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A new landscape map of The Netherlands: previous history and basic principles Since the late 19th century numerous Dutch geographers have made landscape typologies of The Netherlands. In 1951 the first landscape map of The Netherlands was published by Hendrik Keuning, depicting eleven landscape types and seven subtypes. Additional maps were made by Bijhouwer (1971), Visscher (1972) and the Working Group of Landscape Typology (1986). All map legends were based on soil types on the first level and cultural landscape characteristics on the second level. This paper describes a new landscape map of The Netherlands that will be published in a handbook called Landscapes of The Netherlands. Compared to former maps several landscapes have been split up into various regional landscape types, such as the sandy landscapes, marine clay landscapes, peat landscapes and river landscapes. Due to new scientific insights into the decay of peat in several regions of the Netherlands the mapping of medieval peat reclamation landscapes is more extensive on the new map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blaise Pascal is often depicted as the melancholic misanthrope with his particularly pessimistic view of man. Through his Thoughts, Pascal indeed describes man as a chaotic and contradictory creature, doomed to an insurmountable state of misery. Inspired by his Jansenist background, Pascal interprets the human misère as a consequence of the Fall: due to Adam, humanity is entirely depraved. The only greatness left to man corresponds to the thought of his miserable condition. However, every human hides that thought behind an illusory ego. In this paper, we will delve deeper into Pascals distinction between the ego and the human being. We intend to show that Pascal's bitter descriptions of man hide a message of equality and relatedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Towards a visual verdict? The effect of visual features on the comprehensibility of a court ruling: We investigated whether a written court ruling printed on paper, as published on www.rechtspraak.nl and written and rewritten in understandable language, is better understood by non-litigant readers with no legal education if visual features (such as typography, images and color blocks) are added to that ruling. First an existing court ruling (V1) was rewritten in understandable language. Then two visual versions of this rewritten ruling were developed. In one version (V2a) the structure of the text was made visual using typography. In the other version (V2b) images, icons and color (blocks) were added to V2a. These versions were tested for understandability and compared with the original version (V1) by means of a questionnaire survey amongst 219 readers with varying levels of education who answered questions regarding the text comprehension of one of the three versions. Analysis of the results shows that the visual version V2a is the most understandable for the non-highly educated group: it was this version that received significantly more correct answers than the original (V1). Regarding the highly educated group, there were no significant differences in the number of correct answers among the three versions: each version was understood (equally) well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feminist criminology and complicity with criminal justice – A revaluation of alliances in vain: This paper delves into the complex relationship between feminism and criminology. It questions whether this alliance has hindered the pursuit of feminist and abolitionist goals. In this paper, mainstream criminology is contextualized within a history of governance. However, feminism is discussed as a movement that has historically challenged state authority. However, feminist criminology has aligned feminism with a state-oriented and scientifically realistic stance. The paper addresses the concept of 'complicity' to appoint the role feminist criminology can have played within governance. It suggests that this alliance could compromise feminist political objectives, by scientifically reaching out to governing institutions. The paper concludes by advocating a potential separation of feminism from criminology to better serve contemporary feminist and abolitionist agendas, offering a fresh perspective within critical criminological movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a corpus-based investigation of the diachronic evolution of the Dutch modal verbs zullen 'shall/will' and willen 'want'. Although they show considerable differences in their developments, neither of these verbs participates in the marked tendency to regain grammatical autonomy characterizing the 'central' modals kunnen 'can', mogen 'may', moeten 'must' and hoeven 'need'. While the latter verbs from New Dutch onwards occur increasingly often without an additional main verb in the clause, this evolution is largely absent in zullen and willen. The paper attempts to offer an explanation on the basis of the developments in the semantic profile of the modal verbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adjectives and Adjective Phrases (A&AP) is the first, preliminary, result of the larger project A Modern Grammar of Dutch. The goal of this project is to provide a grammar of Dutch for the professional linguist that incorporates the results of modern theoretical syntactic research in such a way that it is accessible for linguists of all frameworks and disciplines. This article evaluates A&AP in the light of the above goal. It contains a description of the many things that the theoretical perspective of A&AP adds to the knowledge found in traditional grammars such as the Algemene Nederlandse Spraakkunst (ANS). In addition, it discusses some problems related to the theoretical perspective and makes a number of suggestions to solve these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Double Big Mac – Evidence-based policing and McDonaldization: This paper focusses on the central position of evidence-based policing (EBP) both in the police, and in police science over the past 25 years. In his paper he shows that this can be seen as a double process of McDonaldization. The four core elements as distinguished by Ritzer can be found both in EBP police research, and in EBP tries to have an impact on police work and police profession. In both cases a central assumption is that context and differences in context can be ignored. However, both are based upon a misunderstanding of the importance of the 'human factor'. For that reason, both may result in what Ritzer has called dehumanization and irrationalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientists and authorities for public safety warn for the growing risk of fire in Dutch landscapes. They expect fires to become more uncontrollable in the future, meaning that current fire suppression methods will no longer suffice. Therefore, a change of attitude towards fire as well as adaptation of landscapes is needed in order to learn how to live with its presence. In this paper we focus on one of the high-risk areas in the Netherlands, the Veluwe. We suggest how cultural history and historic landscape can offer inspiration and guidance for this cultural and physical climate adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responsible and critical? Exploring the impact of ethics committees on critical criminology: In recent years, there has been a rapid expansion of institutional research ethics boards (REBs) in universities across Europe. While ostensibly part of a growing awareness and concern for the potentially harmful impacts of social science research, this growing institutionalisation of research ethics has also attracted critics who have questioned its impact on academic freedom, methodological innovation, and scholarly independence. These concerns are especially vital for critical criminology, which has a long-standing tradition of investigating the crimes and social harms of the powerful. In this paper, we critically examine the role of REBs specifically in relation to critical criminological research and explore the possibilities for conducting socially and ethically responsible research, while continuing to maintain our commitment to challenging the social harms and crimes committed by institutions of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general linguistics, a paucal is a specific construction that only allows for insertion of the lowest numerals (num), e.g. the Russian num + N.gen.sg, which only allows the numerals 2-4 (Pesetsky 2009). In this paper it is argued that also Dutch shows paucal effects in at least three constructions with numerals: (i) the alle + num + de + N construction, (ii) the num + diminutive construction, and (iii) the historical num + genitive construction. The third paucal construction, which is related to the modern quantitative er construction, which lacks the paucal effect, takes us to the origins and nature of the paucal. Following traditional grammarians who assume a connection of quantitative er with the genitive ending -er (Bech 1952; van der Horst 2009), we are led to the conclusion that extraction of the genitive morpheme to the verbal domain cancels the paucal effect. This brings us to an interpretive rule of paucality that an inflected num at the surface triggers the paucal restriction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I argue that the oblique argument of the Dutch two-place predicate wachten 'wait' behaves syntactically, semantically, and pragmatically as a subject. Conversely, its morphological subject behaves as an object. The starting point of this study is an instance of conjunction reduction in the Flemish newspaper De Standaard, in which the oblique argument of wachten is left unexpressed on identity with the nominative subject in the first conjunct, thereby affirming its status as a subject. Five additional subjecthood tests lend further support to this claim. They show that the oblique argument of wachten is strongly associated with the first position in declarative clauses, that it systematically inverts with the conjugated verb, and that it is often pronominal, definite, and nearly always animate. The data for this study have been randomly extracted from the nlTenTen20 corpus (Kilgarriff et al. 2004, 2014). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to revisit the Dutch Binominal Expressive Construction (cf. een schat van een kind) through an extensive corpus study and to explore its comparability with a potential morphological counterpart in the form of a [N1 N2]N2 compound. We focus on four positively-connotated N1s, namely schat 'treasure', droom 'dream', pracht 'splendor, beauty' and wonder 'miracle', three of which occur in both the syntactic and the morphological pattern (e.g. een schat van een kind 'lit. a treasure of a child' / *een schatkind 'lit. a treasure child', een droom van een huis 'a dream of a house' / een droomhuis 'a dream house', een pracht van een dochter 'a beauty of a daughter' / een prachtdochter 'lit. a beauty daughter', een wonder van vrouw 'a wonder of a woman' / een wondervrouw 'a wonder woman'). The differences and similarities between the various patterns are determined through a corpus analysis of their semantic and formal properties, as well as their frequency and productivity. On the theoretical level, the case study will allow us to address the question whether the syntactic and morphological patterns are complementary or in competition with each other. We will show that some subpatterns form good alternates (e.g. [een pracht van een N2] vs. [een pracht-N2]), while others are used in quite divergent ways ([een droom van een N2] vs. [een droom-N2]). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dutch has three seem-type verbs (schijnen, lijken, blijken), which behave in clearly different ways, although they can all be regarded as epistemicevidential markers in some of their uses. This paper addresses the semantic contribution of blijken, its morpho-syntactic variability and the possible link between both. The analysis is based on data taken from the Corpus of Spoken Dutch (CGN). One of the main findings of this paper pertains to the fact that blijken not only has (typically intersubjective) epistemic-evidential meaning, but also expresses mirativity, especially in those constructional patterns in which the qualification expressed by the verb is non-focal (and hence has only secondary information status). The corpus data show that such non-focal uses of blijken can occur in every construction type the verb occurs in, but clearly favour inherently non-focalizing syntactic patterns like the auxiliary use of blijken with a te-infinitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historicization of (digital) surveillance – Photography as a means of surveillance and control (late 19th and early 20th century): This article describes the first applications of photography as a practice and technique for police surveillance during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It explores how, through the growing use of photography in law enforcement, the criminal subject was increasingly followed, registered, classified and studied. The article reveals that photographic representations and surveillance shifted from the criminal body (mug shots) to abstract data (fingerprints). However, through describing the history of surveillance, the paper shows that also important patterns of continuity with contemporary practices of (digital) surveillance exist, in particular regarding the cultural motivations underpinning its trajectory and use of technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructions in which the verb combines with a fixed preposition in many cases have a verb taking a prepositional object (PO). It is often said that the preposition with a PO is very close to meaningless, and therefore arbitrary, but there are reasons to doubt this assertion. This paper aims at exploring the paths followed by prepositional and constructional meaning towards abstraction. For a relevant sample of PO-prepositions, it turns out to be possible to reconstruct the path that connects it to its literal sense, even synchronically. Important gateways to abstraction turn out to be the use of analogy and the shift from literal to figurative meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the merits of Dirk Geeraerts in the field of lexicology, lexicography and lexical semantics. The article highlights some of the major achievements and insights in the field developed by Geeraerts. From the very first beginning of his research and the publication of his PhD, his work at the Institute for Dutch Lexicology up to the development of his academic career at KU Leuven, Geeraerts' research focus is on the lexicon. The paper highlights how this research was born out of, and nurtured by, an ongoing dialectic between the practice of lexicography and the theoretical framework of Cognitive Linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International research indicates that the number of adults with very low literacy levels is rising in the Netherlands. Illiterate adults may feel the instrumental need to develop their reading proficiency. However, for them reading is associated with negative feelings such as shame and frustration. Additionally, they do not have the motivation, knowledge or skills to find an interesting book or paper and, furthermore, they often lack social support to start reading and to persist in a reading habit. This suggests that reading interventions should be designed along the lines of social processes of reading; to support people in finding interesting books, reading and talking about them. This paper illustrates, by means of the 'read-along club for adults', what such an intervention could look like. The paper elaborates on four topics. Firstly, how read-along clubs for adults can reduce reluctance in reading. Secondly, how reading-along clubs for adults could mediate all social processes, such as seeking information, deciding on a book, reading and discussing the book, so illiterate adults know what to do when they want to read. Thirdly, how reading-along clubs can support building a reading habit. And finally, it illustrates the importance of a social support network of all readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the biology and the distribution in Belgium of two rare Erotylidae beetle species. Dacne rufifrons (Fabricius, 1775) is associated with a range of fungi on deciduous foliage trees. Combocerus glaber (Shaller, 1783) is the only Erotylidae species that is not tied to fungi. It can be found on dry or sandy soils where it hides under stones, under dry dung, and under decomposing plant debris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How Dutch security policy has become entangled in Islam: Since 1998, Dutch policymakers have developed a terminology related to the Islam-security nexus. This terminology has been consequently maintained during 25 years, with very few changes or adaptations, even though it has always been a source of confusion among policymakers themselves as well as politicians and the public. This article demonstrates how this terminological paper trail has been established and entrenched in Dutch bureaucracy, why it is cause for such confusion, and what the effects thereof have been. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how an article by Marita Mathijsen on literary subsidies in the nineteenth century (1996, Nederlandse letterkunde) has served as a prelude to later research on post-romantic private literary patronage in The Netherlands on the one hand, and Dutch government policy on the other. It provides an overview of research carried out by Dutch researchers since 1996 into practices of and discourses on the public and private support of authors. Over the past two centuries, governments and private citizens have taken care of writers in multiple ways, with varying motives and with varying degrees of success. Since 1996, researchers have researched these practices from a number of angles. One important question they grappled with was whether these forms of public and private support are essentially similar and should be examined as such, or essentially different. Another dilemma: is it more effective to approach and examine writers after 1850 as passive recipients of charitable (emergency) aid, or to emphasize their role as (non)equal partners in the reciprocal relationships they maintained with their public or private benefactors? In the last section of the paper, the author outlines four directions in which (inter)national patronage research could develop over the next 25 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samenvatting: De gehechtheidstheorie heeft een grote invloed gehad op de manier waarop er zowel in de wetenschap als in de praktijk gedacht wordt over de sociale en emotionele ontwikkeling van kinderen. Kernbegrippen die te maken hebben met gehechtheid, zoals "veiligheid", "sensitiviteit" of "desorganisatie" zijn herkenbaar voor veel mensen. Binnen het gehechtheidsonderzoek wordt echter geen van deze begrippen op dezelfde manier gebruikt als in het dagelijkse taalgebruik. Dit artikel beschrijft de misverstanden die kunnen ontstaan door onduidelijkheden in de terminologie, waarbij onderzoekers uit bijv. de pedagogische wetenschappen en de sociale psychologie, en professionals uit bijv. de (ortho)pedagogiek, de klinische psychologie of de jeugdbescherming vergelijkbare begrippen gebruiken, maar hier niet dezelfde invulling of betekenis aan geven. Dit veroorzaakt misverstanden en staat een effectieve communicatie en samenwerking tussen wetenschap en praktijk in de weg. Om een betere communicatie te bevorderen, is het belangrijk om meer duidelijkheid te verschaffen over de technische betekenis van begrippen en termen die binnen het gehechtheidsonderzoek gebruikt worden. Om hier een begin mee te maken, is onlangs een Engelstalige begrippenlijst gepubliceerd op de website van de Society for Emotion and Attachment Studies (https://seasinternational.org). In deze paper introduceren wij deze begrippenlijst en de Nederlandse vertaling van deze begrippen. De begrippenlijst is bedoeld als het begin van een naslagwerk voor onderzoekers, clinici en professionals die werken met kennis over gehechtheid. De lijst is een eerste stap richting heldere definities van kernbegrippen met betrekking tot gehechtheid en meer overeenstemming over de betekenis hiervan. Het uiteindelijke doel is meer en betere uitwisseling tussen onderzoek en praktijk op het gebied van gehechtheid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jacob van Maerlant concludes his Historie van Troyen (HvT, ‘History of Troy’, ca. 1264) with an adaptation of Virgil’s Aeneid. De Ceukelaire (1991, 1996) has demonstrated the importance of translatio imperii in understanding Maerlant’s decision to follow book II of the Aeneid for the fall of Troy rather than the trusted Roman de Troie (ca. 1165) by Benoît de Sainte-Maure. In this paper, I further explore translatio imperii in Maerlant’s adaptation through a comparative close-reading with Aeneid books IV and XII (HvT vs. 36.826-37.065 and vs. 40.035-40.795). I find that in HvT the transfer of empire is driven by a conception of love which pushes Aeneas away from Dido in book IV and pulls him towards Lavinia in book XII. A dynamic of amour and chevalerie notably coincides with the fulfilment of Aeneas’ translatio imperii. HvT follows the development of chivalric romance and conf irms the historical importance of the Trojan matter in Maerlant’s time, thus strengthening the place of the Low Countries in these European traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the merits of Dirk Geeraerts in the field of (diachronic) lexical semantics. The article highlights Geeraerts' work on prototypes and metaphor. Some of Geeraerts' most illuminating case-studies are reviewed and a number of characteristic features of this part of Geeraerts' work are identified and presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces three articles which each highlight a specific aspect of Dirk Geeraerts' research in the field of Dutch linguistics. At the same time, some general observations are made regarding Geeraerts' theoretical, methodological, and organizational contribution to linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moral principles as a remedy against individualism: Patrick Deneen's book Why Liberalism Failed states that liberalism is centered around individual autonomy, and norms, manners and morals were abolished in the name of liberation, leading to individualism and ultimately the demise of liberal democracy itself. In the search for a new moral framework, this paper evaluates the theories of natural law liberalism and common good constitutionalism as formulated by Christian Wolfe respectively Adrian Vermeule. By analysing the constitutional law of the United States, Ireland and the Netherlands, the question is answered to what extent these different moral frameworks can be weighed against individual autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this feature authors discuss recent research findings that are of interest to readers of Beleid en Maatschappij. Mounting concerns exist that small private investors exacerbate the urban housing crisis, by purchasing dwellings to rent out socalled 'buy-to-let' purchases. By buying up property, they may drive up house prices and exclude regular house-seekers. In this paper, we show that buy-to-let purchases constitute an increasing share of all purchases on the Dutch housing market, and especially so in larger cities and university cities. We argue these local trends do not emerge out of thin air and are not a 'natural' market process but should be considered the product of both global economic developments and national policies supporting these changes. Global developments include the increased mobility and ample availability of capital, exemplified by a prolonged low interest environment and a growing scarcity of high quality collateral and investment opportunities, making housing attractive for storing capital. Dutch housing policies have increasingly restricted access to social rent to lowincome groups, while blowing up house pri‐ ces fuelled with mortgage debts. As a consequence, a growing number of households falls in-between these two tenures: they have to resort to private rent. Private investors respond to and accommodate this demand through buy-to-let investments. Furthermore, the Dutch national government has made steps to relax regulation on the private-rental market and weakened tenant rights. In so doing, it sets the scene for amplifying social and spatial inequalities between the property rich and the property poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As if victimization is a story: narrative victimology and its limits This article adopts German philosopher Hans Vaihinger's Philosophy of "as if" as a vehicle to sketch the main features of the emerging research domain of narrative victimology, as well as address some of its limitations. Vaihinger emphasizes the importance of useful untruths , i.e. things we know to be untrue, but nevertheless behave as if they are not, if that strengthens their use as instruments for us to find our way more easily in the world. This applies to our daily lives, but also to our societal institutions and the models and metaphors that underlie our approaches to (social) science. The paper argues that the narrative metaphor of the historical event is often more apt to enhance our understanding of victimological phenomena than that of the mechanism, which is the default metaphor of (social) science. The paper subsequently describes four areas of inquiry of narrative victimology: victimisation's impact on (life) stories; narratives in the aftermath of victimization; narratives of victim's experiences with justice processes and the coincidence and juxtaposition of the victims' narrative with narratives of other significant parties. For all its merits however, the narrative metaphor is also a "useful untruth", equipped with its own limitations, for instance the difficulty of language in describing first hand experiences of victims and the possibility that narrative structures will be imposed upon victim experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines a regional and socio-demographic overview of languages and dialects used most often in and outside the home and on social media in the Netherlands based on a large-scale national representative survey by Statistics Netherlands conducted in 2019 among 7,652 people aged 15 years or older. 149 different languages/dialects were reported to be spoken at home, in other places or used for writing messages on social media. For 25 percent of the people surveyed, Dutch is not dominating at home: 8.2 percent speak another language than Dutch; 10.2 percent a regional language (Low Saxon 4.8 percent; Limburgish 3.4 percent, and Frisian 2.0 percent), and 5.3 percent dialect. The five most widely spoken other languages are English (1.6 percent), Turkish (0.9 percent), Moroccan Arabic/Berber (0.8 percent), Chinese/Mandarin (0.4 percent) and Polish (0.4 percent). 83 percent mostly use Dutch to write messages on social media with English following (35 percent). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dutch van is used to mark emotions and feelings which cause bodily reactions and mental states in combinations such as rillen van angst 'shiver with fear', sprakeloos van verbazing 'speechless with astonishment' and blaken van zelfvertrouwen 'beam with self-confidence'. The classification of emotions along the four dimensions of evaluation (valence), potency (control), activation (arousal) and (un)predictability of Fontaine (2006) is discussed and shown to be of linguistic interest. Predicates such as stralen 'beam' or het uitschreeuwen 'to cry (it) out' have strong collocation relations with words denoting emotional extremes on one of the four axes, such as high valence or high arousal. While most of the paper is devoted to the construction with causative van, some suggestive evidence from adverbs of degree is offered to make a broader case for the usefulness of the four dimensions in linguistic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an overview of the generative-linguistic study of Dutch syntax over the last five decades. This is done from three perspectives: a quantitative perspective, a theoretical perspective, and a case study perspective, specifically the case of manner-adverbial patterns of the type A+P; for example, hardop 'aloud'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few years, platform work and the so-called ‘gig economy' have been growing across countries. While policy makers are debating the gig economy, there is no single agreed definition of this new type of work and systematic academic reviews are missing. This literature review provides main findings of relevant papers on working in the gig economy. The article shows that the growth of the gig economy fits well into the increasing hybridisation of work, which raises some political questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses two binominal soort-constructions: twee typen subject 'two types of subject' and twee typen subjecten 'two types of subjects'. The choice between singular or plural subject(en) is contextually determined and reflects a difference in meaning of the second noun. The combination of a plural first noun and a singular second count noun is infrequent, due to the special interpretation assigned to the singular noun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both in Die Riddere metter Mouwen (‘The Knight with the Sleeve’), a Flemish Arthurian romance written in the second part of the thirteenth century, and in Lodewijk van Velthem’s Fifth Part of the Spiegel Historiael (‘Mirror of History’), an early fourteenth-century continuation of Jacob van Maerlant’s voluminous world history (1284-1289), a frightening forest appears which is called Woud(e) sonder Genade (‘Forest without Mercy’). This correspond- ence is remarkable, for these Middle Dutch texts offer the oldest known occurences of a toponym not found in adjacent languages. Following the reasoning of Marijke Carasso-Kok, Thea Summerfield believes that Velthem has borrowed the name ‘Forest without Mercy’ from the Arthurian romance, which the chronicler may have known at the time: an adaptation of the story is inserted in the Velthem-owned Lancelot Compilation (c. 1320-1330). As Summerfield argues, Velthem presents the English King Edward I as a second King Arthur, not only by stating this explicitly and having Edward enact the role of his predecessor in Round Table festivities, but also, when narrating Edward’s feats, by reminding listeners and readers of Arthurian events from the past as described in romances. One of these romances, according to Summerfield, is Die Riddere metter Mouwen. After drawing his audience’s attention to this romance by using the singular name ‘Forest without Mercy’ again, Velthem in his chronicle – so Summerfield asserts – alludes to frightening incidents in the Arthurian Woud sonder Genade as told in the Flemish story. This narrative strategy, Summerfield concludes, served Velthem’s purpose to prove the historicity of the adventures King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table once experienced. The current paper aims to prove that Summerfield’s argument is not supported by evidence present in Velthem’s text: apart from the shared toponym, the chronicle contains no intertextual references to Die Riddere metter Mouwen. Therefore, its date of composition (1315-1317) is not valid as terminus ante quem for the creation of the Flemish romance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For fame or fortune – Forgery of archaeological artefacts: This paper looks at a selection of famous forgeries of archaeological objects – the James Ossuary, the Shroud of Turin, the Piltdown Man Skull and the Archaeoraptor Fossil – to consider how these artefacts were falsified for personal benefit, whether in terms of fame or finance. The Shroud of Turin was identified as a forgery as early as 1389, and yet the value in terms of income from pilgrims was such that it continued to be displayed and venerated. The James Ossuary was forged for profit and notoriety, to gain renown and then to sell. The Piltdown Man Skull was one of many alleged forgeries by a man who sought renown by finding the 'missing link' that proved the Darwinian theory of evolution from ape to homo erectus. The same motivation drove the scientists who tried to pass off the Archaeoraptor Fossil as the 'missing link' that proved the relation of dinosaurs and birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of growing mobility and migration flows, the number of non-native speakers of Dutch in Belgium and the Netherlands have gradually increased over the past decades and so have the number of people enrolled in Dutch as a Second Language education. While there is huge variation in the profiles of these non-native speakers, they almost exclusively have in common that their Dutch sounds, in some way and at some stage, accented. In line with worldwide trends in foreign language teaching, the pronunciation goal in Dutch as a Second Language education has shifted from native-like to intelligible. Indeed, the notion of intelligibility has become prominent in language teaching and assessment. In this paper, we discuss the complexity of this notion and set it off against related terms like 'comprehensibility' and 'foreign accent'. Through a literature review, we argue that intelligibility is an interactional and context-sensitive phenomenon: it is as much a responsibility of the speaker as it is of the listener or conversational partner(s) in general, whose attitudes will have an impact on the intelligibility and thus on the conversational flow and communicative success. After reviewing literature on the intelligibility of Dutch as a Second Language, we end by formulating some promising lines for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the purpose of more accurate and well-founded restoration and maintenance of historical hedges and hedge banks in The Netherlands more research is needed on their regional typology and maintenance systems. The paper describes a regional inventory in the area south of Nijmegen in which more than three hundred relics of hedges and hedge banks were closely examined and contextualized. The project showed that the area traditionally did not show any traces of hedge laying. However, there were abundant relics of various traditional hedge wreathing systems. This new knowledge has important implications for future hedge management in the area and contradicts recent tendencies to copy English hedge laying techniques in Dutch regions where this technique has never been applied in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1359, two members of the Liège Cathedral Chapter visited the village of Lith, in what is now the province of Noord-Brabant, one of their many possessions, in order to take care of several issues affecting the village. Thus, the common pastures of the village were divided among 264 named persons and institutions. Depending on their social status, the residents were given a larger or smaller part of the land. In addition, an order was given to build a defensive moat around Lith in view of the threat of war at that time. Furthermore, the seigneurs of the cathedral chapter gave permission to build houses on part of the commons. The dimensions of the building plots they staked out are still recognizable in the southern part of the village. They also ordered the construction of a market field, where the weekly market and the annual market could take place. Also noteworthy is the stipulation that all roads within the village had to be paved. Finally, they laid down the imposed measures in two documents that are comparable to a modern development plan: a set of municipal regulations managing the physical living environment. It is remarkable to note that parts of a paper plan dating from 1359 are still traceable today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper presents a corpus-based analysis of a construction that has not been studied thoroughly yet, viz. the Dutch comparative correlative (e.g. hoe eerder, hoe beter het is; hoe eerder, des te beter het is 'the sooner, the better it is'). Contrary to previous literature, this paper gives a more comprehensive description of the form and use of the comparative correlative. It shows, for instance, that there is a notable preference for verb-final word order in the second part of the hoe... hoe... construction, while hoe... des te... seems compatible with both verb-second and verb-final word order. In addition, genre differences are attested, as well as differences between the Netherlands and Belgium, e.g. in the use of conjunctions within the construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verhaalsbeslag op bitcoins: Verhaalsbeslag op bitcoins is mogelijk door (1) de drager waarop de privésleutel staat waarmee over bitcoins kan worden beschikt (de paper of hardware wallet) als waardepapier te kwalificeren, (2) op die wallet conservatoir verhaalsbeslag te leggen en als de toegang tot die wallet beveiligd is met een code, de schuldenaar te dwingen die code prijs te geven, (3) de bitcoins naar een andere, door een bank of DNB nieuw geopende bitcoinrekening over te maken, en (4) de paper of hardware wallet van die nieuwe bitcoinrekening te zijner tijd executoriaal te verkopen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eurozone crisis: Ten years ago, now, the Eurozone began to shake on its foundations. This article traces the genesis of the crisis and the present state of affairs. As to the causes of the global financial crisis in 2008, I argue that contrary to common understanding, the financial crisis had its deeper causes in a decades old tendency towards crisis in the real economy, produced by the continuous overaccumulation of capital which can only return profits by undertaking speculative short-term investments (a phenomenon known as 'financialisation'). I then trace how the global financial crisis morphed into a crisis of public deficits and debt in 2010-2011, particularly in the Eurozone. Three factors are shown to be responsible: financialization, design faults in the European monetary union, and the neo-mercantilist strategy of especially Germany and the Netherlands. The paper next looks at the five main traits of the policy responses in the Eurozone: bailing out governments and banks through creating emergency funds; imposition of austerity and budget discipline for member state governments; attempting to create and complete a Eurozone banking union; subsequently the European Central Bank engaged on an unprecedented scale in 'quantitative easing'; and finally, institutional reform in an attempt to repair the most pressing design faults of the EMU. The paper concludes that the underlying structural factors leading up to the crisis have only been addressed incompletely: the overaccumulation of capital continues, the completion of the banking union is in an impasse, quantitative easing has mostly just intensified financialization by pushing up asset prizes, and institutional reform has taken the form of a fundamentally undemocratic attempt at monetary and political union by stealth. The broader legitimacy of the European project has been substantially undermined, and Europe is not in a better position than eight years ago in case of a new global crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detention of asylum seekers: a matter of feeling? This paper analyses how street-level bureaucrats in the Netherlands decide on detaining asylum seekers. The paper is based on interviews with officers of the national police and the military police who take these decisions as part of their job. The relevant Dutch and European legal rules are not clear and unambiguous and the officers are given wide margins of discretion in making these decisions. Many interviewees said that they ultimately rely on their 'feelings'. The paper therefore pays special attention to whether and how gut feelings and emotions of the officers influence their decision-making. In addition, the paper examines whether and how the increased use of ICTs and the Europeanisation of migration and asylum law have reduced the officers' discretion and autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moral entrepreneurs in de 21ste eeuw: In the introductory article of this special issue on 'moral entrepreneurs' in the 21st century, we situate different notions of moral entrepreneurship. Particularly foregrounding Howard Becker's definition, we discuss its origins and use in subsequent research. The question that we've put forward in the 'call for papers' for this special issue is to what extent the notion is relevant in contemporary research and who is considered as 'moral entrepreneur'. The research papers discuss 'entrepreneurial' practices of university ethic commissions, medical professionals, police officers and the leaders of cannabis social clubs. We conclude that the underlying rationales and discourses of moral entrepreneurs that the authors identify, reflect contemporary neoliberal ideals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leadership of Cannabis Social Clubs in Belgium: criminals, activists or model citizens? In this article, Cannabis Social Clubs (CSCs) are understood as being social movement organizations advocating for the legalization of a closed, cooperative and non-profit model for cannabis supply among adult users. Drawing on qualitative data collected in Belgium, this paper analyses how one becomes a leader of a CSC as well as the functional role assumed by those individuals. It further unveils how Belgian CSC leaders' engagement in those organizations and in the wider cannabis movement is perceived. We identify and discuss the techniques employed by those key activists to manage cannabis-related stigma drawing on a framework developed by Lindblom and Jacobsson's (2014). While CSCs might contribute to normalizing cannabis use and supply, our analysis suggests that CSC leaders face some degree of stigmatization, shifting between conformist and confrontational techniques to manage the perceived cannabis-related stigma. Building on the case of Belgian CSC leaders, this paper makes a contribution to the understanding of an under-researched movement, and the role of the leaders within it, expanding also the application of Lindblom and Jacobsson's (2014) framework to a novel area of activism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The translation of an ancient religious text such as the New Testament has to take into account the following two matters: (1) it has to be a precise reflection of New Testament Greek, its grammatical constructions, semantics and rhetorical structure; and (2) it has to address the socio-religious and theological context of the New Testament as a whole, as well as of its individual documents or books. The obvious and natural point of departure in the translation process is an accurate and careful analysis of the Greek text. This article focuses specifically on this matter, directing the attention of the reader to the problems the translators encountered in producing the 2020 Afrikaans translation of the Bible. One way of presenting the most important translation problems to the reader might have been to start with examples taken from Matthew, work systematically through the other books and end with Revelation. Such an approach would, however, not have allowed a systematic enough distinction between the nature of the various problems, but would only have offered the reader a mixed list of examples. To avoid this kind of disorderly presentation, I have adopted a system that is more scientific, appropriate and reader-friendly, namely the classification of translation problems into the following three categories: (1) problems related to a faulty understanding of the Greek, or the application of poor translation techniques; (2) problems related to the ambiguity of the Greek grammatical constructions; (3) problems stemming from a lack of appreciation of the finer nuances of a specific Greek construction, word or image. Some clarification of these three categories is necessary. As to the first category, translations sometimes surprisingly misconstrue a specific Greek grammatical rule. Typical examples that occur, especially in current Afrikaans Bible translations, involve erroneous interpretations of the Greek participle, the genitive case or the definite article. Some constructions, words or images in the secondary category create real difficulties for translators, since in these instances the Greek can be correctly interpreted in more than one way. Then translators are forced to choose one rendering, listing possible alternatives in footnotes, a system adopted by the 2020 Bible translators. The value of such a system can be discerned especially in the case of one of the most discussed issues in modern New Testament studies, and for that very reason is dealt with in this paper more extensively than the other problems. It concerns a specific function of the Greek genitive occurring in the phrase pistis Iesou Christou. Is this the so-called objective genitive, to be translated as "faith IN Jesus Christ", or is it a subjective genitive, to be translated as "the faith OF Jesus Christ", referring to Jesus' faithful obedience to God's will and divine plan for the salvation of mankind? While it is clear and without any doubt true that salvation comes through faith in Jesus, as expressed throughout the New Testament, scholars who prefer the subjective genitive (mostly in certain Pauline/Deutero-Pauline texts) argue that it is primarily through the faithful obedience of Jesus that people are enabled to believe in Him and thus find salvation. The 2020 Bible translation has opted for the objective genitive in the text, placing the alternative (the subjective option) in a footnote. This is in line with the functionality of the second category: selecting one rendering and putting the alternative(s) in a footnote. As regards the third category, some translations as well as some commentaries reflect an excellent understanding of the finer points of New Testament Greek; however, while other less subtle translations do not produce an incorrect rendering of the Greek as such, they nevertheless hamper a more profound appreciation of the particular verse or passage in question. A careful reading of the original Greek is therefore essential, not only to detect possible misunderstandings of the source language, but also to enhance and enrich our knowledge of the Bible and its message. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the armamentarium of life-prolonging systemic agents for metastatic castration-resistant prostaste cancer (mCRPC) has been expanded with radium-223 (Ra-223), abirateron, enzalutamide and cabazitaxel. Since 2013, Ra-223 is approved in the European Union as a Targeted alpha Therapy (TaT) for the treatment of patients with mCRPC and symptomatic bone metastases. Recently issued recommendations by a European expert group for the optimal usage of all life-prolonging treatment options for mCRPC position Ra-223 as a relevant option for second- and third-line treatment after androgen receptor inhibitors and/or docetaxel. This review paper summarizes these recommendations. It also describes real-world experience with Ra-223 accumulated in recent years and provides outlines of the most important recently completed or ongoing clinical trials of Ra-223 in combination with docetaxel, androgen receptor inhibitors, immunomodulatory anticancer agents or PARP inhibitors. The possible future application of PSMA-directed radioligand therapy in prostate cancer is briefly outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this introductory paper we discuss the expanding focus of lexical borrowing research over the past decade. Where this 'inevitable' outcome of language contact was originally predominantly addressed from a historical linguistic and lexicographic perspective, a broader range of linguistic traditions have recently been applied to the topic, each introducing their own questions, perspectives and methods. Below, we first present the main insights ensuing from a century of loanword research. Then, we introduce the viewpoints that characterize more recent work and the questions they foreground. In presenting the contributions to this special issue, we finally pay specific attention to the way the six papers add to the broader tendencies and innovations of current lexical borrowing research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dutch canon offers 50 short texts that teach Dutch students about important parts of Dutch culture and history. Those texts are provided at three levels of complexity. The first part of this paper presents an automatic analysis of the linguistic features that have been modified in simplifying the texts. The versions differ most in word complexity and frequency, concreteness, syntactic complexity and cohesion. Smaller effects are found for human interest, and none for connectives. Correlations show that lexical and syntactic simplifications go hand in hand with increased cohesion. Given the text topic, syntax and cohesion are shown to vary more widely than word frequency and especially concreteness. The second part of the paper tests the comprehension effects of a particular medium-level simplification, concerning a text on the First World War. The main stylistic revisions concern lexical complexity and cohesion; furthermore, the revision ads headings. The experiment used a 2x2 design with stylistic level and headings (yes/no) as factors. 234 students from grades five, eight and nine answered comprehension questions. Across the board, we find higher comprehension scores for the stylistic revision; no heading effects are found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper first overviews the results of eight experiments that examined the effects of school health communication about alcohol and tobacco on low educated adolescents. Overall, it was found that there was a short term knowledge increase but only among adolescents with less knowledge. Also, the attitude became more negative towards alcohol among adolescents who were more positive towards alcohol at baseline. All of these effects disappeared within a month. There were no effects on intention. Importantly, the format of the health communication did not matter. Results were largely identical for print and audiovisual versions, as well as for informational and narrative versions. Adding testimonials of adolescents to the print and audiovisual informational formats did not make a difference. The second part of this paper focuses on a ninth experiment that tested the effects of connectives in alcohol health education. Studies on school education texts suggested that texts are easier interpretable if sentences are linked by connectives, but so far this has not been tested on health education texts for low educated adolescents. Overall, we found no differential effects on knowledge, attitude, and intention between a condition with connectives and a condition without connectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narrative criminology meets Participatory Action Research: a reflection on epistemological opportunities and challenges Critical narrative criminologists analyse dominant and institutionalised stories that can contribute to harm but they might also become more involved in interrogating and changing such narratives. The following question would be: in what ways can this be done? Based on experiences from a Participatory Action Research (PAR) project on stigma with people who use(d) illegal drugs, this paper reflects on the epistemological opportunities and challenges of fusing narrative criminology with PAR. Although such an integration raises potential tensions – especially with regard to the role of the researcher – PAR can amplify narrative criminology by offering a framework for practicing critical, ethical and socially engaged scholarship. Vice versa, narrative criminology can deepen PAR in its analysis of discursive power structures and the relation between narratives and action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]