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In this paper, changes in the porous structure of carbon material are investigated during chemical activation of apricot pit at different temperatures. The main purpose of the research has been to study the features of the internal micro- and mesostructure of the carbon surface, as well as to find patterns in the size distribution of pores dependent on the carbonization temperature of plant raw materials and subsequent chemical activation. The object of the study is porous carbon material, obtained from dried apricot fruit pits, pre-crushing, and cleaned from the core. This raw material has been carbonized at 300–900 °C with an interval of 100 °C and subjected to chemical activation by potassium hydroxide in the weight ratio XК, where ХК= m(KOH)/m(C). Thereby, a series of samples C3÷C9 has been obtained. The porous structure characteristics (specific surface area and total pore volume) of porous carbon material have been determined based on the analysis of nitrogen adsorption / desorption isotherms. It has been found that these materials have a frame structure with a large number of micropores. The analysis of literature data has revealed that the experimental curves belong to the isotherms that are characteristic of multilayer adsorption in micro- and mesopores of materials of organic origin. The hysteresis loop observed on these isotherms is related to the sorption processes in narrow pores. It has been found that carbonization of raw materials and chemical activation contribute to the cleaning of the frame structure, and there are acceptable modes of heat treatment of raw materials of plant origin, which determine the optimal pore size distribution and have a specific surface area S = (1042–1313) m² /g. With the help of scanning electron microscopy, the peculiarities of the formation of impurities on the surface of the original samples have been studied and their nature has been elucidated. It has been found that the largest total pore area has a sample carbonized at 600 ºC, and the largest pore volume Vtotal = 0.68 cm³ /g for sample C3 is associated with a significant number of mesopores in the porous structure. As the carbonation temperature increases to 800-900 °C, narrow micropores degenerate and the carbon matrix transforms, resulting in a decrease in both the total pore area and the total porous volume. In this paper, changes in the porous structure of carbon material are investigated during chemical activation of apricot pit at different temperatures. The main purpose of the research has been to study the features of the internal micro- and mesostructure of the carbon surface, as well as to find patterns in the size distribution of pores dependent on the carbonization temperature of plant raw materials and subsequent chemical activation. The object of the study is porous carbon material, obtained from dried apricot fruit pits, pre-crushing, and cleaned from the core. This raw material has been carbonized at 300–900 °C with an interval of 100 °C and subjected to chemical activation by potassium hydroxide in the weight ratio XК, where ХК= m(KOH)/m(C). Thereby, a series of samples C3÷C9 has been obtained. The porous structure characteristics (specific surface area and total pore volume) of porous carbon material have been determined based on the analysis of nitrogen adsorption / desorption isotherms. It has been found that these materials have a frame structure with a large number of micropores. The analysis of literature data has revealed that the experimental curves belong to the isotherms that are characteristic of multilayer adsorption in micro- and mesopores of materials of organic origin. The hysteresis loop observed on these isotherms is related to the sorption processes in narrow pores. It has been found that carbonization of raw materials and chemical activation contribute to the cleaning of the frame structure, and there are acceptable modes of heat treatment of raw materials of plant origin, which determine the optimal pore size distribution and have a specific surface area S = (1042–1313) m² /g. With the help of scanning electron microscopy, the peculiarities of the formation of impurities on the surface of the original samples have been studied and their nature has been elucidated. It has been found that the largest total pore area has a sample carbonized at 600 ºC, and the largest pore volume Vtotal = 0.68 cm³ /g for sample C3 is associated with a significant number of mesopores in the porous structure. As the carbonation temperature increases to 800-900 °C, narrow micropores degenerate and the carbon matrix transforms, resulting in a decrease in both the total pore area and the total porous volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to making art products from low-carbon steel. Due to the peculiarities of the design of such products, configuration and relative position of permanent joints and their elements, application of electric arc welding technologies turns out to be limited. The advantages of electric arc braze-welding for making such structures are considered. A detailed description of the implementation of technological tasks, arising in manufacture of real sculptures made of steel, is given, namely joining continuous profiles, joining wire parts to a tube, joining a bundle of thin wires to a semisphere and joining wires of different diameters at sharp angles. A photo and characteristics of the sculptures made with application of TIG braze-welding are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Welding of living tissues replaces stitching of tissues with threads during surgical operations. It simplifies and shortens the time of operation performance, lowers their cost and probability of postoperative complications. Water makes up more than half of the biological tissues mass. During welding the melting stage is not clearly expressed. In the post-operative period the weld should be gradually replaced by a healthy tissue without loss of strength. Computer modeling greatly accelerates, simplifies and lowers the cost of studying the mechanical, electromagnetic and thermal processes, running in live tissue welding. Different mathematical packages allow modeling these processes simultaneously. The paper gives an example of mathematical modeling using the finite element method. Its application enables overcoming the difficulties, when studying the processes running in live tissue welding and allows using a 3D computer model, which models the processes of tissues compression and alternating current passage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of investigations of the strength, hardness and structure of butt joints on aluminium alloys of different alloying systems, produced by friction stir welding (FSW). It is shown that this process allows producing sound joints of aluminium alloys of different alloying systems, both in similar and dissimilar combinations. This is true not only for aluminium alloys made by casting by the standard technological scheme, but also for granulated alloys, containing the oversaturated solid solution of refractory transition metals, produced by powder metallurgy. It is found that the strength of welded joints produced at FSW of aluminium alloys, depends on the chemical compositions and mechanical properties of these alloys. Maximum ultimate strength is demonstrated by welded joints of the following high-strength alloys: 1995 (483 MPa), 1963 (473 MPa) and D16 (441 MPa), which is due to a slight degree of metal softening in the zone of thermomechanical impact (ZTMI), which is where the samples fail at mechanical stretching. Destruction of samples of welded joints of dissimilar aluminium alloys also runs in this zone or on its boundary with the heat-affected zone (HAZ) from the side of the softer alloy. Their ultimate strength is on the level of the joints of the respective similar alloys. It is shown that intensive plastic deformation of metal at FSW of dissimilar aluminium alloys results in formation of grains of practically globular shape in the weld nugget in the permanent joint zone, their size not exceeding 4 – 6 μm. In granulated alloy welding, the oversaturated solid solution is preserved in the granules, just their mechanical refinement takes place, resulting in a fine dense structure of the weld nugget, and the granules containing an oversaturated solid solution of refractory transition metals are uniformly distributed over the entire volume of the matrix in the weld metal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper gives the results of investigations on fluxless brazing of АD1М, AMts (Al-Mn), AD31 (Al-Mg-Si) aluminium alloys (Al-Mg-Si) with application of Al-25Ge-5Si-5Cu-1.5Mn-0.15Ti brazing filler metal at the temperature of 550 ± 5 °С in the atmosphere of high-purity nitrogen. The results of high-temperature differential thermal analysis were used to determine the solidus and liquidus temperatures of the brazing filler metal. Thermal effects on the derived thermal curve are indicative of the presence of three phases, which correlates with the results of X-ray microprobe analysis. It is shown that the brazing filler metal structure in the initial state is formed by two solid solutions, based on α-Al and β-GeSi and eutectics. Mechanical testing revealed that the short-term strength of the brazed joints is higher than that of the base metal, and fracture occurs in AD1M alloy. Application of steplike cooling of AD31 alloy brazed joint with soaking at the temperature of 500 C promotes increase of shear strength from 84 to 102 MPa. 42 Ref., 1 Tabl., 7 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Th e combination of properties of intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) and functional nanostructured template materials opens up prospects for their use in various fields, ranging from bioelectronics to sensors and energy conversion. Successful combinations solve one of the important drawbacks of many ICPs, created by their insolubility and infusibility, and help to achieve their full potential in thermally processable materials. When developing such hybrid materials, it is necessary to take into account the sensitivity of ICP properties to interphase interactions due to extended π-conjugation in these polymers. However, this aspect of ICP-based nanocomposites has not been sufficiently studied yet. In this paper we investigate the effect of template submicron poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) particles and the nature of the dopant on properties of poly(3-methylthiophene) (P3MT) precipitated as the shell at the PVDF core surface in the course of the 3MT oxidative polymerization. For this purpose, we compare the properties of P3MT phase of the composites with the properties of the neat P3MT doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS), perfluorooctanoate (PFO) and chloride anions. In the formed composite core-shell particles the P3MT is in the form of asymmetric nanoparticles which are localized almost exclusively at the surface of PVDF particles. According to the conjugation length, neat polymers form the following series: P3MT-Cl > P3MT-DBS > P3MT-PFO as evidenced by the IR spectral analysis. In their composites the conjugation length of P3MT doped with Cl- does not change noticeably, while for the DBS and PFO anions cases it increases and for the DBS case it exceeds that of Cl- case. X-ray phase analysis showed an increase in the degree of crystallinity of P3MT-Cl and P3MT-DBS phases in the composition of composites by 1.4 and 1.3 times relative to the corresponding values for the neat doped P3MTs. Such an increase can be caused by the influence of the local electric field of the dipoles of the electroactive part of the crystalline phase of PVDF (β- and γ-phase) on the spatial arrangement of charged P3MT macromolecules formed on the surface of PVDF. Thermogravimetric studies show an increase in the thermal stability of the doped P3MT phase of nanocomposites while conductivity measurements reveal a significant effect of the nature of the dopant anion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyse piano compositions by A. Schoenberg (Six pieces, Op. 19) and A. Berg (Sonata, Op. 1) in the context of a performance reading based on the symbolist aestheticism of expressing the reviving string-plucking analogy of the keyboard-piano expression. The methodological basis is the intonation approach of B. Asafiev's school in the works of Ukrainian musicologists, including T. Verkina, O. Kozarenko, I. Lyashenko, O. Markova, O. Sokol and others, using research methods of comparative-stylistic, hermeneutical, biographical-descriptive, and analytical- typological. The scientific novelty lies in the originality of the observation of the compensatory aestheticism of the performance perspective of the above music by A. Schoenberg and A. Berg and the correspondence of the latter to the neo-symbolist tendencies of contemporary creative thinking. Another independent conclusion is the nature of this performing choice, which meets the audience's expectations and is correlated with the game-mosaic worldview of our time to exclude dramatic and tragic angles of the content of the musical classics. Conclusions. The neo-symbolist eclecticism of the post-avant-garde revived the keyboard string- plucking analogy in piano sound production, giving pianistic expression a salon-like spiritualised "lightness" that reoriented the expressionist-salon tendencies of the piano heritage of the Novovidenians to a compensatory aestheticism of pro-symbolist meaning. The reality of performing compositions by A. Schoenberg and A. Berg is that the music of their works, including those performed by the author of this essay, approaches the character of salon cordiality of sound, which rejects expressionist anti- aestheticism in favour of pro-Schubertian greetings of the post-post-avant-garde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to analyse the significance of academic culture for higher education institutions in Ukraine and to substantiate the strategic trends of its development. The research methodology used in the course of scientific research is based on an interdisciplinary approach and includes general scientific methods of systematisation and analysis of the issue under study, which allowed specifying and substantiating strategic approaches to the development of academic culture in the university community. The objectives of the scientific research necessitated the use of an analytical approach, which helped to outline the advantages and disadvantages of the process of introducing academic culture in higher education institutions. The scientific novelty lies in the disclosure of the essence and significance of academic culture in higher education institutions of Ukraine; scientific substantiation of the strategic trends of academic culture policy in the context of motivation and incentives. Conclusions. The development of the academic culture space requires the improvement of a series of factors in the system of higher education institutions: from identifying and proving cases of dishonesty to the use of appropriate tools as methods of punishment. These issues are reflected in the majority of national papers and publications on academic integrity. In order to introduce a high level of academic culture in the university community, the following steps should be taken: to have a clear, effective, and transparent system to support a high level of academic culture in an educational institution; to focus on the capabilities of students rather than on prohibitions, metaphorical restrictions, and intimidation; to synthesise academic culture and learning space through the holistic structure of any educational component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Survey research is applied very often in higher education aimed at students and teachers opinion about quality of education, management of university and evaluation of classes level. This research is done by using paper or electronic questionnaires. The paper surveys take much time and work to be prepared, performed and the results to be analyzed. On the other side, the electronic surveys need using the specialized software and the services of IT specialists. The modern Internet technology has been proposed by the author to be used for effective preparation, conducting and results analysis of surveys. The results of implementation of the proposed technology in Ternopil National Economic University pilot survey among the students of 1-2 years of study have been presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review presents the results of modeling of the solvation of nanoparticles with deep eutectic solvents that act as stabilizers of metal nanoparticles, which provide a new platform for nanoparticle technology. It is calculated that there is a slower dynamics of solvent molecules, i.e., a slowing down of water near solutes. Such water has limited movement and cannot be organized into tetrahedral forms, in contrast to water in volume. Also, the paper describes systematic studies of the adsorption configuration, distribution density and adsorption energy of molecules H$_{2}$O, CO$_{2}$, CH$_{4}$, N$_{2}$, C$_{8}$H$_{18}$ and fluorocarbons C$_{3}$F$_{8}$ and C$_{5}$F$_{12}$ on the surface of kaolinite (0 0 1). Water adsorption is initiated and occurs due to the growth of clusters around surface groups, which is mainly regulated by the interactions of hydrogen bonds. Further, the paper investigates theoretically physical and mechanical properties of nanoscale systems, in particular, nanotips, amorphous carbon monolayer and nanoparticles. It is shown that the single-layer amorphous carbon is surprisingly stable and is deformed with a high ultimate strength without the propagation of cracks from the point of failure. The sliding on amorphous polyethylene and silicon studied using the method of molecular dynamics is described. The paper also discusses the dependencies of the friction force, acting on nanoparticles, on their velocity and sizes, in particular, the contact area, the structure and the type of the material, as well as on the direction of their shear and temperature. At an angle of rotation $ 45^\circ $, the silicon friction forces reach a minimum value, which can be termed superlubricity. The molecular dynamics modeling of the surface of carbon nanotubes, chitosan, polyvinyl acetate, titanium dioxide, $α$-quartz and zeolite is described to solve application problems ranging from reaction control to targeted delivery and creation of new drugs. The general principles have been identified that artificial water channels made of carbon nanotubes porins must satisfy, which can serve as a basis for further experiments. The organic modification mainly forms a modifier layer by crosslinking the hydrogen bond with the substrate, the flatness of the modified layer is strongly influenced by the type and concentration of the modifier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formulation of the problem. Ecosystem services are resources and benefits that modern humanity can receive from the nature. It is the material benefit from abiogenic and biogenic components of various natural ecosystems. There were not large-scale studies according of evaluation ecosystem services in the Ukrainian water area of the Black Sea before, it is the actual environmental and socio-economic problem. Review of previous publications. The main approach to evaluating the state of ecosystems in the EU countries based on the choice of load indicators on the ecosystems and their mapping. Multi-level approach implies the next steps: detection and evaluation of services (indicators, borders, quantitative assessment); calculations and a demonstration of value (assessment in physical units and money equivalent); court fixation and solutions (tools - subsidies, taxes, payments for ecosystem services, etc.). Purpose. The man goal of the paper is analysis and estimation of modern state of ecosystem services, methods and perspectives of their using. Methods. The methodological basis of the study is the critical analysis of existing approaches to the assessment of ecosystem services of marine and coastal ecosystems. During the preparing of the paper published data had been used, as well as the materials of personal research on various aspects of the evaluation of ecosystem services of the Northwestern part of the Black Sea. Results. Marine and coastal ecosystems play a critical role in providing key services such as food supply, sequestration of anthropogenic carbon, waste management, biological regulation and the provision of habitat for hydrobionts. However, along with other ecosystems, today they are under serious anthropogenic pressure. Some types of anthropogenic activities have a very negative effect to the condition of natural ecosystems and to receive of their services. The ecosystems of the Northwestern part of the Black Sea are the living place of numerous organisms. These ecosystems consist on supporting services. Important regulatory services provide wetlands protected by the Ramsar Convention. The most intense cycle of nutrient substances occurs in the river’s mouth areas. The marine environment absorbs, disinfects and processes all sorts of waste production and consumption. Conclusions. Take into account of the limited information of the of ecosystem services under the Northwestern part of the Black Sea, the first task is to determine the needs of local populations for these services, collection and generalization of information about their condition, coordination of their assessment methods for the region and the evaluation itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formulation of the problem. Ecosystem services are resources and benefits that modern humanity can receive from the nature. It is the material benefit from abiogenic and biogenic components of various natural ecosystems. There were not large-scale studies according of evaluation ecosystem services in the Ukrainian water area of the Black Sea before, it is the actual environmental and socio-economic problem. Review of previous publications. The main approach to evaluating the state of ecosystems in the EU countries based on the choice of load indicators on the ecosystems and their mapping. Multi-level approach implies the next steps: detection and evaluation of services (indicators, borders, quantitative assessment); calculations and a demonstration of value (assessment in physical units and money equivalent); court fixation and solutions (tools - subsidies, taxes, payments for ecosystem services, etc.). Purpose. The man goal of the paper is analysis and estimation of modern state of ecosystem services, methods and perspectives of their using. Methods. The methodological basis of the study is the critical analysis of existing approaches to the assessment of ecosystem services of marine and coastal ecosystems. During the preparing of the paper published data had been used, as well as the materials of personal research on various aspects of the evaluation of ecosystem services of the Northwestern part of the Black Sea. Results. Marine and coastal ecosystems play a critical role in providing key services such as food supply, sequestration of anthropogenic carbon, waste management, biological regulation and the provision of habitat for hydrobionts. However, along with other ecosystems, today they are under serious anthropogenic pressure. Some types of anthropogenic activities have a very negative effect to the condition of natural ecosystems and to receive of their services. The ecosystems of the Northwestern part of the Black Sea are the living place of numerous organisms. These ecosystems consist on supporting services. Important regulatory services provide wetlands protected by the Ramsar Convention. The most intense cycle of nutrient substances occurs in the river’s mouth areas. The marine environment absorbs, disinfects and processes all sorts of waste production and consumption. Conclusions. Take into account of the limited information of the of ecosystem services under the Northwestern part of the Black Sea, the first task is to determine the needs of local populations for these services, collection and generalization of information about their condition, coordination of their assessment methods for the region and the evaluation itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formulation of the problem. The paper is devoted to the study of the ecological state of the natural environment components in connection with the impact of technogenic facilities of the Lysychansk-Rubizhne industrial hub. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the technogenic impact of the Lysychansk-Rubizhne industrial hub on the natural environment components. Materials and methods. The natural environment components data including atmospheric air, soil, surface water, groundwater from the Regional Report on the natural environment state in Luhansk region were used and analyzed. The total pollution index was calculated to determine the level of soil contamination in the areas of biggest technogenic impact. The places furthest from the cities with powerful sources of the natural environment pollution are allocated. Mathematical processing of geochemical information was performed on separate samples. The containing of specific chemical elements in the soils of Lysychansk-Rubizhnе industrial hub is calculated. The obtained data were used to calculate the concentration coefficient. The level of chemical contamination of soils as an indicator of adverse effect on public health is determined by following indicators: 1) the chemical substance concentration coefficient (Kc), which is determined by the ratio of its actual containing in the soil (C) to the background containing (Cb); 2) the total pollution index (Zc), which is equal to the sum of the concentration coefficients of chemical elements. Results. As a result of the study, it was found that the territory of the Lysychansk-Rubizhne industrial hub is still under a huge technogenic impact, despite the closure of many enterprises. Abandoned settling tanks, sludge collectors, spoil tips, landfills of various industrial wastes and other are one of the main sources of the natural environment pollution today. The ecological state of the natural environment components (atmosphere, surface water, soil and groundwater) is described in the paper. Quite positive changes are observed only in the situation with atmospheric air. The tendency to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere is associated with the liquidation of industrial enterprises over the past 20 years. The state of other natural environment components remains unsatisfactory: surface water, soil and groundwater are contaminated with heavy metals, petroleum products, nitrates, nitrites, etc. (the nature of the pollutants depends on the nearby technogenic facilities). It is noted that these technogenic facilities lose their waterproofing over the years, so they are currently sources of pollutant migration to the natural environment. Scientific novelty and practical significance. An integral assessment of the Lysychansk-Rubizhne industrial hub impact on the natural environment components, which allowed us to talk about the different degree of technogenic impact and different influence factors, is the scientific novelty of the study. The different genesis of pollution in the given area is proved. It is established that there is an infiltration from the surface on the left bank and pollution of deep origin on the right bank. The long-term forecasts of changes in the ecological state of the Lysychansk-Rubizhne industrial hub territory are given as practical use of the obtained results. It is proposed to carry out continuous monitoring of the natural environment for a more detailed study of the environmental situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the paper is to define long-term factors and trends in the development of the world energy industry and their refraction to Ukrainian realities. The article consists of an introduction, three sections, namely: the main trends in the development of the global fuel and energy complex, analysis of the current state, long-term factors and trends in the development of the national fuel and energy complex of Ukraine. Conclusions end the paper. As for the world energy sector it is shown that its modern changes - Grand Transit - are due to the ideology of sustainable development and have the character of an extraordinary change in the technocenosis, the transition from the use of fossil fuels to energy from renewable sources, mainly - wind and photovoltaic nature. Along with the major tendencies of the Great Transition, there is also the trilemization and politicization of energy sector. Trilemization components are: Energy Security, Energy Equity and Environmental Sustainability. There are three scenarios for the development of the global energy - Unfinished Symphony, Modern Jazz and Hardrock, distinguished by the degree of greening and the availability of energy resources. Political motives are becoming more and more significant at all levels - from global to local. Major players are lobbying their interests, there is an activity of structures from the field of nuclear energy, powerful fuel companies, owners of gas transportation and gas distribution infrastructure. In Ukraine, transformation processes are taking place against the backdrop of low environmental acceptability and high depreciation of fuel and energy sector facilities and infrastructure, political and economic instability. The requirements of decarbonization create challenges to the very existence of coal energy, which is the main component of the energy generating fund of the country and the regions, where mines are located. Options for the development of hydrogen/ammonia energy in the form of vertically integrated energy-chemical systems with the nuclear power plants and reformed coal-fired thermal power plants are considered as promising; energy diversification of mining regions; the creation of virtual power plants based on hydrodynamic water heating installations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the creation of composites based on corn starch with a synthetic polymer. The paper solves the problems of creating new materials that are capable of biodegradation and can be made from available plant raw materials. An ethylene copolymer with vinyl acetate is used as a synthetic polymer. The change in the mechanical properties of the biocomposite depending on the concentration of the synthetic polymer was studied. The obtained results make it possible to determine the minimum concentration of the synthetic polymer at which the biocomposite has the minimum acceptable mechanical properties for its further use. The mechanical properties of materials obtained during the research work with tinted synthetic polymers, such as polystyrene and high-and low-pressure polyethylene, are compared. The trend of change in mechanical properties with increasing concentration of synthetic polymer was also investigated. The results of scientific research make it possible to predict the properties of the biocomposite depending on the starch-synthetic polymer ratio. Thus, it is possible to choose the composition of the composition depending on the requirements for a particular product. The ability of a starch-based composite to absorb moisture is shown. The dependence of the mechanical properties of a biocomposite on its humidity is studied. It has been experimentally established that with increasing moisture in the composite, its mechanical properties increase. Also, conducting tests that show that the resulting composites, even those that contain the maximum concentration of synthetic polymer, exhibit the properties of biocomposites, that is, they are capable of biodegradation in a relatively short period of time. Thus, the paper shows the prospects for using composites with a high content of vegetable raw materials – corn starch. Such compositions are able to solve both environmental and economic problems, because in fact they are alternatives to synthetic polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of investigations on diffusion welding of high-temperature alloy EI437B, using foil from high-entropy alloy of CrMnFeCoNi system as an interlayer. The features of producing foil from high-entropy alloy and its main physical-chemical properties in as-rolled and as-annealed condition are given. Increase of the degree of the foil general deformation to 99.9 % results in up to three times increase of the yield limit, and further annealing of the foil leads to its lowering to values characteristic for EI437B alloy. During diffusion welding the Young’s modulus increased from 165 to 195 GPa in the joint zone corresponding to the high-entropy alloy, which may be indicative of a diffusion-induced redistribution of elements in the interlayer. Chemical element distribution in the joint zone is indicative of their sufficiently high diffusion mobility. It is shown that application of a high-entropy alloy interlayer in vacuum diffusion welding ensures formation of a diffusion zone of a rather homogeneous chemical composition with a monotonic nature of distribution of the main alloying elements. The thermo-deformational impact results in equalizing of the characteristics of hardness and modulus of elasticity in different regions of the joint, and their physical-mechanical properties become similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of high-strength titanium alloys in modern aircraft construction poses new challenges every year both to the developers of such alloys and to specialists in the field of joining materials. Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a highly promising technology, which allows manufacturing complex-shaped large-sized parts from high added value materials. This technology is part of additive manufacturing processes, which uses metal wires as filler materials and the arc - as the energy source. The paper shows the application of the developed experimental metal-cored wire based on a promising local high-strength titanium alloy T120 in multilayer argon-arc surfacing. The joint microstructure, its microhardness and mechanical properties were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the results of studying the structure and strength of butt, overlap and fillet joints of AMg6M aluminium alloy, produced by friction stir welding (FSW). It is shown that a weld nugget with fi ne-crystalline structure forms as a result of intensive plastic deformation. The size of grains, which are of practically globular shape, does not exceed 4…5 ~m, and that of dispersed phase precipitates – ≤ 1 ~m. In the zone of thermomechanical impact, in addition to fi ne grains, somewhat larger elongated grains (6…7 мкм) form, which are oriented along the direction of plasticized metal displacement by the tool working surfaces. Here, in the heat-affected zone, where the metal did not undergo any deformational impact, the maximum size of its grains is on the level of 10…15 ~m. The strength limit of samples of butt joints and fillet joints, produced by making butt and overlap-butt welds, is on the level of 335 – 350 MPa at their static tension, and it practically does not depend on the welded sheet location either from the advancing side or from the retreating side, or on the weld orientation relative to their flanging direction. Here, the butt joint samples fail mainly through the base metal or the boundary of zones of thermomechanical and thermal impact. Samples of fillet joints produced by overlap-butt welds, fail in the zone of weld-to-base metal transition in the thermomechanical impact zone, and those produced by butt welds fail also through the base metal. 16 Ref., 1 Tabl., 10 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fractures of the proximal part of the humerus (FPPH) are the third most common in the elderly after fractures of the femur and radius. Objective. On the basis of analysis of the literature to identify problematic issues of surgical treatment of patients with FPPH and osteoporosis and prospects for improving implants and algorithms treatment. Methods. The material of the study was the scientific papers available in Google search engines, PubMed, Medline, published in specialized sources. Results. It is shown that are used today there are Neer and AO/OTA classifications of FPPH. Conservatively manage of FPPH in 80 % of patients with two-fragmentary fractures according to Neer or type A2/A3 according to AO/OTA. The remaining 20 % patients have three- and four-segment FPPH (types B and C according to AO/OTA), the conservative treatment of which consists of problem, especially in patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis. Surgical treatment of FPPH is recommended in case of fractures types 11B2-3, 11C2-3 in young patients or in the elderly age that requires significant functionality of the upper extremity. Positive results of treatment of FPPH types 11B3, 11C2-3 on the background of osteoporosis obtained after installation LCP-plates with allo- or autograft from the fibula bones, as well as support screws, filling of cavities in the humerus head fragments with bone cement, or using free bone implants are most often used. These methods achieve and support to enable stable repositioning of even complex type fractures 11C2-3. Blocked intramedullary nails of the third generation have improved mechanisms for attaching proximal screws and specific fixation of bone fragments, as well as straight geometry. Primary reverse shoulder arthroplasty in case of type 11С2, 11С3 fractures according to AO/OTA enables to obtain positive results in most patients. Conclusions. Surgical treatment of patients with FPPH is advisable for active patients, it is possible to improve functional results compared to conservative manage and avoid the most complications of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise analysis of complex gas mixtures is an urgent task today, since its accuracy and quality is important not only for human health, but also for the ecology of population centers or the planet as a whole. Traditional methods of gas environment analysis are imperfect, and those that have the necessary sensitivity and selectivity do not yield results in a particularly short time. Nowadays, the Fabry- Pérot interferometry is used for research in a significant number of industrial and scientific areas. The analysis of the works presented in this paper confirms the relevance of research in the field of multibeam interferometry and the prospects of developing modifications of the Fabry- Pérot interferometer. The article is devoted to classical optical correlation methods for the analysis of gas mixtures with a quasi-periodic structure of the spectrum. A modification of the analyzer was developed and it was shown that the use of the modified Fabry- Pérot interferometer as a correlation mask ensures the express realization of the selectivity of the measurement components. An experimental study was conducted to test the possibility of scanning the SO2 absorption spectrum in the 220 nm region. Laboratory tests of the described layout of the SO2 analyzer demonstrated its high metrological parameters. The main reported error was 1% on the 0 -10000 ppm scale and 10% on the 0 -1000 ppm scale. The length of the cuvette was 170 mm, the warm-up time of the model was 30 minutes, the minimum measured concentration was 25 ppm. We can state that the correlation masks based on the IFP can be widely used for the analysis of gas components with a quasi-periodic structure of the spectrum. Compared to other devices of a similar type, they have a much higher luminous intensity: U = ΩA, where Ω is the solid angle; A is the light diameter of the IFP with the same resolution. This is crucial for remote instruments [V. R. Kozubovskii, Yu. Yu. Bilak, Ukr. J. Phys. 66, 664 (2021)]. In addition, their small weight and dimensions allow one to create portable devices based on them. However, since the IFP is a multi-beam interferometer, the procedure for optimizing its parameters is rather complicated, although technical methods for solving this problem exist [V. R. Kozubovskii, V. L. Goldovskii, O. D. Kraysler, AS 1182345 USSR, MKI G01N 21/61]. The conducted analysis and research open up new opportunities for the optimization of interferometric devices and interferometric methods of gas analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Modern cities are complex and rapidly expanding systems. For their more effective study, it is necessary to use methods of urban remote sensing, in particular, LiDAR survey. Processed LiDAR survey data, visualized in a 3D scene, model a certain urban configuration that represents a static picture of the relationships between objects, processes and phenomena in the urban environment. The representation of such configurations in the dynamic plane are urbanistic geosituations. The main research objective of the paper is to define the concept and present the essence of the urbanistic geosituation. Results. The urbanistic geosituation is a dynamic aspect of a certain state of the urban environment, in which there are objects, processes and phenomena that are in dialectical unity with this urban environment. The urbanistic geosituation can be represented as a separate area of the urban environment in a certain research context with a specific state that is currently not inherent in other areas. The article describes in detail the property of the structural heredity of geosituations, which can be traced during the growth of cities. New buildings and roads are laid out taking into account the existing layout, thus inheriting the structure of the original geosituations. On the example of the city of Washington using 2D and 3D maps, the article discusses the features of identifying inherited urbanistic geosituations using the general functionality of visual analysis. On the example of the city of Kharkiv are described urban problems that arise as a result of unplanned development and ignoring the structural heredity of urbanistic geosituations. Repeating geosituations with common properties and internal configurations are combined into different rank geosituational patterns, which are tracked on city maps with the naked eye. The higher the rank of the pattern, the more stable it is, and the larger territories it covers in terms of more generalized properties. The formation of geosituations patterns is successfully combined with the feature of collecting and storing LiDAR data, which are divided into many areas of the same size – tiles. An important property of urbanistic geosituations is their variability, which manifests itself in the city study in the context of the daily population concentration. Diverse internal urban processes and phenomena often lead to the emergence of urbanistic geosituations that characterize the temporary gravity centers of the population. To search, identify and analyze urbanistic geosituations, it is necessary to use two key components – global coverage maps and geographic information systems (GIS). The article describes a special web-GIS that combines these components and provides an environment for exploring urbanistic geosituations in a 3D scene. Three use-cases are also proposed for analyzing urban systems at the geosituational level: visibility analysis, buildings energy consumption estimation, and population estimation [11, 21]. Conclusions. The geosituational approach in urban research can significantly improve the urban environment study. The repeatability of urban geosituations and the small data sets that can be obtained using LiDAR surveys provide grounds for their effective analysis and visualization in GIS, as a result of which it is possible to extract urban geosystem properties that can be relevant for the entire city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The definition of criteria for separating closely related species of representatives of the genus Cythereis is currently incomplete. Ostracods of this genus have wide intraspecific variability and high adaptability to changing living conditions. These factors make it difficult to use these ostracod species for regional stratigraphic correlation. In addition to the selection of criteria for species separation, there is a problem of the imperfection of the terminological apparatus for describing ostracods, which complicates the description of species and omits potentially important information for the separation of related species. Analysis of previous publications. Numerous works are devoted to the issue of the development of the terminological apparatus for describing ostracods, however, qualitative methods of description are inherent only to certain large taxa, where a separate method of description has been developed for each taxon. Ostracods of the genus Cythereis are widespread in the Cretaceous Tethys. Their wide variability is considered by various authors often without taking into account intraspecific variability and adaptation, which leads to the selection of subspecies or ignoring variability. Materials and methods. Numerous ostracods of the species Cythereis hirsuta Damotte&Grosdidier from the Late Cenomanian and Cythereis ornatissima (Reuss) from the Turonian of Ukraine were used in the work. Ostracods were selected from different deposits according to the conditions of origin. Results and discussion. The paper describes in detail the morphology of ostracods of the genus Cythereis with qualitative characteristics of morphological elements. The ontogenetic changes of the two species and the change in morphology depending on the conditions of existence are also described. The change in the morphology of juvenile forms depending on the conditions of existence is described separately. Conclusions. Based on the study and description of numerous paleontological materials, a number of refinements were proposed to the descriptive characteristics of the morphological elements of ostracod valves of members of the family TRACHYLEBERIDINAE Sylvester-Bradley, 1948 and the genus Cythereis in particular. The proposed clarifications regarding the morphology of the mesosculpture made it possible to describe in detail the ontogenetic changes of the studied species and their differences in adult stages depending on the facial conditions of existence. It should be noted that a detailed scheme for describing the morphology of mesosculpture is proposed for the first time in the literature. The paleontological description of numerous materials from the Middle Cretaceous of Ukraine allowed to establish the morphological elements that are of primary importance for the separation of related species within the genus. The analysis of these elements suggests that some of the similar species from the outcrops of Europe and Asia are actually other species. The question of their phylogenetic ties can be solved under the condition of studying ontogenesis and expanding the geography of research. Based on this, the validity of the names of the studied species from the territory of Ukraine is also contradictory to the actual comparison with the holotype collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes a method of controlled heating of a cylindrical plasma using the features of the Exceptional point. It is shown that the coupled system of plasma and dielectric waveguides is capable of generating exceptional points where their dispersion curves cross. By controlling the connection (distance) between the waveguides, it is possible to control the distribution of the electromagnetic field, both in the plasma and in the dielectric waveguides around the exceptional point. It is also shown that in the presence of dissipative losses in the plasma, the degree of heating of the plasma waveguide can be controlled by tuning the distribution and intensity of the exciting electromagnetic field in the coupled waveguide system, which gives a potential advantage among other methods of plasma heating. The results obtained in the work can be considered as an example of a new method of controlled plasma heating, which can be used to overcome the existing problems of controlled thermonuclear fusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the application of the theoretical model of epidemiological development of COVID-19 disease among the regional population based on the statistical data in Chernivtsi region of Ukraine for the period from March 2020 to June 2021. Using these data, a mathematical assessment of the values of the main parameters of the compartmental model (SIR) β and γ was performed and the analysis of the relationship between the values of β and γ and antiepidemiological measures was carried out for the region. Determining the parameters β and γ based on available statistics allows us to predict the duration of precautionary measures such as quarantine, lockdown, border closure and predict the effectiveness of their implementation as well. The analysis of statistical data showed the moderate effectiveness of quarantine and lockdown in changing the daily rates of infected and recovered people, while the dynamics of the epidemic development during these periods changed from negative to positive. The introduction of vaccination has shown the significant reduction in the daily rate of infected people and the substantial increase in the daily rate of the recovered people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper it is discussed the colloidal-chemical method of synthesis of dispersed composite bentonite-ferromagnetic powders that are stable to oxidation. It is shown that for this purpose it is advisable to use acid-activated bentonite clay with a high content of clay mineral - montmorillonite. Modified bentonite is a slightly amorphized silica product that serves as a porous matrix for crystallization of goethite α-FeOOH. The formation of goethite occurs at the centers of crystallization - particles of ferrihydrite stabilized by activated bentonite (Fh) during precipitation with an ammonia solution from a ferrum(ІІІ) hydroxide FeO(OH)·nH2O colloidal solution. In the resulting composite, goethite particles are cemented in the aluminosilicate framework of activated dispersed clay as a result of the interpenetration of the structures of the double layered hydroxide and activated bentonite. Further recrystallization of goethite with the formation of mainly magnetite and possibly maghemite in the structure of activated bentonite is provided by thermal firing of composite goethite powder with the addition of metallic iron powder. The methods of IR spectroscopy, X-ray structural analysis, electron microscopy and the study of magnetic properties showed that the obtained composite powder is environmentally friendly and exhibits the properties of a soft magnetic material. Such powders are promising for use as sorbents for environmental cleaning, as well as for biomedical purposes due to their low toxicity and high value of saturation magnetization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work is devoted to the solution of the currently topical problem of introduction into mass production and operation of solar energy systems for the primary processing of agricultural products. Technological processes related to the processing of agricultural products are often quite energy-intensive and require significant consumption of thermal and electrical energy, which have a high cost. Therefore, their replacement with solar radiation energy could give a significant economic effect. Solar energy systems are able to satisfy a wide range of consumer needs, primarily in the field of production and processing of agricultural products, such as hot water supply, heating, drying of agricultural products and various materials, etc. However, today, solar power plants are rarely used to provide energy for the aforementioned technological processes. One of the main reasons for this is the absence of a single system of standardization and unification of solar thermal energy systems. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a complex of modular solar energy systems intended for energy supply to consumers of the agro-industrial sector of the economy. It is a universal set of unified modules and blocks, by means of which it will be possible to assemble solar energy systems that differ in functional purpose, power, thermal parameters and overall dimensions. A characteristic feature of this complex will be its high mobility, multifunctionalness, a wide range of technological adjustments, convenience and easiness of operation and maintenance, as well as a relatively low cost. Implementation of this complex will allow to: - reduce the production cost of solar energy systems by approximately 50% and increase their economic profitability by approximately the same amount; - simplify their operational maintenance and reduce the labor-intensiveness of installation and dismantling, thus making solar installations mobile; - expand the field of their application; - significantly simplify the task of organizing multi-series production; - create continuous model series of solar energy systems of various purposes, each of which will include several solar power plants that are identical in terms of their functional purpose, but different in terms of mass, dimensions and capacities. Mass use of the proposed solar systems will provide agricultural enterprises and household consumers with a reduction in the consumption of organic fuel and network electricity, which will lead not only to reduction in the cost of processing agricultural products, but also to reduction in harmful emissions into the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In current paper the ways of obtaining oils of controlled composition for the food, perfumery, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries are considered. The suitable composition of oils depends on the field of their application, for example for dietary supplements, preference is given to oils with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins and antioxidants, especially squalene. Meanwhile, for oils used for frying and other heat treatment, the content of PUFAs and other compounds with many double bonds is recommended to be reduced. It is proposed to modify the composition of natural vegetable oils using low-temperature fractionation technologies and microwave extraction. The fatty acid compositions of the research objects - amaranth and sunflower oils were analyzed. It is assumed that low-temperature crystallization of certain fractions of amaranth oil will allow to obtain products with an increased content of squalene, without a significant effect on the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. It is also assumed that targeted energy delivery technologies will allow to increase the output of oil from oil production waste. By means of low-temperature fractionation, samples of amaranth oil with different fatty acid composition, as well as products with an increased content of squalene, were obtained. The chromatograms of the fatty acid composition of the obtained products were obtained. As a result of the extraction of sunflower cake with the implementation of the principles of targeted delivery of energy to the microstructures of raw materials in periodic microwave and volumetric vacuum extractors, samples of oil with a fatty acid composition unusual for sunflower were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the most effective way of dehydrating food products for canning is drying. Thus, the main task of the drying process is to achieve the highest quality with minimal energy consumption. This paper presents a study of the drying kinetics of Almaty hawthorn with simultaneous thermoradiative and convective energy supply. The work highlights the issue of finding a rational ratio between the amount of heat expended from an external convective heater and thermal radiation generators. Changes in the quality of dried hawthorn products during storage are considered. Storage of different varieties of hawthorn was carried out in two types of polyethylene terephthalate bags and cardboard-polyethylene boxes in an air environment. In cardboard and polyethylene containers, carotene losses occurred more intensively during storage than in polyethylene terephthalate bags, in particular, after a year of storage of hawthorn Almaatynsky, the decrease occurred by 60 and 47%, respectively. According to research, similar to carotene in ascorbic acid, after a year of storage, the loss of ascorbic acid for hawthorn Alma-Ata was 48% in polyethylene terephthalate bags and 70% in cardboard and polyethylene containers. The studies have shown that hawthorn fruits dried by thermal-radiation-convective energy supply lose the content of P-active substances in their chemical composition during storage due to enzymatic processes of oxidation and hydrolysis of high molecular weight substances during hawthorn storage. The highest qualitative assessment was obtained for hawthorn samples dried by thermal-radiation-convective energy supply, stored in polyethylene terephthalate bags with a laminated surface. The organoleptic quality indicators of hawthorn samples were somewhat lower after storage in cardboard and polyethylene boxes, which is a consequence of the loose fit of the fruit in cardboard and polyethylene boxes and the presence of air access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents ways to reduce the carbon footprint through the reuse of microalgae biomass as biofuel (related to bio-CCU). Processing of microalgae biomass into biochar is used for carbon sequestration, raw material for the production of thermal energy, as well as activated carbon and adsorption of toxic compounds from polluted air, water and soil. Biofuels are considered carbon neutral because the CO2 released after they are burned is used by plants and algae for photosynthesis, which leads to carbon dioxide fixation. Obtaining energy by burning carbonized biomass of microalgae is based on the effect of carbon dioxide neutralization, which significantly distinguishes this method from known traditional methods, and does not cause environmental pollution with greenhouse gases. The results of complex thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyzes of the calorific value of biochar based on the biomass of chlorophyll-synthesizing microalgae Chlorella vulgaris obtained as a result of the sorption of greenhouse gases formed during the burning of solid, liquid or gaseous fuels.It was established that the biomass of microalgae obtained by absorbing carbon dioxide, a product of fuel combustion with sulfur dioxide impurities, has a greater heat-generating capacity compared to the biomass obtained by absorbing pure carbon dioxide. Combustion of microalgae biomass, which contains sulfur compounds in the internal volume of cells, which are formed as a result of the metabolism of sulfur dioxide, is accompanied by more significant exothermic effects. According to the results of thermal studies, it was established that the heat-generating capacity of such microalgae biomass exceeds the heat-generating capacity of aspen (Populus tremula), which is an alternative source of energy in the territory of Ukraine, and is close to the heat-generating capacity of the selectively bred energetic willow (Salix Viminalis). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critical situation with municipal solid waste in Ukraine requires urgent measures to solve this problem. The approved regulatory documents provide for an increase in the level of waste processing, including through the creation of facilities for the production of refuse derived fuel (RDF) from municipal solid waste. According to the morphological composition of municipal solid waste, the main components of RDF are such combustible components as paper and cardboard, textiles, leather and rubber, polymer materials, and wood. Combustion of fuel based on such wastes requires the study of its physicochemical properties, the kinetics of thermal decomposition of components and heat generation. The article presents the results of the thermal analysis of the proposed RDF and its components (packaging cardboard, textile fabric, natural leather, polyethylene film and pine wood). The temperature intervals of dehydration and thermal decomposition of organic and mineral substances, specific thermal effect and average rates of thermal decomposition of organic substances, moisture and ash content of the samples were determined by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. It was established that the thermal decomposition of organic substances in RDF and its components has a staged nature. The stages differ in temperature intervals and the rate of decomposition. The highest average rate of decomposition of organic substances was observed for polyethylene film, and the lowest for natural leather. It was found that the presence of a polyethylene film in the composition of RDF improves the decomposition kinetics. The conditional specific thermal effects of thermal decomposition of fuel samples and its components were calculated. It was established that leather has the highest value of the specific thermal effect, and cardboard has the lowest value. Analysis of the obtained results indicates that increasing the content of wood, natural leather, textile and polymer materials can increase the calorific value of the fuel. It is shown that the values of the conditional thermal specific effect of the decomposition of RDF and pine wood have close values. This indicates good thermal performance of the proposed fuel composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to investigate one of the aspects of the professional activity of the Ukrainian singer Zoia Gaidai in the 1930s, namely her participation in music competitions during the establishment of the Soviet totalitarian regime. As part of the research, we aim to show the specifics of their organisation and holding, the scale of those creative events, and their significance for the professional development of the professional singer. The research methodology consists in the application of the source study method to analyse archival documents that contain information about Zoia Gaidai's participation of in music competitions, as well as to study other materials on the topic of the research. The specifically historical method helps to highlight the socio-political processes against which the music competitions took place. The biobibliographic method enables determining the place of this aspect of the singer's activity in her creative biography. General scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, generalisation) are applied in order to thoroughly study the issue and draw reasoned conclusions. The scientific novelty of the paper consists in the expansion of information about Z. Gaidai's creative activity in the 1930s, which was supplemented by her participation in music competitions, in the assessment of the level of these competitions, their specificity and opportunities for the achievement of professional aspirations. Conclusions. The performed analysis and evaluation of the results of Z. Gaidai's participation in the music competitions of 1933 and 1937 helped to reveal the level of her professional competence and professional aspirations. Despite the challenges of those difficult years, the singer managed to win the laureate title of the All-Ukrainian and All-Union competitions, which had a positive effect on the development of her career as a performer. However, the political situation in the USSR did not contribute to the fruition of the dreams to study in Italy, thereby depriving the Ukrainian artist of the opportunity to improve her professional skills and test her talent on the international stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of research is to determine the features and functions of creative practices in modern cultural and leisure space. The research methodology is based on the application of an interdisciplinary approach to the set problem and the following methods: cultural, analytical, comparative, and structural-logical. The scientific novelty of the paper is in an attempt to consider a wide range of examples of creative practices in the cultural and leisure sphere in the context of their characteristic features and functions. Conclusions. Significant changes have taken place among modern consumers of cultural and leisure services, primarily in the essence of consumption, factors of production, and recreation as such. People are no longer satisfied with simply purchasing a service or product, they want to develop and improve their skills. Not only those who innovatively create something consider themselves creative, but also those who creatively consume something, corresponding to a certain lifestyle and consumption. This growing desire for creativity is associated with a decrease in time for creative activities. Weekends and holidays are almost the only period when representatives of the creative class have enough free time. The meaning of climbing, hiking, snowboarding is not only to actively spend your free time, but to feel the atmosphere that is the opposite of work and far from everyday life, explore a new space for yourself and get a maximum of new emotions and impressions. The emergence of new types of activities, such as street art, flash mobs, public art in the performance format, also dictates the emergence of new mobile forms of leisure structures. Such events do not require the creation of special spaces, but allow people to realise their need for activity, provoking both planned and spontaneous communication. A new type of cultural and leisure environment is emerging, which can host different activities and different groups of society, where people are always waiting for something new and unexpected. Creative leisure can include a wide variety of activities, such as creating clubs based on interests, groups of joint creativity (theatrical, literary, artistic), linked to certain objects that contribute to the formation of a creative cultural and leisure space. Such examples are drawing, photography, design, yoga, traveling, that is, practices that allow you to develop and improve your skills and potential. In this context, creative leisure can be defined as an activity characterised by the desire to develop personal creative potential; the consumer is involved in the creative process that forms conditions for cultural exchange and communication within courses, educational events; creativity on the part of vacationers and the presence of a special type of space, consumers of cultural services themselves determine what, when, and how they will do; joint production (producers and consumers jointly create services, products, and impressions). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents results of the study of the phytohormonal balance in mature, formed leaves of the lines of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) of the winter variety Olvia during the transition from vegetative to generative development. Near isogenic for the VRN genes lines (NILs) created in the gene pool of the Olvia variety and plants of the vernalized and non-vernalized winter variety were used. The experiments were carried out under the conditions of a vegetation experiment in the factorial chamber of the Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Plants and Microorganisms of the V.N. Karazin KhNU. During the experiment, we conducted physiological observations and analyzed the development rate of experimental plants. Phytohormone analysis was carried out in fixed plant material by a chromatographic distribution of phytohormone mixture with thin-layer chromatography. The phytohormones were identified by the reference standards irradiating the chromatograms with ultraviolet UV (254 nm), and the content was determined by biotesting methods. The level of main classes of classical growth-stimulating phytohormones (auxins (IAA), cytokinins (CK), and gibberellins (GA), and growth-inhibiting hormones (abscisins (ABA)) was analyzed. The indicators of phytohormonal balance were calculated as the ratio of growth-stimulating and growth-inhibiting hormones. The results of the experiments showed that phytohormones in mature, formed leaves of the experimental plants are represented by auxins - 64.9-70.7 µg/g, cytokinins - 26.6-30.5 µg/g, gibberellins - 179.47-228.68 µg/g, and abscisins - 54.06-89.76 µg/g of dry weight. Among the phytohormone classes studied, the minimal was the cytokinins' content, while the phytohormones of terpenoid nature (gibberellins and abscisins) were represented best. It has been established that the phytohormonal balance viz. the ratio of growth-stimulating and growth-inhibiting phytohormones reflects the development rate of experimental plants. Rapidly developing plants of isolines VRN 1 and VRN 3, and the plants of vernalized variety were characterized by the maximum phytohormone balance (especially GA/ABA), while the slowly developing plants of the isoline VRN 2 and the non-vernalized variety Olvia had the minimum balance. Since the plant organism is an integrated system of organs and functions, we assume that this indicator - phytohormonal balance in plant leaves, can be used as a marker of the ontogenetic state of the entire plant organism. The identified changes in the phytohormonal status of mature, formed leaves and the development rates of experimental plants have the same regularities in all the models used in our research: the model of isogenic lines and the model of vernalized and non-vernalized plants of the winter variety. This fact makes it possible to assume that changes in the phytohormone balance of mature leaves, which reflect the ontogenetic state of the entire plant organism, are determined by the genotypic and phenotypic (epigenetic) influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remnants of natural steppes in Northeastern Ukraine are represented in small areas, interconnected by riverbeds or large, extensive ravines and gullies. The presence of a large number of plant and animal species listed in the Red Book of Ukraine is the basis for granting of national protection status to these territories. The total territory of the prospective National Nature Park (NNP) "Skhidnyi Steppe" includes three clusters: Vovchanskyi, Burlutskyi and Kupyansko-Shevchenkivskyi, its total area is 22272.0 hectares. The future park covers the existing reserves "Vovchansky" and "Siverskodonetsky", the regional landscape park "Velykoburluk Steppe" (4 segments), and several reserves of a small area. In addition to the steppe areas, it is planned to include forests and meadow areas. The flora and fauna of the territory to be protected are of high conservation value: 25 species of vascular plants are listed in the Red Book of Ukraine; 63 species are listed in the Red List of Kharkiv region; 17 species of chalk outcrops and chalk steppes are relics; 49 animal species are listed in the Red Book of Ukraine; 100 animal species are listed in Annexes 2 and 3 of the Berne Convention, 27 bird species are included in the lists of Bonn Convention; 33 animal species are in the List of rare species and species requiring protection in the Kharkiv Region. In addition, the proposed park hosts groups of 11 formations included in the Green Book of Ukraine and 16 habitats in need of protection under the Berne Convention. The purpose of the establishment of the National Nature Park "Skhidnyi Steppe" is the protection of unique natural areas in Northeastern Ukraine, namely, the last remnants of steppe and meadow ecosystems and forests in steppe gullies, which are an integral part of the gully steppe macrocomplex. The primary task of the future national park is to protect the grasslands. The next step is the restoration of pasture ecosystems as habitats for rare and endangered steppe species. This paper describes the planned NNP as of early 2022; it does not reflect changes caused by the hostilities that began in February 2022 and continue in the northern part to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A possibility of combined application of molecular imprinting technology and analytic chemical methods, namely qualitative colour reactions, for colorimetric test-systems was demonstrated. Colorimetric test-systems as composite membranes possessing the surface layer modified with molecular imprinted polymer were obtained. These test-systems were aimed for fast medical diagnostication of outpatient andfor detection of the pathological concentration of creatinine. Creatinine concentration region of fast diagnostic test-system sensitivity was 0,25-2,50 mM. Poly(urethane)-poly(acrylate) composite based colorimetric test-systems for detection of phenols in model samples and those of natural water and sewage were obtained as well. Phenol concentration region of test-system for environmental monitoring was 50 nM- 10 mM. Analytical test-systems being obtained were used very easy out-laboratory conditions and they worked like “litmus paper” and kept fast coloring very long. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper gives the results of investigation of the features of formation of D16 aluminium alloy welds in consumable electrode welding with application of two insulated fi ller wires or embedded elements of diff erent chemical composition. Wires of Zv1201, ZvАК5, ZvАК12 grades of 1.6 mm diameter and embedded elements cut out of V92, V96 and 7056 alloy blanks with diff erent content of zinc were evaluated. It is shown that ZvАК5 wire ensures reduction of the length of solidifi cation cracks and quantity of pores in welded joints, and welded joint strength becomes higher at addition of zinc into the welds. 15 Ref., 5 Tabl., 5 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of the studies into the photoluminescence of cytosine molecules in a neutral liquid medium induced by the radiation of a xenon lamp with a wavelength of 280 nm. It was found that the luminescence is represented by a wide band with a vague threshold at a wavelength of 340 nm and a blurred maximum in the spectral region of 365-380 nm. It is shown that the presented luminescence curve reflects fluorescence, while phosphorescence is absent entirely. The lack of phosphorescence can be explained by the effect of the solvent. The obtained results are compared with the data of known studies. The discrepancies found may be primarily due to the pH of the solvents used in the previous studies. It is the first time that experiments with the excitation of luminescence of a neutral liquid solution of cytosine molecules under the simultaneous action of xenon lamp radiation with a wavelength of 280 nm and a continuous laser beam with a wavelength of 530 nm and a power of 0.25 W have been performed. It has been established that under these experimental conditions the luminescence curve acquires a qualitatively new form - the luminescence threshold is shifted to the short-wavelength region, and the luminescence curve has an additional maximum at a wavelength of 410 nm. An explanation of the physical nature of this phenomenon is given, which is that the intense electromagnetic field generated by the laser promotes the efficient formation of singlet exciters of cytosine (photodimers). In the process of their decay, cytosine photodimers form excited monomers in singlet states which, by intercombinational conversion (intersystem crossing), intensively populate metastable triplet states. The radiation decay of the formed metastable triplet states causes phosphorescence, which is the reason for the appearance of the second maximum in the wavelength range of 410 nm. Attention is drawn to the fact that metastable triplet states play a key role in the photochemistry of nucleic acid bases and presumably will have a major impact on the development of new biotechnologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports the effect of low-temperature annealing (up to 150°C) and light irradiation from a quartz mercury lamp (up to 20 min) on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of Indium tin oxide (ITO) films. 0.8 μm thick ITO films were obtained by RF magnetron sputtering of a commercial target on the optically transparent glass substrates in an argon atmosphere without heating. Information about the morphology of the ITO films' surface was obtained and the surface parameters were calculated using the method of atomic force microscopy. It has been found that the low temperature annealing for one hour and short-term irradiation with a quartz mercury lamp lead to an increase in the average size of crystallites and root-mean-square (RMS) surface roughness, a decrease in the resistivity of ITO films as well as an increase in the optical transparency in the visible spectral range. After annealing the ITO film at 150°C, the average crystallite size and RMS roughness of the surface increased approximately three times, and after 20 min irradiation – approximately 1.6 times, respectively. The lowest optical transparency in the visible spectral range among the studied experimental samples was found to be for the non-annealed and non-irradiated ITO films, whereas the highest – for the samples annealed at the highest temperature (150°C) and irradiated for 5 min with the light from the DRT-125 lamp. On the basis of the analysis of optical absorption spectra of ITO films, we detected an increase in their optical band gap from 3.59 eV for the unannealed film up to 3.66 eV with an increase in the annealing temperature of the samples up to 150°C. The resistivity of ITO films decreases with an increase in the annealing temperature up to 150°C and with an increase in the irradiation time with a light of the quartz mercury lamp up to 20 minutes. These results may be useful in the engineering of electronic devices based on the materials of low thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The system of distributed data storage includes, in addition to the devices themselves, on which information will be stored, as well as communication channels through which it is forwarded. When transmitting information to considerable distances, there are a number of new problems that need to be solved. An analysis of the current state and development of data transmission and storage systems shows that it is necessary to use various technical and software methods of information protection from distortion, loss or theft. The use of only one of them is not effective, so they usually use their combination. The most widely used data protection methods are the methods based on the use of correction codes, particularly the residue number system (RNS) codes. Due to the presentation of information in the form of remainders from the division of data into each element of the system of mutually simple modules, a reduction in the number of digits with which operations are carried out is achieved. The simplification of information collection and transmission system due to the presentation of information in the form of residuals is investigated in this paper. The initial range of calculations expansion implemented by the introduction of additional backup modules is suggested for data protection, that allows to increase the probability of error detection to 100%. The advantages and disadvantages of detecting and correcting errors with the use of corrective codes in RNS using the methods of calculating the syndrome and calculating the number projection is analyzed. The number of information modules in the designed systems can vary depending on the task, therefore, in the conducted studies, it was determined that with an increase in the number of information modules and combinations of distorted symbols, the number of undetected errors in percentage compliance remains practically unchanged. It is suggested to use RNS without additional error correction for designing information collection systems, as it is possible to choose a set of modules in such a way that the maximum number of errors that will not affect the system functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to definite the features of the military view of the current stage of the RussianUkrainian war, as one of the part of its contemporary «multiplex» vision. The research methodology combines quantitative (content analysis, statistical calculations) and qualitative (structural semiotic-semantic analysis) methods with culturological interpretation of the outcomes. Moreover, some personal observations of the authors on social platforms in Ukraine have been used. The scientific novelty consists in the theoretical reconstruction of the visual image of «war through the eyes of the military», which is markedly different from every day and journalistic assumptions about it. Conclusions. As a result of a quantitative content-analysis of the photocontent of the official Facebook-page of the Kholodny Yar 93rd separate mechanised brigade, the most popular among the 23 infantry brigades of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the authors came to the conclusion that it forms a special point of view – «war through the eyes of the military». Paradoxically, the war does not look like a chain of combat operations with the massive use of tanks, artillery, and other weapons, the result of which is the destruction of the maximum number of enemies. It appears as a special type of human existence. This was the result of the intersection of the «peaceful» beliefs of the Operator, the professional media people who generated this content, and the real combat environment in which the shooting took place. The specified vision performs a motivational function for the active pro-Ukrainian community, which is the main audience of this page. Recognition of the peculiarities of other visions of the Russian-Ukrainian war current phase, for example, a purely journalistic one, can become a relevant direction of further research, an important component of the scientific formalisation of the modern view of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the popularity of the term «innovation» in scientific researches of the XXI century there is no definition that would display the main properties of this category. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the essence of the notion of «innovation». The paper is devoted to the investigation of the main approaches to the notion of «innovation» consideration. The defining characteristics of this category were analyzed; the conditions of the transformation of a novelty into innovation were identified. The criteria of classification of the types of innovation, their peculiarities, advantages and disadvantages were determined. As a conclusion we give some recommendations for classification of innovation improvement and specify the category «innovative activity». We revealed that the views of scientists on the category of «innovation» are significantly different that can be explained by the specific of use of innovation, the particularity of the approach to the subject and object of research. We analyze the main features of the category and according to them specify the notion of «innovation» which can facilitate its scientific interpretation and practical using. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formulation of the problem. The paper is the beginning of scientific papers series of authors on an actual environmental topic – multidimensional system geomonitoring of groundwater in water intakes areas. The purpose of article is a substantiation of application possibility of the method of objects trajectory modeling in the normalized phase space, which has been developed at V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University for sociogeographical monitoring tasks, for hydrogeological objects geomonitoring. Materials and methods. The research is based on the method of objects trajectory modeling in the normalized phase space. To achieve the purpose of this study, geomonitoring data of five water intakes in Poltava city, which operate Cenomanian-Lower Cretaceous aquifer, has been used. Changes in the average chemical composition of groundwater for each water intake have been analyzed according to 12 indicators: pH, hardness, dry residue, ammonium, fluorine, chlorine, sulfates, bicarbonates, calcium, magnesium, sodium+potassium, ferrous iron. The initial data have been collected from 1981 to 2008 according to an irregular pattern in time (39 points in time). Research results. The following indicators of systemic development of hydrogeological system have been calculated for each water intake: a) for each period of time – the path length traveled by the water intake hydrogeological system, which characterizes the intensity of changes in the groundwater chemical composition; b) for each control time – the projection of current trajectory point on the optimal trajectory (main diagonal), the deviation of point from the optimal trajectory, the progress coefficient (the ratio of point projection to the length of main diagonal). The main trends in the systemic development of hydrogeological system for all studied water intakes have been identified: - the intensity of changes in the groundwater chemical composition at water intakes Nos. 1-5 decreases over time, which can be explained by the reduction of water withdrawal and hydrodynamic factors associated with the formation of depression funnel, in particular the spreading of quasi-stationary filtration regime; - according to the absolute values of changes intensity in the groundwater chemical composition, the water intake No. 3 is highlighted, the value of which is significantly less than the values of other water intakes; - groundwater at the water intake No. 1 has the greatest variability in the changes intensity of chemical composition over time both in amplitude and in absolute values; - there is a very noticeable synchronization of movement intensity graphs of water intakes hydrogeological systems in the normalized phase space and the average intensity of changes in the groundwater chemical composition, but a detailed analysis reveals some deviations from this pattern, which may be due to abrupt changes in operation mode of water intakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an alternative to means for lowering total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, the paper considers the possibility of using carbon adsorbents. From a medical point of view, the removal of cholesterol with enterosorbents is extremely effective. By binding cholesterol, sorbents reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. The paper searches for new raw material sources and attempts to create enterosorbents with a high capability to adsorb cholesterol. The aim of the work was to develop adsorbents from spent coffee residue with a large proportion of mesopores, to determine the parameters of the porous structure and to study their adsorption capacity against cholesterol. Samples of activated carbon with a large proportion of mesopores (399 and 465 m2 /g) were obtained by the traditional method of carbonization-activation of spent coffee grounds and pre-treated hexane to remove fatty acids. The sorption of cholesterol from alcohol solutions has been studied by spectrophotometric method and its effectiveness for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis was proved. It has been shown that a sample of activated carbon from spent coffee residue pre-treated with hexane (maximum value reaches 7.5 mg/g) has the best sorption capacity. The intermediate position is occupied by the sample obtained without pre-treatment with solvent (maximum value reaches 6.3 mg/g). Natural Brand carbon has the weakest sorption characteristics (maximum capacity reaches 5.3 mg/g). It can be stated that the adsorption of cholesterol increases with the growth of the specific surface area of mesopores. The parameters of adsorption processes were calculated using the obtained sorption isotherms. Adsorption isotherms were calculated using the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. It is shown that the values of the maximum adsorption calculated by the Langmuir equation have a good agreement with the experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year, human energy consumption is constantly growing, so the role of nuclear energy will only increase over time. However, the reserves of 235 which is the main fissile nuclide in nuclear energy, are limited and should be depleted in the coming decades. But this problem can be avoided if we use the huge reserves of 238 U. This article aims to investigate the feasibility of implementing one of the regimes of a fundamentally new and not yet practically implemented process in nuclear energy – the nuclear traveling wave in a uranium-plutonium medium, where plutonium-239 is formed from 238 U. A nuclear traveling wave may form in a uranium-plutonium medium as a moving wave of plutonium-239 fission. This paper considers the possibility of the formation of such a wave in a spherical uranium-plutonium medium, and the study is conducted in spherical geometry. A majority of works studying the traveling wave mode of nuclear fission consider 1D or cylindrical 3D geometry. There are only a few works devoted to the study of this problem in spherical geometry. It should also be noted that the nuclear reactions considered in the present paper involve the participation of epithermal neutrons, which also significantly distinguishes our work from previous works on this topic, because most of them consider thermal neutrons. Since this problem is spherically symmetric, it allowed us to replace 3D modeling of the whole sphere with 1D modeling along the radius of this sphere. We have developed kinetic equations describing a nuclear traveling wave and modeled it by numerically solving these kinetic equations. An improved explicit-implicit numerical calculation scheme was used, which allowed us to increase the temporal step of the simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of digital tools in marketing communications has become an obvious precondition for a successful business. At the same time, the modern concept of holistic marketing establishes that the purpose of marketing communications is to promote business of a firm, which includes not only the promotion of its goods and services, but also the management of its relations with all stakeholders. These provisions fully apply to Ukrainian industrial enterprises that seek to develop foreign sales markets. In the paper the concept of a site was chosen as the key term for research of marketing online communications. From the standpoint of their purpose, sites represent different types of social media that make it easier for their users to communicate and exchange multimedia information with each other. Websites are viewed as marketing communication channels that use certain methods to promote business activities. This raises the problem of integrating promotion channels into a single marketing communications system. The paper is devoted to the analysis of methods of promoting business activities of enterprises using social media sites and their systematization to create integrated marketing communications. We have classified websites according to the role they can play in integrated business promotion. It has been established that one should highlight the official sites of an enterprise promoting its business activities and the sites used to obtain information services. Many enterprises have two official websites: a representative one for presenting their business activities and a transactional one for e-commerce. The developers of information services sites are their owners, for whom the provision of these services constitutes the content of their business activity. These sites include social media supporting email, social networks, blogs, instant messengers. The analysis of the main methods of promotion in various social media is carried out. It allows one to establish the necessary logical connections between the promotion processes through various communication channels for their integration into a single system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper special attention is given to application of pulsed-arc tandem welding by coated electrodes. Mock-ups of equipment for tandem welding and surfacing were developed and studied. A scheme was proposed for tandem arc welding by stick coated electrodes, fi tted with capacitive energy storage devices, as well as a device-attachment that allows using any welding current source to perform this kind of welding operations. The attachment operation is based on the principle of controlling the electrode melting rate that ensures their uniform mutual burnout. Also shown are time diagrams, which clarify the principle of operation of the device, photos of surfaced samples, oscillograms of currents supplied to the welding electrodes. 7 Ref., 8 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper gives the results of studying [H]dif interaction in low-carbon metal, deposited by coated electrodes, with the dislocation structure of metal at plastic deformation during cooling in the range from 370 to 20 °С. [H]dif content was determined by thermodesorption analysis with chromatographic termination. [H]disl formation was found during deposited metal cooling at deformation temperature below 100 and up to 20 °С. Sample cooling method to determine [H]dif content corresponded to ІSO 3690 standard, and ensured [H]disl formation in the deposited metal. Metal alloying by nickel, chromium, and molybdenum leads to increase of [H]disl content. 21 Ref., 7 Tabl., 1 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a review of studies on the influence of inoculation of dispersed refractory compounds into the weld pool on formation of weld metal microstructure in low-alloyed high-strength steels. Features of the process of primary structure formation are considered in the presence of refractory nonmetallic inclusions in the liquid metal, as well as on the interface of δ-dendrites and γ-phase. Possibilities of inoculant influence on the temperature range of bainite transformations, possibilities of formation of microstructural components with higher brittle fracture resistance, and improvement of weld metal toughness values are shown. 18 Ref., 5 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the investigation of the state and development trends of exchange trading at the current stage. The main aspects characterizing the stock and commodity stock markets in our country and the world have been analyzed. The authors emphasized the concentration of exchange trading in Ukraine on several licensed exchanges, which resulted in a significant increase in the regulated market. The main groups of goods that prevail on the commodity and stock markets of Ukraine are singled out. It was established that the predominant share of trading volume of financial instruments, which was carried out by operators of organized capital markets in Ukraine in 2021, fell on debt securities, and the total trading volume of shares was insignificant. Emphasis is placed on the determining influence of globalization processes on the exchange market development. It is noted that the financial market occupies a dominant place with a share of about 80% of the total exchange turnover in the total world stock exchange trade. Significant revitalization and development of electronic stock trading and constant improvement of stock trading technologies on an innovative basis have been noted. The paper provides an assessment of the current state of development of international exchange trading. An increase in market capitalization, a trend toward growth in the number of concluded contracts in general and for certain types of exchange contracts on commodity and stock exchanges have been noted. The main factors affecting the current state of stock trading development in the world have been systematized. They include market globalization, the development of the latest information technologies, the strengthening of the influence of global financial market participants, the diversification of existing and the emergence of new financial instruments, the unification of regulations for the stock markets, regional structural changes in the activity of the world stock market with increased concentration of stock trading in the Asia-Pacific region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to develop a new method of designing one-dimensional automatic control systems with P, PI, and PID control laws. The method scope is static and astatic plants, and it aims to minimize the influence of measurement noise on the dynamic properties of the control system. Achievement of this aim should be without complicating the structure of the control channel. The scope of the method is the problems of stabilization of relatively fast processes, which most of the time are controlled by regulators in the mode when the control error is close to the measurement error. Examples of such problems are: temperature stabilization in a heat exchanger or flow (pressure) control. The goal is achieved by solving the following tasks: 1) to develop rules for PID-type controllers for static and astatic control plants with a dead tune, which achieve a guaranteed value of the ratio of the output dispersion to the input (according to the white noise model); 2) to investigate the rules on the model of the technological plant, which takes into account the peculiarities of the automation in the control channel. The most significant result of the work is a method that represents a set of simple rules similar to the rules of other known methods of tuning PID-type controllers. A plant's reference dynamic mode is supposed in the form of a combination of a first-order aperiodic or integrating link with a dead time link. The method is also suitable for hard-controlled plants with a significant or dominant dead time. An example of the application of the developed method for controlling the temperature in the heat exchanger of a beer distillation column using a PI controller is demonstrated. It is shown that the method allows a reduction of the dispersion by a quarter compared to the controller obtained using the pidtune program. Similar results are achieved for other PID-type controllers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]