酸で前処理することによりタンニンのスポットのtailingを減少せしめることが出来た. iii. 多数の溶媒系について検討した結果NaHSO3の添加が有効であることより次の溶媒が比較的良好なchromatogramを与える事を知つた. n-BuOH: AcOH: 1% NaHSO3水溶液=4:1:5 (溶比)の上層(I)及び下層(II)並びに1% NaHSO3水溶液飽和フェノール(III)及びフェノール飽和1% NaHSO3水溶液(IV). Fig. 3にみられるようにタンニンのpaper chromatographyは1次元展開のみでは尚不充分であるが上記の4溶媒を適宜組合せて2次元展開を行えば更に良好なchromatogramがえられることは当然予想される処であるので,著者等は本実験で得られた成果に基づいてタンニンの2次元paper chromatographyを行い,ほぼ所期の目的を達することができた.この点については次報に於て述べる.

A technique of reverse-phase paper chromatography is described by means of which the three mono-unsaturated glycerides of cocoa butter were separated and their positions on the paper located. RF values of the glycerides are given together with their approximate proportions in cocoa butter as indicated by the chromatograms. The technique was applied successfully to ‘bloom’ crystals and to illipe butter but was not found to be satisfactory in the case of butter fat or palm kernel fats.

The amino-acids of undesalted casein hydrolysates have been determined successfully by quantitative chromatography on buffered filter paper. The technique proposed includes the use of five newly developed solvent systems. The values for the amino-acid content of casein found by this technique were in agreement with the values reported in the literature. The coefficients of variation for the determination of individual amino-acids ranged from 7.4% for glycine to 1.3% for arginine.

In connexion with studies on the possible breakdown of higher fatty acids in silage and in in vitro rumen studies, various techniques for the estimations of such acids are being investigated. The present work covers the preliminary exploration of the separation of higher fatty acids by electrophoresis on paper, and a potential application of the method is described.

Meat extract has been investigated by paper chromatography. Methods of removing inorganic salts and protein are discussed. The use of a wide range of colour reagents has made it possible to show up different classes of compounds. The method is rapid and simple and can be applied to any complex mixture of a similar nature. A list of the substances detected is given and comparison made with previous analyses.

Leaves of standard clones of three old-established raspberry cultivars and four recent Malling ones have been examined by two-way paper chromatography, the aim being to fingerprint them empirically by their flavonoid spots and spotting patterns which probably reflect their genotypes. There may be slight seasonal phenotypic affects on manifestations of the minor components. Only Lloyd George is readily distinguishable. An ‘identi-key’ to the spotting components shows how to separate the four Malling cultivars, and a method is provided which demonstrates how to identify a suspected Malling cultivar. An affiity index is calculated to reveal the possible degree of relationship between any two cultivars. Two-way flavonoid spotting is a useful adjunct to the morphological description of a raspberry cultivar in providing more critical indentification.

Composite food products containing salt, monosodium glutamate, fat and a commercial beef, whale or yeast extract or chicken meat, or hydrolysed protein were examined, after extraction of the fat, by two-dimensional paper chromatography. Characteristic constituents of the extracts were resolved and the recognition of extracts is discussed. Commercial soup tablets and cubes from European countries were examined for whale extract by the method described: it was detected in all four chicken tablets, in two out of five cubes and in five out of twenty-three soup tablets.

Commercial beef, mutton, whale and yeast extracts, and a chicken extract prepared in the laboratory, were examined by two-dimensional paper chromatography for characteristic substances by which each extract might be recognized and possibly estimated. The animal extracts were all found to contain β-alanylpeptides, creatine, creatinine, hypoxanthine (free and combined), small amounts of amino-acids, and urea (except chicken extract), which distinguishes them from yeast extract and hydrolysed protein, both of which contain high concentrations of amino-acids but none of these substances. Appreciable amounts of adenine were found in yeast extract but much less in the animal extracts. Apart from minor differences, whale extract was readily identified by the presence of β-alanyl-3-methylhistidine and chicken extract by an unidentified substance, but beef and mutton extracts were difficult to distinguish from each other.

The migration distance of several scores of dyes in 30% and 4% acetic acid solutions in a horizontal-type apparatus permitting evaporation was measured. In these occasions, an extremely relationship was found to exist between the degree of influence of osmotic flow into filterpaper due to evaporation from the paper surface and the displacement ratios obtained from adsorption analysis with the same filterpaper.

Seven types of materials used for storage of produce (maize, groundnuts, etc.) were tested for penetration by nine species of insects which infest such produce. The relative values of the materials for preventing damage to the produce are determined and recommendations made as to suitable materials in certain cases and the procedure which should be followed in the storage of produce.

1. Clost. felsineum var. sikokianumの培養液より粗酵素剤を調製し,これを使用して雁皮の白皮の酵素精練を実施し,抄紙に適当な開繊を認めた. 2. 酵素作用の最適pH価は6.0附近にあり,最適温度は40°であり, pH 6.0乃至7.0に於て最も安定であつた.酵素液を60°に20分加熱すると不活性化された. 3. 同細菌の酵素精練の条件を黴の場合と比較して相異点を認め,又同細菌のpolygalacturonase作用条件とも相異する点を指摘した. 御懇篤なる御指導を賜わつた京大片桐英郎教授に深謝し,実験遂行に御教示頂いた北原覚雄教授に感謝する.又実験を助力された本学の斎藤博氏に感謝する.費用の一部は文部省昭和27年度科学研究助成補助金によつた.

Methods are described for the fractionation of the complex mixture of phenolic substances and their oxidation products occurring in manufactured tea. Products of oxidation detected include two fractions, S I and S II, responsible for the greater part of the colour intensity of a tea infusion, and nine unidentified substances, A, B, C, D, P, Q, X, Y and Z. S I and S II have been obtained almost free from other contaminants. They have acidic properties, and mean molecular weights of the order 600. They are probably mixtures of dimers, each dimer consisting of two oxidized flavanol units. X and Y have no acidic properties and are also distinguished from S I and S II by several characteristic colour reactions. P may be an anthocyanidin.

ペーパークロマトグラフィーと同位元素稀釈法を組せたアミノ酸定量法により3種の蛋白質Taka-amylase, Ovalburnin, Insulin (鰹,鯨)の8種類の構成アミノ酸,グルタミン酸,アスパラギン酸,グリシン,アラニン,バリン,ロイシン,又はイソロイシン,リジン,アルギニンの含量に就いて定量した.その方法は測定するアミ酸に相当する14Cアミノ酸を混合して最初は濾紙電気泳動法でアミノ酸を酸性,中性,塩基性の3群に分けた後各群についてペーパークロ-マトグラフィーを行い,個々に分離したアミノ酸は濾紙より抽出して発色による吸光度の測定と放射能とからアミノ酸の窒素含量を算出し蛋白質の窒素含との比を求めた.蛋白質量0.5mg, 14Cアミノ酸の放射能各々1000c. p. m.で1回の測定で可能である.本研究では8種類のアミノ酸についてしらべたが,蛋白質の全構成アミノ酸もこの方法で測定し得るわけである. 蛋白質の構成アミノ酸の定量法としては種々な方法があげられるが,其の特長として使用蛋白量が僅かなこと,定量時間が短かくて済むこと等から本法は特に酵素蛋白の如く試料が貴重な場合,又は反応過程中に速かに定量結果を知りたい場合,小数のアミノ酸について測定したい場合などには有効な方法であると思われる.

The acids obtained by hydrolysis of pyrethrum extracts, which are titrated in the pyrethrin II determination but which are not derived from pyrethrin II, have been investigated. Quantitative experiments have shown no correlation between false pyrethrin acid content and either the ratio of pyrethrin I to pyrethrin II or the total pyrethrin content.

(1)ベーパークロマトグラフィによる茶葉タンニンの分離方法を設定するために,展開剤の選定,展開温度,展開剤の含水量について試驗した。展開されたタンニンは硫酸第二鐵によつて呈色させた. (2) その結果,茶葉タンiニンには供試した7種の溶剤の中,η一ブタノールの水飽和液が最も好結果を示した. (3) この方法によつて茶樹品種C-8, U-17,藪北の3種の茶葉タンニンの比較を行つたが,藪北は他の2種しとはタンニンの組成が違うことが分つた.

酵素反応液,アミノ酸醗酵液などにおけるように,数種のアミノ酸を含む試料中の特定のアミノ酸をペーパークロマトグラフィーにて分離した後定量する方法について検討し,従来の方法に2, 3の改良を加えて簡易化した. (1) ニンヒドリン発色は予備発色および本発色をわけて行い,本発色では濾紙に2%アセトン溶液を充分滲みこませ加熱し,アセトン蒸発後更に燐酸緩衝液を濾紙に充分噴霧して加熱発色した. (2) 発色部分を蒸気浴することによって未反応のアミノ酸を完全に反応させ,メタノール,燐酸緩衝液で色素を抽出した. (3) 本法による定量の誤差は±5%以内であることをみとめた.

もともとアミノ酸のペーパークロマトグラフィーによる比色定量法の難点とされていた分析精度に,詳細なる組織的検討を加えて,食品中のトリプトファンを除く18種のアミノ酸を, 6種類の展開溶剤を用いて一次元下降法によって正確,迅速に分離定量ができるように改良した.各アミノ酸の定量範囲は窒素として0.20～6.00γで,分析誤差は±2～3%であった. 本報では,おもに試料(標準)の調製および保存,試料の塗布,ろ紙の選択,ろ紙の洗浄および緩衝液のimpregnation,展開そう,展開室,展開温度,展開前の溶媒蒸気との飽和など,展開溶剤の選択を除いた展開の諸条件について検討を加え,これらを規制した.

Antibiotic discs were prepared, using several several batches of papers meeting Food and Drug Administration specifications. The analysis of 1,152 zones of inhibition produced showed no performance differences among these batches. Other discs were prepared using papers of different grades. These produced large differences in performance. It is obvious, therefore, that the use of a specified disc paper is necessary for standardizing the performances of the products of various manufacturers and that reproducible results can be attained with the grade of paper specified.

HORNE and POLLARD(1) reported a paper strip chromatography using 3% ammonium, chloride as a developing agent for identification of streptomycin. Allied methods were announced for separation of enzymes or proteins on the filter paper strips. We improved this method using 3% NaCl instead of ammonium chloride for chromatography of several antibiotics(2). We applied this method further for amino acids, pigments and vitamins. Formerly this phenomenon was considered as salting out, but recently ELTON(4) and RUTTER(5), declared it due to the streaming potential when the salt solution flows through the capillary channel of paper. 1) Rf values of natural amino acids by the salt solution: The procedure is almost the same as ordinary paper partition chromatography of amino acids with the use of NaCl as developer instead of organic solvents. (Table 1) It may be noted that the Rf values of most amino acids are about 0.9, whereas tyrosine, tryptophan and histidine have dferent Rf values. 2) Rf values of pigments: It is convenient that all pigments show spots directly of their own colors on the paper. The pH of the NaCl solution we used was 5.3. (Table 2). It may be seen that all these pigments have specific Rf values. 3) Rf values of vitamins B1 and B2 and folic acid: Vitamins B1 and B2 and folic acid indicate specific Rf values by this procedure. (Table 3). 4) Double spots of lysine picrate and lysine flavinate: Lysine picrate and lysine flavianate show double spots by this method as in Table 4.

As the developing solvent in the paper chromatography of phenols, we found that the mix-ture of n-butanol, benzene, acetic acid, and water (1:5:1:0.5 by vol. %) is better than other solvents so for reported, (Table 1) and p-benzoquinone and p-nitrosodimethylaniline are preferable as the spraying reagent (Table 2).

カゼインを加水分解して〓-アミノイソ酪酸の分離確認をペーパークロマトグラフィーで研究して次の結果を得た. (1) ブタノール・酢酸・水(4・1:1.5重量)混液で他の殆んどのアミノ酸からイソの部分を分離できるがノルマルとは分離できない. (2) エタノール・水混液(9 1)が両異性体をよく分離展開する. (3) サリチルアルデハイドによるアセトン呈色によつて上記の経過で展開分離したアミィ酸がイソであることを傍証した. (4) 故に第一次にブタノール酢酸水混液で,第二次にてエタノール水混液で展開すればイソを純粋に分離確認し得る.この方法でガゼイン水解物中にイソの存在を確認した.

Separation of simple saturated hydroxamic acids with a chain length of one to nine carbon atoms has been achieved by partition chromatography on paper. The relative merits of a number of solvents are discussed.

A commercial reagent-impregnated paper strip test for the determination of production of niacin by mycobacteria has been evaluated. Safety, simplicity, uniformity, and stability were found to be inherent features of the test strips. Results compare favorably with those obtained using the Konno test as modified by Runyon and associates. Precautions which must be observed in performing this determination are listed.

Two steers excreting similar quantities of organic matter daily were grazed at pasture during the summer of 1961. The four experiments each involved a preliminary period of five days dosing with Cr2O3 to reach a fairly constant excretion. The steers received a daily dose of Cr2O3 either in oil suspension or in shredded paper. The carriers and steers were interchanged for each trial. For two of the trials each steer in turn was harnessed every other day and all its dung collected in a bag. Total faecal excretion of organic matter was measured from the bagged steer and estimated from the Cr2O3 concentration in a composite sample made up from all dung pats voided during the ten-day collection period. In the other two trials the steers were not harnessed and each dung pat was separately sampled and analysed for Cr2O3 in the organic matter. The average recovery of Cr2O3 in the first two trials was 99·1 (oil) or 94·4% (paper). Calculating the faecal organic matter excretion from the concentration of Cr2O3 in the faeces and the quantity given daily overestimated it by 3·5 to 8·0%. There was no significant difference between shredded paper and oil as carriers of Cr2O3 for estimating the quantity of organic matter excreted. There were 37% and 22% less variation between dung pats in Cr2O3 concentration when this was administered in shredded paper than when given in oil suspension.

butchers, food sellers, and banks) where paper currency is widely used. The currencies used by public transport in Nepal (micro-buses) were found to be extremely contaminated with various pathogenic bacteria followed by the currency used by butchers and food sellers. These microorganisms could be one of the major causes of widely transmitting diseases in Nepal. Eight different pathogenic bacteria were isolated that are the known to be involved in transmitting various diseases in Nepal. A lot of people loss their life every year in Nepal due to the transmittance of diseases by these kind of bacteria. Use of paper money could be one of the major sources of transmittance of such diseases in Nepal that provides platform for the growth of such bacteria. Public awareness of using paper currency in circulation became essential for the safety in human health.Key words: Escherichia coli; Infections; Pathogens; Staphylococcus aureus; Salmonella choleraesiusDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v10i0.2952Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 10, 2009 Page: 161-166

Lutidine (2, 6-dimethylpyridine) was used as a solvent for the separation of copper salts on paper partition chromatograph method, for this is superior to other solvents (phenol, isoamyl alcohol, . n-butanol, s-collidine). As the result of this experiment, the Rf values of copper salts increased with the rise of temperature, and the separation was not completed. The desirable temperature is 18_??_20°C. For making the samples, insoluble copper salts were dissolved in pyridine, in that case, pyridine did not affect the Rf values of copper salts. The Cu-pyridine gave an obscure spot which was separated from the amino acids (copper salts). The contents of water in lutidine influenced the Rf values of copper salts considerably, so it is desirable to saturate lutidine with water completely.