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Import demand has been a major research topic in international economics for the past 80 years because of its importance for analyzing trade and evaluating trade policies. The goal of this paper is to survey the literature and conduct a meta‐analysis of empirical studies on import demand with the intention of clarifying the effect of economic development on income elasticity. In particular, we test the hypothesis that higher income levels are associated with a more elastic import demand. We apply a combination of parametric and non‐parametric methods on estimates from a sample of 152 papers published over the period 1975–2014 and find that this relationship is significant and robust. Specifically, kernel densities of income elasticity estimates for high‐income countries in North America and Europe are shown to exceed those for poorer parts of the world. The results from quantile regressions confirm this pattern and establish its robustness when controlling for the effect of model specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author presents his comments on Mitsuyo Ando and Fukunar Kimura's findings about the expanding linkage of production in North America with East Asia especially in the electric machinery sector. Topics discussed include their claim that foreign direct investment strengthened the linkage of production networks in North America and East Asia and their use of gravity models to confirm the strengthening of inter-regional production network which the author deems lacking in control variables.

The effect of public capital on private sector productivity has received much attention in the literature. The impact of an adjacent country's public capital on domestic productivity has, however, not been previously examined. This paper attempts to fill this gap by examining the possibility of such spillovers from the USA to Canada. Due to close proximity of both countries, the hypothesis of the paper is that these spillovers are important. A production function model introduces US public capital as an exogenous variable and tests for its significance. The results indicate positive spillovers from the USA public capital to Canadian productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author presents his comments on Mitsuyo Ando and Fukunari Kimura's study on the developments in trade between East Asia and North America focusing on developments in machinery trade. Topics discussed include their examination on how distance and country size shaped international trade flows and suggestions that production network activities that connect locations in North America and East Asia were strengthened.

Economic adjustment, a political priority for Labor governments throughout the second half of the 1980s, and in contrast to earlier Australian scholarship and practice, is now recognised to be an internationally, as well as a domestically, determined and constrained enterprise. Theoretical developments in international political economy in North America of late have provided a variety of approaches for conceptualising this twofold enterprise. Taking two cases (the development of the Cairns Group and its activities in the Uruguay Round of Trade Negotiations and the development of Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation) this paper looks at two of these approaches-to show how they can contribute to the understanding of international economic policy under Labor in the late 1980s and early 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents results from a survey of stakeholder attitudes towards Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). The survey is the first to make a global comparison across three major regions: North America, Japan, and Europe. It is based on a 30-question survey which targeted individuals working at stakeholder organizations that seek to shape, and will need to respond to, policy on CCS, including electric utilities, oil and gas companies, CO2-intensive industries and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The paper reports results from the original survey carried out in 2006 and from a recent follow up on key CCS questions (April 2009). The results show generally small differences across the regions and between the different groups of stakeholders. All believed that the challenge of significant reductions in emissions using only current technologies was severe. There was a widespread belief that CCS as well as renewable technologies such as solar power will achieve major market entry into the electricity sector within the next 10–20 years, whereas there is more scepticism about the role of hydrogen and especially nuclear fusion in the next 50 years. All groups were generally positive towards renewable energy. Yet, there were some notable areas of disagreement in the responses, for example, as expected, NGOs considered the threat of climate change to be more serious than the other groups. North American respondents were more likely to downplay the threat compared to those of the other regions. The Japanese were more concerned about the burden that would be placed on industry in the coming decade as a result of emissions constraints and NGOs were more likely to believe that the burden imposed would be light or very light. NGO respondents also believed CCS to be far more attractive than nuclear power (fission) but much less than renewables. As expected, the risk for leakage from reservoirs was ranked number one of the risk options given. The follow-up study generally confirmed the results of the original study with a few notable differences. As expected, the results of the follow-up shows that respondents consider CCS to play an increased role in the national climate debate. In Japan, there was an increased fraction of respondents who claimed that their organization has a clear position on CCS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To anticipate the likely effects of recent trade agreements with Mexico on the environment and food safety, this paper examines changes in agricultural chemical use. Econometric estimation and simulation suggest that the combined effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), economic growth, research investment, and farm policy are expected to increase chemical usage substantially in the United States and undoubtedly lead to greater groundwater contamination. In Mexico, the expected effects are a substantial increase in fertilizer use but a decrease in pesticide use. Increases in private research investment are expected to increase the use of both types of chemicals, but increases in public research investment in the United States are not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a summary of discussion regarding the evolution of machinery production networks in North America and East Asia. These include Shigeyuki Abe's opinion that the quality of trade-related infrastructure is a key determinant of trade in parts and components, Prema-chandra Athukorala's suggestion of a possible aggregation bias in the estimated trade equations and Chalongphob Sussangkarn on the impact of North American Free Trade Agreemnt (NAFTA) on trade in East Asia.

This article offers an overview of the development of Canadian ports, with a particular focus on the impact of the container trade. The goal is to highlight the international context within which Canadian port development occurs and identify the attributes for port success in our dynamic global trade environment. The article begins with a discussion of the growth and extent of the container industry and the impact on trade corridors, as considered from the perspective of ports and intermodal systems. Opportunities for Canadian ports to serve the growing North American container trade are outlined, and the paper concludes with an overview of the key elements crucial for the success of Canadian ports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an integrated approach to U.S.-Mexican trade in a labor-intensive commodity (fresh winter tomatoes) and illegal immigration of agricultural labor. A seven-equation econometric model is developed that includes excess demand (U.S. import) and supply (Mexican export) equations for fresh winter tomatoes, U.S. demand and Mexican supply equations for apprehensible individuals, intercountry price and wage relationship equations, and a U.S. Border Patrol apprehension effort equation. The empirical results indicate that both U.S. and Mexico economic conditions affect the number of apprehended illegal Mexican aliens. The results also indicate that immigration and trade policies affect apprehensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the different effects that trade policy have on distinctive regions within a country by modeling the subnational impact of the Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and Canada using an applied general equilibrium model. This study incorporates interregional labor mobility into the model and, by comparing the new results to those measured in the absence of labor migration, shows the importance of allowing for interregional labor mobility when modeling at the subnational level the effects of nationality of internationally designed policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poets in North America have frequently used forms of borrowing and appropriation during the first two decades of the twenty-first century. The most prominent of these interrelated modes of poetic production, documentary poetry, has often been characterized as a "boom." Although documentary poetry has been variously categorized and named, I argue that because documentary forms index global and archival crises they are best understood as a crisis poetics. In this "shakeout poetics," the archive, and its epistemological foundations, is itself plunged into crisis. "Shakeout" combines economic and aesthetic registers into the process by which poets make documentary poems during times of amplified economic precarity, by sifting through evidence, borrowing from and rearranging source texts, "shaking out" the archive for creative reuse. The article uses Muriel Rukeyser's The Book of the Dead (1938) and Solmaz Sharif's Look (2016) to show how documentary poetry reorients its archival and representational practices from the Great Depression to the twenty-first century's multiple crises, from the War on Terror to the global financial crisis. Then, two documentary case studies, Mark Nowak's Coal Mountain Elementary (2009) and Daniel Borzutzky's In the Murmurs of the Rotten Carcass Economy (2015), highlight the continuum of documentary poetries. Whereas Nowak's text is made entirely of source texts, Borzutzky meditates on how to document in the absence of archival evidence. In Borzutzky's writing, the migrant and refugee crises, where human beings can disappear without a trace, underscore the limits of documentary practice and, paradoxically, its urgency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study summarizes the major changes over the period 1960-86 in the shares of world markets of the world's leading American, European and Asian corporations based in 15 major industries. It relates the differential sales growth rates of the gaining and losing firms to national trends in industrial competitiveness, to employment change and to long-term returns to shareholders. One principal determinant of firms' global growth rates, and thence gains and losses in 'world market share', corporate research and development (R&D) intensity, is examined and tested on an 83-firm, six-industry subset of the overall data base. The proportion of corporate sales revenues allocated to commercially oriented R&D emerges as a, perhaps the, principal indicator of subsequent sales growth performance relative to competition over 5-10-year periods. Insofar as many U.S. and U.K. firms have lost global market share relative to Asian and European competitors over the past two decades, a significant contributory factor would appear to have been negligence on the part of many U.S. and U.K. firms of investment in technology as a factor determining strategic, competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This publication presents a report on the world economy as of June 2012. It focuses on the crisis in the Eurozone as an important factor in the downgrade of global economic forecast. Information is offered on projections of economic indicators up to 2016 for developed economies in North America, Europe and Asia.

The article discusses the North American automobile industry with a focus on the roles of the U.S., Canada, and Mexico in building cars. Discussion topics include the North American Free Trade Agreement and American Labeling Act's effects on the industry, a changing system of suppliers and assemblers, and the integration of production, distribution, and marketing networks in the auto industry. Productivity enhancement on continental and global levels, resulting from the supply chain networks' linking of production and distribution centers, is discussed.

The Security and Prosperity Partnership (SPP) launched in 2005 by the three countries of North America presents an important case study in North American cooperation in the decade after the 9/11 attacks. The pro-integration arguments advanced by think tanks and the business community overplayed the pragmatic agenda of the governments. The SPP was unpopular and without legislative support in Canada and the United States. By 2009, the annual summit of leaders was the only survivor of the SPP initiative. The SPP process produced modest results for Canada and points to the need for a broader and more inclusive approach in terms of consultation. It also confirmed the Canadian view that a trilateral approach does not deliver on Canadian interests. If the Obama administration does not relaunch a rebranded SPP, the final lesson of the SPP experience would be a setback for the pro-integration approach in North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of the Association of American Geographers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Canada's economic relationship with the USA is by far its most important trading relationship. Canada benefits greatly from being located adjacent to the world's largest and most advanced economy. Because of the free trade agreement that Canada implemented with the USA in 1989, the two economies have become increasingly integrated. However, the Canadian-US economic relationship has recently come under stress because of border security concerns in the USA, seemingly intractable trade disputes in some industries, and the complications involved in trying to address issues of bilateral concern in the context of the trilateral North American free trade agreement. Canada is attempting to diversify its external economic relations by negotiating new free trade agreements outside North America, but will remain highly dependent on the US economy and must address certain issues to ensure that the bilateral relationship remains robust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Public Administration is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the condition of the North American economies after the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) went into effect on January 1, 1994. It notes that NAFTA was only one of the factors that affected North American economies in the past decade, however, and it was not necessarily the most important. The difficulties in disentangling how much the North American economies have been affected by NAFTA's specific provisions as compared with other causes are the motive for the word "after" in the title of this article. That is, the discussion is concerned with identifying what has happened since NAFTA went into effect, without necessarily attributing causality to NAFTA.

Discusses the opposition of the trade unions in the Western Hemisphere and Eastern and Central Europe to the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) agreement. Efforts of the unions to influence votes regarding the integration projects of their respective regions; Contribution of the European Union to international economic reforms; Similarity of the FTAA with the North American Free Trade Agreement.

Investigates the relationship between the constitutional rules and the resulting agricultural policies in the U.S. and Canada. Constitutional differences between the countries; Information on how the countries have used trade agreements to amend their rules by which domestic policy is made.

Compares the evolution of the structure of dairy industries in the U.S. and Canada. Details of the structure of the dairy industry in North America; Information on dairy prices, marketing margins and consumer milk product prices; Dispute in dairy policy in North America.

Using confidential firm-level panel data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, we examine how the bilateral trade flows of U.S. multinational corporations (MNCs) and their Canadian affiliates responded to U.S.-Canadian tariff reductions from 1983 to 1992. We find that Canadian affiliate sales to the United States are negatively correlated with Canadian tariffs, but U.S. parent sales to Canadian affiliates have little association with Canadian tariffs. These results contradict the notion that Canadian tariff reductions would lead to a "hollowing out" of Canadian manufacturing. We also find substantial heterogeneity in MNC responses to tariff changes within narrowly defined manufacturing industries. Overall, bilateral trade liberalization is trade-creating, as U.S. MNCs integrated their North American production such that Canadian affiliates increased sales to the United States and reduced domestic sales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study conducts an examination of the North American Free Trade Agreement's (NAFTA) impact on California's export levels to Mexico and Canada while holding constant other variables that explain a state's exports to other nations, such as exchange rates and relative income growth. Transformed weighted least squares equations over a sample period between 1988 and 1997 are used to show that California's exports to Canada were not significantly affected by NAFTA, while exports to Mexico increased, on average, a statistically significant 16.11 percent between 1994 and 1997. The model also suggests that NAFTA's impact on California's exports to Mexico has increased over time from a 10.0 percent increase in 1994 to a 21.8 percent increase by 1997. (JEL F13, F14) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assesses political provisions of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in relation to trade remedies of Canada and the United States. Impact on market access of Canada and the US; Problems detrimental to trade interests of Canada; Factors undermining credibility of NAFTA provisions in trade remedy matters.

Focuses on United States policies and politics and the US- Mexican economic relationship. Evolution of the Mexican-US relationship; Nature of US and Mexican policies; Tracing of arguments for and against the North American Free Trade Agreement: Extent to which ambitions have been realized.

Although the North American Free Trade Agreement has proven contentious and looms ominously threatening as a new source of economic dislocation, its greatest significance, together with that of similar trade agreements (e g, GATT), may ultimately lay in the emphasis and legitimation it contributes to social and economic changes already under way. These social and economic changes lend themselves to the further articulation of new class divisions in the United States. These emerging new class divisions are explored in relation to both the implications that they have for society in the US and in relation to some of the questions they pose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stresses the need for the establishment of free trade in North America in September 1980. Economic relationship of the U.S. with Canada and Mexico; Incident that occurred in August 1971 which put a strain on the trade relations between the three countries; Major argument in favor of free trade.

This article analyses the implications of a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the United States, Mexico and Canada for China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. Those provisions most likely to discriminate against East Asian producers and investors, notably changes in tariffs, rules of origin, safeguards, dispute settlement, non-tariff barriers, and new rules for NAFTA investors are reviewed. Particular attention is given to textiles and clothing, autos and auto parts, steel, energy, services and the maquila industries. A quantitative assessment suggests that trade diversion will be small — less than 0.5 per cent of exports to the United States. While both East Asian exposure in the North American market and the structural overlap with Mexican exports have been growing, neither suggests that any East Asian country will be seriously threatened by a NAFTA. The article concludes with a discussion of trade policy responses for East Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the flow of goods westward from Great Britain to the North American mainland during the eighteenth-century. It states that the burgeoning population of colonial British North America was dominated by small-scale commercial farmers and there was considerable justification in the mid-eighteenth-century description of Pennsylvania as the best poor man's country in the world. It mentions that North America offered a large market of prosperous primary agricultural producers, hungry to buy finished and semi-finished consumer products which were produced locally.

This article is limited to the study of the structure of trade conducted between a semi-industrialized country and a group of countries possessing an advanced industrial base. To analyze the commodity composition of trade between a semi-industrialized country, like Brazil, that has a relatively small and unsophisticated manufacturing sector and the industrialized countries of Western Europe and North America, the neo-factor proportions theory is evoked. The factor proportions account views trade patterns as the outcome of the interaction between the production characteristics of commodities and the countries' relative availability of these factors.