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Most of the literature on the politics of industrial policy describes a policy realm that is dominated by business–state relations. This paper goes beyond this and proposes that, in democratic settings, political competition and civil society actors also play a vital role in industrial policy. Through a lens focused on Brazil during the 2000s, the study delves into the dynamics between the election of a centre-left party and the subsequent industrial policy, highlighting the interplay of democratic mandates, entrenched economic interests, and supportive developmental alliances. Notably, the continuation of a centre-left coalition and consistent institutional frameworks witnessed considerable shifts in industrial policy outcomes, which allows for an in-depth evaluation of interest group influence on policy formation and implementation. By triangulating data from 23 interviews with actors in the industrial policy process, data from the Brazilian National Development Bank (BNDES), and an analysis of industrial policy plans, this paper posits that the prevalence of economic issues in the electoral debate and the participation of societal actors in the policymaking process are enablers of innovation-focused industrial policies; this allows governments to countervail the power of incumbent sectors and undertake policies that are not favoured by the prevailing business interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1970s, Brazil has carried out the most successful world program of commercial biomass for use and production of energy by stimulating its sugarcane industry and promoting the large-scale production of ethanol nationwide in response to the first oil shock. Today, the technologies behind ethanol production are well established. Brazil is the world's largest sugarcane supplier, producing its ethanol at a competitive price. If other sugarcane producing countries decided to join Brazil's move toward the production of this biofuel, what impacts might there be for each country's economy and employment? This is what we investigate in this paper. Prime candidates for ethanol production include Australia, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, and the United States of America. We evaluated the potential socioeconomic impacts of developing this promising industry by using an input–output approach. More specifically, we adapted the Brazilian method of producing ethanol to these countries' distinct economies. We augmented the input–output table of each country, inserting a new ethanol industry based on the Brazilian ethanol production model. We also augmented their new ethanol industry's sales following a hypothetical hydrous and anhydrous ethanol consumption scenario. Thereafter, we reconcile the national accounts, concluding our analysis by quantifying and comparing the different net effects of this new industry for each of the assessed countries for the year of 2009. We demonstrate which industries would be expected to be positively or negatively impacted by this substitution in each country; and find that not all of the countries we assessed would experience positive socioeconomic results from emulating Brazil's production of ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What are the effects of extractive informal institutions on the horizontal accountability process in a developing democracy? This paper presents evidence about the harmful effects of extractive informal institutions on horizontal accountability within subnational governments in Brazil. After three decades of free and competitive elections, the institutional design of oversight institutions for state governments has hardly changed. We explore the hypothesis that more extractive informal institutions, measured by the level of income inequality, is associated with decreasing transparency levels. Given its extensive social, political, and economic diversity embedded in an overall centralized formal institutional framework, Brazil provides an appropriate setting to test the hypothesis that extractive informal institutions responsible for increased income inequality can undermine horizontal accountability in new democracies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brazilian Amazon is marked by attempts at infrastructure-driven development. The construction of the Belo Monte dam, the third-largest in the world, brought chaotical and rapid urbanization to surrounding cities. This paper answered whether the Belo Monte dam impacted the level of violent crime in the region after Altamira was ranked as the most violent city in Brazil in 2015. Following a difference-in-difference approach, I explore the timing of the Belo Monte dam construction and the distance from the construction site to identify the causal effect of unplanned urbanization on homicide rate. In two exogenous shocks, the beginning (2011) and the end of the construction (2015), I estimated a significant rise in the homicide rate in closer cities. The results are driven by criminal activity, with drug trafficking being one of the channels behind the rising homicide rate during construction. The homicide victims are mainly the young male population causing a significant loss of human capital. The increasing homicide rate after the end of the construction indicates that the Belo Monte dam may have a long-term effect on the violence level in the region. Violence imposes high social costs and may jeopardize future growth in the Amazon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, microfinance has become a pillar of economic development policies. However, despite the great popularity of micro-credit programs, the results of empirical studies are mixed. Thus, more research is needed to help us understand how effective microfinance is in achieving poverty reduction, economic development, and financial inclusion. This paper contributes to the literature by relying on a unique dataset from one of the biggest Fintech companies in Brazil to study the impact of microcredit on small firms' outcomes. Using a difference-in-difference approach, we find that access to credit increases monthly revenues and profits by nearly 4.5%. We show that the effects are stronger for women-led businesses and less experienced entrepreneurs. In addition, we find that credit renewal strengthens the benefits of credit access. We discuss several policy implications from our results. In particular, the permanent availability of credit – as opposed to one-time/short-term interventions -- has greater potential to generate virtuous cycles of ever more reinvestment and growth, indicating larger gains from relaxing borrowing constraints in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the role played by the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES) in different periods of Brazil's development process since its founding in 1952. The bank's history is nonlinear, varying with socio-economic and political changes over time. Four major periods in its history are: (i) from its creation to the debt crisis in the 1980s, a period known as 'developmentalism'; (ii) the neoliberal movement of the 1990s; (iii) the reintroduction of the BNDES as a relevant tool for development in the 2000s; and (iv) a new neoliberal movement that arose beginning in mid-2016. Each of these periods is characterized by certain development conventions that shape how institutions, such as the BNDES, operate, and at the same time are shaped by them. In contrast to mainstream economics, which focuses on a one-size-fits-all institution for development, this paper evaluates the interactions between development and institutions as historical processes, with an emphasis on the prevailing development conventions. The trajectory and different roles assumed by the BNDES over time exemplify this permanent relationship, rejecting the idea that particular types of institutions are related to development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate how innovative environments as a local strategic policy with particular features of the new entrepreneurial developmental state associated to what we call a Schumpeterian-style of policy can transform regions of middle-income countries, like Brazil. In particular, we sought to answer the following research question: how the São JoseÌ? dos Campos Science and Technology Park (STP-SJC) has been used as a tool to promote regional development? To answer it, having a logical model of this policy in perspective, we focus on this environment's main objectives and empirically we performed a case study applying process tracing methodology. In this paper, we investigate how innovative environments as a local strategic policy with particular features of the new entrepreneurial developmental state associated to what we call a Schumpeterian-style of policy can transform regions of middle-income countries, like Brazil. In particular, we sought to answer the following research question: how the São JoseÌ? dos Campos Science and Technology Park (STP-SJC) has been used as a tool to promote regional development? To answer it, having a logical model of this policy in perspective, we focus on this environment's main objectives and empirically we performed a case study applying process tracing methodology. In this paper, we investigate how innovative environments as a local strategic policy with particular features of the new entrepreneurial developmental state associated to what we call a Schumpeterian-style of policy can transform regions of middle-income countries, like Brazil. In particular, we sought to answer the following research question: how the São JoseÌ? dos Campos Science and Technology Park (STP-SJC) has been used as a tool to promote regional development? To answer it, having a logical model of this policy in perspective, we focus on this environment's main objectives and empirically we performed a case study applying process tracing methodology. In this paper, we investigate how innovative environments as a local strategic policy with particular features of the new entrepreneurial developmental state associated to what we call a Schumpeterian-style of policy can transform regions of middle-income countries, like Brazil. In particular, we sought to answer the following research question: how the São JoseÌ? dos Campos Science and Technology Park (STP-SJC) has been used as a tool to promote regional development? To answer it, having a logical model of this policy in perspective, we focus on this environment's main objectives and empirically we performed a case study applying process tracing methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capital accumulation is the first and foremost important factor to induce economic growth and development in a country. Yet, not every country in the world is bestowed with abundant capital. Thus, in this instance foreign direct investment (FDI) emerges as a good option to supply the necessary amount of capital to countries which are deprived of the necessary capital stock. Moreover, FDI, besides being a catalyst of economic development, is a significant means of transferring technology, knowledge, managerial know-how and constitutes new potentials to create employment opportunities, increase the production volume and enhance the foreign trade balance. Furthermore, the impact of FDI inflow on the economic growth is researched in this paper for Brazil by means of utilizing various econometric methods for the period of 1970–2017. According to the results of this study there is no positive causality between economic growth and FDI inflow in the short-run. Yet, there is a positive and significant causality between FDI inflow and economic growth in the long-run as well as this stems from the fact that investments lead to positive results gradually in the long-term which also means that investments shall be converted into production as much as possible. Moreover, the novelty of this paper is that it is one of the most up-to-date studies to research FDI – economic growth correlation on Brazil in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil, the development of the dam engineering can be directly correlated to social and economic progress. Although fundamental, a dam construction and operation invariably involve some level of risk, which must be managed through different mechanisms and tools governed by appropriate laws. This paper aims to scrutinize the data contained in National Water Agency (ANA) reports, published annually following institution of the National Dam Safety Policy (PNSB), pertinent to dams accidents and incidents. This information was cataloged and analyzed in order to identify trends associated to types of accidents and incidents, dam component materials and entrepreneurs involved, as well as the disparities between data available from the different regions of Brazil. There is a lack of basic data in numerous reports, hindering more in-depth statistical analyses. The recurrence of this deficit was observed as well as the need to improve the methodologies used to apply the PNSB guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the evolution of the FIRJAN Index of Municipal Development (IFDM) based on the theory of circular and cumulative causation and the theory of endogenous growth. The period selected for this analysis was from 2005 to 2016 and this analysis performs two forms of comparison: the first one compared the IFDM index of the municipalities of Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, to the average of the State itself, and the second compared the municipalities to the average of Brazil. The results obtained showed that the dynamics of economic development for the municipalities of Mato Grosso do Sul was significantly higher than the national dynamics, but it was still not enough to overcome the situation of a vicious circle of poverty in which a considerable number of municipalities are found in 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a qualitative inventory of 'complex areas'-type geosites within the territory of the COREDE Campanha, in the so-called 'southern-half' at the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The assessment has taken into account published scientific papers and geological maps, known use of geosites by local residents, as well as a digital terrain model (DTM), which has pointed out to some high altitude or steepness areas. We identified eight geosites and provided detailed description in terms of geodiversity, several potential points of tourism, on-going activities, and existing infrastructure. This assessment could be an incentive for the municipalities and especially the COREDE executive board as they could consider geotourism as an interesting opportunity for the social and economic sustainable development in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to sanitation services is a basic human right, although a large part of the Brazilian population has limited access to such services. This paper investigates the relationship between access to sanitation services and the health conditions of the population in one of Brazil's regions with the lowest infrastructure levels: the Legal Amazon. Using a dynamic panel model, the study analyzes how access to treated water impacts hospital admissions due to waterborne diseases. The results show that access to treated water reduces such admissions, thereby indicating a need to implement public policies in the fields of both sanitation and health. Our findings suggest that a program should be established to promote basic sanitation for the Legal Amazon with incentives for the private sector to participate, such as subsidies for companies to operate in the region. In addition, a data collection system must be designed to make it feasible to undertake studies aimed at drafting public policies which enable long-term planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooperation between environmentalists, scientists, and governmental actors was a crucial driver behind Brazil's efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the forest sector from 2004 onward. The same climate coalition's advocacy work to reduce emissions in the energy sector, Brazil's second-most emitting sector, has been unsuccessful. Why has climate-policy development been so different in the two sectors? Building on the advocacy coalition framework, this paper analyzes the climate coalition's role, systematically comparing how the coalition has worked to influence policy development in the two key sectors for Brazilian GHG emissions between 2003 and 2015. The paper finds that strong climate-coalition unity, unambiguous scientific knowledge, economic growth, and international pressure functioned as a constellation of factors that enhanced the climate coalition's ability to take advantage of a climate-policy window and frame deforestation as a core climate concern. The same constellation of factors was missing in the energy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the political-economic outgrowth of Brazilian capitalism in the global south after the outset of the global financial crisis. In analysing the public-sector finance policy of the Workers’ Party (PT) during the crisis, I argue that a structuration of investment was established. Utilizing theoretical premises of uneven and combined development and sub-imperialism, this paper traces the motions of the industrial financing processes that perpetuate Brazilian capitalism outside of the boundaries of the nation-state to shed light on the relationship between ‘emergent’ economies, their state structures, and the developing world. I argue that such structures represent a policy to accelerate capital accumulation abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade several scientific papers have dealt with the damages fossil fuels did to our environment. Carbon dioxide has been blamed the chief culprit since it is produced by the automobile fleet that uses diesel or gasoline as a fuel. As a result, several countries are implementing public policies aimed at the replacement of fossil fuels by renewable ones, such as biodiesel. Brazil has become one of them, since the biodiesel production has increased from 736 m 3 to 3,419,838 m 3 in less than ten years. Therefore, this paper intends to briefly review the literature on the history, evolution, and the environmental aspects of biodiesel in Brazil in order to show its positive economic impact on the Brazilian economy, in addition to showing how important this biofuel is to the environment by providing an overview of its advantages when compared to fossil diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of food insecurity on the school performance of Brazilian students. Therefore, the empirical approach used to correct the selection bias was the Propensity Score Matching (PSM), based on the data from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) in 2013. The main results indicate that food insecurity has a statistically significant and positive impact on agegrade distortion (school performance proxy). The effect for any level of food insecurity is approximately 4%, however, it intensifies as the degree of food insecurity increases, being 11% in the case of students classified as having severe food insecurity. This study provides the first empirical evidence for Brazil that food insecurity is associated with the academic performance of Brazilian students, a fact that can compromise the country's social and economic development in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This article presents the historical context of the creation of Goiânia, capital city of the state of Goiás, built in the 1930s as a symbol of the expansion of the demographic and agricultural frontier in central Brazil. The city emerged through the Pedro Ludovico Teixeira efforts, appointed state intervener by the President Getúlio Vargas. In the construction process, there was the boosters's discourse, which attributed to the promised "metropolis" the power to create good opportunities for economic growth. For this, they relied on natural resources such as rivers, the presence of rich nearby forests and the fields with a less sloping region. Methodology: The study used archival sources based on technical and memorialist reports, photographs, maps, newspapers and periodicals of the time, as well as bibliography based on the theoretical and methodological assumptions of Environmental History. Originality: The historiography of Central Brazil has often been analyzed from the perspective of the frontier and not from the perspective of environmental history. In this paper, we seek to appropriate these two issues, reinforcing the relationship between the rural and urban processes of the Cerrado environmental history in Central Brazil. Conclusions: The real scenario was different from the announced one, since nature was much more a barrier than a facilitating element of development. In addition, the ideals of modern urbanism were partially abandoned due to the opportunism of selling lots. Also, the growth took place, but not because of the abundance of natural resources, but because of the transfer of the capital that fed it back as it attracted new inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the strength of the academic foundations in building Brazil's country image. Over the past two decades we can observe a rapid development of country image research. From the literature, several conceptual frameworks are aligned to specific topics, for instance, country-oforigin, country brand models, among others. Specifically, focusing on Brazil's image research, this paper provides a systematic review of international articles published between 2001 and 2015. Additionally, most studies have examined Brazil's image from a 'tourism' perspective, followed by 'exports' mostly using quantitative methods. Therefore, this paper concludes that there is great potential for research about Brazil's image, providing an exciting opportunity to advance our knowledge on a wide-range of industries. By suggesting this, researchers could carry out further research regarding potential theoretical and methodological approaches aligned to several international markets. Furthermore, the outcomes can orientate new research alignments linked to Brazil's image and grounded in the context of the recent crises (e.g., economic, political, social and ethical). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of new developmentalist agenda for actions in the economic area of Dilma Rousseff's government. The paper aims to contribute to the research area that examines the relevance of schools of economic thought to economic policy in Brazil. The central conclusion is that - despite the increase in the state intervention in the economy - we cannot argue that the new developmentalist agenda played an important role in Dilma Rousseff's government. The absence of a "national development strategy" and essential elements of the new developmentalist macroeconomic policy support this conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brazilian government has over the past years promulgated a mix of orthodox and heterodox policies for Brazil's economic development. This paper seeks to test whether the existing economic ideas have been prescriptive in formulating the policies, or whether they have been the outcome of the "infusion of private interests" (Katzenstein, 1978) in the policy making process. To this end, the paper charts the origins of the unilateral opening for trade in the agribusiness and contrasts them with the policy process in the car industry, where trade barriers have been erected. The article will identify the channels through which private actors informed the government's interventions and show that the industry bodies have largely prodded the government. The resulting policy maze has left both the representatives of the orthodox as well those of the heterodox approach unsatisfied and has failed to halt Brazil's dwindling manufacturing capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political institutions are an essential component to explain income variation. Brazilian municipalities are characterized by a great contrast in the colonization process and its impacts on the current income level and distribution, and other development aspects. This study analyzes the spatial heterogeneity of the relationship between institutional quality and the municipalities' economic development. We use a spatial moving window method applied to weighted regressions—Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). We find evidence that good institutions increase income and other variables related to economic development. In addition, the institutional quality influence on economic development measures is distinct across the Brazilian regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the dynamic relationships between per-capita combustible renewables and waste (CRW) consumption, agricultural value added (AVA), carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and real gross domestic product (GDP) for the case of Brazil, spanning the period 1980–2013. There is long-run cointegration between the considered variables. Short-run empirical findings reveal that there is a unidirectional causality running from agriculture to CO2 emissions and to GDP. However, there is long-run bidirectional causality between all considered variables. The long-run estimates show that both CRW consumption and AVA contribute to increase economic growth and to decrease CO2 emissions. Agricultural production and CRW consumption appear to play substitutable roles in the Brazilian economy as increasing CRW consumption reduces AVA in the long run, and vice versa. In addition, economic growth increases agricultural production and CRW production. Brazil is advised to continue encouraging agriculture and biofuels productions. The present substitutability between agriculture and biofuels productions could be reduced or even stopped by encouraging second-generation biofuels and discouraging first-generation biofuels. This may be done by policies of subsidization or of taxation, encouraging R&D and giving advantageous credits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Effects of trade and financial liberalisation on a developing country economic growth. • Brazilian economic growth dependent on the international scenario. • Effects of the real exchange rate on the Brazilian economic growth. Brazil liberalised its trade and finance in the 1990s as a strategy for higher economic growth. However, the country's GDP growth has been unstable and low compared to its own performance during the industrialization period. This paper builds a model of economic growth that accounts for the main components of effective demand as well as important specificities of emerging economies to explain the economic dynamics after the liberalising reforms. The model is estimated for the case of Brazil from 1990 to 2014 and the results suggest that this economy became highly dependent on the world economic growth and the evolution of the real exchange rate. The main finding is that Brazil experiences higher economic growth only in favourable world scenarios but the evolution of the real exchange rate in this scenario may stimulate investments that only reinforce the existing productive structure, affecting negatively the long-run economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the efficiency of federal government funding for destination competitiveness and the relationship among destination competitiveness enhancement and local development. Destination competitiveness models provide the theoretical background. The research is exploratory and descriptive. We mapped the investments from Brazilian Ministry of Tourism in 65 destinations. Destination Competitiveness was measured with information from the Brazilian Competitiveness Model. Data were analyzed with data envelopment analysis and multiple regression analysis. Study findings demonstrate that competitiveness enhancement does not depend on the amount of funding, but on its strategic application according to destination development stage. Besides, competitiveness dimensions Marketing, Monitoring, and Cooperation are major drivers for local development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent technological advances have increased the importance of economic activities based on new production techniques with embedded, sophisticated services. In this sense, services offered as intermediate inputs for manufacturing firms that add value in this process constitute one of the main components of productivity gains and economic development. However, such service firms are not homogeneously distributed in space. This paper aims to investigate the spatial distribution of service firms that add value and compare it with the location of service firms that reduce cost. This is done by employing count data models (correcting for the excessive number of zeros whenever necessary) to identify the main factors associated with the location of existing and new firms in these sectors in Brazilian labor market areas. There is also an effort to control for the potential endogeneity of density measures. The main results show that despite the strong linkages with manufacturing, service firms do not necessarily pursue locations close to places that concentrate industrial employment, and they actually avoid to locate in neighboring areas of those who concentrate manufacturing activities. Higher population density, diversity and other measures of economic spatial concentration are much more relevant to determine the location of these firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the construction of the silver economy (or the longevity economy) strategy in Brazil and its contribution to the economic development. The first and second parts of the paper summarize the international debate on the concept, mainly in the countries of the European Union. The third part approaches the focus on the ageing population in Brazil, still dominated by a pessimistic view. In the next section of the paper, the action opportunities for the longevity saving strategy in Brazil are exposed with summaries of some key sectors, according to the international literature on the silver economy. The income of the older people and the purchasing power of families with older adults are analysed in the following sections. In the conclusion, some recommended actions for building the silver economy strategy in Brazil is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between fiscal and monetary policy coordination and fiscal multipliers in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. To do so, we first look at the theoretical framework of the New Consensus Macroeconomics (NCM), and then analyze the trends in the four countries for variables including consumption, investment, government spending, and interest rates. Finally, we present an estimate of the spending and monetary multipliers with proxy variables. The contribution of this paper consists of one, showing the inexistence of the crowding out effect, and two, quantifying the multipliers for the aforementioned countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the dynamics of capital accumulation in Latin America economies. The hypothesis is that in these economies the role of the State is comparatively broader than in the economies of the centers of the capitalism by structural reasons. The argument is mainly based on Marx and Kalecki, besides historical elements of Latin America economies, particularly the Brazilian economy. Then the paper explores the dynamics consequences of this nature at the national levels, concluding that this condition gives a higher degree of instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess the methodological rigor of case studies in management accounting published in Brazilian journals. The study is descriptive. The data were collected using documentary research and content analysis, and 180 papers published from 2008 to 2012 in accounting journals rated as A2, B1, and B2 that were classified as case studies were selected. Based on the literature, we established a set of 15 criteria that we expected to be identified (either explicitly or implicitly) in the case studies to classify those case studies as appropriate from the standpoint of methodological rigor. These criteria were partially met by the papers analyzed. The aspects less aligned with those proposed in the literature were the following: little emphasis on justifying the need to understand phenomena in context; lack of explanation of the reason for choosing the case study strategy; the predominant use of questions that do not enable deeper analysis; many studies based on only one source of evidence; little use of data and information triangulation; little emphasis on the data collection method; a high number of cases in which confusion between case study as a research strategy and as data collection method were detected; a low number of papers reporting the method of data analysis; few reports on a study's contributions; and a minority highlighting the issues requiring further research. In conclusion, the method used to apply case studies to management accounting must be improved because few studies showed rigorous application of the procedures that this strategy requires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effect of defining the country of destination of the international debt of Brazilian multinationals, based on the Upstream-Downstream hypothesis. To deepen the discussion of stability suggested by the theory, this paper inserted institutional variables of the target countries of internationalization in econometric models used by previous studies, testing whether the hypothesis Upstream-Downstream remains valid. Starting from a sample involving Brazilian publicly traded multinational and domestic companies between the years 2007 to 2011 and as a statistical method, we performed a regression with panel data. The results show that Brazilian companies when defining the destination countries of internationalization, regardless of these countries presenting higher or lower stability in relation to Brazil, increase their indebtedness. The results showed that among the characteristics present in countries considered as more stable, only the Corruption Perception Index was positively associated with the level of indebtedness of multinationals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the role played by US economic assistance during the administrations of Jânio Quadros and João Goulart in Brazil (1961–4). It focuses on the negotiation and implementation of financial agreements associated with the Alliance for Progress, President Kennedy's aid programme for Latin America. It demonstrates that the Alliance had a positive impact during Quadros' administration, providing substantial resources to the country and placing economic growth ahead of economic stabilisation as the principal criterion for aid. Circumstances changed, however, when João Goulart became president, resulting in serious funding constraints. The paper suggests that the main reason for this was political, specifically regarding Washington's perception of Goulart's links with communist groups. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents the results of a research-action project conducted from 2009 to 2011 along with the Unemployed Workers' Movement (MTD, acronym in Portuguese), in five districts of Pelotas city, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It aims to contribute to this organization so that it continues the educational process and the organization aiming at more effective solutions to the issue of unemployment. To achieve this goal, the theoretical framework of this paper involves authors who have debated the relationship between work and education, such as Marx, Fernandes, Frigotto, Antunes and Saviani. Its theoretical contribution comprises the following: (a) the categories of dependent capitalism and unequal and combined development; (b) the relationship between work and education. At the end of the analysis of the categories that emerged throughout this study, it is concluded that the Movement should strengthen an educational process via work and organization, taking into consideration the public sphere at its three levels, in order to change the space and site conditions: housing, sanitation and health, and ultimately the relationship between work and education. This line of action should be strong and permanent. The workers' organization in cooperatives, associations and production groups is essential for them to resist the widespread problem of unemployment in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of our paper is to provide analytical arguments to explain why Brazil has not been able to restore its long-term capacity for economic growth, especially compared with its economy in the 1950-1979 period (7.3 per cent per year on average) or even with a select number of emerging economies in the 1980-2010 period (6.7 per cent per year on average, against 2.3 per cent per year on average in Brazil in the same period). We build our idea of convention to growth based on the Keynesian concept of convention. For our purposes, this concept could be briefly summarized as the way in which the set of public and private economic decisions related to different objectives, such as how much to produce and invest, how much to charge for products and services, how to finance public and private debt, how to finance research and development, and so on, are indefinitely — or at least until there is no change — carried out by the political, economic and social institutions. This analytical reference can be connected to the Neo-Schumpeterian National Innovation System (NIS) concept, which emphasizes not only institutions associated with science and technology per se, but also the complex interaction among them and other institutions. In this paper we identify two conventions to long-term growth in the last three decades in Brazil: the liberal and the neo-developmental. We show that the poor performance in the Brazilian economy in terms of real GDP growth from the 1980s on can be explained by a weak coordination between short-term macroeconomic policies and long-term industrial and technological policies. This weak coordination, in turn, can be associated with the prevalence of the liberal convention from the 1990s on, which has emphasized price stabilization to the detriment of a neo-developmental strategy whose primary goal is to sustain higher rates of growth and full employment in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new global economic order is creating an inflection point in the global economy. BRIC countries have experienced a shift in global wealth, resulting in an increase in their economic and political clout on a global scale. Reflecting these recent trends and changes, the Brazilian economy was ranked 6th in the world in 2012. Companies doing business in Brazil need to understand the nature of its economy and design strategies and policies to maximize their earnings in the Brazilian market. Brazil's booming oil & gas industries, agribusiness, services, and manufacturing industries offer a high potential for companies willing to face Brazil's many challenges, such as shortages of qualified labor force, and high taxes. Brazil's booming middle class also poses a number of challenges for companies that need to tailor their offerings to a young and evolving middle class. At the same time, Brazil is also building a sophisticated and vibrant middle class that will increasingly demand products and services that resemble offerings found in traditional developed markets. Still, market efficiency and productivity enhancers will have to be addressed in order to make the Brazilian economy more competitive. This paper addresses Brazil's core issues permeating its quest towards sustainable growth. The paper addresses the different dimensions of Brazil's economic and social environments, paying heed to recent developments and driving forces shaping Brazil's economy and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares various macro-prudential and policy tools, set against various aspects of the countries' recent political economies, used by Brazil and Turkey to address some issues currently affecting the more attractive emerging markets: international capital inflows, inflation, and, current account deficits. By looking at two of these vibrant emerging economies, and examining their respective approaches to managing the domestic side effects of increased liquidity in the global financial system, this paper seeks to divine lessons for other policy makers and analysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capital stock is possessing pivotal importance in stimulating the economic growth and development of any country. Inward FDI is considered as one of the important catalysts of economic development particularly for the resource and capital poor countries. In this article we have examined the relationship between inward FDI and economic growth in case of one of the emerging economies of Latin America i.e., Brazil. We took annual time series data for the dependent and independent variables like inward FDI, per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment, capital formation, and exports for the period ranging from 1996 to 2019. We ran Ordinary Least Square Regression and Random Effect Regression Analysis for gauging the nature of relationship between the variables as well as for testing the robustness of the results. We found that FDI has a positive and significant relationship with GDP and the exports. Whereas, FDI has insignificant relationship with the employment and capital formation. The article holds an important policy implication for the other developing countries of Latin America; they need to attract good amount of inward FDI to achieve the robust economic growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper empirically examined relevant data on BRICS CO2 emissions, financial development, and economic growth in the past 40 years, and analyzed the correlation between them. Using the cointegration test, it found that there is a clear correlation between the variables in China and South Africa, which show that there is a two-way relationship between CO2 emissions, financial development, and economic growth in both countries. Using the quantile regression method in the analysis, the results demonstrated that at the 0.6th quartile, South Africa's financial development had a negative impact on CO2 emissions, while Brazil's CO2 emissions had a negative impact on financial development. Economic growth was subsequently added as a control variable, and the quantile-on-quantile regression method was used to test the correlation between the financial development of the BRICS countries and their CO2 emissions. Finally, based on empirical conclusions, this paper proposed that BRICS countries should focus on sustainable economic development; when government departments formulate emission-reduction policies, they must reasonably consider the relationship between financial development and emission-reduction policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The way the researcher groups his research data will influence the result of his work. In the literature, this phenomenon is treated as a Problem of the Modifiable Areal Unit. The objective of this article was to analyze the three spatial levels by Municipalities, Regional Centers and Mesoregions using the following data: gross domestic product, effective agricultural production, grain production and gross value of agricultural production for the state of Paraná-Brazil in the period since 2012 until 2015. The methodological procedure studied data from the Paranaense Institute for Economic and Social Development of the above-named variables collected on the website of the Paranaense Institute for Economic and Social Development of the 399 municipalities, 23 regional centers and 10 mesoregions. The results found show the presence of the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem, presenting different results for each level of grouping. The study revealed the problem of the modifiable areal unit is a relevant occurrence and it should be disregarded by researchers who work with clusters of spatial data in their studies. The results found allow a better understanding of the scale effect and demonstrate the efficiency of spatial analysis in socioeconomic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2003, the Workers’ Party took federaloffice in Brazil on an agenda of social inclusion and popular participation. This paper explores attempts to implement that agenda in big infrastructure projects in the Amazon: the BR-163 road and the Belo Monte dam. We argue that overlapping inequalities (between social groups, within the bureaucracy and between territorial centre and periphery) result in uneven state capacities for implementing projects in the Amazon. This framework helps explain why the government has moved much faster in building infrastructure than in implementing participatory social and environmental programmes that would benefit affected local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The neo-institutional theory has been used to explain inter-organizational networks related phenomena from the economic and sociological perspectives. The political perspective has not been often used to study institutional contexts of networks. We aim to analyze the decision-making of the formal institutions in the internationalization process of firms in an emerging economy from a political bias. For the empirical field of study, we considered the Brazilian wine industry. Starting from a case study with twentythree interviews with representatives of wineries and entities of this industry, our paper furthers the understanding of how institutions influence the internationalization of firms in an emerging economy. Based on the political perspective of the neo-institutional theory, our study describes how institutions, mainly the government, can influence an industry. Government cannot afford resources to benefit or protect all the industries, as well as cannot provide incentives to all firms and those that are supported will lose competitiveness. For the firms, the choices are based on trying to achieve economic advantages through political influences. For the institutions, the choices are based on political influences considering institutional strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional theory of expansion modes argue that local experience would bring Multinationals (MNEs) more knowledge of the particularities of the local market, mitigating subsequent same local expansion risk and will choose greenfield and whollyowned subsidiary. However, local complementary inputs become relevant in this expansion decision, when local complementary assets are not always available and freely negotiated (Hennart, 2009). This paper analyzes the sequential expansion decision made by 10 major and large experienced US multinationals in Brazil between 2004 and 2013, identifying the possible motives for this decision considering MNEs expansion theories and Brazilian inter-regions differences. We found evidence that supports Hennart Bundling Model: i) the experience of multinationals in Brazil not always increases multinational's commitment in the host countries by establishment of new wholly-owned subsidiaries; ii) US MNEs make acquisitions when they need to enter in a new region with significant difference of local economic development from where MNE already operated; iii) also, Brazilian regional factors such as concentration, growth and industrie's intrinsic features are determinants of acquisitions and joint ventures choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion of natural ecosystems to agricultural land and urban areas plays a threat to the protected areas and the natural ecosystems conservation. The aim of this paper is to provide an analysis of the agricultural expansion and its impact on the landscape spatial and temporal patterns in a buffer zone of a protected area located in the transition zone between the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The land use and land cover were mapped between 1971 and 2008 and landscape metrics were calculated to provide a spatiotemporal analysis of the forest structure and the expansion of the croplands. The results showed that the landscape patterns were affected by the economic cycles. The predominant crop surrounding the protected area is sugar cane, which increased by 39% during this period, followed by citrus. This landscape change is connected to the Brazilian oil crisis in 1973. The rapid expansion of sugar cane was largely driven by Brazil's biofuel program, the “Proálcool” (pro-alcohol), a project in 1975 that mixed ethanol with gas for automotive fuel. The forest loss occurred mainly between 1971 and 1988, decreasing the forest cover from 17% in 1971 to 12.7% in 2008. Most of the forest patches are smaller than 50 ha and has low connectivity. Throughout the years, the fragments in the buffer zone have become smaller and with an elongated shape, and the park has become isolated. This forest fragmentation process and the predominance of monoculture lands in the buffer zone threaten the protected areas, and can represent a barrier for these areas to provide the effective biodiversity conservation. The measures proposed are necessary to ensure the capability of this ecosystem to sustain its original biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business incubators (BIs) have become a common tool for promoting entrepreneurship and innovation in many parts of the world, Brazil being no exception. Several studies have been carried out to evaluate the performance and impact of BIs around the country, although the peripheral northeast region has been a less popular subject for critical analysis. This research surveyed 35 BIs (out of a total of 36) and 93 incubated firms (out of a total of 320). In addition, 14 interviews were carried out to assess the incubation process in the northeastern region. Our analysis points to a number of serious shortcomings in management, finance and mediation, which may cast doubt on the effectiveness of the BIs. This paper highlights a number of structural problems which may be common to other peripheral regions and suggests a series of measures that could be taken, in order to produce a better regional incubation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social, human and economic dimensions of development demand relevant attention in developing and developed countries. In this paper, we explore the role of information technology (IT) for development in an emerging economy: Brazil. Through our analysis and discussion, we highlight relevant issues to be considered by information systems (IS) literature. For example, we observed IT advances in the health area, and these advances include telemedicine, applications focused on cancer, applications for prescription process, electrocardiogram in the clouds, and remote tele-monitoring of chronic patients. During the literature review, we also found two initiatives in Brazil that help in the fight against cancer and HIV with IT use. These (and other) measures have a direct effect on social and human development. We indicate a special attention to the importance of government actions and of the internet to leverage the relationship between IT investments and development in emerging economies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]