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Presents a study on the impact both of production and transportation from changes in taxation or costs of inputs in the United States paper industry. Background of paper production; Analysis of possible variations in tax policies; Comparison of results from scenario analysis; Discussion and conclusions.

Introduction: Race and ethnicity along with social determinants of health have been identified as risk factors for COVID-19. The purpose of this clinical paper is to provide an overview of the National Coalition of Ethnic Minority Nurse Associations (NCEMNA), present COVID-19 epidemiological data on five racial–ethnic groups, identify culturally congruent health care strategies for each group, and provide directions for practice and research. Method : NCEMNA collaborated to provide a clinical paper that addresses information about COVID-19 and culturally congruent health care in five racial–ethnic groups. Results : Every organization presented common themes across the different groups and unique perspectives that each group is faced with during this challenge. Discussion : This article provides an introduction to the issues that minority groups are facing. It is imperative that data are collected to determine the extent of the impact of COVID-19 in diverse communities in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, computer-based testing (CBT) has grown in popularity, is increasingly being implemented across the United States, and will likely become the primary mode for delivering tests in the future. Although CBT offers many advantages over traditional paper-and-pencil testing, assessment experts, researchers, practitioners, and users have expressed concern about the comparability of scores between the two test administration modes. To help provide an answer to this issue, a meta-analysis was conducted to synthesize the administration mode effects of CBTs and paper-and-pencil tests on K-12 student reading assessments. Findings indicate that the administration mode had no statistically significant effect on K-12 student reading achievement scores. Four moderator variables—study design, sample size, computer delivery algorithm, and computer practice—made statistically significant contributions to predicting effect size. Three moderator variables—grade level, type of test, and computer delivery method—did not affect the differences in reading scores between test modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on papers about places written by students in the U.S. for their environmental history class in 2013. Topics discussed include the challenge facing undergraduate students over studying environmental history, how educator Brian Donahue teaches the principles of forestry to his students, and a paper wrote by Eastern Michigan University students. Also mentioned are the subjects explored by students while writing a paper such as landfills, insects, and trees.

Advisory Committees to the Food and Drag Administration provide FDA with expert advice on medical and scientific topics relevant to FDA's responsibility to protect and promote the public health. The history and experience with Advisory Committees (since authorization in federal law in 1972) provides a rich background to inform a review of best practices. The following best practices for the Advisory Committee process are noteworthy: • Role definition: A shared understanding of the roles of all participants in the Advisory Committee process helps to foster productive meetings and facilitates prompt resolution of potentially contentious issues. • Transparency: FDA and sponsor should operate with transparency in bidirectional sharing of information and perspectives before, during, and after a product-specific Advisory Committee meeting. • Regulatory knowledge: Advisory Committee members, .special government employees, consultants, and sponsors must all have a fundamental knowledge of the regulatory principles governing the Advisory Committee process, as well as development and registration of drug and biologic products. • Access and focus: FDA has an ongoing need for access to external medical and scientific experts to augment the agency's internal experts. Consultation with Advisory Committees should be focused on situations (as described in this article) where external advice is warranted to aid FDA in efforts to protect and promote the public health. • Training: Optimization of the Advisory Committee process and implementation of best practices across the multiple committees and reviewing divisions in FDA require training of all participants. PhRMA member companies strive to embrace these best practices in working with reviewing divisions, the Executive Secretary of each committee, and Advisory Committees. This white paper is presented to foster further dialogue to aid continuous improvement in the Advisory Committee process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of development, manufacturing, registration, distribution, and postmarketing support of drug and biologic products includes the need for clear, active, and ongoing communication between the sponsor/applicant and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Such communication occurs in written and spoken form, involving multiple media (including letters, secure e-mail, fax, face-to-face meetings, and teleconferences). Personnel in PhRMA member companies and FDA recognize the importance and challenges of communication. FDA's attention to a number of key principles of communication is illustrated in the guidance document Good Review Management Principles and Practices for PDUFA Products. this white paper, members of PhRMA's Best Practices Working Group have summarized key information on communication from the guidance document, proposed expectations for communications to facilitate a shared understanding between FDA and applicant about a communication strategy during review of a New Drug Application (NDA) or Biologics License Application (BLA), and drafted some basic principles for companies to adopt to help foster constructive, professional, and efficient communication with FDA on Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) products. Dialogue with FDA and other stakeholders about these principles and proposals is suggested as the logical next step in discussion of best practices for communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the case of 1.5-generation Brazilians who migrated to Massachusetts in the 1980s and 1990s and grew up as unauthorized. Compared to unauthorized youth from other Latin American groups, Brazilians who migrated during this time are relatively privileged: they often come from Brazilian middle-class families, are relatively lighter-skinned, and as visa over-stayers who migrated pre-2001, they have been better positioned to access the very limited pathways to citizenship. Drawing primarily on in-depth interviews, I argue that “privilege without papers”—that is, the intersection of racial and/or social class privilege with (il)legality—shapes their lives in important and nuanced ways. Indeed, some 1.5-generation Brazilians are quite aware of their privilege relative to other unauthorized groups from Latin America. Many Brazilians have experienced movement toward legal inclusion in young adulthood either through Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, which grants partial inclusion, or through marriage or other legal dispensations that grant pathways to citizenship. Shifts in status have brought new opportunities, some peace of mind, and a degree of legitimacy. Yet, for many, including several who could pass as White, the legacy of legal exclusion has undermined their sense of belonging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Fresno, California, is home to more than 30,000 Hmong. The purpose of this research was to explore the utilization of Hmong shamans 40 years after the first Hmong immigrants arrived in the United States. Hmong shamanism is examined to identify and analyze changes to shamans' practices or patients. Methods: Using grounded theory, semistructured interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 20 shamans in their homes. Transcribed data were qualitatively analyzed. Results: Shamans continue to train and practice in this community; utilization by older patients persists while young adult patients have become the fastest-growing group of users. Healing rituals have changed in response to the legalities of animal sacrifice in urban areas and the time demands of work schedules. Discussion: Nurses' awareness that the availability of biomedicine does not preclude the continuing or recurring utilization of traditional healers can facilitate understanding of culturally defined health care needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the yearbooks of the U.S. Music Teachers National Association (MTNA) from 1906 to 1930. MTNA is an organization for music teachers founded in 1876 by music educator Theodore Presser and sixty-two colleagues in Delaware, Ohio. The association was founded after recognizing the inadequacy and inconsistency of music teaching in the U.S. A background on how the group was created and the challenges it encountered as a new organization are presented.

Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) has formed a Working Group on Adaptive Designs. The group aims to contribute to a constructive dialogue on adaptive designs by engaging statisticians, clinicians, and other stakeholders in academia, regulatory agencies, and industry. Hopefully this will facilitate broader consideration and implementation of these designs. The papers that follow in this issue comprise the Full White Paper of the group and summarize its findings and recommendations from its first year of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describe the shop steward-training program of the International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers which is operated jointly with the International Brotherhood of Paper Makers. Due to the emergence of trade unionism throughout the U.S. industry, new needs and new jobs were created for international unions. The objective of the training of union stewards in the pulp and paper industry is to stimulate activity among the men and women who represent the local union. The activity will depends upon the local union and the location of the community.

Discusses various studies that investigated the influence of colored paper on the response-rate to mail surveys in the U.S. Response-rates to surveys and questionnaires using differently colored paper; Scores from the meta-analyses of the colors separately and their statistical significance; Variables possible in the design and presentation of printed surveys and questionnaires.

Acute care nurses continue to rely on personally created paper-based tools—their “paper brains”—to support work during a shift, although standardized handoff tools are recommended. This interpretive descriptive study examines the functions these paper brains serve beyond handoff in the medical oncology unit at a cancer specialty hospital. Thirteen medical oncology nurses were each shadowed for a single shift and interviewed afterward using a semistructured technique. Field notes, transcribed interviews, images of nurses’ paper brains, and analytic memos were inductively coded, and analysis revealed paper brains are symbols of patient and nurse identity. Caution is necessary when attempting to standardize nurses’ paper brains as nurses may be resistant to such changes due to their pride in constructing personal artifacts to support themselves and their patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In all health system sectors, electronic health information (EHI) is created, used, released, and reused. We examined states' efforts to address EHI uses in law to provide an understanding of the EHI legal environment. Methods: Attorney researchers used WestlawNext to search for EHI-related statutes and regulations of the US states, US territories, and the District of Columbia in effect as of January 2014. The researchers independently catalogued provisions by the EHI use described in the law. Researchers resolved discrepancies through peer review meetings and recorded the consensus codes for each law. Results: This study identified 2364 EHI-related laws representing 49 EHI uses in 54 jurisdictions. A total of 18 EHI uses were regulated by ≥10 jurisdictions. More than 750 laws addressed 2 or more EHI uses. Jurisdictions varied by the number of EHI laws in effect, with a mean of 44 laws. Texas had the most EHI laws (n = 145). Hawaii and South Carolina had the fewest (n = 14 each). Conclusions: The EHI legal landscape is complex. The large quantity and diversity of laws complicate legal analysis, likely delay implementation of public health solutions, and might be detrimental to the development of emerging health information technology. Research is needed to understand the effect of EHI-related laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A content analysis of The Washington Post and the Frankfurter Allegemeine Zeitung revealed that both papers relied on official sources, but the German paper provided far less coverage of the conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the web sites of daily newspapers as well as web-only news sites for the presence of information referred to by media critic Steve Outing as credibility statements. The Internet allows journalists to post information almost as soon as they receive it, a quality seen by many journalists as having a positive impact on the profession. A total of 196 news sites were content analyzed. The online editions of the top 100 daily U.S. newspapers by circulation based on March 31, 2004, figures were made part of the sampling frame as were the top papers in the 11 states not represented in the top 100. 118 of the sites analyzed posted information satisfying at least one of the six criteria for editorial policy statements. More than half discussed journalistic principles and one-third disclosed their business relationships. There were significant differences between the two groups regarding their implementation of several of the criteria. Web-only news sites were more likely to post information about journalistic principles, report business relationships and discuss business influences on editorial content. Most Internet news sites do not provide information concerning employee conduct, the influence of business relationships on editorial content or standards for separating editorial content from advertising.

The article focuses on a study, entitled "Paper Versus Plastic in Packaging," by the Freedonia Group. The study reports that plastic is expected to increase its share to 53 percent by 2010 in the 18 competitive markets in the U.S. It notes that plastic's competitive cost and performance advantages will enable it to make further inroads in almost all of the markets studied.

The National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities (NJCLD)1 strongly supports comprehensive assessment and evaluation of students with learning disabilities by a multidisciplinary team for the identification and diagnosis of students with learning disabilities. Comprehensive assessment of individual students requires the use of multiple data sources. These sources may include standardized tests, informal measures, observations, student self-reports, parent reports, and progress monitoring data from response-to-intervention (RTI) approaches (NJCLD, 2005). Reliance on any single criterion for assessment or evaluation is not comprehensive, nor is a group assessment, such as universal screening or statewide academic assessment tests, sufficient for comprehensive assessment or evaluation. This paper is intended to inform administrators, educators, parents, and others concerned about the effective identification and education of students with learning disabilities about the components, processes, and participants necessary for comprehensive assessment and evaluation, as well as optimal practices that should further enhance the education of students with learning disabilities. The NJCLD has long recognized that inappropriate assessment and evaluation practices may result in questionable incidence rates for learning disabilities (NJCLD, 2001a). Similarly, the NJCLD (2001a, 2001b) has provided a solid foundation for addressing the issues of assessment, evaluation, identification, and eligibility of students with learning disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Web-based surveys have become more prevalent in areas such as evaluation, research, and marketing research to name a few. The proliferation of these online surveys raises the question, how do response rates compare with traditional surveys and at what cost? This research explored response rates and costs for Web-based surveys, paper surveys, and mixed-mode surveys. The participants included evaluators from the American Evaluation Association (AEA). Results included that mixed-mode, while more expensive, had higher response rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to bring to the attention of regulatory economists and policymakers the existence of some approaches to utility regulation that have hitherto received little or no attention in the economics literature. It begins by noting that regulatory actions have discouraged certain kinds of retail contracts in the UK that are offered in Nordic countries, almost extinguished retail competition in Ohio, and distorted the market for merchant interconnectors in Australia. In contrast, Argentina secured an efficient appraisal and implementation of transmission expansions by empowering users and severely limiting the role for regulation. Some US and Canadian jurisdictions have fostered the emergence of negotiated settlements that exhibit considerable innovation, and greater benefits for all parties than would have been possible with the conventional regulatory approach. These examples of the actual regulatory world can inform the work of theorists and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-presidential candidates in 20 papers in 2002, 2004 and 2006 were analyzed. In addition to favoring incumbents, they endorsed candidates slightly more conservative than congressional averages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We sought to understand the relative impact of fielding mode on response rate among public health alumni. Methods: As part of the 2021 Career Trends Survey of alumni from the University of Minnesota School of Public Health, we designed a fielding mode experiment to ascertain whether a paper survey, a postcard with a custom survey link ("postcard push-to-web"), a mobile telephone call or text (mobile), or an email invitation would garner the highest response rates. Invitations were randomly assigned from available contact information. Results: Of 8531 alumni invited, 1671 alumni (19.6%) completed the survey. Among the initial fielding modes, the paper survey had the highest response rate (28%), followed by mobile (19%), email (10%), and postcard push-to-web (10%). More robust recent engagement with alumni relations, paper survey invitation or mode switch, and recent graduation were all significantly associated with a higher likelihood of response. Conclusions: Paper and mobile invitations had the highest response rates to our survey among public health alumni. Findings from this fielding mode experiment are relevant to schools and programs of public health seeking to capture similar information among their alumni, especially given current trends in investment in the public health workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents survey results on improvement of open peer review and electronic transmission of papers in the U.S. Preference of the responders for electronic-mail; Concept of peer review system; Factors affecting transmission of articles.

A content analysis of four non-elite U.S. newspapers found news wires are the strongest predictors of international news. Coverage at some newspapers tends to spotlight a narrow list of countries and neglects the cultural heritage of significant portions of their communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the use of judicial discretion on resolving antitrust disputes by the Supreme Court in the United States based on the Thurgood Marshall Papers released by the Library of Congress. Decision in `Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp.'; Factors that influence the exercise of discretion; Relevance to predicting resolutions of antitrust disputes.

Presents a consensus paper written by participants in a forum on health care reform convened by the American Foundation for the Blind. Consensus statements with respect to coverage for vision-related rehabilitation services and assistive technology under the health care system; Factors that relate to the ability of service providers to provide adequate, quality services.

This article examines the ideas that underpinned American psychological war (psywar) in the Pacific. While we cannot precisely measure its effects, we can trace its intellectual history with more confidence. US psywar was a combination of scientific method and myth-making. Assessments of the Imperial Japanese Army tended to be careful, discriminating, and increasingly sophisticated, if not uniformly accurate. At the level of the battle front, practitioners of the ‘mind war’ strove to overcome stereotypes and refine and complexify their view of the enemy.The further they moved from the battlefield towards assessments of Japanese military leadership, society, and high politics, the more they became myth-makers, projecting onto Japan a powerful set of preconceived ideas. These included notions of the superstitious and malleable Japanese mind, the suicidal military elite, and the innocent symbol emperor. In their analysis two models of culture evolved. Their approach to the IJA mostly presented culture as dynamic, layered, and conflicted, whereas their view of Japanese society was monolithic, bounded, and timeless. This contradictory pattern can be explained by different levels of exposure to the subject, the practice of filling ‘knowledge gaps’ with preconceptions, and by American policymaking interests. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article reports on the study of newspaper reporting about mad cow disease in the United States. The study aims to examine how newspapers in different parts of the United States reported about mad cow disease. It uses a content analysis in investigating the difference of coastal newspapers and Midwest newspapers in story frame, source credibility, and elicited emotions. Its examined coast and Midwest newspapers include "The New York Times," "he Chicago-Sun Times," and the "Houston Chronicle."

In this article the authors respond to a comment on their article "An Analysis of the Labor Market for Uber's Driver-Partners in the United States," in the 2017 issue of the journal. Topics include the criticism based on the use of outdated data and selective reporting of findings, and the invitation language makes no mention of a connection between the survey and Uber Technologies.

Presents an overview of a study on the impact of editors' view on the political role of online newspapers on local coverage of 2000 U.S. presidential campaigns in Iowa. Method used; Results of the study; Discussion.

The article offers information on the Fourth Interdisciplinary Network for Group Research (INGRoup) Annual Conference to be held in Colorado Springs, Colorado in July 16-18, 2009.

The article focuses on the vision and the obstacles being faced by the American String Teachers Association (ASTA). It mentions that the Americans for the Arts organization has launched the Green Papers and ArtsBlog which are intended to encourage a dialogue within the arts sector in the country. Five principles upon which the vision of ASTA for strings and orchestra in the 21st century are based are given, one of which is the recognition of the foundational importance of classical music. Access is cited as one of the greatest obstacles of ASTA.

Each year, approximately 1,500 youth migrate alone and clandestinely from China to the United States. If apprehended and placed in removal proceedings, these individuals and their legal advocates often prioritize specific narratives of family and age to qualify for legal relief. Such narratives are not new, of course. Shaped and arguably demanded by the law and broader ideologies of race, childhood, and citizenship, in many ways these accounts reflect both the intent and the constraints of an earlier subset of migrants, the Chinese “paper sons” who purchased family stories and identity papers to circumvent the Chinese Exclusion Act. Yet, as this article demonstrates, a meaningful divergence exists—one chiefly dependent on contemporary migrants’ status as “children.” For Chinese youth designated Unaccompanied Alien Children, establishing the vulnerability worthy of protection largely relies on a complex tale of cultural obligation and coercive, exploitative parents. As a result, instead of selecting one family over another as a century ago, today a specific and considerably more damaging image of the migrant’s family is put forth. Moving between the “paper sons” at the start of the 20th century and those daughters and sons at the end, this article critically explores the role that relatedness, either fictitious or filtered, plays in establishing legal relief in the United States. It likewise examines the unsettling of valued ties that occurs when actual, intimate relationships are silenced or diminished in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently issued a Staff Paper that articulates current risk assessment practices. In section 4.1.3, EPA states, "...effects that appear to be adaptive, non-adverse, or beneficial may not be mentioned." This statement may be perceived as precluding risk assessments based on non-default risk models, including the hormetic – or biphasic – dose-response model. This commentary examines several potential interpretations of this statement and the anticipated impact of ignoring hormesis, if present, in light of necessary conservatism for protecting human and environmental health, and the potential for employing alternative risk assessment approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses freshman retention in community colleges in the United States. Tinto's theoretical model of the dropout; Student retention and student involvement; Proposed plan for freshman retention.

This is a report of a study that examined the social and academic climates of two American law schools, concluding that the environment in which legal education takes place is not conducive to significant socialization. The diminution after 7 months of law school of the expectations of first-year students to work as professionals after graduation in attaining justice and establishing social reforms was due largely to rational cognitive processes, inasmuch as there were no significant changes in basic motives and attitudes. The study supports adult socialization theory that holds that adult individual rationality is a powerful inhibitor of attempts to bring about fundamental affective changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the fall of 1997 George D. Lundberg and John E. Wennberg wrote an editorial in JAMA calling for comprehensive quality improvement programs to become the driver of the American health care system. The suggestion came during the Second European Forum on Quality Improvement in Health Care held in Paris, France, in April 1997 and was based on comments made by Donald Berwick. The concept was to focus on an organized response to problem identification and proposed solutions to improve patient care and protect the health of the public. Critical care medicine represents a large segment of health care and is undergoing dramatic changes during our managed care revolution. General ICU severity of illness models have been developed, tested, and shown to provide a useful estimate of hospital mortality for populations of critically ill patients. These systems have captured the imagination of clinical researchers and have become an integral component of a large number of publications as well as a part of many ICU databases. These risk adjustment severity models are remarkably robust for heterogeneous patient populations but the models have not been shown to validate well in new settings. We feel that by focusing on the episode of critical illness rather than each individual ICU admission and by going beyond the traditional acute hospital discharge to determine whether the patient lives or dies, we can better evaluate critical care system performance and cost-effectiveness. The incentives for high quality/low cost should favor integrated comprehensive critical care delivery systems. Programs that score well should be identified as high quality and be honored as medallion level 1 ICUs. We challenge national and international critical care societies to evaluate and then debate the described definitions and recommendations as a call to action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a study of coverage by `New York Times' and Washington Post' during the administration of former United States President George Bush about the China trade controversy. Influence of the president on the medial;Sources and media coverage; Explanation on how the Congress influences presidential and public views.

What kinds of information do state legislators consider in their legislative deliberations? This article examines four dimensions of the content of the written information state representatives in Indiana, Massachusetts, and Oregon used in 1989: whether it was policy or political information, one-sided or multisided, in agreement or disagreement with the position of the legislator using it, and whether it had any hard or soft scientific content. Legislators are found to use information heavily closed with political preferences, and they tend to look only at one side of an issue — the one with which they agree. However, they also use a substantial amount of scientific information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on the study of Frank Cross which provides a preliminary examination of how the regulatory structure of the United States might deal with the reality of hormetic effects. Scientific uncertainty in fact-finding about hormetic effects; Cost of reducing uncertainty to an acceptable level; Cost of generating data on hormetic effects in the case of carcinogenic agents; Management issue brought up by the possibility of hormetic effects.

Comments on the role of stress and mood in sickle cell disease pain in the United States. Effects of stress on chronic illness management; Definition of stress; Impact of perceived stress on chronic illness in children.

Background: The United States is increasingly recognizing period product insecurity, insufficient access to menstrual products and limited private spaces for managing menstruation due to financial constraints, as an issue impacting the well-being and dignity of Americans. One strategy to address period product insecurity has been distributing free period products via period supply banks. The outcomes of period product distribution outside the school setting are absent from the literature. Objectives: This study, a formative evaluation of the free period product distribution efforts of the Alliance for Period Supplies, aims to identify (1) characteristics of individuals receiving products from period supply banks and their experiences of period product insecurity and (2) health and social outcomes experienced by recipients of free period products. Design: Survey data collection occurred at two points: baseline and one-year follow-up. All study participants provided verbal consent. Methods: Between Fall 2018 and Spring 2020, 1863 baseline and 80 follow-up surveys were administered. Participants received free period products for themselves and/or a household member from one of 20 participating Alliance for Period Supplies period supply banks directly or from one of their 64 partner agencies. Results: At baseline, 72.4% of participants had to choose between buying period products and another basic need. One year after accessing a period supply bank, 36.3% of participants reported this experience (p = 0.018). Participants reported at baseline, on average, 7.8 days in the past year of avoiding seeing others, canceling appointments, or skipping work or school because they did not have access to period products. At follow-up, this was reduced to 1.2 days, on average, t (68) = 2.214, p < 0.05. Conclusion: Period supply banks play an essential role in facilitating access to period products and the resulting benefits. Our study highlights the need for sustainable, well-funded policies and interventions to address period product insecurity effectively in society. Plain Language Summary: How people in the United States benefit when they get free period products from a period supply bank Why we did this study: In the United States, many individuals cannot afford to buy period supplies and the other stuff they need to live. Period supply banks want to help by giving them free period products. Researchers do not know if getting free period products is helpful for individuals. What we wanted to learn: The Alliance for Period Supplies is a membership program for period supply banks. We wanted to learn about the individuals who get free period products and whether getting them was helpful. What we did: For a year, starting in Fall 2018, we asked 1863 individuals to fill out paper surveys. A year later, we asked 80 of those same individuals to fill out a second survey. We asked participants to take the survey if they got free period products from a period supply bank for themselves or someone they live with. Individuals only participated in the study if they told us they wanted to. What we learned: Individuals who cannot afford period products must navigate difficult decisions between purchasing products or choosing other basic needs. Providing free products through a period supply bank has lessened the burden on these individuals, reducing the number who had to choose. Individuals unable to afford period products may sometimes opt out of going places they want to go for pleasure or miss important events, like work or school, because they do not have period products. Getting free period products has eased these challenges, letting individuals participate more fully in activities and engagements without worry about period products. Why is this important: Period supply banks are essential places where individuals receive free period products. The period supply banks need more individuals, including our government, to donate period supplies or money to buy them so they can help more individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective 1 of this study was to investigate trends in breast cancer (BC) prediction using machine learning (ML) publications by analysing country, first author, journal, institutional collaborations and co-occurrence of author keywords. The objective 2 was to provide a review of studies on BC prediction using ML and a blood analysis dataset (Breast Cancer Coimbra Dataset [BCCD]), and the objective 3 was to provide a brief review of studies based on BC prediction using ML and patients' fine needle aspirate cytology data (Wisconsin Breast Cancer Dataset [WBCD]). The design of this study was as follows: for objective 1: bibliometric analysis, data source PubMed (2015-2019); for objective 2: systematic review, data source: Google and Google Scholar (2018- 2019); for objective 3: systematic review, data source: Google Scholar (2016-2019). The inclusion criteria for objective 1 were all publication results yielded from the searches. All English papers that had a 'PDF' option from the search results were included for objective 2. A sample of the 'PDF' English papers were included for objective 3. All 116 female patients from the BCCD, consisting of 64 positive BC patients and 52 controls were included in the study for objective 2. For the WBCD, all 699 female patients comprising of 458 with a benign BC tumour and 241 with a malignant BC tumour were included for objective 3. All 2928 publications were included for objective 1. The results showed that the United States of America (USA) produced the highest number of publications (n=803). In total, 2419 first authors contributed towards the publications. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment was the highest ranked journal. Institutional collaborations mainly occurred within the USA. The use of ML for BC screening and detection was the most researched topic. A total of 19 distinct papers were included for objectives 2 and 3. The findings from these studies were never presented to clinicians for validations. In conclusion, the use of ML for BC screening and detection is promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the business strategies in the newspaper chains of E.W. Scripps that led to market subordination in the United States. Barriers that newcomers faced when starting businesses in an established industry; Status of newspaper competition when Scripps was establishing his newspaper chain; Information on the Newspaper Enterprise Association; Estimated profit of the profit-paying papers Scripps Howard newspapers in 1922.

Opinion. Comments on influential books and journal articles that had been initially rejected because of negative referees' evaluations. Recognition of scientists through publication of articles; Criticisms of the peer review system; Reasons for negative evaluation of a manuscript.

This article illustrates how students can discover empowerment through filling in an open syllabus and using benchmarking to establish an international competitive standard. By holding the class to their agenda Socratically, the teacher enables students to create their own publication for distribution to policy elites, Stress is on "I create, therefore I am" and hands-on learning by creating an information product of policy significance in the service/knowledge economy. This course design for an undergraduate seminar in international management called "America in the World Economy: Government and Business Strategies" received the MAACBA Innovation in Business Education Award. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Community college transfer pathways are critical for advancing gender equity in STEM. Yet, community college students are often ignored within studies of women's participation in undergraduate computing. In a first effort to address this gap in the literature, this paper explores the composition of transfer-intending computing students over time (Study One) and gender differences in the characteristics and experiences of transfer-intending computing students (Study Two). Methods: This descriptive paper uses Center for Community College Student Engagement (CCCSE) survey data. Study One relies on a sample of nearly 30,000 transfer aspirants in computing across the United States between 2011 and 2019, allowing us to explore trends over time. Study Two examines a subset of over 9,000 students from the most recent survey cohort, providing a more nuanced snapshot of transfer-intending computing students. Descriptive statistics were used to examine how student experiences differ by gender and race/ethnicity. Results: Study One findings show that women's representation among transfer-intending computing students has declined over time. Study Two results reveal that, relative to men, women spend more time caregiving, commuting, studying, in student groups, and utilizing advising services, pointing to unique demands on women's time. We also identify significant differences in how Black and Indigenous women financed their college, relative to other women. Conclusions: While women are underrepresented among transfer-intending computing students, they represent a diverse group to support. We point to recommendations for policy and practice to support transfer-intending women in STEM and future research that considers intersectional identities among this diverse group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents titles of research regarding labor economics including "Differences in Faculty Salaries Across the States," by Ethel B. Jones and Rand W. Ressler, "Employment, Wage and Productivity Trends in the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry," by Roger S. Wolters and "The Impact of the Minimum Wage," by William T. Dickens.

Objectives: ACL reconstruction is one of the most common knee procedures performed annually in the United States. Athletes participating in cutting and pivoting sports are at high risk for ACL injury. In the general population, most graft choices including allograft, bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) autograft, hamstring autograft and quadriceps autograft have all been shown to excellent results following reconstruction. However, in the high-level cutting and pivoting athlete, the optimal graft for reconstruction remains controversial. Most consider BTB autograft to be the gold standard for such athletes. However, BTB autografts have drawbacks including anterior knee pain, difficulty kneeling and possible patellar fracture and patellar tendon rupture. Quadriceps autograft has increased in popularity since it offers a thicker graft with more favorable tensile properties compared to BTB and hamstring autografts. The quadriceps autograft has nearly twice the cross sectional area, higher load to failure and greater stiffness than the BTB autograft. Studies have shown equivalent outcomes when directly comparing BTB autograft vs. soft tissue quadriceps autograft in the general population. No studies have directly compared these two grafts in athletes participating in cutting and pivoting sports. We hypothesized that the quadriceps autograft would lead to similar patient outcomes, re-tear rates, return to sport and complications as BTB autografts in the cutting and pivoting athlete. Methods: A retrospective review of cutting and pivoting athletes with ACL tears treated with BTB autograft or soft tissue quadriceps autograft with at least 2 years of follow up was performed. Only athletes participating in cutting and pivoting sports were included in the study. Four sports were considered to be cutting and pivoting including soccer, football, lacrosse and basketball. The decision on which graft to use was based on the athlete's choice after discussing the pros and cons of each graft. Exclusion criteria included those athletes with recurrent ACL tears, multiligamentous injuries, previous meniscal surgery and those requiring osteotomies. International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Evaluation (IKDC) and Lysholm knee scoring scale were used to evaluate patient reported outcomes. Through chart review, ability to return to sport, time to return to sport and complications were identified. The postoperative rehabilitation protocol for both grafts was identical. Results: There were 32 athletes in the soft tissue quadriceps autograft group and 36 in the BTB autograft group. The average age was 18.6 years for the quad group and 19.7 years for the BTB autograft group (p=0.63). Females made up 62.5% of the quadriceps group and 44.4% of the BTB group (p=0.14). The quad group was made up of 56.3% high school and 43.7% college athletes compared to 61.1% high school and 38.9% college athletes in the BTB autograft group (p=0.53). Soccer was the most common sport with 16 in the quad group and 14 in the BTB group. The rest of the quad group included 8 football players, 4 lacrosse and 4 basketball players. The remaining BTB group consisted of 12 football players, 8 lacrosse and 2 basketball players. Meniscal surgery was performed in combination with the ACL reconstruction in 17 (53.1%) of the quad group and 22 (61.1%) of the BTB autograft group (p=0.37). Average graft size was 9.5mm for the quad autograft group and 10 for the BTB autograft group. The 2-year IKDC score was 93.6 for the quad group and 95.1 for the BTB group (p=0.45). The 2 year Lysholm scores were 95.7 and 96.1 for the quad and BTB groups respectively. Return to play at the same or higher level was 90.6% in the quad group and 86.1% in the BTB autograft group (p=0.82). Time to return was also similar between the groups with 7.1 months for the quad group and 7.6 months for the BTB autograft group. There was 1 re-tear which required revision in the BTB group and no re-tears in the quad group (p=0.34). Arthrofibrosis requiring MUA and lysis of adhesions occurred in 2 quad autografts and 4 BTB autografts (p=0.49). One contralateral ACL rupture occurred in the quad autograft group and 4 in the BTB autograft group (p=0.21). Conclusions: The optimal ACL graft in high level athletes participating in cutting and pivoting sports remains in question. In our comparison of quadriceps autograft compared to BTB autograft in this athletic population, no difference in patient reported outcomes, return to sport or re-tear rates was identified. Based on these findings, quadriceps autograft is as effective as BTB autografts in cutting and pivoting athletes and should be part of the graft choice discussion with the athlete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]