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Objective: We here displayed the global research trends of meteorology and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) as a visual knowledge map by using bibliometrics and revealed the research directions, hotspots, trends, and frontiers in this field. Methods: Using Web of Science core collection as the data source and with CiteSpace and VOSviewer software, we collected and analyzed the annual number of papers, cooperative relationships (countries, institutions, authors, etc.), citations (literature citation, literature co-citation, literature publication, etc.), keywords (emergence, clustering, etc.) of meteorology, and HFRSrelated research data for the past 30 years, and drew a visual map. Results: In total, this study included 313 papers investigating the relationship between meteorology and HFRS. The first paper was published in 1992. Globally, United States had the largest number of publications in this field, and the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention was the most influential institution conducting related research (20 articles published, and the mediation centrality was 0.24). Several small author cooperation clusters were formed; however, the number of papers published by the same scholar and the co-citation frequency were low. Cazelles Bernard (7 articles) published the highest number of articles in this field, and Gubler DJ was the author with the most co-citations (55 times). The most frequently cited journal was Emerging Infectious Diseases. In this field, the top three high-frequency keywords were "hemorrhagic fever," "transmission," and "temperature." According to keyword cluster analysis, the top three themes were dengue, dechlorane plus, and bank voles. The timeline spectrum exhibited that dengue clustering had a good temporal continuity. The trend analysis of emergent words revealed that the research on "temperature," "meteorological factors" and "Puumala hantavirus" has gradually appeared in recent years. Conclusion: This study represents the first comprehensive exploration of global trends, hotspots, frontiers, and developments in the relationship between meteorology and HFRS, utilizing CiteSpace and VOSviewer software. The findings of this study are crucial for elucidating the influence of climate change on disease transmission patterns and offering novel insights for forthcoming epidemiological research and public health interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reprints of articles about meteorology research published in 2007 issues of "Weather and Forecasting", "Journal of Climate," and "Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology" are presented. They are "Performance Assessment of the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN), Using the Los Alamos Sferic Array (LASA) as Ground Truth", "How Well Do We Understand and Evaluate Climate Change Feedback Processes?," and "Developing Tools for Nowcasting Storm Severity".

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is a numerical weather prediction system designed to serve both atmospheric research and operational forecasting needs. The WRF development is a done in collaboration around the globe. Further-more, the WRF is used by academic atmospheric scientists, weather forecasters at the operational centers and so on. The WRF contains several physics components. The most time consuming one is the microphysics. One microphysics scheme is the Goddard cloud microphysics scheme. It is a sophisticated cloud microphysics scheme in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The Goddard microphysics scheme is very suitable for massively parallel computation as there are no interactions among horizontal grid points. Compared to the earlier microphysics schemes, the Goddard scheme incorporates a large number of improvements. Thus, we have optimized the Goddard scheme code. In this paper, we present our results of optimizing the Goddard microphysics scheme on Intel Many Integrated Core Architecture (MIC) hardware. The Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor is the first product based on Intel MIC architecture, and it consists of up to 61 cores connected by a high performance on-die bidirectional interconnect. The Intel MIC is capable of executing a full operating system and entire programs rather than just kernels as the GPU does. The MIC coprocessor supports all important Intel development tools. Thus, the development environment is one familiar to a vast number of CPU developers. Although, getting a maximum performance out of MICs will require using some novel optimization techniques. Those optimization techniques are discussed in this paper. The results show that the optimizations improved performance of Goddard microphysics scheme on Xeon Phi 7120P by a factor of 4.7×. In addition, the optimizations reduced the Goddard microphysics scheme's share of the total WRF processing time from 20.0 to 7.5%. Furthermore, the same optimizations improved performance on Intel Xeon E5-2670 by a factor of 2.8× compared to the original code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the long-term, satellite-based visible snow cover extent NOAA climate data record (CDR) currently available for climate studies, monitoring, and model validation. This environmental data product is developed from weekly Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent data that have been digitized from snow cover maps onto a Cartesian grid draped over a polar stereographic projection. The data has a spatial resolution of 190.5 km at 60° latitude, are updated monthly, and span from 4 October 1966 to present. The data comprise the longest satellite-based CDR of any environmental variable. Access to the data are provided in netCDF format and are archived by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under the satellite climate data record program (doi:10.7289/V5N014G9). The basic characteristics, history, and evolution of the dataset are presented herein. In general, the CDR provides similar spatial and temporal variability as its widely used predecessor product. Key refinements to the new CDR improve the product's grid accuracy and documentation, and bring metadata into compliance with current standards for climate data records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent decades have witnessed a drastic increase in the fidelity of numerical weather prediction (NWP) modeling. Currently, both research-grade and operational NWP models regularly perform simulations with horizontal grid spacings as fine as 1 km. This migration towards higher resolution potentially improves NWP model solutions by increasing the resolvability of mesoscale processes and reducing dependency on empirical physics parameterizations. However, at the same time, the accuracy of highresolution simulations, particularly in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), are also sensitive to orographic forcing which can have significant variability on the same spatial scale as, or smaller than, NWP model grids. Despite this sensitivity, many high resolution atmospheric simulations do not consider uncertainty with respect to selection of static terrain height dataset. In this paper, we use the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to simulate realistic cases of lower tropospheric flow over and downstream of mountainous islands using both the default global 30 s United States Geographic Survey terrain height dataset (GTOPO30) and the 3 s Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) terrain height dataset. Our results demonstrate cases where the differences between GTOPO30-based and SRTM-based model terrain height are significant enough to produce entirely different orographic wake mechanics, such as vortex shedding vs. no vortex shedding. These results are also compared to MODIS visible satellite imagery and highlight the importance of considering uncertain static boundary conditions when running high-resolution mesoscale models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which examines the effect of synoptic-scale forcing on the stratospheric sudden warnings (SSWs) in 2006 in the U.S. The researchers used the meteorological fields from Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS)-4 analyses in determining such effects. The study found out that stratospheric polar displaced off the pole due to earlier minor warming events. The researchers also suggest that there is a need for further investigation to determine the kind of fraction of major SSWs are initiated.

The article focuses on contribution of Yoshikazu Sasaki to the development of variational method of data assimilation. It highlights Sasaki's training in physics and the application of calculus of variations to relativity and quantum mechanics. Moreover, the author argues on fundamental difference of variational methods introduced by Sasaki as well as the meteorological community introduced by Arnt Eliassen to the stochastic approach to data assimilation. Furthermore, a study on the link between tropical cyclones and fronts is also discussed.

The accurate prediction of heavy precipitation in convective environments is crucial because such events, often occurring in Italy during the summer and fall seasons, can be a threat for people and properties. In this paper, we analyse the impact of satellite-derived surface-rainfall-rate data assimilation on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model's precipitation prediction, considering 15 days in summer 2022 and 17 days in fall 2022, where moderate to intense precipitation was observed over Italy. A 3DVar realised at CNR-ISAC (National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate) is used to assimilate two different satellite-derived rain rate products, both exploiting geostationary (GEO), infrared (IR), and low-Earth-orbit (LEO) microwave (MW) measurements: One is based on an artificial neural network (NN), and the other one is the operational P-IN-SEVIRI-PMW product (H60), delivered in near-real time by the EUMETSAT HSAF (Satellite Application Facility in Support of Operational Hydrology and Water Management). The forecast is verified in two periods: the hours from 1 to 4 (1–4 h phase) and the hours from 3 to 6 (3–6 h phase) after the assimilation. The results show that the rain rate assimilation improves the precipitation forecast in both seasons and for both forecast phases, even if the improvement in the 3–6 h phase is found mainly in summer. The assimilation of H60 produces a high number of false alarms, which has a negative impact on the forecast, especially for intense events (30 mm/3 h). The assimilation of the NN rain rate gives more balanced predictions, improving the control forecast without significantly increasing false alarms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying deep learning to high-precision ionospheric parameter prediction is a significant and growing field within the realm of space weather research. This paper proposes an improved model, Mixed Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)—Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM), for predicting the Total Electron Content (TEC) in China. This model was trained using the longest available Global Ionospheric Maps (GIM)-TEC from 1998 to 2023 in China, and underwent an interpretability analysis and accuracy evaluation. The results indicate that historical TEC maps play the most critical role, followed by Kp, ap, AE, F10.7, and time factor. The contributions of Dst and Disturbance Index (DI) to improving accuracy are relatively small but still essential. In long-term predictions, the contributions of the geomagnetic index, solar activity index, and time factor are higher. In addition, the model performs well in short-term predictions, accurately capturing the occurrence, evolution, and classification of ionospheric storms. However, as the predicted length increases, the accuracy gradually decreases, and some erroneous predictions may occur. The northeast region exhibits lower accuracy but a higher F1 score, which may be attributed to the frequency of ionospheric storm occurrences in different locations. Overall, the model effectively predicts the trends and evolution processes of ionospheric storms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The "online" meteorological and chemical transport Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model has been implemented over the Indian subcontinent for three consecutive summers in 2008, 2009 and 2010 to study the aerosol properties over the domain. The model simulated the meteorological parameters, trace gases and particulate matter. Predicted mixing ratios of trace gases (Ozone, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide) are compared with ground based observations over Kan-pur. Simulated aerosol optical depth are compared with those observed at nine Aerosol Robotic Network stations (AERONET). The simulations show that the aerosol optical depth of the less polluted regions is better simulated compared to that of the locations where the aerosol loading is very high. The vertical profiles of extinction coefficient observed at the Kanpur Micropulse Lidar Network (MPLNET) station is underpredicted by the model by 10 to 50 % for altitudes greater than 1.5 km and qualitatively simulate the elevated layers of aerosols. The simulated mass concentration of black carbon shows a correlation coefficient of 0.4 with observations. Vertical profiles of black carbon at various locations have also been compared with observations from an aircraft campaign held during pre-monsoon period of 2008 and 2009. This study shows that WRF-Chem model captures many important features of the observed atmospheric composition during the pre-monsoon season in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan (JMSJ) is a well-established journal in the field of meteorology and related sciences. The editorial board is committed to continuously improving the journal for authors, readers, and reviewers. In 2024, the JMSJ will publish its 102nd volume and will discontinue the note service for submissions. The journal has recently implemented minor reforms in the technical editing process. The JMSJ Award for 2023 was presented to authors who conducted novel research on important topics. The most accessed papers in 2023 included topics such as geostationary meteorological satellites and reanalysis data. The journal also organized three special editions on various topics. JMSJ authors are encouraged to use J- STAGE Data for archiving datasets related to their papers. The journal expresses gratitude to the meteorological research community for their support and looks forward to continued success in 2024. [Extracted from the article]

The online coupled Weather Research and Forecasting-Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model was applied to simulate a haze event that happened in January 2010 in the North China Plain (NCP), and was validated against various types of measurements. The evaluations indicate that WRF-Chem provides reliable simulations for the 2010 haze event in the NCP. This haze event is mainly caused by high emissions of air pollutants in the NCP and stable weather conditions in winter. Secondary inorganic aerosols also played an important role and cloud chemistry had important contributions. Air pollutants outside Beijing contributed about 47.8% to the PM2.5 levels in Beijing during this haze event, and most of them are from south Hebei, Shandong and Henan provinces. In addition, aerosol feedback has important impacts on surface temperature, Relative Humidity (RH) and wind speeds, and these meteorological variables affect aerosol distribution and formation in turn. In Shijiazhuang, Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) decreased about 300m and PM2.5 increased more than 20 μgm-3 due to aerosol feed back. Feedbacks associated to Black Carbon (BC) account for about 50% of the PM2.5 increases and 50% of the PBL decreases in Shijiazhuang, indicating more attention should be paid to BC from both air pollution control and climate change perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which develops new high-resolution land surface parameters for global Community Land Model (CLM) 4.0. The study uses Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface data, Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) application, and non-vegetated land cover mapping to create new land surface parameters. Results show that the new parameters have illustrated higher spatial resolution than the existing parameters.

The article presents research on the simulations of tropospheric ozone over South Asia using the weather research and forecasting model with chemistry (WRF-Chem) model for 2008. The study suggests that ozone production in the area is mostly mono-nitrogen oxides (NOx-limited). Furthermore, it indicates the efficiency of WRF-Chem model in capturing many important features of the observations as well as provides an efficient use for understanding spatio-temporal variability of ozone.

Simulating surface wind over complex terrain is a challenge in regional climate modelling. Therefore, this study aims at identifying a setup of the WRF model that minimizes systematic errors of surface winds in hindcast simulations. Major factors of the model configuration are tested to find a suitable setup: the horizontal resolution, the PBL parameterization scheme and the way WRF is nested to the driving dataset. Hence, a number of sensitivity simulations at a spatial resolution of 2 km are carried out and compared to observations. Given the importance of wind storms, the analysis is based on case studies of 24 historical wind storms that caused great economic damage in Switzerland. Each of these events is downscaled using eight different model setups, but sharing the same driving dataset. The results show that the unresolved topography leads to a general overestimation of wind speed in WRF. However, this bias can be substantially reduced by using a PBL scheme that explicitly considers the effects of non-resolved topography, which also improves the spatial structure of wind speed over Switzerland. The wind direction, although generally well reproduced, is not very sensitive to the PBL scheme. Further sensitivity tests include four types of nesting methods: nesting only at the boundaries of the outermost domain, analysis and spectral nudging, and the so-called re-forecast method, where the simulation is frequently restarted. These simulations show that restricting the freedom of the model to develop large-scale disturbances slightly increases the temporal agreement with the observations, at the same time that it further reduces the overestimation of wind speed, especially for maximum wind peaks. The model skill is also evaluated in the outermost domains, where the resolution is coarser. The results demonstrate the important role of horizontal resolution, where the step from 6 to 2 km significantly improves model performance. In summary, the combination of a grid size of 2 km, the non-local PBL scheme modified to explicitly account for non-resolved orography, as well as analysis or spectral nudging, is a superior combination when dynamical downscaling is aimed at reproducing real wind fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the susceptibility of drifting snow along the Ya'an–Qamdo section of the railway, which is located in a high-altitude and cold plateau in Southwest China with scarce meteorological information, the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) is used in this paper to simulate the spatio-temporal distribution of meteorological data. According to the varying terrain, the railway section from Ya'an to Qamdo is divided into two regions along 100.8° E for double-layer nested simulation. The original land use data of the WRF model are used in region 1. Due to the increased number of mountains in region 2, the original data are replaced by the MCD12Q1v006 land use data, and the vertical direction layers are densified near the ground to increase simulation accuracy. The simulated results are compared with the observation data. It is found that after densification, the results have been significantly improved. The results obtained by the WRF model can accurately simulate the change trends of temperature, rainfall, and wind speed, and the correlation coefficients are relatively high, which verifies the accuracy of WRF for simulating complex terrain regions. The simulation results further indicate that approximately 300 km of the Ya'an–Qamdo railway may experience drifting snow. Among them, no drifting snow events occur in Ya'an County, and the areas with higher probability are located at the border between Luding County and Tianquan County, followed by Kangding area. The remaining areas have a probability of less than 10%. The WRF model demonstrates its capability in the drifting snow protection of railways with limited meteorological data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space weather science has been a growing field in Africa since 2007. This growth in infrastructure and human capital development has been accompanied by the deployment of ground-based observing infrastructure, most of which was donated by foreign institutions or installed and operated by foreign establishments. However, some of this equipment is no longer operational due to several factors, which are examined in this paper. It was observed that there are considerable gaps in ground-based space-weather-observing infrastructure in many African countries, a situation that hampers the data acquisition necessary for space weather research, hence limiting possible development of space weather products and services that could help address socio-economic challenges. This paper presents the current status of space weather science in Africa from the point of view of some key leaders in this field, focusing on infrastructure, situation, human capital development, and the research landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methane is the second-most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide and accounts for around 10 % of total European Union greenhouse gas emissions. Given that the atmospheric methane budget over a region depends on its terrestrial and aquatic methane sources, inverse modelling techniques appear as powerful tools for identifying critical areas that can later be submitted to emission mitigation strategies. In this regard, an inverse modelling system of methane emissions for Europe is being implemented based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model: the Aarhus University Methane Inversion Algorithm (AUMIA) v1.0. The forward modelling component of AUMIA consists of the WRF model coupled to a multipurpose global database of methane anthropogenic emissions. To assure transport consistency during the inversion process, the backward modelling component will be based on the WRF model coupled to a Lagrangian particle dispersion module. A description of the modelling tools, input data sets, and 1-year forward modelling evaluation from 1 April 2018 to 31 March 2019 is provided in this paper. The a posteriori methane emission estimates, including a more focused inverse modelling for Denmark, will be provided in a second paper. A good general agreement is found between the modelling results and observations based on the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite. Model–observation discrepancies for the summer peak season are in line with previous studies conducted over urban areas in central Europe, with relative differences between simulated concentrations and observational data in this study ranging from 1 % to 2 %. Domain-wide correlation coefficients and root-mean-square errors for summer months ranged from 0.4 to 0.5 and from 27 to 30 ppb, respectively. On the other hand, model–observation discrepancies for winter months show a significant overestimation of anthropogenic emissions over the study region, with relative differences ranging from 2 % to 3 %. Domain-wide correlation coefficients and root-mean-square errors in this case ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 and from 33 to 50 ppb, respectively, indicating that a more refined inverse analysis assessment will be required for this season. According to modelling results, the methane enhancement above the background concentrations came almost entirely from anthropogenic sources; however, these sources contributed with only up to 2 % to the methane total-column concentration. Contributions from natural sources (wetlands and termites) and biomass burning were not relevant during the study period. The results found in this study contribute with a new model evaluation of methane concentrations over Europe and demonstrate a huge potential for methane inverse modelling using improved TROPOMI products in large-scale applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave remote sensing is important for observing the mass of ice hydrometeors. One of the main error sources of microwave ice mass retrievals is that approximations around the shape of the particles are unavoidable. One common approach to represent particles of irregular shape is the soft particle approximation (SPA). We show that it is possible to define a SPA that mimics mean optical particles of available reference data over narrow frequency ranges, considering a single observation technique at the time, but SPA does not work in a broader context. Most critically, the required air fraction varies with frequency and application, as well as with particle size. In addition, the air fraction matching established density parameterisations results in far too soft particles, at least for frequencies above 90 GHz. That is, alternatives to SPA must be found. One alternative was recently presented by Geer and Baordo (2014). They used a sub-set of the same reference data and simply selected as "shape model" the particle type giving the best overall agreement with observations. We present a way to perform the same selection of a representative particle shape, but without involving assumptions on particle size distribution and actual ice mass contents. Only an assumption on the occurrence frequency of different particle shapes is still required. Our analysis leads to the same selection of representative shape as found by Geer and Baordo (2014). In addition, we show that the selected particle shape has the desired properties also at higher frequencies as well as for radar applications. Finally, we demonstrate that in this context the assumption on particle shape is likely less critical when using mass equivalent diameter to characterise particle size, compared to using maximum dimension, but a better understanding of the variability of size distributions is required to fully characterise the advantage. Further advancements on these subjects are presently difficult to achieve due to a lack of reference data. One main problem is that most available databases of precalculated optical properties assume completely random particle orientation, while for certain conditions a horizontal alignment is expected. In addition, the only database covering frequencies above 340 GHz has a poor representation of absorption as it is based on outdated refractive index data, as well as only covering particles having a maximum dimension below 2mm and a single temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over‐estimation of summer precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is a well‐known and persistent problem in most climate models. This study demonstrates the impact of a Gaussian Probability Density Function cloud fraction scheme on rainfall simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. It is found that this scheme in both 0.1° and 0.05° resolutions significantly reduces the wet bias through both local feedbacks and large‐scale dynamic process. Specifically, increased cloud water/ice content with this scheme reduces surface shortwave radiation, and consequently surface heat fluxes and evapotranspiration. This, in turn, dampens the large‐scale thermal effect of the TP and weakens the exaggerated monsoon circulation and low‐level moisture convergence. It is this large‐scale dynamic process that contributes the most (∼70%) to the wet bias reduction. Although this paper presents a modeling study, it highlights the cloud radiative feedback to the large‐scale dynamics and precipitation over the TP. Plain Language Summary: Despite numerous attempts to correct the overestimation of summer precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in current global and regional climate models, the issue persists. This study applies the Gaussian Probability Density Function (GPDF) cloud fraction scheme in the Weather Research and Forecasting model at two different resolutions (0.1° and 0.05°) during a summer over the TP. The results show that the GPDF scheme significantly mitigates the precipitation overestimation, particularly in the high‐resolution modeling. We explored the physical processes, both local and remote, that contribute to this improvement. Specifically, an increase in cloudiness reduces the amount of radiation reaching the land surface. This decrease in surface radiative heating not only reduces local evaporation but also weakens the thermal effect of the TP. The latter is a major driver of the South Asian monsoon that conveys moisture to the TP, and its weakening reduces moisture convergence over the TP. Both the decreases in local evaporation and remote moisture convergence contribute to the alleviation of the precipitation overestimation, and the latter plays a dominant role. These findings provide a unique perspective for reducing the wet bias over the TP, focusing on the surface available energy and associated remote moisture processes. Key Points: The use of the Gaussian Probability Density Function cloud fraction scheme in high resolution greatly reduces wet bias over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) during summerMore cloud water/ice with the scheme lessens TP's thermal effect, causing a weaker South Asian monsoon and moisture convergenceWet bias reduction is mainly governed by the decrease in remote moisture rather than local evapotranspiration [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1979, NASA established the Great Observatory program, which included four telescopes (Hubble, Compton, Chandra, and Spitzer) to explore the Universe. The Spitzer Space Telescope was launched in 2003 into solar orbit, gradually drifting away from the Earth. Spitzer was operated very successfully until 2020 when NASA terminated observations and placed the telescope in safe mode. In 2028, the U.S. Space Force has the opportunity to demonstrate satellite servicing by telerobotically reactivating Spitzer for astronomical observations, and in a separate experiment, carry out novel Space Weather research and operations capabilities by observing solar Coronal Mass Ejections. This will be accomplished by launching a small satellite, the Spitzer-Resurrector Mission (SRM), to rendezvous with Spitzer in 2030, positioning itself around it, and serving as a relay for recommissioning and science operations. A sample of science goals for Spitzer is briefly described, but the focus of this paper is on the unique opportunity offered by SRM to demonstrate novel Space Weather research and operations capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agrometeorological hazards significantly impact agricultural production and rural economic development. The interdisciplinary nature of studying these hazards poses challenges such as poor data interoperability in research. This paper proposes a method for analyzing agrometeorological hazards using knowledge graphs to understand occurrence patterns and devise response strategies. The study involves classifying agricultural and meteorological knowledge and designing a hazard entity model based on the characteristics and influencing factors of agrometeorological hazards. Data mining and extraction techniques are used to extract relevant information from multiple sources, and a knowledge graph for knowledge fusion and storage is built. The retrieval and inference capabilities of the knowledge graphs are used to intelligently analyze agrometeorological hazards. Results indicate that analyzing agrometeorological hazards using knowledge graphs is an innovative method that offers new perspectives and ideas for agricultural meteorological hazard research, thereby promoting the sustainable development of agricultural production and the stable growth of the rural economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper evaluates the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model sensitivity to five different combinations of cumulus, microphysics, radiation, and planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes over Loess Plateau for the period 2015, in terms of 2 m temperature and precipitation. The WRF configuration consists of a 10 km resolution domain nested in a coarser domain driven by European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis (ERA-Interim) data. The model simulated 2 m temperature and precipitation have been evaluated at daily and monthly scales with gridded observational dataset. The analysis shows that all experiments reproduce well the daily 2 m temperature, with overestimation particularly in the low-temperature range. Precipitation is less well simulated, with underestimation in all range, especially for intense rainfall. Comparing with ERA-Interim, WRF shows no clear benefit in simulating daily 2 m temperature while prominent improvement in simulating daily precipitation. WRF simulations capture the annual cycle of monthly 2 m temperature and precipitation with a warm bias and wet bias for most experiments in summer. Some reasonable configurations are identified. The "best" configuration depends on the criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the midsummer precipitation prediction over eastern China by the dynamic downscaling method. Based on the Climate Forecast System version 2 of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the Weather Research and Forecasting Model, the prediction performance of global and regional models on the July precipitation over eastern China is further analyzed by hindcast experiments from 1982 to 2010 and prediction experiments from 2011 to 2021. The results suggest that the regional model forced by the global model can noticeably improve the prediction skill for precipitation in eastern China, especially in the region from the South of North China to the Yangtze River Basin, referred as the northern China in this paper. In addition, we perform a diagnostic analysis of the reason for the improvement of the model prediction skill. The results indicate that the high resolution of the regional model and the refinement of physical process parameterizations contribute to improving the simulation ability for the East Asian atmospheric circulation pattern, heat flux, especially for the meridional teleconnection pattern in East Asia and the sensible heat flux in the northern China, thus further improving precipitation prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how different microphysical parameterization schemes influence orographically-induced precipitation and the distributions of hydrometeors and water vapour for mid-latitude summer conditions in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. A high-resolution two-dimensional idealized simulation is used to assess the differences between the schemes in which a moist air flow is interacting with a bell-shaped 2 km high mountain. Periodic lateral boundary conditions are chosen to recirculate atmospheric water in the domain. It is found that the 13 selected microphysical schemes conserve the water in the model domain. The gain or loss of water is less than 0.81% over a simulation time interval of 61 days. The differences of the microphysical schemes in terms of the distributions of water vapour, hydrometeors and accumulated precipitation are presented and discussed. The Kessler scheme, the only scheme without ice-phase processes, shows final values of cloud liquid water 14 times greater than the other schemes. The differences among the other schemes are not as extreme, but still they differ up to 79% in water vapour, up to 10 times in hydrometeors and up to 64% in accumulated precipitation at the end of the simulation. The microphysical schemes also differ in the surface evaporation rate. The WRF singlemoment 3-class scheme has the highest surface evaporation rate compensated by the highest precipitation rate. The different distributions of hydrometeors and water vapour of the microphysical schemes induce differences up to 49Wm-2 in the downwelling shortwave radiation and up to 33Wm-2 in the downwelling longwave radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Weather Research & Forecasting meteorological (WRF) model has been coupled to the Soil Plant Atmosphere (SPA) terrestrial ecosystem model, to produce WRF-SPA. SPA generates realistic land-atmosphere exchanges through fully coupled hydrologi- cal, carbon and energy cycles. The addition of a land surface model (SPA) capable of modelling biospheric CO2 exchange allows WRF-SPA to be used for investigating the feedbacks between biosphere carbon balance, meteorology and land management/ land use change. We have extensively validated WRF-SPA using multi-annual observations of air temperature, turbulent fluxes, net radiation and net ecosystem ex change of CO2 at three sites, representing the dominant vegetation types in Scotland (forest, managed grassland and arable agriculture). WRF-SPA generates more realistic seasonal behaviour at the site level compared to an unmodified version of WRF, and produces realistic CO2 exchanges. WRF-SPA is also able to realistically model atmospheric profiles of CO2 over Scotland, spanning a 3 yr period (2004-2006), capturing both profile structure, indicating realistic transport, and magnitude indicating appropriate source sink distribution and CO2 exchange. WRF-SPA makes use of CO2 tracer pools and can therefore identify and quantify land surface contributions to the modelled atmospheric CO2 signal at a specified location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of regional air quality models is a challenging task, not only for the intrinsic complexity of the topic but also in view of the difficulties in finding sufficiently abundant, harmonized and time/space-well-distributed measurement data. This study, conducted in the framework of AQMEII (Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative), evaluates 4-D model predictions obtained from 15 modelling groups and relating to the air quality of the full year of 2006 over the North American and European continents. The modelled variables are ozone, CO, wind speed and direction, temperature, and relative humidity. Model evaluation is supported by the high quality in-flight measurements collected by instrumented commercial aircrafts in the context of the MOZAIC programme. The models are evaluated at five selected domains positioned around major airports, four in North America (Portland, Philadelphia, Atlanta, Dallas) and one in Europe (Frankfurt). Due to the extraordinary scale of the exercise (number of models and variables, spatial and temporal extent), this study is primarily aimed at illustrating the potential for using MOZAIC data for regional-scale evaluation and the capabilities of models to simulate concentration and meteorological fields in the vertical rather than just at the ground. We apply various approaches, metrics, and methods to analyze this complex dataset. Results of the investigation indicate that, while the observed meteorological fields are modelled with some success, modelling CO in and above the boundary layer remains a challenge and modelling ozone also has room for significant improvement. We note, however, that the high sensitivity of models to height, season, location, and metric makes the results rather difficult to interpret and to generalize. With this work, though, we set the stage for future process-oriented and in-depth diagnostic analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that analyzes the functionality of the Weather Research and Forecasting model with coupled Chemistry (WRF-Chem) that simulates emission, transport, and sedimentation of pollutants during volcanic activities. It describes the method of the study that analyzes the additional information needed to establish three-dimensional cloud umbrella/vertical distribution. The result indicates that both models show good coincidence between WRF-Chem observations.

The article presents a study on the use of community earth system models (COSMOS) to model the climate during the mid-Pliocene period. The study uses the ECHAM5 atmosphere model and the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology-Ocean Model (MPI-OM) for the COSMOS setup to describe the paleo and preindustrial (PI) time-slices of Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP). Result suggests that mid-Pliocene climate is warmer and wetter compared with the PI.

Yao and Guan [[26]] derive atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles under all sky conditions from GIIRS-observed brightness temperatures using three deep machine learning algorithms. This Topic covers a wide range of topics, including atmospheric dynamics and physics, synoptic weather, climate variability, climate change, and remote sensing observations for weather and climate studies. Due to noise interference, TB observations reflecting rain, clouds, tropical cyclone warm core, temperature and water vapor distributions are not readily distinguishable, especial in channels above the middle troposphere (channels 4-7 and 24), whose dynamic ranges of TB are smaller than low tropospheric channels 1-3. [[9]] is an observational study that quantifies the change in amplitude of synoptic-scale surface temperature variability across the U.S., finding a surge in the surface temperature variability in the Rockies and surrounding regions but a reduction over low land regions. [Extracted from the article]

Currently, the opportunistic method to estimate rainfall using commercial microwave links (CMLs) has been shown as an efficient way to complement traditional instruments in terms of spatial‐temporal resolution and coverage. In this paper, we collected data from 26 CMLs in Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, and conducted experiments on rainfall field reconstruction and nowcasting. First, the raw CML data were processed to invert the path‐averaged rainfall intensity. Second, the algorithms of inverse distance weighting (IDW) and ordinary kriging (OK) interpolation were employed to reconstruct the rainfall field. Then a 10‐min prediction of the rainfall field was achieved using a nowcasting model based on the long short‐term memory neural network and a setup window was introduced to improve the prediction performance of the first few minutes. The reconstruction results show that the average correlation coefficient (ACC) and the average root mean square error (ARMSE) between the IDW‐based results and daily cumulative rainfall from rain gauges (RGs) are 0.89 and 8.69 mm, respectively, while the ACC and ARMSE between the OK‐based results and RG data are 0.89 and 9.13 mm, respectively. The nowcasting results show that the ACC between the prediction results with a 5‐min setup window and the IDW‐retrieved rainfall fields can reach 0.91 at the first minute and gradually decrease to 0.20 within 10 min. Furthermore, the model has better nowcasting performance for stratiform precipitation and mixed precipitation compared to convective precipitation. Plain Language Summary: Accurate and real‐time rainfall monitoring and forecasting are of great significance for disaster prevention and control, agriculture, meteorological research, and related fields. However, traditional rainfall measurement methods are insufficient for meeting the demands of comprehensive precipitation observations because of poor spatial‐temporal resolution and limited coverage. Currently, measuring rainfall using additional microwave attenuation caused by raindrops has been shown as an efficient way to complement traditional instruments. Based on commercial microwave link (CML) rainfall measurement technology, this paper carries out rainfall field reconstruction and nowcasting experiments in Jiangyin City, China. The results show the CML network enables accurate rainfall field reconstruction and nowcasting. Key Points: Based on the commercial microwave link (CML) rainfall monitoring network in Jiangyin, China, accurate rainfall inversion by CMLs is achievedThe two‐dimensional rainfall fields are accurately reconstructed using the inverse distance weighting and ordinary kriging interpolation algorithmsA long short‐term memory‐based rainfall field nowcasting model is proposed to achieve 10‐min continuous predictions of rainfall fields [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotation in hurricane flows can significantly impact the dynamics and structure of the turbulent boundary layer. Despite this unique feature of hurricane boundary layers, the current planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes in weather models are neither specifically designed nor comprehensively tested for intensifying hurricane flows. The objective of this paper is to bridge this knowledge gap by characterizing the role of vertical diffusion depth and magnitude in simulated hurricane intensity, size, and track. To this end, five major hurricane cases undergoing an intensification period are simulated using two widely used local and non-local PBL schemes in Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. In total, eighty WRF simulations are conducted by varying the grid resolution, PBL scheme, eddy diffusivity depth and magnitude, and PBL height. By decreasing the existing vertical diffusion depth and magnitude, on average, ~ 38 and ~ 24% improvements in hurricane intensity forecasts were obtained compared to the default models. Hence, the results indicate that the current PBL schemes in WRF are overly diffusive for simulating major hurricanes since they do not account for turbulence suppression effects in rotating hurricane flows. The paper yields new insights into the role of vertical diffusion in simulated hurricane dynamics and provides some guidance to enhance the PBL schemes of NWPs for improved hurricane forecasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ventilation corridor is an essential element in urban planning and design to improve the climate and environment. In this paper, four forms of two ventilation corridors were set up in the southeast of Wuhan City based on its urban planning outline to quantitatively study the influences of different ventilation corridor forms on the urban thermal environment in summer. The urban micro-meteorological environment was simulated using the next-generation mesoscale Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model coupled with an urban canopy model (UCM). Critical time-dependent meteorological values were extracted and plotted, including temperature and wind difference fields, average temperature at 2-m height, average wind speed at 10-m height, and surface energy flux. By conducting a comparative analysis of the quantitative results, the ventilation corridors in construction land are arranged at intervals in the upwind position of the city in summer, which can slightly adjust the thermal environment of the central area of the city, and have an effective regulation on the temperature of the corridors and surrounding areas during the daytime. Especially at 15:00 pm when the temperature is at its highest during the day, the temperature can be reduced by 0.8 °C. Compared to other corridors, the wind speed in and around the corridor is the strongest 11 h a day. Due to the internal arrangement of construction land, this corridor form is more advantageous in the urban land utilization. After considering comprehensively, the ventilation corridor form with construction land arranged at intervals is the preferred corridor form in the southeast of Wuhan. The experimental results can provide quantitative reference for the layout of ventilation corridors in hot inland cities located in central China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses guideline for the meteorological monographs introduced by meteorology organization American Meteorological Society (AMS). Tackled are goals and procedures for the meteorological monographic series, noting that it summarizes collections of published papers covering general topic area. Also mentioned are differences between a monographic series and special collections of journal articles.

Current spatial resolutions achieved by mesoscale weather forecast models allow them to be used to generate the state of the lowest layers of the atmosphere over areas as small as a few square kilometers which corresponds to the typical size of the tropospheric area crossed by Earth-space links. Furthermore, they allow the evolution of the troposphere to be predicted with a time stamp of five minutes instead of every hour with large-scale weather forecast models which makes them attractive for radio propagation predictions for satellite communication applications. This paper aims at studying the capability of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model coupled with an electromagnetic physical model to reproduce rain attenuation statistics for Earth-space paths at Ka-band. To this purpose, one year of propagation measurements collected at 20 GHz in different places at midlatitudes in Toulouse and Salon de Provence (France), Spino d'Adda (Italy), Aveiro (Portugal), and Madrid (Spain), at high latitudes in Svalbard (Norway) and at low latitudes in Kourou are used to make comparisons between simulations and measurements. Comparisons between the simulated and the experimental annual statistics considered in this paper provide encouraging results, with a similar accuracy as Recommendation ITU-R P.618–13 for midlatitude European locations and with better accuracy for a high latitude area in Svalbard and for an equatorial location in French Guiana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The successful modelling of the observed precipitation, a very important variable for a wide range of climate applications, continues to be one of the major challenges that climate scientists face today. When the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to dynamically downscale the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) over the Indo-Pacific region, with analysis (grid-point) nudging, it is found that the cumulus scheme used, Betts-Miller-Janji¢ (BMJ), produces excessive rainfall suggesting that it has to be modified for this region. Experimentation has shown that the cumulus precipitation is not very sensitive to changes in the cloud efficiency but varies greatly in response to modifications of the temperature and humidity reference profiles. A new version of the scheme, denominated "modified BMJ" scheme, where the humidity reference profile is more moist, was developed and in tropical belt simulations it was found to give a better estimate of the observed precipitation, as given by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 dataset, than the default BMJ scheme for the whole tropics and both monsoon seasons. In fact, in some regions the model even outperforms CFSR. The advantage of modifying the BMJ scheme to produce better rainfall estimates lies in the final dynamical consistency of the rainfall with other dynamical and thermodynamical variables of the atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ground-based microwave sounding radiometers installed at 9 weather stations of Korea Meteorological Administration alongside with the wind profilers have been operated for more than 4 years. Here we introduce a process to assess the characteristics of the instrument calibration by comparing the measured brightness temperature (Tb) with the theoretical reference data, which are prepared by the radiative transfer simulation with the temperature and humidity profiles from the numerical weather prediction model. Based on the three years of data, from 2010 to 2012, we were able to characterize the effects of the absolute calibration, the thick clouds, and the frequency calibration to the quality of the measured Tb. When the three effects are properly considered, including the frequency adjustment which is estimated using the simulated Tb, the measured and simulated Tb show an excellent agreement. The regression coefficients are better than 0.97 along with the bias value of better than 0.5 K. However, the variability given as the SD of difference between the measured and simulated Tb, show a relatively large value at the lower observation frequencies, as large as 2.6 K at the 51.28 GHz channel, while they improve with the increasing frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a description and evaluation of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Mk3L climate system model. It is inferred that the model is designed for millenial-scale climate simulation which includes representations of the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and land surface. Moreover, CSIRO Mk3L offers a combination of computational efficiency and a stable and realistic control climatology.

The accurate calibration of parameters in atmospheric and Earth system models is crucial for improving their performance, but remains a challenge due to their inherent complexity, which is reflected in input-output relationships often characterized by multiple interactions between the parameters and thus hindering the use of simple sensitivity analysis methods. This paper introduces the Machine Learning-based Automated Multi-method Parameter Sensitivity and Importance analysis Tool (ML-AMPSIT), a new tool designed with the aim of providing a simple and flexible framework to estimate the sensitivity and importance of parameters in complex numerical weather prediction models. This tool leverages the strengths of multiple regression-based and probabilistic machine learning methods including LASSO, Support Vector Machine, Classification and Decision Trees, Random Forest, Extreme Gradient Boosting, Gaussian Process Regression, and Bayesian Ridge Regression. These regression algorithms are used to construct computationally inexpensive surrogate models to effectively predict model outputs from input parameters, thereby significantly reducing the computational burden of running high-fidelity models for sensitivity analysis. Moreover, the multi-method approach allows for a comparative analysis of the results. Through a detailed case study with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with the Noah-MP land surface model, ML-AMPSIT is demonstrated to efficiently predict the behavior of Noah-MP model parameters with a relatively small number of model runs, by simulating a sea breeze circulation over an idealized flat domain. This paper points out how ML-AMPSIT can be an efficient tool for performing sensitivity and importance analysis also for complex models, guiding the user through the different steps and allowing for a simplification and automatization of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical parameterizations have important influence on model performance in precipitation simulation and prediction; however, previous investigations are seldom conducted at very high resolution over Hebei Province, which is often influenced by extreme events such as droughts and floods. In this paper, the influence of parameterization schemes and analysis nudging on precipitation simulation is investigated using the WRF (weather research and forecasting) model with many sensitivity experiments at the cumulus "gray-zone" resolution (5 km). The model performance of different sensitivity simulations is determined by a comparison with the local high-quality observational data. The results indicate that the WRF model generally reproduces the distribution of precipitation well, and the model tends to underestimate precipitation compared with the station observations. The sensitivity simulation with the Tiedtke cumulus parameterization scheme combined with the Thompson microphysics scheme shows the best model performance, with the highest temporal correlation coefficient (0.45) and lowest root mean square error (0.34 mm/day). At the same time, analysis nudging, which incorporates observational information into simulation, can improve the model performance in precipitation simulation. Further analysis indicates that the negative bias in precipitation may be associated with the negative bias in relative humidity, which in turn is associated with the positive bias in temperature and wind speed. This study highlights the role of parameterization schemes and analysis nudging in precipitation simulation and provides a valuable reference for further investigations on precipitation forecasting applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate predictions of wind and other weather phenomena are essential for making informed strategic and tactical decisions in sailing. Sailors worldwide utilize current state-of-the-art forecasts, yet such forecasts are often insufficient because they do not offer the high temporal and geographic resolution required by sailors. This paper examines wind forecasting in competitive sailing and demonstrates that traditional wind forecasts can be improved for sailing events by using an integration of traditional numerical modeling and machine learning (ML) methods. Our primary objective is to provide practical and more precise wind forecasts that will give sailors a competitive edge. As a case study, we demonstrate the capabilities of our proposed methods to improve wind forecasting at Lake Kinneret, a popular sailing site. The lake wind pattern is highly influenced by the area's topographic features and is characterized by unique local and mesoscale phenomena at different times of the day. In this research, we simulate the Kinneret wind during the summers of 2015–2021 in up to one-kilometer resolution using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) atmospheric model. The results are used as input for convolutional neural network (CNN) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) ML models to postprocess and improve the WRF model accuracy. These advanced ML models are trained using training datasets based on the WRF data as well as real data measured by the meteorological service, and subsequently, a validation process of the trained ML model is performed on unseen datasets against site-specific meteorological service observations. Through our experimental analysis, we demonstrate the limitations of the WRF model. It uncovers notable biases in wind direction and velocity, particularly a persistent northern bias in direction and an overestimation of wind strength. Despite its inherent limitations, this study demonstrates that the integration of ML models can potentially improve wind forecasting due to the remarkable prediction accuracy rate achieved by the CNN model, surpassing 95%, while achieving partial success for the MLP model. Furthermore, a successful CNN-based preliminary forecast was effectively generated, suggesting its potential contribution to the future development of a user-friendly tool for sailors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing number and proximity of wind farms, it becomes crucial to consider wind farm effects (WFEs) in the numerical weather prediction (NWP) models used to forecast power production. Furthermore, these WFEs are also expected to affect other weather-related parameters at least locally. Thus, we implement the explicit wake parameterization (EWP) in the NWP model HARMONIE–AROME (hereafter HARMONIE) along-side the existing wind farm parameterization (WFP) by (FITCH). We evaluate and compare the two WFPs against research flight measurements as well as against similar simulations performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model using case studies. The case studies include a case for WFEs above a wind farm as well as two cases for WFEs at hub height in the wake of farms. The results show that EWP and FITCH have been correctly implemented in HARMONIE. For the simulated cases, EWP underestimates the WFEs on wind speed and strongly underestimates the effect on turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). FITCH agrees better with the observations, and WFEs on TKE are particularly well captured by HARMONIE–FITCH. After this successful evaluation, simulations with all wind turbines in Europe will be performed with HARMONIE and presented in the second part of this paper series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was used to simulate Typhoon Rumbia in this paper. The sensitivity experiments were conducted with 16 different parameterization combination schemes, including four microphysics (WSM6, WSM5, Lin, and Thompson), two boundary layers (YSU and MYJ), and two cumulus convection (Kain–Fritsch and Grell–Freitas) schemes. The impacts of 16 parameterization combination schemes and the data assimilation (DA) of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) water vapor were evaluated by the simulation accuracy of typhoon track and intensity. The results show that the typhoon track and intensity are significantly influenced by parameterization schemes of cumulus and boundary layers rather than microphysics. The averaged track error of Lin_KF_Y is 104.73 km in the entire 72-h simulation period. The track errors of all the other combination schemes are higher than Lin_KF_Y. During the entire 72-h, the averaged intensity error of Thompson_GF_M is 1.36 hPa. It is the lowest among all the combination schemes. As for data assimilation, the simulation accuracy of typhoon tracks can be significantly improved by adding the GNSS water vapor. Thompson_GF_M-DA combination scheme has the lowest average track error of 45.05 km in the initial 24 h. The Lin_KF_Y-DA combination scheme exhibits an average track error of 32.17 km on the second day, 28.03 km on the third day, and 35.33 km during 72-h. The study shows that the combination of parameterization schemes and the GNSS water vapor data assimilation significantly improve the initial conditions and the accuracy of typhoon predictions. The study results contribute to the selection of appropriate combinations of physical parameterization schemes for the WRF-ARW model in the mid-latitude region of the western Pacific coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we present a series of sensitivity experiments conducted for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ∼21 ka) over Europe using the regional climate Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). Using a four-step two-way nesting approach, we are able to reach a convection-permitting horizontal resolution over the inner part of the study area, covering central Europe and the Alpine region. The main objective of the paper is to evaluate a model version including a series of new developments better suitable for the simulation of paleo-glacial time slices with respect to the ones employed in former studies. The evaluation of the model is conducted against newly available pollen-based reconstructions of the LGM European climate and takes into account the effect of two main sources of model uncertainty: a different height of continental glaciers at higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and different land cover. Model results are in good agreement with evidence from the proxies, in particular for temperatures. Importantly, the consideration of different ensemble members for characterizing model uncertainty allows for increasing the agreement of the model against the proxy reconstructions that would be obtained when considering a single model realization. The spread of the produced ensemble is relatively small for temperature, besides areas surrounding glaciers in summer. On the other hand, differences between the different ensemble members are very pronounced for precipitation, in particular in winter over areas highly affected by moisture advection from the Atlantic. This highlights the importance of the considered sources of uncertainty for the study of European LGM climate and allows for determining where the results of a regional climate model (RCM) are more likely to be uncertain for the considered case study. Finally, the results are also used to assess the effect of convection-permitting resolutions, at both local and regional scales, under glacial conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meteorological disasters on highways can significantly reduce road traffic efficiency. Low visibility caused by dense fog is a severe meteorological disaster that greatly increases the incidence of traffic accidents on highways. Accurately predicting highway visibility and taking timely countermeasures can mitigate the impact of meteorological disasters and enhance traffic safety. This paper introduces the ATCNet model for highway visibility prediction. In ATCNet, we integrate Transformer, Capsule Networks (CapsNet), and self-attention mechanisms to leverage their respective complementary strengths. The Transformer component effectively captures the temporal characteristics of the data, while the Capsule Network efficiently decodes the spatial correlations and hierarchical structures among multidimensional meteorological elements. The self-attention mechanism, serving as the final decision-refining step, ensures that all key temporal and spatial hierarchical information is fully considered, significantly enhancing the accuracy and reliability of the predictions. This integrated approach is crucial in understanding highway visibility prediction tasks influenced by temporal variations and spatial complexities. Additionally, this study provides a self-collected publicly available dataset, WD13VIS, for meteorological research related to highway traffic in high-altitude mountain areas. This study evaluates the model's performance in terms of Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). Experimental results show that our ATCNet reduces the MSE and MAE by 1.21% and 3.7% on the WD13VIS dataset compared to the latest time series prediction model architecture. On the comparative dataset WDVigoVis, our ATCNet reduces the MSE and MAE by 2.05% and 5.4%, respectively. Our model's predictions are accurate and effective, and our model shows significant progress compared to competing models, demonstrating strong universality. This model has been integrated into practical systems and has achieved positive results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yarlung Zsangbo Grand Canyon (YGC) is an important pathway for water vapor transport from southern Asia to the Tibetan Plateau (TP). This area exhibits one of the highest frequencies of convective activity in China, and precipitation often induces natural disasters in local communities, which can dramatically affect their livelihoods. In addition, the produced precipitation gives rise to vast glaciers and large rivers around the YGC. In 2018, the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program tasked a research team to conduct an "investigation of the precipitation process in the water vapor channel of the Yarlung Zsangbo Grand Canyon" (INVC) in the southeastern TP. This team subsequently established a comprehensive observation system of land–air interaction, water vapor, clouds, and rainfall activity in the YGC. This paper introduces the developed observation system and summarizes the preliminary results obtained during the first two years of the project. Using this INVC observation network, herein, we focus on the development of rainfall events on the southeastern TP. This project also helps to monitor geohazards in the key area of the Sichuan–Tibet railway, which traverses the northern YGC. The observation datasets will benefit future research on mountain meteorology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]