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Xiaolangdi Reservoir has played a great role in flood control, sediment reduction and profit improvement. This paper systematically analyzed the flood control operation and the function of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir. By analyzing the sediment erosion and sedimentation of the reservoir and the Lower Yellow River, the effect of sediment reduction of the reservoir was proposed. The benefit of flood control and sediment reduction of the reservoir was calculated. The results show that the reservoirs in the middle reaches of the Yellow River can block the flood and cut the peak for 15 times. The average peak cutting rate of Huayuankou Station is 36%, and the maximum peak cutting flow is 7 560 m³/s, which can effectively avoid the flood losses in the downstream beach area. Due to the decrease of sediment load, the sedimentation rate of the reservoir is lower than that in the design stage, and the sediment retention ratio of 1.26 relative to the downstream channel is lower than that of 1.57 in the design sediment retention stage. The sediment reduction effect of the reservoir is better, especially in the reach below the Aishan. According to the 2020 price level, the actual annual benefits of flood control (ice-run prevention) and sediment reduction of the reservoir are 5.927 billion Yuan more than the design value, and the cumulative present value of benefits is 21.873 billion Yuan more than the total investment (including power generation), indicating the economic rationality of the construction of the Yellow River water and sediment regulation backbone project, which provides a successful example for accelerating the construction of Guxian project [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of lack of fairness in the allocation of water rights due to irregularities in the physical structure of irrigation systems and differences in the cropping structure, this paper proposed a method for allocating water rights to fields based on the "four rights" theory of water rights (ownership right, possession right, dominance right and use right), and divided field water rights into the right of water use and the right of possession water, representing the amount of water used in the field and the amount of leakage losses in the canal system respectively. The method of allocating field water rights was based on the structure of the irrigation system and marginal benefits, which could ensure that the same marginal benefits were obtained per unit area of field and better reflect the fairness of water rights allocation. Taking the Xinsandou Canal of Bayantaohai Farm in the Hetao irrigation area for an example, the water rights allocation method was applied to the improved field and the method had shown good applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water rights trading between irrigation water users is one of the most common forms of water rights trading and the determination of transaction price is difficult. In practice, the price is mainly based on negotiation. Some regional governments have constrained the transaction price, but a reasonable pricing mechanism has not yet been formed. The price can reflect the scarcity of water resources and promote transaction is very important for improving the allocation of water resources in irrigation areas and improving the efficiency of irrigation water. Taking the typical region of Wulanbuhe irrigation area as the research object and using water affordability index analysis method to determine the economic affordability of irrigation water users' water prices and used this as a trading suggestion for the upper limit water price. Taking water resources price, engineering price and environmental price as the lower limit of water rights trading price and combined with current water price and practical management experience, the paper proposed trading suggestions for lower-limit water prices. The proposed water rights trading price range is 0.112-0.343 Yuan/m². [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Load rejection is the normal design working point for pumped-storage unit. Vaneless zone experiences serious pressure pulsation in load rejection period, resulting deep impact on unit running stability. For a long time, the research on the vaneless zone pressure mainly focuses on numerical simulation and model observation. Less research attention has been paid on the prototype unit due to the scarcity of on-site test. This paper focused on the vaneless zone pressure measured at a pumped-storage power station during load rejection periods, established separation method between trend pressure and pulsation pressure based on Savitzky-Golay filter, clarified main influence factors on trend and pulsation pressures, and pointed out the urgent issues need to be solved in the future. The research indicates that in load rejection process the trend pressure of vaneless zone is mainly affected by rotational speed by the correlation factor 0.99 with rotational speed. The pulsation pressure peak-to-peak value which is affected by rotor-stator interference and rotational stall, etc, is 7-22 times of pressure pulsation in stable operation with rated load, and is remarkable higher than numerical calculation result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the water-saving irrigation system under the continuous cropping mode of summer corn and winter wheat, aiming at the fact that the existing real-time irrigation forecast ignores the issue of multiple cropping and continuous cropping in actual production and considering the changes in soil moisture in the interval between the growth periods of the upper and lower seasons during the multiple cropping and continuous cropping, a real-time irrigation forecasting model for continuous cropping was established. Taking the continuous cropping of summer-maize and winter-wheat of Sanliuzhai Yellow River irrigation area in the period of 2014-2017 as an example, the paper conducted the application of the model. The results show that compared with the traditional irrigation system, the real-time irrigation system determined by this model has an average annual reduction of 20.4% in the irrigation quota, and the irrigation water consumption in the irrigation area is saved by 14.7 million m~3 per year. The total annual output of summer corn and winter wheat is increased by 2.4%, 2.2% and 0.8% respectively, and the water use efficiency is increased by 13.6%, 12.3% and 18.3% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current “local” economic construction and development model with administrative districts as the unit often divides the regional ecosystem that emphasizes “integrity”. As a new governance scale for implementing the national regional coordination strategy, the metropolitan area has become an important governance unit for realizing cross-domain governance and promoting the co-protection and governance of the ecological environment. Taking Xi’an metropolitan area as an example, this paper analyzed the spatial-temporal differentiation characteristics and causes of the ecosystem service pattern in Xi’an metropolitan area from 2000 to 2020 by using the value evaluation method, and discussed the coordination between the ecosystem service value and economic development of each district and county. The results show that the overall pattern of ecosystem service value in Xi’an metropolitan area remains stable, which is higher in the northern Weibei tableland and Beishan region and the southern Qinling region, and lower in the central along the Weihe River ecological zone. During the past 20 years, the value of ecosystem services in Xi’an metropolitan area is decreased by 2.852 billion Yuan, and the changes of ESV in each district show an epitaxial increasing structure with Xi’an six districts as the core. The ecosystem services and economic development in Xi’an metropolitan area are incongruous, which can be subdivided into five categories of high level coordination, general level coordination, low level imbalance, moderate imbalance and severe imbalance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to summarize the application of grey forecasting method in water resources management, this paper firstly introduced the basic content of grey forecasting method, then focused on three aspects of water resources allocation, water pollution control and comprehensive water resources assessment, sorted out the application of grey forecasting method and analyzed the advantages, disadvantages and applicability of various improvement forms. The shortcomings of the existing research were summarized as follows: there are few studies on water quantity forecasting in relation to recycled water, external water transfer, desalinated water and the tertiary industry water use; water quality forecasting is mainly focused on chemical indicators, with few other indicators being covered; and the models used in water resources assessment are relatively homogeneous. Finally, from the perspectives of both model improvement and application direction expansion, the development prospects of grey forecasting method in water resources management are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to promote the conservation and intensive utilization of water resources in the Yellow River Basin, this paper built Tapio model and LMDI model, calculated the decoupling elasticity of total water consumption and economic growth during the period of 2000-2019, and decomposed the driving factors of the decoupling elasticity. The results show that a) the total water consumption and economic growth in the Yellow River Basin have experienced weak decoupling and strong decoupling alternately. b) The decoupling status of each province is different. Qinghai, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi and Shandong have two states of weak decoupling and strong decoupling. Sichuan has three states of weak decoupling, strong decoupling and expansion negative decoupling. Ningxia, Shanxi and Henan have four states of expansion negative decoupling, increase connection, weak decoupling and strong decoupling. c) The restraining factors of the decoupling between the total water consumption and economic growth in the Yellow River Basin and provinces are economic development and population size, and the promoting factors are water intensity and industrial structure. d) The contribution of industrial structure and water intensity to decoupling elasticity is quite different among the three industries, the contribution of industrial structure adjustment and water intensity decline to decoupling mainly comes from the primary industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional interpolation method can’t effectively obtain the high-precision interpolation results of curved channel when the sampling channel topographic cross-section is sparse. It is urgent to study an effective new method of curved channel topographic interpolation to quantitatively analyze the channel evolution and its law. In this paper, a channel terrain interpolation method (OCGI) based on orthogonal curve grid was proposed. This method firstly performed linear interpolation along the transverse direction, and then interpolated along the longitudinal grid line, which made up for the defect of insufficient spatial distribution of longitudinal sampling points. Considering the change of river regime, the interpolation range was controlled in the area of grid distribution. The application shows that this method can give more reasonable results than that of IDW and KG methods in cross-section sampling data, and can be applied to topographic interpolation of curved channels such as the tail of the Yellow River estuary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, dozens of empirical frequency formulas have been developed by various countries since the beginning of last century. However, the differences of these empirical frequency formulas directly affect the subsequent analysis, calculation and determination of parameters which have significant impacts on the estimation of design flood. In this paper, by comparing various empirical frequency formulas, analyzing the relative deviation of the empirical frequency formulas, and preliminary verifying the differences of empirical frequency formulas with the measured storm floods series, the conclusion shows that the relative error of the maximum flood recurrence period is the largest, and the relative error of flood recurrence period that less than 20 years is smaller. In order to minimize the theoretical errors of the empirical frequency formulas in the estimation of design flood, and minimize data errors caused by extra-large and extra-small value in short flood series, simple and unbiased empirical frequency formula should be adopted in practice. With regard to relative long flood series, the median formula or mathematical expectation formula are recommended for frequency or recurrence period estimation, and the first order (the second order) and the last order of the frequency or recurrence period are recommended as reference values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sand waves widely exist in natural river channels and they play an important role in the change of river bed morphology. In this paper, by using a plexiglass rod in a glass water tank to simulate the effects of rigid emergent plants on various movement patterns of sand waves, and introducing the MIKE21 hydrodynamic numerical model, we observed the sand waves in the glass water tank from both macro and micro perspectives. Wavelength, wave width, wave height, wave length-to-width ratio, and front-to-back stream wavelength ratio were affected by plants in water. The mechanism of group movement of river sediment was explored, which provided some reference for natural river sediment management. The test results show that under the influence of the emerging plants to the changes of the flow regime, the wavelength, wave width and wave height of the sand waves change significantly. Especially under the influence of the plant flow, the speed of the sediment particles on the sides of the plants increases, showing a scouring situation, the movement pattern of sand waves also follows a complex movement pattern and there are significant differences in the shape of sand waves upstream and behind tree planting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“River chief system” management information system is a necessary bridge to realize the transition of “river chief” system from the stage of comprehensive establishment to the stage of full effect. This paper studied the design and application of "river chief system" management information system of Guanchuan River in arid area of Loess Plateau from six modules of hydrologic water resources, water quality, physical structure, video monitoring, data query and background management, combined with computer, remote sensing, video monitoring and other modern information technology. At the same time, this paper had analyzed the flood flow, ecological flow, water quality characteristics, river curve degree, riparian vegetation coverage and other changes of the Guanchuan River, in order to strengthen the management of the Guanchuan river basin and promote the sustainable use of the river. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1950 s, the planning of Heishanxia reach of the Yellow River has been nearly 70 years old. In the long-term demonstration process, relevant departments and local governments put forward a number of different development schemes according to the situation and research results in different periods. In view of the different viewpoints of different subjects on the functional orientation and development scheme of the river reach, no decision has been made so far. This paper reviewed the main planning demonstration process of Heishanxia reach of the Yellow River. From the point of view of ensuring the long-term safety of the Yellow River water resources and building the national water network system of “four-horizontal and three-vertical”, this paper puts forward some opinions on the possible development schemes and the issues that need to be further studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide reference for solving the difficult issue of unbalanced and uncoordinated development of the Yellow River Basin, this paper built a high-quality development evaluation index system of the Yellow River Basin from five dimensions of innovative development, coordinated development, green development, open development and shared development. The paper used the weighted TOPSIS model to measure the high-quality development level of provinces（regions） in the Yellow River Basin from 2010 to 2019. The results show that in 2010-2019, the high-quality development level of the Yellow River Basin is generally low, and there are obvious differences among provinces（regions） in space, showing a continuous upward trend in time, and the inter provincial gap is gradually narrowing. From all dimensions, the levels of innovative development and shared development shows a steady upward trend. The levels of open development and coordinated development both experience a slight decline from 2012 to 2015 and begin to rise significantly in 2016. The level of green development also shows an upward trend but fluctuates greatly. The coordination level of economic, social and ecological environment coupling in the Yellow River Basin is low, and it has been in a state of imbalance for a long time. After 2016, it has changed from a moderate imbalance to a mild imbalance and a near imbalance. Government capacity, the degree of opening to the outside world, the level of education and the degree of medical security have a positive impact on the degree of coupling and coordination. The level of technology and ecological conditions have different effects on the degree of coupling and coordination of the Yellow River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the key technologies of artificial intelligence, image recognition has been widely used in various industries. The development of digital and intelligent water conservancy cannot be separated from the application of artificial intelligence image recognition technology. This paper firstly summarized the development and recognition process of image recognition technology, introduced the traditional image recognition technology, including statistical method, syntactic recognition method and geometric transformation method, and the image recognition technology with neural network algorithm, including depth confidence network, convolution neural network, cyclic neural network and graph convolution neural network and compared the advantages and disadvantages of the above image recognition technologies. This paper summarized the application of artificial intelligence image recognition in water conservancy industry from the four aspects of river velocity measurement, remote sensing water body recognition, water level monitoring and three-dimensional prediction. Finally, It was proposed that improving the adaptability, compatibility and recognition accuracy of technical scenarios would be the development direction of artificial intelligence image recognition in the water conservancy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable operation of irrigation areas contains multi-level governance logic and multi-dimensional value demands. By analyzing the domestic historical development of irrigation areas’ water tariff system and the modern experience of typical irrigation areas, it is clear that water tariff has been playing roles in both costing recovery and regulating leverage in sustainable operation of irrigation areas. To achieve the goal of sustainable development, the corresponding water tariff system should be established. At the same time, the limited nature of the water tariff system should be recognized. Based on the objective reality, this paper analyzed three possible risks during the implementation of the water tariff system in irrigation area, which included the risk of market failure based on traditional inertia, the risk of mechanism failure based on individual rationality and the risk of self-factor based on objective location in. This paper proposed to establish a water price risk compensation fund to cope with market failure, to implement “price increase subsidy” and strengthen regulation to cope with policy lapses, and to establish a flexible water price adjustment to cope with self-factored water price risk, in order to achieve the sustainable goal of the irrigation area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the panel data of 58 prefecture level cities along the Yellow River from 2010 to 2019, the water resources green efficiency of these cities was studied and analyzed in this paper by using the Super-SBM model. The results show that the water resources green efficiency of cities along the Yellow River is generally improved. The absolute value of the green efficiency level of water resources in the middle and lower reaches is greater than that in the upstream, and the improving rate of the efficiency level in the upstream is greater than that in the middle and lower reaches. Tobit model was also applied in this paper to analyze the impact of the environmental regulation, industrial structure, economic development level, and the degree of openness on the green water resources efficiency. The results show that openness and economic development level have little impact on water resources green efficiency, while the industrial structure has a negative effect and the environmental regulation has a positive influence. Moreover, there are differences among regions in the Yellow River. Policy suggestions are proposed in this paper that the Yellow River Basin should take measures according to local conditions, strengthen water use supervision of upstream cities and collaborative governance of the whole basin, give full play to the agglomeration effect of water resources utilization, accelerate technology spillover and strengthen weak areas, and pay attention to the role of resources allocation in improving green water use efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the basin of the Yellow River from Xiaolangdi Reservoir to Huayuankou, there is an area of about 18 000 km~2 without flood prevention projects. This area has a high frequency of rainstorm floods and a short forecast period, which poses a great threat to the safety of flood prevention in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. However, this region has no conditions for building high dams and large reservoirs. In this paper, we analyzed the historical background of the planning and construction of the Taohuayu project on the Yellow River, as well as the main problems of flood prevention in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River under the new situation. Besides that, we put forward the idea of constructing the Taohuayu Reservoir of the Yellow River as a river channel detention basin, as well as the functional positioning and development task of the Taohuayu river channel detention basin, and the dam site selection, project scale, operation mode, project construction impact and countermeasures, investment estimation and other issues were discussed. The construction of the Taohuayu river channel detention basin can effectively solve the problem of large amount of land acquisition and resettlement in the reservoir area, and achieve the effect of controlling the flood in the section from Xiaolangdi Reservoir to Huayuankou and improving the flood prevention standard of the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Therefore, this paper proposes to carry out research on the key technical indicators of the Taohuayu detention basin, and actively promote the construction of the project as soon as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the feasibility of polymer grouting technology in the repair of underwater concrete cracks in deep-water dams, this paper was based on the central push test and model test to determine the bonding performance of the polymer and concrete interface and the grout in the concrete cracks. The law of diffusion was studied. The test results show that the bonding force of the interface between polymer and concrete increases linearly with the increase of polymer density, but it will reduce the bonding performance of the interface when saturated with water; at the same time, the polymer slurry will be dry and wet or waterlogged. The concrete cracks can be filled quickly and completely. The pressure of each measuring point first increases and then decreases with time, and then tends to stabilize. At the same time, the farther away from the grouting port, the lower the pressure of the measuring point, and the presence of water will make the slurry reaction solidification time lag, and the pressure dissipation rate slows down; in addition, the polymer density distribution is more uniform when the crack is saturated with water, while the density first increases along the axis and then decreases hyperbolicly when the crack is saturated with water, combined with the mechanics of polymers of different densities The performance proves the effectiveness of the polymer grouting technology in this paper for the repair of deep-water concrete cracks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to scientifically analyze the coordination degree between various water use processes, this paper proposed the coordination degree indicator to quantify the multiple water use process coordination degree based on the competition and cooperation relationship of multiple water users. Taking the Yellow River Basin as the study area, this paper quantified the long-term evolution process of cooperation degree, competition degree and coordination degree among 3 water use processes ( off-stream water supply, in-stream sediment transport water and instream ecological water). The results show that during 1988-2019, the cooperation degree is low ( mean value 0.06) while the competition degree is high ( mean value 0.33) ; the coordination degree changes between 0.10-0.82 ( mean value 0.46) ; the coordination degree shows a trend of increasing-decreasing-increasing after 2002, and the mutation points are 2012 and 2016; natural runoff, unified water regulation and reservoir operation mode impact the coordination degree of multiple water use processes in the Yellow River Basin. Under the influence of runoff attenuation and water use growth, the low coordination degree of multiple water use processes will exist for a long time in the Yellow River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an open space and recreational place in the city, urban waterfront space is an important carrier of landscape expression in ur-ban planning and design. Its uniqueness and spatial layout play an important role in the quality of urban ecological environment and the visual feelings. This paper took the waterfront space of Zhengzhou City as a research object. It conducted and analyzed waterfront space by literature analysis, case study and field investigation, and summarized the prevailing issues in the current situation. Then, it introduced the case of Jialu River waterfront space, from the perspective of water ecological civilization, this paper constructed a three-dimensional waterfront space planning system of ecological sponge, ecological community and ecological revetment and put forward the optimal strategy of urban waterfront space planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to resolve the urban flooding and heat island effect caused by the change of impervious surface in urban development, this paper studied on the extracting methods and evolution features of impervious surface. Based on Google Earth Engine cloud platform and time series Landsat satellite remote sensing images, this paper used random forest classification method to make the impervious surface data set of the Yellow River diversion and receiving areas in Henan Province from 1990 to 2020, and chose typical indicators of the area growth rate and expansion intensity to analyze the change characteristics of impervious surface, avoiding the shortcomings of traditional extraction methods that were time-consuming and labor-intensive and a large amount of data that could not to he processed. The results show that the impervious sur-face area of the Yellow River diversion receiving areas in Henan Province shows a fluctuating growth trend year by year, of which the impervi-ous surface area is the largest in 2020, i.e. 7 598 km2. The correlation coefficients between GDP and population and impervious surface area are 0.980 and 0.912 respectively, which indicates that the growth of impervious surface is positively correlated with GDP and population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to effectively alleviate the Contradiction between supply and demand of water resources and realize sustainable economic development, it is urgent to improve the efficiency of water resources utilization. Based on the inter-provincial panel data of the Yellow River Basin from 2007 to 2019, this paper adopted DEA model to calculate the water use efficiency of each province and region, and used Malmquist index to reveal the contribution source of dynamic change of water use efficiency. The results show that: a) the overall water use efficiency of the Yellow River Basin is at a high level, and the utilization efficiency presents a trend of first decreasing and then increasing and the efficiency level of most provinces has a slight decline; b) from the perspective of regional differences, the water use efficiency is higher in the lower reaches and lower in the middle and upper reaches, with a spatial pattern of higher in the east and lower in the west' and significant differences among provinces;《) from the perspective of Driving factors, the technological progress rate is the main contribution source of the overall water use efficiency and the decline of technical efficiency is mainly due to the drop of scale efficiency in various regions. Based on 1his, the paper put forward some suggestions, such as coordinating regional cooperation within, flyer basin, promoting the integrated management of regional water resources utilization among basin as a unit and simultaneously enhancing the positive effect of technological progress and technological efficiency on the improvement of water use efficiency in the Yellow River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of western region of China and the building of the Belt and Road Initiative, the poor-graded aeolian sand filling technology is widely used to solve the issue of shortage of gobi and stone resources in engineering construction. In order to study the construction technology of aeolian sand filling, the paper compared and selected different aeolian sand filling methods based on the research of an aeolian sand trunk canal in Xinjiang. The compaction test was applied to determine the relevant construction parameters. A stability analysis was conducted in the filled trunk canal performance. The result shows that the aeolian sand needs to be filled by the wet pressing method. The anti-seepage layer should be laid inside to ensure the stability of the main channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cofferdam is a temporary water retaining structure built to protect the foundation pit in the construction of hydraulic engineering. Its layout has great influence to the flood safety, project progress and cost. Relying on the diversion tunnel project of a hydropower station, this paper firstly optimized the design of the cofferdam type at the outlet of the diversion tunnel, and then compares various construction schemes such as earth rock cofferdams, concrete cofferdams, stoplogs gate, and concrete cutoff walls. The cofferdam scheme was designed, and the construction technology and construction scheme of the cofferdam were systematically expounded. The analysis results show that the cofferdam at the exit of the diversion tunnel uses the stoplogs gate type to control the flood season, which meets the requirements of the project safety flood control, significantly reduces the amount of cofferdam engineering and the project cost, and has strong technical feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological environment of Maqu County plays an important role in climate regulation, water conservation, soil and water conservation and biodiversity maintenance of the source of the Yellow River. The assessment of ecological pattern and service value (ESV) of Maqu ecological environment is helpful to the protection of Maqu ecological environment. Based on the remote sensing images of different periods from 1995 to 2020, this paper interpreted the land use/land cover types of Maqu and analyzed the ecological pattern of Maqu. Based on the improved value equivalent factor method per unit area, the ecological service value of Maqu was evaluated, and the influence of different factors to the spatial distribution of ecological service value was discussed by the method of geographical detector. The results show that the change ranges of Maqu ecological pattern first weakened and then strengthened in the past 25 years. The value of ecological services shows an increase trend of fluctuation, and the ecological value of water regulation changes most along with the change of ecological pattern. On the spatial distribution of ESV, temperature and DEM are the main influencing factors. The analysis of interaction shows that the ecological service value of Maqu is influenced by both natural factors and anthropogenic factors, but mainly is influenced by natural factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to deal with the imbalance of water resources in the water receiving area of the Yellow River Diversion Project in Henan Province and provide a reference for the rational allocation of water resources in the water received area, this paper used Lorentz Curve to calculate the Gini coefficient of 14 prefecture level cities in the water received area, and used the method of connection number calculation combined with the subtractive set pair potential to diagnose and discriminate the unbalanced sub areas. The results show that from 2010 to 2020, the matching of water resources with population and cultivated land area in the Yellow River diversion and received area is in a relatively balanced or balanced level, and the overall water resources spatial equilibrium level is in a relatively balanced or balanced level for a long time; the severe situation of the spatial balance grade of water resources and population shows that Zhengzhou radiates to the surrounding areas, and the spatial balance grade of water resources and cultivated land area shows that the north of Henan Province is worse than that of the south; in 2020, the vulnerable areas of water resources spatial balance include Zhengzhou, Puyang, Xinxiang and Anyang, which are the main control objects of water resources balanced distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the issues of fluctuation and uncertainty of water consumption, low accuracy and poor reliability of water consumption prediction, this paper proposed a combined prediction model of improved empirical mode decomposition and sparrow search algorithm optimized kernel based extreme learning machine. Firstly, the Long Short-Term Memory was used to delay the extreme value of the original water consumption sequence of the Yellow River diversion in Renmin Shengli Canal to improve the endpoint effect of empirical mode decomposition, and then the time series signal was decomposed into several intrinsic mode functions through the improved empirical mode decomposition method to stabilize the original water consumption signal. Finally, the sparrow search algorithm was used to optimize the kernel based extreme learning machine, The prediction comparison between the original water consumption series and the water consumption series through the improved empirical mode decomposition method shows that the improved empirical mode decomposition method effectively suppresses the endpoint effect, reduces the prediction error of the model by 76.79% and improves the reliability by 76.79%. Therefore, the improved empirical mode decomposition method can effectively improve the prediction accuracy and reliability of the optimized kernel based extreme learning machine combination model of the sparrow search algorithm and is more adaptive in water resources decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fully tapping the regulating potential of reservoir groups in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and improving the sediment transport capacity of the lower reaches of the Yellow River play an important guiding role on river and beach management in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Through the analysis of measured data and mathematical models, this paper calculated the influence of combined regulation and control of existing reservoir groups under different water and sediment conditions on sediment transport capacity of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and further to analyzed the change of sediment transport capacity of the lower reaches of the Yellow River after Guxian and Dongzhuang reservoirs come into effect. The results indicate that by optimizing the joint regulation and control mode of the existing reservoir groups, the flow process with large sediment concentration discharged by the reservoir can increase the sediment carrying capacity of the downstream river by about 10%-12%. The sediment discharge into the downstream river during the sediment retaining period after Guxian and Dongzhuang Reservoirs come into effect are reduced, and the sediment transport capacity can be further improved by 11%-12% during the normal operation period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to effectively evaluate urban stormwater management effect, the paper took Xiaozhai region in Xi’an City as an example, built a green-gray-blue stormwater system comprehensive simulation model that coupled pipe network model and flood routing model and analyzed the present situation of urban stormwater management from the aspects of runoff control, pipe network drainage and urban waterlogging prevention. The result shows that the total annual runoff control rate of Xiaozhai sponge city reconstruction area can basically meet the requirements. The length of the pipe network with drainage capacity of frequency once in 2-years and once in 3-years are 145.02 km and 181.91 km respectively. Under the conditions of rainstorm with a return period of 20-50 years, there is no obvious ponding in the reconstruction area of sponge city, and the depth of accumulated water greater than 15 cm is mainly distributed on the left bank of the Dahuan River, the middle section of South Third Ring Road and Yanzhan Road. The model can intuitively show the distribution of rainstorm waterlogging and water flowing in the pipe network, which scientifically evaluates the effect of urban drainage, waterlogging removal and ecological sponge city construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of heavy industry and heavy energy in the traditional industries of the Yellow River Basin seriously hinders its high-quality development, and digital transformation has become the direction of industrial transformation in the new era. In order to build a digital ecological community and explore the co-evolution relationship among three industries, this paper took nine provinces in the Yellow River Basin as the research object, based on the synergy model, explored the synergy of industrial digital composite systems in the basin from 2011 to 2020 and explored the driving path to achieve high-level synergy with FS-QCA method. The results show that a) the composite systems in the Yellow River Basin all show a trend of “slowly rising first and then fluctuating and falling”, and the digital synergy of industries in nine provinces (regions) is in a low synergy state for a long time; b)No single antecedent condition can constitute a necessary condition for the high synergy of industrial digitalization, and the high synergy of industrial digitalization composite system needs the joint action of many factors, and the multi-factor configuration analysis forms three paths of technology-driven, economic-based guarantee and comprehensive adjustment. Based on these three paths, it is suggested that the nine provinces (regions) in the Yellow River Basin should adopt the wisdom development of all industries, the linkage of industry-wide innovation, strengthen the dominant factors and coordinate the industrial structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the issue of spatial variability of soil mechanical parameters in slope stability analysis, this paper proposed a stochastic finite element method for calculating the distribution of FS（factor of safety） of embankment slopes, and Monte Carlo（MC） strength reduction combined method and MC direct method were proposed to calculate the reliability of slope. Taking isotropic two-dimensional slope as an example, firstly, sampling to get the corresponding random field of material properties, and then the slope displacement, stress and plasticity zone results were calculated; then on the basis of NMC times sampling of random field, the failure probability of the slope was obtained and the reliability index was solved and analyzed by the following methods of a) combined method（M1）: the strength reduction method was used to get the reduction coefficient of each sample and its distribution; b) MC direct method（M2）: using viscoplastic method to solve directly to judge the instability of slopes, and the instability cases under all sample conditions were counted. The results show that the slope stability analysis considering the material properties random field, the mean, variance, distribution of FS and reliability indexes are integrated to evaluate the slope safety, which can get the real and reliable slope stability analysis results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ridge and furrow cultivation as an important agronomic cultivation method, the research on the influence of furrow and ridge size on soil water transport under point source drip irrigation under film is conducive to improving water use efficiency. In this paper, the influence of furrow and ridge size parameters, such as furrow width, on the shape characteristics and water distribution of soil wetted body was explored through indoor soil tank simulation experiment. The model of transport distance of wetted body was established by multiple linear regression equation, the process of water transport under experimental conditions was simulated, and the predictive effect of the model was verified. Finally, the optimal furrow size for 3-year-old Chinese wolfberry planting under experimental conditions was determined based on the established transport distance model. The results show that with the increase of ditch bottom width, the shape of wetted body becomes flatter and the center of gravity of water distribution in wetted body will gradually move up with the increase of ditch bottom width. The contour distribution map of soil water content is similar to that of wetted body, showing a pattern from dense to sparse. The predicted water transport distance by the constructed wetted body transport distance model has little error with the experimental results, and the model has high precision. Under the experimental conditions, the optimum ditch bottom width for 3-year-old Lycium barbarbarum cultivated under film drip irrigation technology ranges from 22.50 cm to 28.90 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of water conservancy project, the application of Building Information Modeling（BIM） technology is expanding in both breadth and depth, but there are still some deficiencies in the research and application of the cost of water conservancy projects. Based on the research results of key colleges and universities, large and medium-sized design institutes, BIM software companies, cost software enterprises and other relevant units in the water conservancy industry, as well as key large and medium-sized water conservancy projects, this paper introduced and summarized the application status of BIM in the cost industry of water conservancy projects, and analyzed the main existing problems. It also sorted out the application requirements of water conservancy project cost on BIM technology in integrating BIM design process, realizing accurate cost and improving work efficiency. According to the current development level and industry demand, the “three-stage” idea of combining the cost of hydraulic engineering with the application of BIM technology was put forward, i.e., the primary application stage of realizing the interaction of basic information such as engineering quantity and cost, the intermediate application stage of realizing the data interaction between cost software and BIM platform based on data interface, and the advanced application stage of intelligent cost based on BIM model information. This “three-stage” idea was intended to provide a reference for the intelligent development of water conservancy project costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil and water loss due to soil erosion is an important influence to the ecological environment. Soil erosion factors are the key technical basis for scientific comprehensive management of soil and water conservation and ecological protection. The paper selected the quantitative equation of soil erosion factors based on the actual measurement data of Henan Soil and Water Conservation Observation Station to calculate the soil erosion rainfall, topography, soil, vegetation and soil and water conservation factors in Henan Province and analyzed its changing characteristics. The results show that the rainfall erosivity factor R tends to increase and the value of R factor gradually decreases from southeast to northwest. The value of soil erodibility factor K with an overall decreasing trend, indicates that erosion control is effective. The terrain factor LS value of Nanzhao Station is higher than that of Shaanzhou Station and Luoshan Station, and when the slope exceeds 20°, soil erosion will be seriously increased. The vegetation cover C factor is different among different vegetation types. The value of C factor irrigated vegetation is small, and the value of C factor without vegetation measures is large. The value of soil and water conservation measures factor P show an overall decreasing trend. Soil and water conservation measures have played a good protective effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving efficient and coordinated governance of water environment is the key for the country to promote the adjustment of energy structure and achieve the strategic goal of “carbon neutrality”. Based on the theory of collaborative governance, using the questionnaire survey method and the structural equation model, this paper empirically analyzed the collaborative impact mechanism of the behavior of three governance subjects, namely government, enterprise and society, and the trust among governance subjects on the collaborative governance effect and carbon neutralization effect of water environment. It is found that trust among governance subjects, government behavior and enterprise behavior have significant positive impact on the effect of water environment collaborative governance, among which trust among governance subjects has the largest impact; trust among governance subjects, government behavior and social subject behavior have significant positive impact on carbon neutralization effect; synergistic governance effect of water environment plays a part of intermediary role in the relationship between trust between governance subjects, government behavior, and enterprise behavior on carbon neutralization effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the rapid urban development in the Yellow River Basin has brought great pressure to water environment, it is very important to coordinate the relationship between urban development and water quality to ensure the implementation of major national strategy for the Yellow River. In this paper, evaluation index systems were built to calculate the Urban Development Index（UDI） and Water Quality Index（WQI） of 11 cities in the basin from the year 2012 to 2019, and the evolution relationship of coupling coordination between urban development and water quality was demonstrated based on the coupling coordination model. The results show that a) the overall urban development level in the study area is increased year by year and UDI is higher in the “upper and lower reaches” and lower in the “middle reaches”; b) the overall water quality is stable in class Ⅱ and the pollutants are mainly nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients; c) the urban development and water quality are in good coordination. Finally, according to the city characteristics, measures are put forward to enhance the coupling coordination between water quality and urban development, such as strengthening water pollution discharge management and pollution control, driving urban development and environmental governance and protection by scientific and technological innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to accurately evaluate regional water resources carrying capacity and to identify the main factors affecting water resources carrying capacity, based on the ternary effect under the premise of full partial connection number, this paper derived the quaternion effect calculation formula of partial connection number by analogy, explained the internal mechanism, with the quaternion subtraction set pair potential, quaternion semi-partial subtraction set pair potential, compared the set pair potential, and applied to the evaluation of Huaibei Plain water resources carrying capacity. The results show that from 2011 to 2019, the water resources carrying capacity of the Huaibei Plain basically ranges from level 2 (critical load) to level 3 (critical overload), indicating that the water resources carrying capacity of the Huaibei Plain is generally poor. The results of the quaternion effect full partial connection number are consistent with the quaternion subtraction set pair potential and the quaternion semi-partial subtraction set pair potential; however, compared with the other two methods, the quaternion effect full partial connection number is more rational and more convincing. The quaternion effect full partial connection number can judge the development trend of set pair system well, and gives a new judgment method to solve the determinism and uncertainty of set pair system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the influence of the Middle Route Project of South-to-North Water Diversion on groundwater depth in Zhengzhou City, taking the shallow and middle-deep groundwater depth of Zhengzhou City as the research object, this paper studied on the changes of the shallow and middle-deep groundwater depth of Zhengzhou City and affecting factors based on geostatistics, Kriging interpolation and principal component analysis after the operation of the Middle Route Project of the South-to-North Water Diversion was completed. The results show that the spatial correlation of shallow groundwater depth decreases with time. Spatial variability of shallow groundwater depth is mainly affected by structural factors. The spatial correlation of middle-deep groundwater depth decreases obviously with time, and the correlation gradually decreases from strong to medium. With the passage of time, the role of small-scale random factors affecting the spatial variation of deep groundwater depth is becoming more and more obvious. Groundwater level in the study area rebounds in varying degrees. The average depth of shallow groundwater decreases by 0.63 m in dry season and 2.37 m in wet season from 2015 to 2019. The area of 10-20 m buried depth increases obviously, and the area of more than 40 m buried depth decreases obviously. The average depth of deep groundwater decreases by 5.15 m in dry season and 21.04 m in wet season. Distribution area of buried depth less than 40 m increases obviously, and distribution area of buried depth 40-60 m decreases obviously. The main factors affecting shallow and deep groundwater depth are water diversion, exploitation, water consumption and rainfall. The water resources substitution policy has played a dominant positive role in the recovery of shallow and meddle-deep groundwater levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weirs are important structures in the management of small and medium rivers. Taking Lingshan River, in Longyou County, as a typical example, based on remote sensing images of 2007,2012,2017 and 2021, combined with field investigations and GIS information extraction, this paper summarized the distribution characteristics of weirs, and quantitatively analyzed the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of the floodplain landscape pattern index. The changes of the landscape pattern of floodplains pre-and post-construction of weirs and under different distribution methods were discussed. The results show that: a) The distribution of weirs is dynamic and spatially heterogeneous. b) In the past 15 years, the floodplain landscape pattern shows a trend of fragmentation and regularization, but the evolution of floodplain pattern in each river section has significant differences. The degree of fragmentation and edge complexity of the floodplain in the upstream are the most significant. c) A weir has a dramatic effect on the distribution of the floodplain, and the effect of different weir distribution methods on the landscape pattern of the floodplain is highly variable. In general, with the increase of the distribution density of weirs, the fragmentation and morphological changes of the floodplain become more intense. The fundamental reason is that weirs change the hydrodynamic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of detailed analysis of the ecological environment and the current situation of sediment development and utilization of the sedimentation basin of the Yellow River Diversion Project into Hebei Lake in the Lower Yellow River, combined with the characteristics of sediment, this paper summarized the constraints of sediment disposal in the Lower Yellow River, analyzed the cost of sediment disposal and interpreted relevant policies. In order to ensure water supply security, ecological security, economic benefits and other needs as the background, it explored the way of sediment disposal in the sedimentation basin. Utilizing the existing conditions of the sedimentation basin of the Yellow River Diversion Project into Hebei Lake, dredgers were used to carry out dynamic water dredging and sediment sorting, and the sediment disposal project was built into a new type of sediment disposal demonstration project of the combined utilization of land, water, mud, light and wind in the area of the Yellow River Diversion Project, with a view to improving the efficient disposal capacity of the Yellow River sediment and promoting the economic benefit development of the Yellow River Diversion Project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giving high priority to saving water and spatial equalization should be the principle for the demonstration of water resources engineering. The scientific demonstration of the water transfer scale for the West Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project should base on the water-saving potential in the Yellow River Basin. Taking the water-receiving areas of the West Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project as the research areas, this paper analyzed the current situation of water-saving, potential of water-saving and problems in different industries. The results show that the overall water-saving in the Yellow River Basin has reached a relatively high level in China, but its distribution is spatially uneven. The gross and net water-saving potential of the whole Yellow River Basin is about 2.5 billion m³ and 1.9 billion m³ respectively. The gross and net water-saving potential of the water-receiving area in the West Route is about 2.1 billion m³ and 1.6 billion m³ respectively. The water-saving potential in agriculture accounts for more than 80% of the whole Yellow River Basin as well as the water-receiving area in the West Route. The water-saving potential of the Yellow River Basin is far lower than that of the water shortage, and the actual saved water from agriculture is difficult to be transferred to other industries. The shortage of water resources is the essential issue in the Yellow River Basin, it is necessary to construct inter-basin water diversion projects in the future to solve the issue of water shortage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to realize the goal of regional coordinated development and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, based on the core elements of regional coordinated development strategy and new development pattern in the new era, this paper draws on the research method of value chain and combines the input-output data of China’s regions to construct regional coordinated development indicators. The spatial econometric model is used to empirically test the effect of the integrated development level of value chain in different regions on regional coordinated development and its intermediary mechanism. The results show that whether the value chain is embedded forward or backward, it verifies that value chain integration has positive spillover effect on regional coordinated development, and the backward embedding is dominant. The intermediary effect model is used to prove that the deepening of marketization level and the enhancement of the correlation between products are important ways to promote regional coordinated development. The Yellow River Basin can fully enjoy the dividends of regional coordinated development brought by the integration of value chain, but the negative effects of spatial cycle accumulation should be broken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biggest contradiction in the Yellow River Basin is the shortage of water resources. Based on agricultural, industrial and ecological water use, this paper identified the current situation of water shortage in the basin. It was predicted that in 2035, the water demand in the Yellow River Basin would reach 54.5 billion m³, while the water shortage would reach 13.6 billion m³, due to the changing situation of water resources in the Yellow River Basin, ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin and other national strategic requirements. Especially, the water shortage in six provinces in the upper and middle regions would reach 10.3 billion m³, accounting for 76% of the total, which made them the most severe regions. The West Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project can be a fundamental measure to solve these water shortage problems. Those six provinces are the main water-receiving areas and can be supplied with 8 billion m³ of water in the first phase of this project, which can meet the rigid domestic and industrial water demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maximum spiral case pressure of pumped storage power station is related to the strength design of pipelines and the safe and stable operation of unit, and is closely related to the geometric characteristics of diversion system. Based on the rigid water hammer theory, this paper qualitatively analyzed the influence of the length and area of main and branch pipes of the diversion system to the maximum spiral case pressure, and the transition process under the change of the geometric characteristics of the diversion system was numerically simulated and verified. The research result indicates that the maximum spiral case pressure depends on the water inertia in the diversion pipelines. The greater the total water inertia of the main/branch pipe along a pipeline, the greater the maximum spiral case pressure under the load rejection. When the total length of the diversion pipe is constant and the ratio of the main pipe to the branch pipe area is greater than 2, increasing the main pipe length or the pipe area can reduce the total water inertia and improve the spiral case pressure. While the length of diversion branch pipe is constant, the total water inertia can be reduced by reducing the main diversion length or increasing the pipe area, so as to improve the spiral case pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hekoucun Reservoir is an important part of the flood control engineering system in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Accurate and quick derivation of the deformation field in the reservoir with high temporal and spatial resolution is of great significance. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry has the advantages of high precision, large range, and spatiotemporal continuity, and proposes a new method for reservoir timing monitoring. This paper selected 24 Sentinel-1A orbit-raising images covering Hekoucun Village Reservoir from January 15, 2020 to December 4, 2020, and combined the particularity and complexity of the reservoir environment to develop time series SBAS-InSAR technology suitable for actual needs. The time series deformation information of the reservoir was obtained and the deformation characteristics of the rear dam area were mainly studied. Through ground GNSS monitoring data and field investigation, it was verified that InSAR technology has high applicability for reservoir monitoring, and can provide data support for the stability evaluation of subsequent reservoirs and the flood control pressure evaluation of the levee in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to optimize the total water inflow of foundation pit dewatering, obtain the optimal single well water yield and the optimal number of dewatering wells, an optimization model of foundation pit dewatering based on objective function method was established in this paper. Meanwhile, taking the headwork inverted siphon foundation pit dewatering project of Xixiayuan Water Conservancy and Irrigation Area Project in Henan Province as an example, the optimization model of canal foundation pit dewatering in inverted siphon section was established by using the objective function method, and MATLAB optimization toolbox was used to optimize the solution of the canal foundation pit dewatering model of the project example, and GMS numerical simulation software was used to verify and analyze the optimization results. The optimization results show that: under the condition of meeting the construction requirements of the foundation pit and the safety conditions of the surrounding environment, compared with the initial scheme, the total water yield can be reduced by 624 300 m³ and 546 390 m³ respectively according to the pumping and drainage plan by using the Fmincon function and Genetic Algorithm, and the single well pumping capacity and number of wells can also be optimized more reasonably. Therefore, it is feasible to use the objective function method to call the optimization toolbox to optimize the design of foundation pit dewatering and can achieve good optimization effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of municipal metro tunnels and water diversion tunnels are constructed by using the shield method, and the ground settlement deformation caused by tunnel construction is the most direct indicator of engineering risk. The Peck formula is the most empirical method widely used in predicting ground surface settlement due to tunnel construction. Based on the measured data of long distance shield tunnel with water-rich sandy stratum, this paper discussed and analyzed the applicability of the theoretical values of the key parameters of the Peck formula, supplemented by model numerical calculations, to obtain the applicability and differences between the actual surface settlement troughs and the theoretical calculated settlement troughs for tunnels with water-rich sandy stratum. The results of the study show that, a) in the case of shield tunnels in deep buried sandy strata with burial depths and excavation ratios H/D＞5 and where geology cannot uncover impermeable layers, the subsidence is generated under undrained conditions and the recommended range of loss rates for the target strata is 0.5% to 1%; b) for the “load-carrying arch”, which is buried at a greater depth and formed within the strata, the vault top is farther away from the vertical distance of the surface settlement, resulting in the measured surface settlement trough width being much smaller than the theoretical calculation of the settlement trough width; c) an improved Lee formula endowed with parameter n is proposed to establish the relationship between the settlement of the tunnel vault and the maximum ground settlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selection of lining structure has always been a focus issue in the design and construction of shield water transmission tunnels. In this paper, the lining structure types used in the existing shield tunnels in China were classified and summarized, and several different lining structures were comprehensively compared from the aspects of engineering safety, construction period and project cost by taking the Chuanqin tunnel in the Xixiayuan Water Transmission and Irrigation project as an example. Through structural selection and force analysis, the superimposed lining structure used by the Chuanqin tunnel in the Xixiayuan Water Transmission and Irrigation project was technically reasonable and feasible, and the structure was safe and reliable. Compared with the previous double-layer lining structure with separate internal and external linings, this lining structure superimposed internal and external linings had the advantages of small construction difficulty, high construction efficiency, easy construction quality assurance, and low project cost, and could be promoted and used for shield water transmission tunnels that beard certain internal water pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the geological environment of the diversion tunnel is changeable, and shield construction is a complex construction process, the risk probability is high, the risk is difficult to predict, and the economic loss and personal injury caused by the risk are immeasurable. Looking for and analyzing the possible risk sources in shield construction of diversion tunnel is helpful to ensure the safe construction of tunnel engineering. In this paper, for a diversion tunnel, the WBS-RBS method was used to build a risk matrix, identify the risk sources of tunnel shield construction through the study of the matrix, and then determined the weight of each risk factor of the tunnel through the Analytic Hierarchy Process, obtained the impact degree of each risk factor on the progress of tunnel shield construction, and formulated corresponding risk control measures according to the impact degree, so as to provide effective management methods for tunnel shield construction. It made the safety management of tunnel shield construction from post remediation to pre prevention, reduced the probability of risk occurrence, and improved the level of safety management of tunnel shield construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]