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In the process of logistics, shock and vibration are the most important factors contributing to product damage. Assembling honeycomb paperboard and EPE is commonly used to provide cushioning and anti-vibration effects to materials. Therefore, it is necessary to study the vibration transmission properties of this kind of assembly in the anti-vibration process. The aim of this paper was to experimentally determine the vibration transmission properties of assemblies with honeycomb paperboard and expanded polyethylene (EPE). Through a sinusoidal sweep vibration test of this assembly, the vibration transmission characteristic curves of assemblies with honeycomb paperboard and EPE of different thicknesses were obtained and compared. Assuming the assembly and mass block as a single degree of freedom with a small damping linear system, the damping energy dissipation of the assembly and the resonance frequency were obtained. The vibration transmission property curves of the assembly can be divided into four regions. With an excitation acceleration of 0.5 g and a honeycomb paperboard with a thickness of 60 mm (F60), the vibration transmission rate and the resonance frequency—of the material dampened with EPE at a thickness of 60 mm (E60), and the assembly (F30/E30) with a 30 mm thick honeycomb paperboard and 30 mm thick EPE—increased by −2.5% and −17.5%, −86.9% and 79.3%, and −95.9% and −85.7%, respectively. Compared to the assembly with 20 mm thick honeycomb and 20 mm thick EPE (F20/E20), the vibration transmission rate, the resonance frequency, and the material damping and damping energy dissipation of F40/E20, F30/E30, and F20/E40 increased by 75.6%, 48.3%, and 66.1%; 1.2%, −21.5%, and −38.9%; 241.5%, 82.8%, and 13.3%; and 12.5%, 98.9%, and 106.8%, respectively. Compared to F60 and E60, the damping energy dissipation of F30/E30 increased by 2816.7% and 133.3%, respectively. The assembly of F30/E30 has the smallest vibration transmission rate and the most vibration energy dissipation among these assemblies. This means that the assembly of F30/E30 absorbs the most external vibration energy, while the acceleration that is transmitted to the internal product is minimal. Therefore, in the design of cushioning packaging, according to the characteristics and natural frequency of the internal products, an appropriate assembly can be selected, which should have a lower vibration transmission rate and more vibration energy dissipation, and should not resonate with the internal product. This will provide a theoretical basis for the design of cushioning packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three-dimensional (3D) product model has become a tool that has transitioned from a legacy instrument, used in design, to an emerging technology applied to production and assembly processes. As this evolution has occurred, the need has developed to understand the value of deploying the 3D product model beyond the design phase. This research answers the question and solves the problem, does electronic documentation inclusive of the 3D product model add to the production workers' ability to complete the production task? To answer this question, the methods used were that the research team tested how accurately and quickly a production and assembly team could build the product using interactive, electronic documentation, including the 3D product model, as a means to understand the design intent as opposed to printed bills of materials (BOMs) and two-dimensional (2D) paper drawings. The conclusions that can be drawn from this research are that the research found statistically significant improvements in the production throughput time (~10%), reductions in the direct labor hours per unit (~14%), and retained quality levels, when deploying electronic documentation, including the 3D product model, into the production and assembly processes. Through the deployment of the interactive 3D product model electronic documentation to the production floor, the organization also took a step towards creating a digital twin of the produced product and laid a foundation for the further adoption of Industry 4.0 practices. The novelty of the work and the areas where it goes beyond previous efforts in the literature concerns the current body of knowledge that does not demonstrate a repeatable methodology through which industry and other researchers can replicate the experiment on demonstrating economic value when deploying the 3D product model to production and assembly processes. In this paper, the authors aim to build on prior work to demonstrate a repeatable methodology for determining the economic value of 3D product model deployment in production and assembly processes through applied research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An approach as “hydroxylamine diffusion induced assembly” has been developed to fabricate N-doped graphene paper-like films (NG-P) and composite films containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes (NG-MWCNT-P). The obtained films have been characterized by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that the N atoms have doped into the graphene sheets and the interplanar distance between the graphene sheets decreases with the increment of the thermally treated temperature. The films of NG-P prepared at 100°C are flexible and exhibit a maximum tensile stress of about 70.5MPa and a Young's modulus of about 17.7GPa, and the films of NG-P thermally treated at 300°C (NG-P300) have high thermal conductivity of about 3403Wm-1 K−1. However, the NG-MWCNT-P film exhibits a relatively weaker tensile stress compared with NG-P. The electrochemical measurements show that the NG-P300 possesses excellent ultrahigh-rate capacitive properties, and that the specific capacitance and the impedance phase angle of the capacitor can reach to about 318μFcm−2 and -77.1° respectively at frequency of 120Hz. Simple measurements on NG-MWCNT-P show that it has specific capacitance of about 90 F g−1 based on one electrode and the capacitor possesses the high-rate capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the practicality and limitations of using a FANUC CRX-10 iA/l collaborative robot to assemble a product component, highlighting the trade-offs between increased robotization and reduced manual intervention. Through a detailed case study in the i-Labs laboratory, critical factors affecting precision assembly such as station layout, tooling design and robot programming are discussed. The findings highlight the benefits of robots for nonstop operation, freeing up human operators for higher value tasks despite longer cycle times. In addition, the paper advocates further research into reliable gripping of small components, a current challenge for robotics. The work contributes to open science by sharing partial results and methods that could inform future problem solving in robotic assembly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the advantages of the steel fiber reinforced concrete pavement structure, which includes high strength, high stiffness, and high stability, a large number of steel fiber concrete pavements will be used for highway construction in China. As a result, numerous cracks develop, which significantly reduces the life of the road; therefore, the study of the jointing problem is vital. As concrete research on the influence of the load transfer capacity and service life of prefabricated steel fiber reinforced concrete joints on the structural design and use function of the whole and pavement panels, the paper proposes two joint forms, tongue-and-groove and overlap. Using experiments and software, the stress and reflection of prefabricated road panels of the two joint forms are analyzed for different axial loads. The analysis reveals that the maximum tensile stress, shear stress, and deflection of the precast panels of both joint forms increase linearly as the axle load of the vehicle increases, while the service life decreases relatively. The load transfer capacity is independent of the axle load magnitude, and the load transfer capacity difference between the two types of joints is minimal and excellent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manufacturing industry is currently facing an increasing demand for customized products, leading to a shift from mass production to mass customization. As a result, operators are required to produce multiple product variants with varying complexity levels while maintaining high-quality standards. Further, in line with the human-centered paradigm of Industry 5.0, ensuring the well-being of workers is equally important as production quality. This paper proposes a novel tool, the "Human-Robot Collaboration Quality and Well-Being Assessment Tool" (HRC-QWAT), which combines the analysis of overall defects generated during product variant manufacturing with the evaluation of human well-being in terms of stress response. The HRC-QWAT enables the evaluation and monitoring of human-robot collaboration systems during product variant production from a broader standpoint. A case study of collaborative human-robot assembly is used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach. The results suggest that the HRC-QWAT can evaluate both production quality and human well-being, providing a useful tool for companies to monitor and improve their manufacturing processes. Overall, this paper contributes to developing a human-centric approach to quality monitoring in the context of human-robot collaborative manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the feasibility of inkjet printing of circuit and microwave structures on paper-based substrates is investigated for the first time in the implementation of a complete low-cost wireless platform for sensors. First, the system-level design of the module including the amplifier characterization were carried out to ensure optimum performance of the sensor modules in the UHF bands used in RF identification communication. These results were then used to design two different antenna structures, which are printed on paper along with their respective circuit layouts using inket-printing technology. Different techniques were investigated for the assembly of circuit components on the silver printed layouts. Finally, wireless link measurements on the assembled prototypes verified the good performance on the wireless and sensing sides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an in-depth study of the assembly production variance problem through the largest supplier of General Motors China. We focus on the production variance problem in an unreliable assembly (MOBA) system with a finite inter-station buffer, focusing on two of the central issues, namely the output variance as well as the delivery schedule variance. We model every subsystem's departure procedure in the MOBA system using the Markov Arrival Process (MAP) approach. Through the approximate use of MAP, we successfully shorten the time needed to calculate the output variance as well as delivery schedule variance of a large-scale MOBA system, which improves the efficiency of the system while ensuring that it meets the customer's needs. The relationship between production variance and system parameters is also studied, which is of substantial significance for optimizing the productivity of MOBA systems and improving customer satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern manufacturing technology is dominated by additive manufacturing due to its simplicity, precision, time and material savings, and flexibility in design. The purpose of this study is to propose and print a 3D model of planetary gear trains since these gear trains are more efficient than conventional gear trains and have many advantages. A planet gear trains must have collinear input and output axes in order to achieve compact space requirements. Using even spacing between the planets in a gear train allows both static and dynamic forces to be balanced. It is also possible for multiple planets to produce high torques. Finally, it is capable of providing a wide range of speeds. The printed model performed exceptionally well when it came to performance, and it can be used for both educational and industrial purposes, exhibiting the ability to withstand a high level of stress. The current paper demonstrated the process of 3D printing and the challenges involved in printing planetary gear trains, as well as possible solutions to these challenges. Finally, tolerances were reported as 0.5 mm on the final CAD model, and 0.15 mm on the last updated results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The next step in nanotechnology is to establish a methodology to assemble new functional materials based on the knowledge of nanotechnology. This task is undertaken by nanoarchitectonics. In nanoarchitectonics, we architect functional material systems from nanounits such as atoms, molecules, and nanomaterials. In terms of the hierarchy of the structure and the harmonization of the function, the material created by nanoarchitectonics has similar characteristics to the organization of the functional structure in biosystems. Looking at actual biofunctional systems, dynamic properties and interfacial environments are key. In other words, nanoarchitectonics at dynamic interfaces is important for the production of bio-like highly functional materials systems. In this review paper, nanoarchitectonics at dynamic interfaces will be discussed, looking at recent typical examples. In particular, the basic topics of "molecular manipulation, arrangement, and assembly" and "material production" will be discussed in the first two sections. Then, in the following section, "fullerene assembly: from zero-dimensional unit to advanced materials", we will discuss how various functional structures can be created from the very basic nanounit, the fullerene. The above examples demonstrate the versatile possibilities of architectonics at dynamic interfaces. In the last section, these tendencies will be summarized, and future directions will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel probabilistic distributed framework based on movement primitives for flexible robot assembly. Since the modern advanced industrial cell usually deals with various scenarios that are not fixed via-point trajectories but highly reconfigurable tasks, the industrial robots used in these applications must be capable of adapting and learning new in-demand skills without programming experts. Therefore, we propose a probabilistic framework that could accommodate various learning abilities trained with different movement-primitive datasets, separately. Derived from the Bayesian Committee Machine, this framework could infer new adapting trajectories with weighted contributions of each training dataset. To verify the feasibility of our proposed imitation learning framework, the simulation comparison with the state-of-the-art movement learning framework task-parametrised GMM is conducted. Several key aspects, such as generalisation capability, learning accuracy and computation expense, are discussed and compared. Moreover, two real-world experiments, i.e. riveting picking and nutplate picking, are further tested with the YuMi collaborative robot to verify the application feasibility in industrial assembly manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Robot Summit (WRS) is a robotic ‘challenge and exposition’ organized by the Japanese government to accelerate social implementation, research and development of robots working in realistic daily life, society, and industrial fields. In this paper, we introduce a robot competition of the Industrial Robotics Category of the WRS, called ‘Assembly Challenge’, which is organized by the WRS Industrial Robotics Competition Committee in order to promote the development of the next-generation production systems that can respond to new production demands in agile and lean manners. After the pre-competition held in Tokyo in October 2018, the main competition, the WRS 2020, was originally scheduled to be held in Aichi (partly in Fukushima) in 2020, which was also the Olympic year. However, due to the pandemic of COVID-19, the event was postponed, and the competition was actually held in Aichi in September 2021. In this paper, we introduce the contents and results of the WRS 2020 and analyze the results. We would also like to summarize the 5-year project since 2017 and discuss the outcomes of the WRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Robot Summit (WRS) Industrial Robotics Category tries to evaluate the performances of assembly robot systems using a task board. The task board comprises an assembly board (task board or board) and a set of parts assembled to the board. Utilizing an appropriate task board expects to facilitate the development of assembly robot systems. This paper examines the components necessary for the design of the task board through the results and analyzes of the task board competition in the WRS 2020 (held in September 2021). The task board will serve as a benchmark in developing an assembly robot system that can assemble the belt drive unit, an assembly model for the WRS 2020 assembly competitions. The success rate of each part of the competition and the correlation with assembly competitions reinforces the validity of the task board design. This paper describes that the WRS 2020 task board had a larger correlation with the belt drive unit used in the assembly competitions than that of the WRS 2018 (0.54 vs. 0.29). The design in the WRS 2020 is more appropriate than that in the WRS 2018 as a benchmark for assembling the belt drive unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an integrated steel plant, the pulverized coal injection (PCI) mill plays an important role in providing pulverized coal to the blast furnace. The main purpose of using PCI coal is to reduce the hot metal production cost through the utilization of non-coking coal and to extend the available coke oven life. Any unplanned outage of the PCI mill leads to increase in production cost. The three stationary grinding rollers are arranged equidistantly on the grinding plate. Each grinding roller is fixed to the pressure frame by means of a pressure yoke. Each grinding roller is borne by two roller bearings on the axle of the pressure yoke. The bearings are oil lubricated, and oil level cannot be checked in running condition due to design constraints. The bearing of new grinding roller assembly damaged within 1 service month. Bearing mode of failure was seizure, and it happened due to lack of oil. Therefore, root cause failure analysis has been carried out, and incorrect assembly was the responsible of this failure. Detailed investigation report is covered in this paper. The same type of failure can be avoided by implementing the recommendations which has been addressed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of collaborative robotics has enabled humans and robots to collaborate closely in carrying out manufacturing activities. Together, they can leverage their unique strengths and capabilities to tackle complex tasks. This partnership between humans and robots is often described as symbiotic in literature, but this concept is frequently oversimplified to a simple exchange of mutual benefits. In reality, symbiosis encompasses a wide range of interactions, some of which may be beneficial while others might be detrimental. To effectively manage Human–Robot Symbiosis, it is important to understand its underlying principles. In this view, this paper has two main objectives: (i) to reinterpret collaborative tasks in assembly processes based on the characteristics of symbiotic relationships; and (ii) to propose a new approach for evaluating assembly tasks inspired by the bio-inspired features of collaborative human–robot systems. Overall, the results of this study represent a step towards achieving a deeper understanding of the principles of Human–Robot Symbiosis, useful to develop effective solutions for enhancing collaboration between humans and robots in assembly processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of constant competitive pressure, companies are forced to constantly look for ways to produce more efficiently. To increase production efficiency and competitiveness, the actual situation needs to be analyzed and measures proposed. However, proposals, when put into practice, do not always result in improvements, due to various errors and omissions in their design. A helpful tool to minimize failures is to apply computer simulations, in which the proposed solutions are being tested and a proven solution implemented into practice afterwards. This is especially important when a proposed solution requires increased investment costs and time. This paper deals with streamlining technological processes on an assembly line of a turbocharger with an electrically controlled actuator, by automating a section of the assembly line (reduced number of operators and defective products), based on analysis and identified deficiencies. The Tecnomatix Plant Simulation software was chosen to analyze the assembly line's condition, as well as to simulate proposed measures' impact on the line's improvement. The design brings increased efficiency of a turbocharger assembly process and a reduced number of workers. According to the simulation results, when proposed improvements are applied, the annual production of the assembly line increases from 89,575 pieces to 98,139 pieces, which is 8,564 pieces more, i.e., an increase of 9.56%, while reducing the number of workers from four to three. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Industrial Assembly Challenge at the World Robot Summit 2020 was a competition showcasing the latest technologies in robot assembly tasks. Teams had two days to set up an autonomous assembly system and had to manipulate surprise parts on the competition day. The manufacturing industry has trended towards high-mix low-volume production, which often requires frequent tool changes and can be difficult to set up with industrial robots. Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) may struggle to use robots for a variety of products, particularly in assembly tasks requiring high accuracy and specialized tools. To improve assembly performance, we propose an assembly method using multiple types of sensors, including an RGB camera and six-axis force-torque sensor. This system allows for flexible assembly tasks without strict alignment, does not require jigs or dedicated hands for each object, and can be easily adapted to different production scenarios. In this paper, we present the motion strategy of our proposed assembly system that participated in the World Robot Summit 2020 and demonstrate how it was able to robustly accomplish tasks such as screw tightening and peg-in-hole by combining information from the camera with information from force-torque sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the challenges in the field of the paper we have identified the necessity of control methods and tools of mobile robots (MRS) equipped with robot manipulator (RM) serving assembly/ disassembly mechatronic lines (A/DML).The framework of the work reported here is represented by SMART&ASTI A/DML served by two MRs with RM, working collaboratively and the goal is development of a multi-agent system able control interactively trajectories of MRs, working collaboratively to serve the A/DML, by avoiding the collisions between them. The advantage offered by the proposed solution consists in graphical representation of the trajectory of MRs working collaboratively, as well as the current status of them, while the users are able to interact intuitively with the MRs trough the proposed GUI The added value of the paper consists in the implementation of multi-agents systems in a complex A/DML served by two MRs equipped with RM, working collaboratively, the increased autonomy in communication between the entities of entire system, and the adaptive control of MRs trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel method for online tool recognition in manual assembly processes. The goal was to develop and implement a method that can be integrated with existing Human Action Recognition (HAR) methods in collaborative tasks. We examined the state-of-the-art for progress detection in manual assembly via HAR-based methods, as well as visual tool-recognition approaches. A novel online tool-recognition pipeline for handheld tools is introduced, utilizing a two-stage approach. First, a Region Of Interest (ROI) was extracted by determining the wrist position using skeletal data. Afterward, this ROI was cropped, and the tool located within this ROI was classified. This pipeline enabled several algorithms for object recognition and demonstrated the generalizability of our approach. An extensive training dataset for tool-recognition purposes is presented, which was evaluated with two image-classification approaches. An offline pipeline evaluation was performed with twelve tool classes. Additionally, various online tests were conducted covering different aspects of this vision application, such as two assembly scenarios, unknown instances of known classes, as well as challenging backgrounds. The introduced pipeline was competitive with other approaches regarding prediction accuracy, robustness, diversity, extendability/flexibility, and online capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By drawing, among others, on the ideas of the Bakhtin Circle and Judith Butler, this paper explores spatial struggles over the right to free speech at Hyde Park, London, 1861–1962. From the 1860s to the early 20th century, the state gradually constructed a "monologic" discourse about an ideal‐typical "indecent" speaker who would "trespass" on Hyde Park through their "excitable speech" against a legally sanctioned right to give a "public address" in the park. This discourse gave the state some room to evict those it claimed to be transgressing "public address". However, different "heteroglossic coalitions" of regulars ensured that Hyde Park remained not only a "political assembly" to discuss political issues, but also a "social assembly" to exercise free speech on a range of social topics. Indeed, by the 1950s, these coalitions used a nearby road scheme to successfully argue it was the state that was potentially trespassing, or "encroaching", on free speech at Hyde Park. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, oxidized 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (oxTMB) nanobelts were developed to enhance the colorimetric and paper-based sensing of H 2 O 2. It was found that the minor component of Fe2+ in Na 2 SO 4 reagent could catalyze the oxidization of TMB by H 2 O 2 into positively charged oxTMB, which was further assembled into dark blue oxTMB nanobelts via electrostatic interaction with SO 4 2−. The extinction originating from the absorption and scattering of oxTMB nanobelts was utilized to quantitatively detect H 2 O 2 with a wide linear detection range (1.0–300 μM) and a low limit of detection (0.48 μM). In addition, no coffee-ring effect was observed in the test zone of the paper-based colorimetric array, which was beneficial to judge the color by naked eye. Finally, the colorimetric method was applied to detect H 2 O 2 in contact lens care solution. This work not only proposed a new colorimetric sensing platform for H 2 O 2 , but also highlighted the minor component in the reagent might influence the experimental result. [Display omitted] • Na 2 SO 4 can assemble positive oxTMB into dark blue nanobelts via electrostatic effect. • The minor component of Fe2+ in Na 2 SO 4 reagent can catalyze the oxidation of TMB by H 2 O 2. • The absorption and scattering signals of oxTMB nanobelts is utilized for sensing of H 2 O 2 with a wide linear range. • No coffee-ring effect is observed on paper substrate due to the difficult diffusion of oxTMB nanobelts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing systems envisioned for factories of the future will promote human-centricity for close collaboration in a shared working environment towards better overall productivity within the context of Industry 5.0. Robust and accurate recognition and prediction of human intentions are crucial to reliable and safe collaborative operations between humans and robots. For this purpose, this paper proposed a safety-aware human-centric collaborative assembly approach driven by function blocks, human action recognition for intention detection, and collision avoidance for safe robot control. Within the context, a deep learning-based recognition system is developed for high-accuracy human intention recognition and prediction, and an assembly feature-based approach driven by function blocks is presented for assembly execution and control. Thus, assembly features and human behaviours during assembly are formulated to support safe assembly actions. Skeleton-based human behaviours are defined as control inputs to an adaptive safety-aware scheme. The scheme includes collaborative and parallel mode-based pre-warning and obstacle avoidance approaches for a human-centric collaborative assembly system. The former is to monitor and regulate robot control modes when working in parallel with humans, and the latter uses a position-based approach to control robot actions by adaptively adjusting obstacle avoidance trajectories in a dynamic collaborative environment. The findings of this paper reveal the effectiveness of the developed system, as experimentally validated through an engine-assembly case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the mixed-model assembly line balancing problem. This type of line is applied to more than one similar model of a product in an intermixed order. Despite their widespread use, these lines have received little attention in the literature. Metaheuristics, heuristics, and mathematical programming techniques are developed to solve these types of assembly line balancing problems. However, linear physical programming method has never been used. In this paper, a linear physical programming model is proposed for balancing a mixed-model assembly line. The performance of the proposed model is applied to a numerical example to analyze the usage of the methodology. Five objectives are considered in the model, and the outperformance of the methodology is demonstrated by comparing it to a different approach. According to the results, it has been seen that the proposed linear physical programming model is practical and useful approach for mixed-model assembly line balancing problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legal provisions of the second half of the 19th century prescribed a teachers' meeting to be held at least once a year at the level of the county area under the chairmanship of the county school superintendent. Such meetings were organized for the purpose of professional development of teachers. Teachers' assemblies are a place where didactic, pedagogical, disciplinary and material issues were discussed, and practical demonstration lectures on school subjects were also held occasionally. By applying the hermeneutic discourse, this paper investigates the activity of the teachers' assembly in the framework of the Križevci County during the second half of the 19th century. The paper analyses the discussions and resolutions of the teachers' assemblies of the historical Križevci County held in the period from 1876 to 1881. For the purposes of this research, the contents of pedagogical periodicals and reports of assemblies published in Napredak magazine are analysed. For the mentioned time period and historical space, reports of six assemblies presided over by the county school superintendent Franjo Lugarić were found. The analysed contents indicate the most important topics of the observed assemblies, which were related to: causes of youth not attending school, declining discipline of children and youth, corporal punishment in public schools, use of rewards in public schools, causes of poor literacy, training in real subjects, improvement of mathematical training, introduction of economic subjects and training, practicality and applicability of reading books (beginner's book and primer), encouraging reading, practicality and applicability of grammars for 2nd and 3rd grade, subjects that need to be strengthened in the education of girls, about repeated training, changing teachers by grade, the difficulties of working in a four-grade department, the role of the local school board, the importance of sub-county teacher meetings, the overload of teachers with the curriculum in departments with a large number of students and the reasons for the slow development of public schools. The interpreted content points to the conscientious and diligent work of the teachers of the Križevci County on the development of public schools, better education of students, on personal and professional development and raising the pedagogical culture of their region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo in its basic provisions has defined the form of government and separation of state powers, as a fundamental principle of democracy, where the President of the Republic of Kosovo is not part of any of the state powers, but the constitutional powers he exercises affect that he has connections with all state powers. This paper addresses the relation of the President of the Republic of Kosovo with the legislative power, including the exercise of some of his constitutional powers, namely the convening of the constitutive session of the Assembly, the dissolution of the Assembly and the annual speech of the President in the Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo. The above-mentioned competencies, in addition to the theoretical aspect, are also analyzed in the practical aspect when these constitutional competencies of the President were materialized by President Jahjaga during the mandate 2011-2016. Also, the political stalemate and the actions taken by the President, Mrs. Atifete Jahjaga for his overcoming, criticisms and recommendations of the European Commission in the Progress Reports regarding the political stalemate in the country. since the declaration of Kosovo as an independent state in 2008, it has managed to complete a full constitutional mandate, five years, unlike its predecessors and successors until 2019. Therefore, this paper aims to elaborate the exercise of some constitutional powers and the practice of one of the most important constitutional institutions in the Republic of Kosovo, that of the President of the Republic of Kosovo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disassembly is an essential process for the recovery of end-of-life (EOL) electronics in remanufacturing sites. Nevertheless, the process remains labor-intensive due to EOL electronics' high degree of uncertainty and complexity. The robotic technology can assist in improving disassembly efficiency; however, the characteristics of EOL electronics pose difficulties for robot operation, such as removing small components. For such tasks, detecting small objects is critical for robotic disassembly systems. Screws are widely used as fasteners in ordinary electronic products while having small sizes and varying shapes in a scene. To enable robotic systems to disassemble screws, the location information and the required tools need to be predicted. This paper proposes a computer vision framework for detecting screws and recommending related tools for disassembly. First, a YOLOv4 algorithm is used to detect screw targets in EOL electronic devices and a screw image extraction mechanism is executed based on the position coordinates predicted by YOLOv4. Second, after obtaining the screw images, the EfficientNetv2 algorithm is applied for screw shape classification. In addition to proposing a framework for automatic small-object detection, we explore how to modify the object detection algorithm to improve its performance and discuss the sensitivity of tool recommendations to the detection predictions. A case study of three different types of screws in EOL electronics is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disassembly is an essential process for the recovery of end-of-life (EOL) electronics in remanufacturing sites. Nevertheless, the process remains labor-intensive due to EOL electronics' high degree of uncertainty and complexity. The robotic technology can assist in improving disassembly efficiency; however, the characteristics of EOL electronics pose difficulties for robot operation, such as removing small components. For such tasks, detecting small objects is critical for robotic disassembly systems. Screws are widely used as fasteners in ordinary electronic products while having small sizes and varying shapes in a scene. To enable robotic systems to disassemble screws, the location information and the required tools need to be predicted. This paper proposes a computer vision framework for detecting screws and recommending related tools for disassembly. First, a YOLOv4 algorithm is used to detect screw targets in EOL electronic devices and a screw image extraction mechanism is executed based on the position coordinates predicted by YOLOv4. Second, after obtaining the screw images, the EfficientNetv2 algorithm is applied for screw shape classification. In addition to proposing a framework for automatic small-object detection, we explore how to modify the object detection algorithm to improve its performance and discuss the sensitivity of tool recommendations to the detection predictions. A case study of three different types of screws in EOL electronics is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manual assembly operations are often the bottlenecks of production processes. Usually, in order to find out, what the throughput of these manual assembly operations will be, it is first necessary analysing them in the context of the workstation and the whole processes as well. For these analyses, one of the most useful tools is the use of simulation. Despite existing several complete software for these purposes, they often demand significant time and effort to create good simulations. Sometimes, however, it is just enough to simulate a few key aspects of the assembly process to get key results, which are often the base for immediate and/or further process improvement. In these cases, creating a special analytical tool that allows efficiently obtaining a sufficiently good solution to the given problem becomes a viable and convenient option. This paper presents an assembly simulation and analysis tool designed and created in Microsoft Excel by the authors. The tool is useful for quick analyses of assembly tasks without the need of having to engage in creating complex 3D models and extra analyses. The proposal is implemented into a practical case study, which allows verifying its validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assembly challenge of the World Robot Challenge (WRC) 2020, which was a part of the World Robot Summit (WRS) 2020, aimed to complete rapidly changing tasks in high mix/low volume production through building agile and lean production systems that can respond to one-off products. The authors of this paper participated in the challenge with the team PneuBot from the Industrial Robotics Facility of the Italian Institute of Technology by developing a flexible assembly system. The purpose of this work was to develop an assembly system able to handle variations of parts and tasks with a minimal changeover in hardware and software. In particular, assembly tasks were carried out, such as the assembly of a DC motor, pulleys, and a flexible belt on a plate, starting from pieces of unknown positions and orientations on a tray. The proposed work cell is light-weighted and can be fast deployed and replicated. It is composed of two Universal Robots; an RGB-D camera mounted on the wrist of the robot, able to detect both the position and orientation of the different objects to manage; a custom gripping system composed of 3D printed fingers for manipulation purposes and miniature force sensors for the grasping detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industry 4.0 promotes highly automated mechanisms for setting up and operating flexible manufacturing systems, using distributed control and data-driven machine intelligence. This paper presents an approach to reconfiguring distributed production systems based on complex product requirements, combining the capabilities of the available production resources. A method for both checking the "realisability" of a product by matching required operations and capabilities, and adapting resources is introduced. The reconfiguration is handled by a multi-agent system, which reflects the distributed nature of the production system and provides an intelligent interface to the user. This is all integrated with a self-adaptation technique for learning how to improve the performance of the production system as part of a reconfiguration. This technique is based on a machine learning algorithm that generalises from past experience on adjustments. The mechanisms of the proposed approach have been evaluated on a distributed robotic manufacturing system, demonstrating their efficacy. Nevertheless, the approach is general and it can be applied to other scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maximum internal pressure developed during the ignition of the explosive mixture with air within the encapsulation is directly dependent on the volume released through clearances or other discharge devices, if present. Consequently, the increase in explosion pressure must be correlated with the study of explosion-proof joints to prevent the transmission of the explosion through clearances to the ambient atmosphere. Through a comparison of defects observed during dynamic explosion tests and checks with static overpressure, a safety factor simulating the explosion demands has been identified. By checking the static overpressure at a certain pressure increase factor, the encapsulations are no less stressed than during an explosion. It has been determined that an overpressure increase factor of 1.5 times above the maximum reference explosion pressure value, during hydrostatic testing, ensures the mechanical stress of the encapsulation equivalent to the stresses resulting from overpressure through explosion. This paper presents the mechanical stress simulation of the explosion-proof encapsulation with a cylindrical frame using the SOLIDWORKS application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts of studies taken from the Sorta 2006 Symposium Proceedings. Some of the abstracts presented include "Draught and Weight Corrections Based on Air Weight Calculation," by Irena Kota and colleagues, "Multi Purpose Eco-Work Ship Eko Plovput 50," by Danko Gugic et al and "Defining Ship's Form by Using Nurbs Surfaces."

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to develop and test the thermal interface materials (TIM) for application in assembly of semiconductor chips to package. Good adhesion properties (>5 MPa shear strength) and low thermal interface resistance (better than for SAC solders) are the goal of this research. Design/methodology/approach: Mechanical and thermal properties of TIM joints between gold plated contacts of chip and substrate were investigated. Sintering technique based on Ag pastes was applied for purpose of this study. Performance properties were assessed by shear force tests and thermal measurements. Scanning electron microscopy was used for microstructural observations of cross-section of formed joints. Findings: It was concluded that the best properties are achieved for pastes containing spherical Ag particles of dozens of micrometer size with flake shaped Ag particles of few micrometers size. Sintering temperature at 230°C and application of 1 MPa force on the chip during sintering gave the higher adhesion and the lowest thermal interface resistance. Originality/value: The new material based on Ag paste containing mixtures of Ag particles of different size (form nanometer to dozens of microns) and shape (spherical, flake) suspended in resin was proposed. Joints prepared using sintering technique and Ag pastes at 230°C with applied pressure shows better mechanical and thermal than other TIM materials such as thermal grease, thermal gel or thermally conductive adhesive. Those material could enable electronic device operation at temperatures above 200°C, currently unavailable for Si-based power electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spurred unprecedented and concerted worldwide research to curtail and eradicate this pathogen. SARS-CoV-2 has four structural proteins: Envelope (E), Membrane (M), Nucleocapsid (N), and Spike (S), which self-assemble along with its RNA into the infectious virus by budding from intracellular lipid membranes. In this paper, we develop a model to explore the mechanisms of RNA condensation by structural proteins, protein oligomerization and cellular membrane–protein interactions that control the budding process and the ultimate virus structure. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we have deciphered how the positively charged N proteins interact and condense the very long genomic RNA resulting in its packaging by a lipid envelope decorated with structural proteins inside a host cell. Furthermore, considering the length of RNA and the size of the virus, we find that the intrinsic curvature of M proteins is essential for virus budding. While most current research has focused on the S protein, which is responsible for viral entry, and it has been motivated by the need to develop efficacious vaccines, the development of resistance through mutations in this crucial protein makes it essential to elucidate the details of the viral life cycle to identify other drug targets for future therapy. Our simulations will provide insight into the viral life cycle through the assembly of viral particles de novo and potentially identify therapeutic targets for future drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the design to construction process of an ultra-lightweight hybrid temporary structure consisting of a combination of bending-active glass fiber-reinforced polymers arches, a restraining system made of stainless steel cables, and a translucent membrane envelope. After a brief introduction to the basic design concepts and versatility of the modular system to create different shapes, the paper focuses on the fast-track erection procedure that enables to build the pavilion in a very short time. A multi-disciplinary team had collaborated at the design development of the temporary pavilion, built with the aim of deepening a wide range of aspects that are peculiar to temporary architecture. The aim of the second design-to-construction loop, following the first loop which resulted in the construction of the first full-scale prototype, is two-fold: firstly to optimize the innovative mix of lightweight structural components with the aim of reducing the total weight of the building (and thus facilitate transport and installation), and secondly to test the technical details designed to favor reversibility and to ensure the re-usability of the structure for multiple cycles of use. The paper concludes by showing the results achieved and the lesson learned from the first construction of the temporary pavilion in occasion of a one-week event and anticipating the further studies regarding the interface between structure and membrane envelope, also in relation to the building expected life-span and requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequent changes in customer needs and large product variety are forcing manufacturing companies to move from mass production to mass customization. Customized production can be achieved by introducing reconfigurable production systems (RMS). The customized flexibility and several characteristics of RMSs provide many opportunities in terms of process and production planning. However, those characteristics greatly increase the complexity of the design and planning of production systems. This paper presents a decision support system relying on a skill-based approach to design a reconfigurable assembly line considering the planning of assembly processes and monitoring. The proposed decision aid system is modular in design and is composed of four modules. The main input data is a CAD model of a new product variant for the identification of the assembly and monitoring requirements. Besides, a current assembly system layout with its resource descriptions exists. In the first developed module, assembly-by-disassembly and a skill-based approach are used to generate different assembly plans. In the second module, feature recognition and skill-based approaches generate process monitoring alternatives. The third module uses a linear program (LP) that aims to minimize the total cost of workstation activation and reconfiguration, as well as cycle time, and to maximize the process quality of the assembly tasks. A user-based generative model design approach is applied to optimize the values of three objective functions. In the fourth and final module, a simulation of the optimized assembly plan allows either the validation of the assembly plan and process monitoring plan or initiates a new iteration due to their infeasibility. To further demonstrate how the proposed methodology works, some computational experiments are provided for two use cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea-crossing bridge has bad weather, inconvenient sea traffic, low construction efficiency of cap and difficult construction control, in order to reasonably select the cofferdam structure of the high pile cap of sea-crossing bridge, based on the foundation construction of sea-crossing bridge cap of the DSSG02 bid section of Ningbo Zhoushan Port main passage, this paper compares and selects the schemes of using different structure types of hanging box cofferdam for high pile cap of sea-crossing bridge from the aspects of project cost, structure dead weight, construction efficiency and safety risk, etc., and studies the assembly design, construction and finite element analysis of the new type of composite hanging box cofferdam. The results show that the new type of composite hanging box cofferdam used in this project has the characteristics of relatively low engineering cost, convenient disassembly and installation, clear force and good structural integrity, the maximum displacement and stress of cofferdam and bottom-sealing concrete structure meet the requirements of structural safety and functional use under various working conditions. The research results have a good reference for the subsequent construction of the same type of high pile cap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the influence of surfactants on the assembly of peptides has a considerable practical motivation. In this paper, we systematically study the anionic surfactant-assisted assembly of diphenylalanine (FF). FF forms broom-like structures in a concentration of sodium cholate (NaC) around the CMC, and assembles into linear and unidirectional rods in the presence of low and high surfactant concentrations. FF's improved hydrogen bonding and controlled assembly rates are appropriate for other anionic surfactants. At this stage, the use of FF as the simplest protein consequence can be helpful in the investigation of further protein–surfactant interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most robots are programmed to carry out specific tasks routinely with minor variations. However, more and more applications from SMEs require robots work alongside their counterpart human workers. To smooth the collaboration task flow and improve the collaboration efficiency, a better way is to formulate the robot to surmise what kind of assistance a human coworker needs and naturally take the right action at the right time. This paper proposes a prediction-based human-robot collaboration model for assembly scenarios. An embedded learning from demonstration technique enables the robot to understand various task descriptions and customized working preferences. A state-enhanced convolutional long short-term memory (ConvLSTM)-based framework is formulated for extracting the high-level spatiotemporal features from the shared workspace and predicting the future actions to facilitate the fluent task transition. This model allows the robot to adapt itself to predicted human actions and enables proactive assistance during collaboration. We applied our model to the seats assembly experiment for a scale model vehicle and it can obtain a human worker's intentions, predict a coworker's future actions, and provide assembly parts correspondingly. It has been verified that the proposed framework yields higher smoothness and shorter idle times, and meets more working styles, compared to the state-of-the-art methods without prediction awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assembly joining process selection is a knowledge-intensive task that needs an efficient tool to capture, represent, reuse, and share knowledge related to various joint requirements. This paper presents an ontology-based knowledge framework for identifying the appropriate assembly joining process to support designers and process planners effectively. A joining process selection (JPS) ontology is developed to represent different core concepts like feature, material, product, joint requirement, and joining process. Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) is used for ontology mapping of joining process selection concepts to retrieve the required knowledge for process selection that integrates several instances and knowledge rules. Further, a five-step sequential procedure is established to select the joining process from the CAD model automatically. The proposed approach automatically infers the possible, probable, and most probable joining processes through rule-based reasoning. Based on the evaluation of the ontology, the precision, recall, and F-measure obtained are 89.4%, 85.7%, and 87.5%, respectively. Finally, the efficacy of the ontology is evaluated using industrial case studies from the automotive and aerospace industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On modern industrial product lines, assembly is predominantly performed through manual labor or using semi-automatic equipment. With the development of automation, robots are becoming crucial in improving the flexibility of production processes. This paper presents an assembly method that employs image processing to control industrial robots in solving a sphere assembly puzzle. By using image-processing techniques—such as block recognition, circle detection, and camera calibration—the system can detect and move randomly placed blocks to the correct assembly positions. Cooperation is also integrated into the system, allowing operators to intervene in the assembly and improving the system's efficiency while ensuring safety of operators. The results of the application on a practical platform using a HIWIN robot RT605-GB reveal a high rate of successful assembly, providing evidence that the system is effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an assembly sequence planning system, based on artificial neural networks, is developed. The problem of artificial neural network itself is largely related to symmetry at every stage of its creation. A new modeling scheme, known as artificial neural networks, takes into account selected DFA (Design for Assembly) rating factors, which allow the evaluation of assembly sequences, what are the input data to the network learning and then estimate the assembly time. The input to the assembly neural network procedure is the sequences for assembling the parts, extended by the assembly's connection graph that represents the parts and relations between these parts. The operation of a neural network is to predict the assembly time based on the training dataset and indicate it as an output value. The network inputs are data based on selected DFA factors influencing the assembly time. The proposed neural network model outperforms the available assembly sequence planning model in predicting the optimum assembly time for the mechanical parts. In the neural networks, the BFGS (the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno algorithm), steepest descent and gradient scaling algorithms are used. The network efficiency was checked from a set of 20,000 test networks with randomly selected parameters: activation functions (linear, logistic, tanh, exponential and sine), the number of hidden neurons, percentage set of training and test dataset. The novelty of the article is therefore the use of parts of the DFA methodology and the neural network to estimate assembly time, under specific production conditions. This approach allows, according to the authors, to estimate which mechanical assembly sequence is the most advantageous, because the simulation results suggest that the neural predictor can be used as a predictor for an assembly sequence planning system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chirality plays a pivotal role in drugs, agrochemicals and food additives et al. The enantiomers of a chiral molecule often show huge difference in bioactivity, metabolism, and toxicity et al. thereby, the recognition of chiral molecules shows an increasingly important priority. In this paper, a novel method for chiral fluorescence recognition based on anthracene fluorescent dyes (AD) ⊂ water-soluble pillar[5] arene containing phosphonic acid group (PWP[5]) is developed. The AD as guest molecule can complex with PWP [5] to form 1:1 AD ⊂ PWP[5] assembly, and this assembly can be further used as a fluorescent probe to identify D/L-phenylalanine and D/L-phenylalaninol by fluorescent titration. The fluorescence intensity of the assembly was significantly reduced for D-phenylalanine and D-phenylalaninol, while L-phenylalanine or L-phenylalaninol was added to AD ⊂ PWP[5] assembly, the fluorescence intensity of the assembly almost unchanged. Hence, the chiral recognition based on assembly between the achiral fused ring fluorescent dye and achiral PWP[5] was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Publication of the complete genome sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana , the first plant reference genome, in December 2000 heralded the beginning of the plant genome era. Over the past 20 years reference genomes have been generated for hundreds of plant species, spanning non-vascular to flowering plants. Releasing these plant genomes has dramatically advanced studies in all disciplines of plant biology. Importantly, multiple reference-level genomes have been generated for the major crops and their progenitors, enabling the creation of pan-genomes and exploration of domestication history and natural variations that can be adopted by modern crop breeding. We summarize the progress of plant genome sequencing and the challenges of sequencing more complex plant genomes and generating pan-genomes. Over the past 20 years the sequences of over 1000 plant genomes have been published, representing 788 different species with a high level of diversity. Long-read sequencing with novel scaffolding strategies has further revolutionized genome sequencing, enabling access to more chromosome-scale assemblies of plant species with increasing genome complexity and size. Citation trees for the first genome papers for Arabidopsis and rice illustrate substantial developments in plant genomics and a plant genome-enabled renaissance in all disciplines of plant biology over the past 20 years. Constructing near-complete genomes, assembling complex genomes, and building reference pan-genomes are some of the most challenges in future sequencing of plant genomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel strategy, Multi-Stage Based Visual Servoing (MSBVS), to tackle the significant challenge of planning complex trajectories in robotic systems without hand–eye calibration, particularly in some assembly tasks. The MSBVS strategy decomposes a complete visual servoing process into three distinct phases, each characterized by unique functionalities. By assigning specific image features and control objectives to each phase, the strategy indirectly facilitates the planning and tracking complex trajectories. Furthermore, a novel image feature, the vanishing angle, is introduced, enhancing the precision in representing an object's spatial position. Subsequently, a robotic vision system is established, and real-time simulations and experiments are performed to verify the efficacy of the MSBVS strategy. The results show that MSBVS efficiently plans and executes complex trajectories in robotic assembly tasks. • We propose dividing the visual servoing process into several distinct segments. • A novel image feature, the vanishing angle, is introduced. • Simulations and experiments were successfully carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomimicking organ mannequins with not only lifelike biological geometries but also virtually constituting connected circulation channels for exchanging substances are critical for in vitro biomedical applications, yet the big challenges remain. This paper reports a big step toward the goal to achieve hydrogel‐based organ mannequins with internal channels and a cavity, gradient structures, and a physiological environment of organs for in vitro purposes via metal ions‐induced interface supramolecular assembly of hydrogel layers on the thermally splitting templates. The templates composed of gelatin and ι‐carrageenan are built through direct ink writing, which are employed as the supports to in situ grow the alginate/Ca2+ hydrogel layers by rapid diffusion‐induced gelation process. Removing the hydrogel templates based on sol–gel conversion can readily yield hydrogel architectures with connected channels, structural integrity, and favorable physicochemical properties. Proof‐of‐concept hydrogel mannequins including the branched vascular replicas, digestive system, distal lung subunit, and glomerulus with mechanical robustness are engineered from replicating the tubular structure to imitate the basic profiles of organs. It is believed that this protocol paves a versatile way to construct hydrogel‐based biomimicking mannequins with cavity structures that can be used for in vitro biomedical training, testing, pharmacology, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typically, monitoring quality characteristics of very personalized products is a difficult task due to the lack of experimental data. This is the typical case of processes where the production volume continues to shrink due to the growing complexity and customization of products, thus requiring low-volume productions. This paper presents a novel approach to statistically monitor defects-per-unit (DPU) of assembled products based on the use of defect prediction models. The innovative aspect of such DPU-chart is that, unlike conventional SPC charts requiring preliminary experimental data to estimate the control limits (phase I), it is constructed using a predictive model based on a priori knowledge of DPU. This defect prediction model is based on the structural complexity of the assembled product. By avoiding phase I, the novel approach may be of interest to researchers and practitioners to speed up the chart's construction phase, especially in low-volume productions. The description of the method is supported by a real industrial case study in the electromechanical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SW26010 many-core processor is based on the Sunway architecture that is composed of management and computing processing elements (MPE and CPE, respectively), each of which is equipped with a stand-alone math library. The issue is that each Sunway Math Library (SML) version is written in assembly which is outside the power of compilers that take high-level languages as input; existing optimization approaches thus mainly rely on manual strategies, which are considered inefficient. In this paper, we leverage the concept of superblock scheduling, a well-known compilation technique, and present a tool named SMPOT to optimize the SML. SMPOT first builds a superblock using a novel tail duplication algorithm, and then uses code motion restrictions to avoid code compensation, followed by matching the machine model. Finally, it reorders instructions on the main path by an activation algorithm based on available computing resources. The experimental results show that SMPOT can effectively improve the performance of the SML. The main path performance of MPE functions is improved by 10.61% on average and overall performance by 5.40%. The main path performance of CPE functions is improved by 5.72% on average and overall performance by 2.98%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compression load of straight bars, for which the cross-sections are smaller compared to their length, causes a phenomenon of bending along the longitudinal axis. Upon reaching a certain level, called the critical level of the stresses, the bending deformations begin to increase beyond the bearing limit of the bar. It yields instantly, due to an unstable elastic deformation state, although the material's resistance limit has not been exceeded. The irreversibility of the phenomenon is dangerous especially for the railway tracks and is not fully mastered by calculation methods. They can eventually establish the level of the critical demand, which has values specific to each rail configuration. It is accepted that for loads lower than this level, buckling of the respective rail does not occur. The longitudinal tension in the railway tracks occurs due to the expansion caused by their heating under the action of the sun's rays, but also due to the friction between the rails and the train wheels. This paper proposes the realization of a study model of the buckling of the railway tracks. This model is represented by an assembly, built in the SOLIDWORKS application for which a Buckling simulation was made. The imposition of two distinct temperatures on the rails and crossties is the source of the model's request. The increase in the temperature of the component parts of the assembly causes their expansion, so implicitly the appearance of some longitudinal deforming forces, specific to the buckling phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]