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With the overarching aim for the development of sustainable, nontoxic wet strength agents for paper, a novel polymer gel system based on oxidized hydroxypropyl cellulose (keto-HPC) cross-linked with polyamines was investigated in detail to gain a deeper insight into the wet strength mechanism. When applied to paper, this wet strength system significantly increases the relative wet strength by using only low amounts of polymer, and it is therefore comparable with established wet strength agents based on fossil resources, such as polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin resins. With the help of ultrasonic treatment, keto-HPC was degraded with respect to its molecular weight and further cross-linked in paper using polymeric amine-reactive counterparts. The resulting polymer-cross-linked paper mechanical properties were analyzed with respect to the dry and wet tensile strength, respectively. In addition, we analyzed the polymer distribution using fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). If high-molecular-weight samples are being used for cross-linking, we do find accumulation of the polymer mainly on the surface of the fibers and at fiber crossing points, accompanied with enhancing strong effects on paper’s wet tensile strength. In contrast, if low-molecular-weight (i.e., degraded) keto-HPC is being applied, the macromolecules are capable of entering the inner porous structure of the paper fibers, and almost no accumulation at the fiber crossing points is observed, which also results in a lowered wet paper tensile strength, respectively. This insight into wet strength mechanisms of the keto-HPC/polyamine system can thus lead to new opportunities for the development of alternative biobased wet strength agents where molecular weight dependence of the wet tensile properties allows for a fine tuning of mechanical properties in the wet state.

The rapid economic growth and environmental concerns have led to high demands on paper and paper-based products in terms of variety, quantity, quality, and specialty. Enhancement and functionalization with additives are constantly required. Moving away from traditional petroleum-based additives, researchers have attempted to use “green” nanoadditives by introducing renewable environmentally friendly nanocellulose. This article studies the functions of nanocellulose as bio-additives (enhancer, retention and filtration reagent, and coating aid) in paper and paper products, and overviews the research development of nanocellulose-based additives and their applications in the paper industry for both efficient production and paper functionalization. The review shows that (1) a variety of nanocellulose-based bioadditives have been reported for various applications in paper and paper-based products, while commercially viable developments are to be advanced; (2) nanocellulose was mostly formulated with other polymer and particles as additives to achieve their synergistic effects; (3) major interests have concentrated on the nanocellulose in the specialty papers as representing more value added products and in the efficient utilization of recycled fibers, which remains most attractive and promising for future development. This report shall provide most useful database information for researchers and industries for paper recycling and enhancement, and paper-based products innovation and application.

Cellulose paper, a material that is naturally derived, low cost, lightweight, eco-friendly, and mechanically deformable, plays important roles in producing next-generation flexible electronics. Following the booms in the development of functional electronics, the soft actuators built from cellulose paper have attracted great attention. In this focused review, the milestones and recent achievements of cellulose paper-based actuators are summarized. Electro-, thermal, moisture and magnetic actuation mechanisms are utilized to acquire energy from external stimuli. Corresponding functional materials and available fabrication techniques like film assembly and layer deposition are described. Programmable actions for the emerging applications in bionics, paper grippers and robots are realized by pursuing different strategies to control the responding deformation. Along with a conclusion, the existing challenges and possible solutions in evaluating and improving the performance of cellulose paper are summarized in the final section.

Paper mulch has the advantages of simple process, low production cost and strong degradability, but it is still a great challenge to prepare paper mulch with excellent water resistance and light transmittance. In this paper, through a simple physical brushing method, Zinc oxide (ZnO) solution and silica (SiO2) solution were brushed on the surface of paper mulch film respectively, and ZnO/SiO2 composite superhydrophobic paper mulch film (CSPMF) with micro-nano rough structure was constructed. The microstructure of original paper mulch film (OPMF) and ZnO/SiO2 CSPMF was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the superhydrophobic surface elements were analyzed by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The contact angle (CA) and rolling angle (RA) of two kinds of sample surfaces are measured by contact angle meter. The static CA and RA of ZnO/SiO2 CSPMF were 160 ± 0.4° and 3 ± 0.3°, respectively. The self-cleaning behavior of soil simulated dust environment was tested on the surface of OPMF and ZnO/SiO2 CSPMF respectively. The horizontal bounce performance and tilt bounce performance of the superhydrophobic surface were tested by high-speed camera. In addition, frost experiments and delayed icing experiments were carried out. The results show that ZnO/SiO2 CSPMF has good self-cleaning performance, bouncing performance and delayed icing performance.

A wide variety of biomass is available all around the world. Most of the biomass exists as a by-product from manufacturing industries. Pulp and paper mills contribute to a higher amount of these biomasses mostly discarded in the landfills creating an environmental burden. Biomasses from other sources have been used to produce different kinds and grades of biomaterials such as those used in industrial and medical applications. The present review aims to investigate the availability of biomass from pulp and paper mills and show sustainable routes for the production of high value-added biomaterials. The study reveals that using conventional and integrated biorefinery technology the ample variety and quantity of waste generated from pulp and paper mills can be converted into wealth. As per the findings of the current review, it is shown that high-performance carbon fiber and bioplastic can be manufactured from black liquor of pulping waste; the cellulosic waste from sawdust and sludge can be utilized for the synthesis of CNC and regenerated fibers such as viscose rayon and acetate; the mineral-based pulping wastes and fly ash can be used for manufacturing of different kinds of biocomposites. The different biomaterials obtained from the pulp and paper mill biomass can be used for versatile applications including conventional, high performance, and smart materials. Through customization and optimization of the conversion techniques and product manufacturing schemes, a variety of engineering materials can be obtained from pulp and paper mill wastes realizing the current global waste to wealth developmental approach.

The possibility of exfoliating graphite into graphene sheets allows the researchers to produce a material, termed "graphene paper" (G-paper), conductive as graphite but more flexible and processable. G-paper is already used for electronic applications, like conductors, antennas, and heaters, outperforming metal conductors thanks to its high flexibility, lightness, chemical stability, and compatibility with polymeric substrates. Here, the effectiveness in the use of G-paper for the realization of electrodes on flexible plastic substrates and textiles, and their applicability as amperometric sensors are demonstrated. The performance of these devices is compared with commercial platforms made of carbon-based inks, finding that they outperform commercial devices in sensing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), a key molecule for enzymatic biosensing; the electrodes can achieve state-of-the-art sensitivity (107.2 ?A mm cm) and limit of detection (0.6 × 10 m) with no need of additional functionalization. Thanks to this property, the stable deposition of a suitable enzyme, namely lactate dehydrogenase, on the electrode surface is used as a proof of concept of the applicability of this new platform for the realization of a biosensor. The possibility of having a single material suitable for antennas, electronics, and now sensing opens new opportunities for smart fabrics in wearable electronic applications.

info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/787410/EU The work was also partially funded by the Nanomark collaborative project between INCM (Imprensa Nacional - Casa da Moeda). Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nanostructured thin films were simultaneously synthesized using a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. The synthesis formed very fine particles, appearing as nanospheres in the 11 nm size range. As for the nanostructured films, they have displayed similar structural characteristics to the nanoparticles, with thickness of 130 nm. These films covered uniformly and homogenously the Whatman paper, while maintaining its flexibility. The materials processed had their photocatalytic activity assessed from rhodamine B degradation under solar radiation (91% degradation after 40 min for the powder material and 68% after 6 h for the nanostructured thin films). Reusability experiments were also carried out, revealing superior performance concerning the Degussa P25, the most common photocatalyst used. The results of the present work can be thought as an option for the existing photocatalysts activated under solar light, namely for water purification, as it simultaneously produces enhanced photocatalytic powders and photocatalytic papers fully disposable and that can be easily recycled. publishersversion published

We demonstrate multiplexed computational sensing with a point-of-care serodiagnosis assay to simultaneously quantify three biomarkers of acute cardiac injury. This point-of-care sensor includes a paper-based fluorescence vertical flow assay (fxVFA) processed by a low-cost mobile reader, which quantifies the target biomarkers through trained neural networks, all within 0.9 linearity and < 15 % coefficient of variation. The competitive performance of this multiplexed computational fxVFA along with its inexpensive paper-based design and handheld footprint make it a promising point-of-care sensor platform that could expand access to diagnostics in resource-limited settings., 17 Pages, 6 Figures

The engineering of advanced materials capable of mimicking the cellular micro-environment while providing cells with physicochemical cues is central for cell culture applications. In this regard, paper meets key requirements in terms of biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, porosity, mechanical strength, ease of physicochemical modifications, cost, and ease of large-scale production, to be used as a scaffold material for biomedical applications. Most notably, paper has demonstrated the potential to become an attractive alternative to conventional biomaterials for creating two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) biomimetic cell culture models that mimic the features of in vivo tissue environments for improving our understanding of cell behavior (e.g. growth, cell migration, proliferation, differentiation and tumor metastasis) in their natural state. On the other hand, integration of plasmonic nanomaterials (e.g. gold nanoparticles) within the fibrous structure of paper opens the possibility to generate multifunctional scaffolds equipped with biosensing tools for monitoring different cell cues through physicochemical signals. Among different plasmonic based detection techniques, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy emerged as a highly specific and sensitive optical tool for its extraordinary sensitivity and the ability for multidimensional and accurate molecular identification. Thus, paper-based plasmonic substrates in combination with SERS optical detection represent a powerful future platform for monitoring cell cues during cell culture processes. To this end, in this review, we will describe the different methods for fabricating hybrid paper-plasmonic nanoparticle substrates and their use in combination with SERS spectroscopy for biosensing and, more specifically, in cell culture applications., Graphical abstract Image 1

In this paper, we characterized the behavior of polymer jet from near-field electrospinning onto the inkjet patterned paper with conductive Ag nanoparticles in order to form the controlled three-dimensional nanostructures. Using inkjet patterned paper with conductive ink as a collector, the polymer jet is induced to the pre-patterned shape through the concentrated electric field caused by singularity between the spinneret and the printed patterns. Due to the electric field enhancement of the deposited electrospun fiber, an additionally spun fiber can be stacked on the deposited fibers directly. Therefore, the controlled three-dimensional nano/micro structures can be successfully realized by the proposed method. We characterized the deposition of the electrospun fiber according to the distance between the inkjet printed pattern and the spinneret. In addition, the sharp edged three-dimensional microstructures were fabricated by carrying out the electrospinning on the patterns with various angled edges. A CCD camera was used to observe the behavior of the polymer jet, and the SEM image was analyzed to confirm that the fibers are stacked as desired.

Usually in the manufacture of beer by fermentation of barley, in both industrialized and developing countries significant amounts of organic solid waste are produced from barley straw. These possibly have an impact on the carbon footprint with an effect on global warming. According to this, it is important to reduce environmental impact of these solid residues, and an adequate way is the recycling using them as raw material for the elaboration of handmade paper. Therefore, it is required to manage this type of waste by analyzing the environmental impact, and thus be able to identify sustainable practices for the treatment of this food waste, evaluating its life cycle, which is a useful methodology to estimate said environmental impacts. It is because of this work shows the main results obtained using the life cycle analysis (LCA) methodology, to evaluate the possible environmental impacts during the waste treatment of a brewery located in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. The residues evaluated were barley straw, malt residues and spent grain, and at the end, barley straw was selected to determine in detail its environmental impact and its reuse, the sheets analyzed presented a grammage that varies from 66 g/m2 and 143 g/m2, resistance to burst was 117 to 145 kpa, with a crystallinity of 34.4% to 37.1%.

Significance: Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is a primary biomarker for diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI). In contrast to central laboratory tests for cTnI, point-of-care (POC) testing has the advantage of providing results when the patient is first encountered, which helps high-risk patients to be treated more rapidly and low-risk patients to be released in a timely fashion. A paper fluidic platform is good for POC testing because the paper is abundant, low cost, and disposable. However, current cTnI assays on paper platforms use antibodies as the recognition element, which has limitations due to the high cost of production and antibody stability issues at the POC. Aim: To develop an aptamer-based assay on a paper strip using surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS) for detection of cTnI in the clinically relevant range at the POC. Approach: Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were functionalized with a Raman reporter molecule, malachite green isothiocyanate. The functionalized AuNPs were encapsulated in a silica shell and provided a SERRS signal using a handheld Raman system with a 638-nm excitation wavelength. A primary aptamer and a secondary aptamer of cTnI were used in a sandwich assay format to bind the cTnI on a test line of a paper fluidic platform. By measuring the SERRS signal from the test line, the concentration of cTnI was quantitatively determined. Results: The aptamer-based SERRS assay on a paper strip had a detection range of 0.016 to 0.1 ng/ml for cTnI, had good selectivity for cTnI compared to three other markers, had good stability over 10 days, and had good performance in the more complex serum sample matrix. Conclusions: The aptamer-based SERRS assay on a paper strip has the potential to provide a sensitive, selective, stable, repeatable, and cost-effective platform for the detection of cTnI toward eventual use in diagnosis of MI at the POC.

Mycelium-based composites have the potential to replace petrochemical-based materials within architectural systems and can propose biodegradable alternatives to synthetic sound absorbing materials. Sound absorbing materials help improve acoustic comfort, which in turn benefit our health and productivity. Mycelium-based composites are novel materials that result when mycelium, the vegetative root of fungi, is grown on agricultural plant-based residues. This research presents a material study that explores how substrate variants and fabrication methods affect the sound absorption properties of mycelium-based composites grown on paper-based waste substrate materials. Samples were grown using Pleurotus ostreatus fungi species on waste cardboard, paper, and newsprint substrates of varying processing techniques. Measurements of the normal-incidence sound absorption coefficient were presented and analyzed. This paper outlines two consecutive acoustic tests: the first round of experimentation gathered broad comparative data, useful for selecting materials for sound absorption purposes. The second acoustic test built on the results of the first, collecting more specific performance data and assessing material variability. The results of this study display that cardboard-based mycelium materials perform well acoustically and structurally and could successfully be used in acoustic panels.

Many studies have shown that urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is causally involved in promoting cancer invasion and metastasis. Thus, monitoring uPA levels could be very useful in cancer diagnosis, identification of initial metastasis, and guiding cancer treatment. Here, the authors developed a novel and scalable uPA sensor based on a graphene-gold nanoparticle platform that uses fluorescence of quantum dots to rapidly (

Facile integration of foldability, transparency, and waterproofness in multi-modality triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) applications is interesting. Here, we realized a reconfigurable origami transparent cellulose electronic paper (CEP) as TENG for energy harvesting from water, wind, and human motion. A unique silver nanowires-bundle mesh (AgBM) was embedded into a micron-thick ethyl cellulose paper by spraying and transfer process. Operating in single-electrode mode, the CEP-TENG can harvest energy from human motions by tapping, scavenge wind energy via mechanical interaction, as well as harvest energy from water, including acidic and alkaline water in virtue of protection by an extra hydrophobic cellulose oleoyl ester nanocoating. Origami capability enables the CEP-TENG to be reconfigurable in three-dimensional mode to maximize the energy harvesting efficiency. The CEP-TENG energy window was demonstrated under the flowing water to achieve a self-powered lighting display. CEP-TENG realizes the all-weather and multi-modality energy harvesting, promising for wearable and attachable power sources, self-powered applications such as outdoor displays, windows, decorative accessories, and life-saving appliances. Ministry of Education (MOE) National Research Foundation (NRF) This work was supported by the National Research Foundation Investigatorship (NRF-NRFI201605) under the National Research Foundation, Prime Minister’s Office, Singapore, and the Ministry of Education AcRF Tier grant RT15/20.

The fabrication and performance of a wearable paper‐based chemiresistor for monitoring perspiration dynamics (sweat rate and sweat loss) are detailed. A novel approach is introduced to measure the amount of aqueous solution in the order of microliters delivered to the sensor by monitoring a linear change in resistance along a conducting paper. The wearable sensor is based on a single‐walled carbon nanotubes and surfactant (sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate) nanocomposite integrated within cellulose fibers of a conventional filter paper. The analytical performance and the sensing mechanism are presented. Monitoring sweat loss in the human body while exercising is demonstrated using the integration of a wireless reader and a user‐friendly interface. By addressing the barriers of cost, simplicity, and the truly in situ demanding measurements, this unique wearable sensor is expected to serve in the future in many different applications involving the on‐body detection of biofluids, such as a monitoring tool of dehydration levels for athletes as well as a tool for enhancing the sport performance by providing an accurate recovery of the hydration status in daily exercises.

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) have attracted considerable interest as antimicrobial agents in a wide variety of applications. We report a simple synthetic route towards MgO NPs (average diameter 10 nm) possessing potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Detailed electron microscopy studies show how these particles induce oxidative stress, cell membrane leakage and cell death in bacteria at low NP concentrations, but remain non-toxic to eukaryotic cells. Applying a homogeneous dispersion of these nanoparticles on 18th century paper proved to be a highly effective means of preventing bacterial colonisation without altering the appearance of the paper samples, thus opening the doors to the use of these colourless, low-cost, and scalable nanoparticles for preventing biodeterioration in a range of paper-based objects and surfaces., Financial support by the Fundación General CSIC (S.G.M., Programa ComFuturo), Fondo Social Europeo-Gobierno de Aragón (J.M.F, L.D.M., I.F.C. & S.G.M.) is gratefully acknowledged.

Biomaterials and new processes (3D printing and flexible hybrid electronics) offer opportunities to break free from a 2D paper world by allowing for the development of smart multi-dimensional structures. While there has been recent progress reported in each of these areas of technology, to date, the merger of these technologies has been very limited. We believe that their merger offers boundless opportunities and an opportunity for the paper industry to innovate a low cost, sustainable housing solution capable of promoting the well-being of its occupants while minimizing the environmental impact of its daily use.

Cell culture-based intestinal models are important to evaluate nanoformulations intended for oral drug delivery. We report the use of a floating structured paper chip as a scaffold for Caco-2 cells and HT29-MTX-E12 cells that are two established cell types used in intestinal cell models. The formation of cell monolayers for both mono- and cocultures in the paper chip are confirmed and the level of formed cell-cell junctions is evaluated. Further, cocultures show first mucus formation between 6-10 days with the mucus becoming more pronounced after 19 days. Hybrid vesicles (HVs) made from phospholipids and the amphiphilic block copolymer poly(cholesteryl methacrylate)-block-poly(2-carboxyethyl acrylate) in different ratios are used as a representative soft nanoparticle to assess their mucopenetration ability in paper chip-based cell cultures. The HV assembly is characterized, and it is illustrated that these HVs cross the mucus layer and are found intracellularly within 3 h when the cells are grown in the paper chips. Taken together, the moist three-dimensional cellulose environment of structured paper chips offers an interesting cell culture-based intestinal model that can be further integrated with fluidic systems or online read-out opportunities.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are blamed for the major number of deaths around the world. Among of these is Myocardial Infarction (MI) which occurs when the flow of the blood through one of the coronary arteries is blocked, depriving the cardiomyocytes in the myocardial area under the occlusion from the nutrients and oxygen. If the perfusion does not be restored rapidly, the cardiomyocytes are exposed to chronic damages resulting in a significant cardiomyocyte loss within the myocardium. Since cardiomyocytes lack a self-replication mechanism, they cannot regenerate after such an injury. Therefore, the survivals from the acute MI end up with Heart Failure; where the left ventricle expands and the left ventricle wall becomes thinner. Ultimately, the heart becomes unable to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the different parts of the body, leading finally to the death of the patient. The current therapeutic strategies of heart failure following MI are confined to slowing the progression of the end-state condition. Myocardial Tissue Engineering (MTE) is a newly emerging field in which a combination of healthy cardiac cells and engineered cardiac patch is expected to be an excellent therapeutic strategy to regenerate the infarcted myocardium. However, finding the optimal culture substrate to be a successful cardiac patch is still an open question. Therefore, this study aimed at synthesizing novel conductive elastomer-based composite and evaluate its potential as a cardiac patch for myocardial tissue engineering. In particular, we describe, for the first time, the synthesis of an electrically conductive composite of Carbon Aerogel-embedded poly (glycerol sebacate) (CAPGS) system. In this work, electrically conductive Carbon Aerogel, which is a waste-derived and cost-effective carbon source that its utilization in cardiac tissue engineering applications has not been explored to date, was combined to the biodegradable PGS matrix to obtain a cardiac construct with optimal properties. The resulting composite was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Contact Angle Measurements. Furthermore, the mechanical and electrical properties of the developed system as well as the cell-material interactions were also assessed to evaluate the potential of using this novel elastomeric composite as a cardiac patch for myocardial tissue engineering. The results showed that incorporating Carbon Aerogel Microbelts (CAMs) to the polymeric matrix notably enhanced the elastic modulus and the deformability of the developed constructs, making the resulting construct matching the native cardiac tissue in terms of mechanical properties. Moreover, the addition of CAMs made the developed construct electrically conductive with a conductivity value falling within the range of that reported for the human myocardium. In the cellmatrix interaction context, the results of MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assay demonstrated that CA-PGS composite showed no cytotoxic effects for the L929 mouse fibroblast cells in vitro. In addition, it was shown that H9C2 rat cardiac myoblast cells attached and proliferated on the composite, which gave further confirmation of composite biocompatibility and its suitability for MTE application. Taking together, it is concluded that our developed system is a promising candidate for myocardial tissue engineering for cardiac repair. Kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, dünya genelinde ciddi sayıda ölümün sorumlusu olarak gösterilmektedir. Bu hastalıklar arasında yer alan miyokard enfarktüsü, koroner arterlerden birinde kan akışı bloke olduğunda meydana gelmekte ve tıkanmaya maruz kalan miyokard alanındaki kardiyomiyositleri, besin ve oksijenden mahrum bırakmaktadır. Perfüzyonun kısa süre içinde onarılmaması halinde, kardiyomiyositlerde kronik hasar meydana gelmekte ve bunun sonucunda, miyokard içerisinde önemli düzeyde kardiyomiyosit kaybı yaşanmaktadır. Kardiyomiyositlerde herhangi bir kendini kopyalama mekanizması bulunmadığı için, bu tip bir hasar sonrasında düzelmeleri mümkün olmamaktadır. Dolayısıyla, akut miyokard enfarktüsünü sağ atlatanlarda, sol ventrikülün büyüdüğü ve sol ventrikül duvarının inceldiği bir kalp yetmezliği durumu baş göstermektedir. Nihayetinde, kalp tarafından vücudun farklı bölümlerine yeterli miktarda kan pompalanması olanaksız hale gelmekte ve son olarak hasta kaybedilmektedir. Akut miyokard sonrası gelişen kalp yetmezliğine dönük mevcut tedavi stratejileri, sözünü ettiğimiz son evrenin ortaya çıkış sürecini yavaşlatmakla sınırlıdır. Günümüzde yeni yeni gelişen Miyokardiyal Doku Mühendisliği yaklaşımında, sağlıklı kardiyak hücreler ile yapay kardiyak yamanın birleştirilmesi sayesinde, enfarktüs geçirmiş miyokardın kendini yenilemesini sağlayacak mükemmel bir tedavi stratejisinin ortaya çıkması umulmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, başarılı bir kardiyak yama meydana getirecek en uygun kültür substratı henüz bulunabilmiş değildir. Dolayısıyla, bu çalışmada, yeni iletken elastomer esaslı kompozitin sentezlenmesi ve miyokardiyal doku mühendisliğinde kardiyak yama olarak kullanımına dönük potansiyelin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Özellikle, Karbon Aerojel-Poli (Gliserol Sebakat) (CA-PGS) sisteminde elektriksel açıdan iletken bir kompozitin sentezlenmesi ilk olarak bu çalışmada açıklanmaktadır. Çalışmada, atık kâğıttan elde edilen uygun maliyetli bir karbon kaynağı niteliğini taşıyan ve kardiyak doku mühendisliği uygulamalarında kullanımı bugüne dek incelenmemiş olan, elektrik iletkenliğine sahip Karbo Aerojel, biyolojik olarak ayrışabilen PGS matrisi ile birleştirilmiş, bu şekilde optimal özelliklere sahip bir kardiyak yapının elde edilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Sonuçta ortaya çıkan kompozit, Taramalı Elektron Mikroskopu (SEM), Fuorier Dönüşüm Kızılötesi (FTIR) Spektroskopisi, X-ışını Difraksiyonu (XRD) ve Temas Açısı Ölçümleri ile incelenmiştir. Ek olarak, geliştirilen sistemin mekanik ve elektriksel özellikleri, ayrıca hücre-materyal etkileşimleri de bu yeni elastomerik kompozitin, miyokardiyal doku mühendisliğinde bir kardiyak yama olarak kullanım potansiyelini değerlendirmek üzere masaya yatırılmıştır. Sonuçlar, polimerik matrise Karbon Aerojel Mikrokemerlerin (CAMs) dahil edilmesi sayesinde, geliştirilen yapılarda elastisite modülü ve şekil değiştirme yeteneğinin kayda değer ölçüde yükseldiğini, böylece ortaya çıkan yapının, asıl kardiyak dokuya mekanik özellikler açısından uyum sağladığını göstermiştir. Bunun yanında, Karbon Aerojel Mikrokemerlerin eklenmesi, geliştirilen yapıya elektriksel iletkenlik kazandırmış ve iletkenlik değeri, insan miyokardı için bildirilen aralık içinde kalmıştır. Hücre-matris etkileşimi açısından, MTT (3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)- 2,5-difeniltetrazolium Bromür) analizinin ortaya koyduğu sonuçlar, CA-PGS kompozitinin, L929 fare fibroblast hücrelerinde herhangi bir in vitro sitotoksik etki geliştirmediğini göstermiştir. Ek olarak, H9C2 sıçan kardiyak miyoblast hücrelerinin kompozite yapıştığı ve orada çoğaldığı gösterilmiş, yine bu da kompozitin biyolojik uyumluluk sergilediğini ortaya koymuştur. Bulgular bir arada değerlendirildiğinde, geliştirilen sistemin, kardiyak onarıma yönelik miyokardiyal doku mühendisliği açısından ümit verici bir aday olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

As two important industrial manufacturing materials, ceramics and metals have their own advantages and disadvantages in terms of physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. The field of material manufacturing has witnessed efforts to develop technical processes that can properly combine these two alloys, aiming to effectively use their respective advantages. The welding technology for ceramics and metals, as a research topic with broad prospects, is comprehensively and deeply analyzed in this review. The current research progress in this field is analyzed from different process perspectives such as fusion welding, brazing welding, diffusion welding. By using appropriate intermediate materials between these two materials, the residual stress and brittle intermetallics near the interface of the transition joint can be minimised by solving the thermal expansion mismatch, reducing the bonding temperature and pressure.