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Graphical abstract Highlights • A double-layered μPAD with multiple colorimetric indicators was fabricated. • Simultaneous detection of four biomolecules including glucose, uric acid, lactate, and choline was achieved. • The proposed μPAD exhibited effectively improved colorimetric performance, enhanced sensitivity and extended detection range. Abstract In this work, a double-layered microfluidic paper-based device (μPAD) with multiple colorimetric indicators was presented for the sensitive simultaneous detection of four kinds of small biomolecules, including glucose, uric acid, lactate, and choline in mixture. The double-layered μPAD were composed of the top detection layer and the bottom auxiliary layer to construct 3D microfluidic channels. The detection zones on the top detection layer were modified with various colorimetric reagents, different kinds of oxidase (glucose oxidase, uricase, lactate oxidase or choline oxidase) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The immobilized chromogenic reagents could be oxidized by the generated H 2 O 2 from the specific enzymatic reactions between the oxidases and their corresponding substrates to form different colored products with co-immobilized HRP as catalyst. As a result, four linear calibration curves were obtained for the determination of glucose (0.01–10.0 mmol/L), uric acid (0.01–5.0 mmol/L), lactate (0.04–10.0 mmol/L), and choline (0.04–24.0 mmol/L), respectively. The proposed double-layered μPAD with multiple colorimetric indicators exhibited good colorimetric performance, effectively improved sensitivity, and extended linear range, which was further applied to the simultaneously determination of glucose, uric acid, lactate, and choline in serum samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to study the effects of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) on cellulosic fibre structure. A focus was made on the induced fibrillation phenomena which could facilitate the further production of microfibrillated cellulose. Three DES of different pH (acid, neutral and alkaline), namely betaine hydrochloride-urea, choline chloride-urea and choline chloride-monoethanolamine, were tested. Eucalyptus and cotton pulps were used to investigate the effects of DES on both hemicelluloses and cellulose. Interestingly, cellulose was esterified during acidic DES treatment. Moreover, an internal and external fibrillation occurred with DES treatment without a great extent of modification in terms of chemical composition, crystallinity and degree of polymerisation. Compared to enzymatic hydrolysis (used as a conventional pre-treatment for cellulose microfibrillation), DES have significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of resulting papers. To conclude, DES treatment can be considered as a soft and green "chemical" refining that could be applied as a pre-treatment for cellulose microfibrillation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a double-layered three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) with high resolution temporally resolved chemiluminescence (CL) emissions were designed for multiplexed CL analysis. The temporally resolved CL emissions were obtained by virtue of the 3D branched microfluidic channel design, which create time delays for luminol transported from one detection zone to another. The peak intensity and peak shape of the temporally resolved CL emissions were quite stable and base-line separated with resolution as high as 21.2–24.4. Then, the fabricated μPAD was applied to multiplexed determination of glucose, lactate, cholesterol, and choline as model analytes. The sample was added to four detection zone modified with CL catalyst cobalt ion and different oxidase by virtue of chitosan. When luminol flowed to μPAD, four temporally resolved CL peaks were successively generated from the cobalt ion catalyzed CL reactions between luminol and generated H 2 O 2 from the specific enzymatic reactions between the oxidase and the analytes. The generated four CL emission peaks in the CL kinetic curve increased in proportion to the concentrations of glucose, lactate, cholesterol, and choline, respectively. Finally, four linear calibration curves were obtained for the detection of glucose (0.01–1.0 mmol/L), lactate (0.02–5.0 mmol/L), cholesterol (0.01–0.4 mmol/L), and choline (0.001–1.0 mmol/L). The detection limits were as low as 8 μmol/L, 15 μmol/L, 6 μmol/L, and 0.07 μmol/L for glucose, lactate, choline, and cholesterol detection, respectively. The present work provides a new strategy for the fabrication of simple and sensitive 3D μPAD with high resolution temporally resolved CL emissions for multiplexed CL analysis, which holds great application potential for point-of-care diagnosis. • A double-layered 3D μPAD with temporally resolved CL emissions was fabricated. • Stable, steep and base-line separated temporally resolved CL emissions with resolution higher than 21.2 were obtained. • Sensitive, selective and simultaneous determination of glucose, lactate, cholesterol, and choline was achieved. • The first example of μPAD based CL biosensor for lactate, cholesterol and choline detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular imaging of thyroid and parathyroid diseases has changed in recent years due to the introduction of new radiopharmaceuticals and new imaging techniques. Accordingly, we provided an clinicians-oriented overview of such techniques and their indications. A review of the literature was performed in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus without time or language restrictions through the use of one or more fitting search criteria and terms as well as through screening of references in relevant selected papers. Literature up to and including December 2023 was included. Screening of titles/abstracts and removal of duplicates was performed and the full texts of the remaining potentially relevant articles were retrieved and reviewed. Thyroid and parathyroid scintigraphy remains integral in patients with thyrotoxicosis, thyroid nodules, differentiated thyroid cancer and, respectively, hyperparathyroidism. In the last years positron-emission tomography with different tracers emerged as a more accurate alternative in evaluating indeterminate thyroid nodules [18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)], differentiated thyroid cancer [124I-iodide, 18F-tetrafluoroborate, 18F-FDG] and hyperparathyroidism [18F-fluorocholine]. Other PET tracers are useful in evaluating relapsing/advanced forms of medullary thyroid cancer (18F-FDOPA) and selecting patients with advanced follicular and medullary thyroid cancers for theranostic treatments (68Ga/177Ga-somatostatin analogues). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Simple Summary: Supplementation with rumen-protected choline (RPC) can reduce dietary metabolizable energy (ME) while maintaining optimum performance, thus contributing to reducing production costs by saving grain which is the primary source of energy in the diet. Previous papers have reported on the interaction effects of ME level and RPC supplementation on production outcomes in dairy cattle and growing goats. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of ME level and RPC supplementation on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, serum energy, lipid, and protein profiles of Karayaka lambs. In conclusion, the supplementation of RPC at 0 and 5 g/kg did not affect lamb growth performance and carcass characteristics. Given the lack of significant improvements in performance metrics, RPC supplementation would not result in net cost savings. However, it may play a role in modulating nitrogen metabolism under different dietary energy conditions, as indicated by the significant reduction in serum urea-N levels. The results of the current study indicate that there is no benefit to be gained from the supplementation of RPC in the low-energy diet of fattening lambs. This study aimed to examine the effects of metabolizable energy (ME) level and rumen-protected choline (RPC) supplementation on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, serum energy, lipid, and protein profiles of Karayaka lambs. Twenty-eight Karayaka lambs, with an initial body weight (BW) of 26.85 ± 0.26 kg, were randomly assigned (2 × 2 factorial design) to one of four dietary treatments with two levels of ME (optimum: 2750 or low: 2500 kcal ME/kg dry matter) and two levels of RPC (0 or 4 g/d/lamb). Lambs of each group were housed in individual pens. The experiment lasted 66 d, with the first 10 d consisting of acclimation and the next 56 d of the formal experimental period. The data on BW, dietary matter intake (DMI), and serum glucose concentrations confirm that our model successfully induced low energy using 250 kcal/kg less energy than the optimum level. RPC supplementation did not significantly affect average daily DMI, total average daily gain (ADG), or feed conversion ratio (FCR) at any energy level. Additionally, there was no substantial effect on carcass characteristics, meat quality, serum lipids, energy metabolism indicators, and liver function parameters. There was also no interaction effect of RPC × ME on the parameters tested. However, at 56 d into the experiment, the interaction effect of RPC × ME on serum urea-N was highly significant, and RPC supplementation led to lower serum urea-N levels (p = 0.001). These results suggest that while RPC supplementation did not enhance overall performance and carcass characteristics in Karayaka lambs, it may play a role in modulating nitrogen metabolism, as indicated by the significant reduction in serum urea-N levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Radiolabeled choline and PSMA PET have been largely tested in the initial staging of prostate cancer and for biochemical recurrence. Moreover, diverse data are now available about their role in the evaluation of response to local and systematic therapies, and their predictive impact on the prognosis, before and after therapy. Therefore, in the present systematic review, we aimed to describe the available data, to summarize the current evidence in these settings of disease. The aims of this systematic review were to (1) assess the utility of PSMA-PET and choline-PET in the assessment of response to systemic and local therapy, and to (2) determine the value of both tracers for the prediction of response to therapy and survival outcomes in prostate cancer. We performed a systematic literature search in PubMed/Scopus/Google Scholar/Cochrane/EMBASE databases (between January 2010 and October 2021) accordingly. The quality of the included studies was evaluated following the "Quality Assessment of Prognostic Accuracy Studies" tool (QUAPAS-2). We selected 40 articles: 23 articles discussed the use of PET imaging with [68Ga]PSMA-11 (16 articles/1123 patients) or [11C]/[18F]Choline (7 articles/356 patients) for the prediction of response to radiotherapy (RT) and survival outcomes. Seven articles (three with [68Ga]PSMA-11, three with [11C]Choline, one with [18F]Choline) assessed the role of PET imaging in the evaluation of response to docetaxel (as neoadjuvant therapy in one study, as first-line therapy in five studies, and as a palliative regimen in one study). Seven papers with radiolabeled [18F]Choline PET/CT (n = 121 patients) and three with [68Ga]PSMA-11 PET (n = 87 patients) were selected before and after enzalutamide/abiraterone acetate. Finally, [18F]Choline and [68Ga]PSMA-11 PET/CT as gatekeepers for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer with Radium-223 were assessed in three papers. In conclusion, in patients undergoing RT, radiolabeled choline and [68Ga]PSMA-11 have an important prognostic role. In the case of systemic therapies, the role of such new-generation imaging techniques is still controversial without sufficient data, thus requiring additional in this scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of 14 hydrazone compounds derived from pyridoxal, pyridine-4-carbaldehyde, and quinoline-2-carbaldehyde using two methods, conventional method in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and effective combination of ultrasound and DESs, is presented in this paper. In addition, the possibility of using 12 choline chloride (ChCl)-based DESs as an alternative to organic solvents was investigated. The results show that the application of ultrasound not only improves the reaction yield but also shortens the reaction time. The prepared compounds synthesized at room temperature were analyzed via NMR spectroscopy and MS spectrometry. The studies confirmed that the DESs ChCl:malonic, oxalic, levulinic, and trans-cinnamic acid can be excellent alternatives to classical organic solvents. By the combined use of DESs and the ultrasonic method, compound 11 was obtained in a nearly quantitative yield of 98% in DES ChCl:oxalic acid. The advantages of using DESs as reaction media are that they are biodegradable, nontoxic, recyclable, and can be easily prepared with inexpensive starting materials. The results of recycling DESs show that they can be used up to the fourth recycling cycle without significantly changing the reaction yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first paper was vital in describing the mechanism by which trans-membrane ion gradients are maintained via energy-dependent movements of ions against concentration gradients, where Na SP + sp leaves and K SP + sp enters the axon (Hodgkin & Keynes, [21]). The second paper described inhibiting the active movement of ions, thereby allowing only the passive movement of K SP + sp ions to be studied (Hodgkin & Keynes, [22]). This is never explicitly stated by Hodgkin and Keynes, and the reference to passive movements of K SP + sp ions may mislead readers to conclude that the K SP + sp ions move through the passive leak conductance pathway. This relationship is derived using the same ingenious manipulation of the 1st and 2nd laws of logarithms to exclude unknown terms that Hodgkin and Huxley applied to assess if the early inward current was carried by Na SP + sp ions (eqn, Hodgkin & Huxley, [14]). [Extracted from the article]

Nanozymes show great potential in organic degradation because of their good stability and low cost. However, their poor catalytic activity and functional diversity restrict their practical applications. The present study reports the synthesis of a Pt/Co/Co3O4/EW-GQD nanozyme via the coordination of Co2+ and Pt4+ with a glutamate and tryptophan-functionalized graphene quantum dot (EW-GQD) and subsequent thermal reduction and part oxidation. The graphene surface ligand engineering creates a reactive microenvironment similar to natural enzymes, facilitating a high-speed electron-transfer process from Co3O4 to graphene and strong adsorption capacity toward rhodamine B. The Co and Pt double doping narrows the bandgap and leads to an improved electronic conductivity. The Pt/Co/Co3O4/EW-GQD nanozyme exhibited a peroxidase-like specific activity of 1662.67 U mg−1 and oxidase-like specific activity of 293.45 U mg−1, which exceed by 3.2-fold that of horseradish peroxidase and by 15.6-fold that of choline oxidase. This enabled a 3.6-fold increase in the degradation efficiency of rhodamine B without the need for an activator. The high catalytic activity was mainly attributed to the perfect combination of the graphene surface ligand and Co and Pt double engineering, which produced multiple active sites such as Co3+/Co2+, Pt4+/Pt2+, and pyrrolic N/pyridinic N and multiple active species such as 1O2, ˙O2−, and ˙OH. This work introduces a novel way for the design and synthesis of nanozymes with excellent catalytic activity and multifunctional performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep eutectic solvent (DES) pulping is a promising alternative to conventional pulping techniques, mainly owing to the favourable solvent properties and reduced environmental impact. DES lignin, however, still awaits complete structural characterisation, especially in terms of the potential incorporation of DES constituents. Here, we describe the structural modification of lignin during lactic acid : choline chloride DES pulping of Miscanthus biomass in unprecedented detail. We show that DES pulping induces β-O-4 aryl ether cleavage and extensive substitution by DES incorporation. The covalent incorporation of both lactic acid and choline was confirmed through saponification of the precipitated lignin and lignin model compound studies. Detailed multidimensional NMR analysis allowed us to validate aliphatic and benzylic lactic acid esterification as well as benzylic choline and lactic acid etherification of β-O-4 aryl ethers. We demonstrate that these reactions occur in all process phases by comprehensive analysis of the precipitated, residual and solubilised lignin fractions, together comprising 93% w/w of the initial lignin in Miscanthus. Covalent lactic acid and choline incorporation occurs independently of biomass type (grass, hardwood and softwood) and can be modulated by water content, reaction duration and temperature. Going forward, these new insights will offer ample opportunities for producing lignins with unique structural features and ultimately will open up new avenues for specific functional ingredient applications. Our work thus clearly advances the DES biorefinery concept and contributes to the valorisation of lignin in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An environmentally friendly method for the release of cocoa bean shell (CBS) extracts is proposed in this paper. This work aims to investigate the effect of pulsed electric field (PEF) pre-treatment on subsequent solid-liquid extraction (SLE) of metabolites with choline chloride-lactic acid natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES) and bioactivity of cocoa bean shell (CBS) extract. Two different media for PEF application were evaluated: water and chlorine chloride-lactic acid. Total polyphenols (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), individual major compounds, and antioxidant and antibacterial activity of CBS extracts were assessed. The performance of PEF-assisted extraction was compared with SLE and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The proposed method improved the release of TPC up to 45% and TFC up to 48% compared with the conventional extraction. The CBS extract showed medium growth inhibition of Escherichia coli and high growth inhibition of Salmonella sp, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, an extract with enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial properties was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The periparturient period is associated with multiple metabolic changes in dairy cows. Negative energy balance during early lactation can impair health status and productive performance. Many nutrients added to dairy cow rations modulate metabolic processes. Choline supplementation during the periparturient period can reduce triacylglycerol accumulation in the liver during early lactation. Positive effects of choline supplementation on lipid metabolism in dairy cows may be accompanied by improved productive performance. The aim of this paper was to present the aspects connected with the possibilities of modulating lipid metabolism in dairy cows by a choline supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The major focus of metabolomics research has been confined to the readily available biofluids—urine and blood serum. However, red blood cells (RBCs) are also readily available, and may be a source of a wealth of information on vertebrates. However, the comprehensive metabolomic characterization of RBCs is minimal although they exhibit perturbations in various physiological states. RBCs act as the host of malarial parasites during the symptomatic stage. Thus, understanding the changes in RBC metabolism during infection is crucial for a better understanding of disease progression. Methods: The metabolome of normal RBCs obtained from Swiss mice was investigated using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Several 1 and 2-dimensional 1H NMR experiments were employed for this purpose. The information from this study was used to investigate the changes in the RBC metabolome during the early stage of infection (~1% infected RBCs) by Plasmodium bergheii ANKA. Results: We identified over 40 metabolites in RBCs. Several of these metabolites were quantitated using 1H NMR spectroscopy. The results indicate changes in the choline/membrane components and other metabolites during the early stage of malaria. Conclusions: The paper reports the comprehensive characterization of the metabolome of mouse RBCs. Changes during the early stage of malarial infection suggest significant metabolic alteration, even at low parasite content (~1%). General significance: This study should be of use in maximizing the amount of information available from metabolomic experiments on the cellular components of blood. The technique can be directly applied to real-time investigation of infectious diseases that target RBCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Eutectic solvents are tunable for targeted applications through the functional groups in their hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and hydrogen bond donor (HBD) components, as well as the HBA : HBD composition ratio. This study examines the properties of choline-based eutectics containing imidazole, phenol, pyrrole-2-carbonitrile, and 1,2,4-triazole HBAs, and ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, and ethanolamine HBDs. The viscosity, conductivity, degree of hydrogen bonding, thermal stability, and solvatochromic properties are examined as a function of HBA, HBD, and the composition. These studies revealed a predominant dependence of physical properties on the HBD and determined that the strong hydrogen bonding in phenol and imidazole-based systems lead to higher viscosities and lower conductivities – critical parameters for CO2 capture and electrochemical conversion. The developed eutectic solvents were further evaluated in terms of their CO2 capture capacities and electrochemical stabilities. Solvatochromic properties were found to correlate with CO2 capacities, demonstrating the tunability of these solvents for CO2 capture. The quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) analysis demonstrated the ability to predict viscosities and CO2 capture capacities (<25% deviation) through a multi linear regression method utilizing five molecular descriptors. This work highlights the role of functionalized HBAs and HBDs in the physical, thermal, and electrochemical properties of eutectic solvents as they relate to CO2 capture and electrochemical processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we examined the potential of choline-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for selective extraction of tocol homologues from crude palm oil (CPO) through liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). Distribution of tocol homologues (α-tocopherol, α-, β, γ-, and δ-tocotrienol) presence in CPO when subjected to DES-assisted LLE has not been fully understood in the past. The effect of increasing the amount of DES on the distribution and selectivity of were investigated. It was found that tocol homologues were distributed in the order of their hydrophilic power, with tocols of higher polarity distributed more into the stripping phase compared to the less polar tocols. Distribution coefficients for α-tocopherol, α-, β, γ-, and δ-tocotrienol were 7.8, 13.1, 19.8, 22.1 and 29.6, respectively, when equal weight of CPO and choline chloride-malonic acid eutectic mixture (DES1) were used. The distribution of each tocol homologues also increased with increasing DES1, due to the increase in polarity of the stripping phase that attracted more tocols. Selectivity of δ-tocotrienol, which is the most polar tocol, was always higher than other homologues (α-tocopherol: 3.81, α-tocotrienol: 2.22, β-tocotrienol: 1.50, γ-tocotrienol: 1.34). Role of hydrophilic power of the tocols using selected DESs to selectively separate tocol homologues established in this paper has a potential for palm oil industry as tocotrienols are better antioxidants, thus more favorable, than α- tocopherol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work demonstrates a novel, facile and efficient biosensor for dual-emission ratiometric and visual fluorescence detection of choline. Copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) were prepared by using N2H4·H2O as the reducing agent and lysozyme as the stabilizer, based on an ambient hydrothermal method. The prepared CuNCs were blue-emitting and showed an emission peak centered at 440 nm. In the mixture system consisting of CuNCs, choline oxidase, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and o-phenylenediamine (OPD), the added choline was catalyzed by choline oxidase to generate H2O2. OPD was oxidized by H2O2 and HRP to generate 2,3-diaminophenazine (DAP). As the oxidation product of OPD, DAP emitted a fluorescence peaked at 550 nm and the fluorescence exhibited a regular enhancement with the increase of the choline concentration. Meanwhile, the fluorescence of the CuNCs was reduced by DAP due to an internal filtration effect-induced fluorescence quenching. There is an optimal linear relationship (r = 0.9992) between the ratiometric fluorescence intensity (IDAP/ICuNCs, I550/I440) and the choline concentration in the range of 0.1–80 μM, with a low limit of detection of 25 nM. The response of IDAP/ICuNCs to choline was sensitive and selective over potential interferents existing in real samples. This developed sensor enabled the naked-eye visual detection of choline in aqueous solutions and on immersed filter papers. In human serum and liquid milk samples, this sensor showed a superior performance for choline detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For prostate cancer (PCa) biochemical recurrence (BCR), the primarily suggested imaging technique by the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines is prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography/computer tomography (PET/CT). Indeed, the increased detection rate of PSMA PET/CT for early BCR has led to a fast and wide acceptance of this novel technology. However, PCa is a very heterogeneous disease, not always easily assessable with the highly specific PSMA PET with around 10% of cases occuring without PSMA expression. In this paper, we present the case of a patient with PCa BCR that resulted negative on [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT, but positive on [18F]Fluoromethylcholine (Choline) PET/CT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prenatal and early postnatal choline supplementation reduces cognitive and behavioral deficits in animal models of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). In a previously published 9-month clinical trial of choline supplementation in children with FASD, we reported that postnatal choline was associated with improved performance on a hippocampal-dependent recognition memory task. The current paper describes the neurophysiological correlates of that memory performance for trial completers. Methods: Children with FASD (N = 24) who were enrolled in a clinical trial of choline supplementation were followed for 9 months. Delayed recall on a 9-step elicited imitation task (EI) served as the behavioral measure of recognition memory. Neurophysiological correlates of memory were assessed via event-related potentials (ERP). Results: Delayed recall on EI was correlated with two ERP components commonly associated with recognition memory in young children: middle latency negative component (Nc amplitude; range: r = −0.41 to r = −0.44) and positive slow wave (PSW area under the curve; range: r = −0.45 to r = −0.63). No significant ERP differences were observed between the choline and placebo groups at the conclusion of the trial. Conclusion: Although the small sample size limits the ability to draw clear conclusions about the treatment effect of choline on ERP, the results suggest a relationship between memory performance and underlying neurophysiological status in FASD. This trial was registered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly sensitive and selective choline microbiosensors were constructed by microcontact printing (μCP) of choline oxidase (ChOx) in a crosslinked, polyamine-functionalized zwitterionic polymer matrix on microelectrode arrays (MEAs). μCP has emerged as a potential means to create implantable, multiplexed sensor microprobes, which requires the targeted deposition of different sensor materials to specific microelectrode sites on a MEA. However, the less than sufficient enzyme loading and inadequate spatial resolution achieved with current μCP approaches has limited adoption of the method for electroenzymatic microsensors. A novel polymer, poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine)-g-poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PMPC-g-PAH), has been developed to address this challenge. PMPC-g-PAH contributes to a higher viscosity “ink” that enables thicker immobilized ChOx deposits of high spatial resolution while also providing a hydrophilic, biocompatible microenvironment for the enzyme. Electroenzymatic choline microbiosensors with sensitivity of 639 ± 96 nA μM−1 cm−2 (pH 7.4; n = 4) were constructed that also are selective against both ascorbic acid and dopamine, which are potential electroactive interfering compounds in the mammalian brain. The high sensitivities achieved can lead to smaller MEA microprobes that minimize tissue damage and make possible the monitoring of multiple neurochemicals simultaneously in vivo with high spatial resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) emerged as green solvents for new generation technologies owing to their high chemical and thermal stability. Addition of restricted amount of organic solvents into the DESs plays a significant role in the improvement of thermodynamic and the transport properties to work as a potential solvent in process industries. In this paper, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to understand the thermophysical and transport properties of choline chloride–based DES (reline) and primary alcohol (methanol and ethanol) mixture in relation to microscopic structure. Density, radial distribution function, coordination number, average number of H-bond, diffusion coefficient and spatial distribution function was calculated in order to understand the structure and involvement of H-bond network at an atomic level. H-bond and spatial distribution function analyses revealed that the chloride ion prefers to be spatially distributed around hydroxyl group of alcohol and found to be more pronounced upon increase in alcohol concentration. As a consequence, it was observed that the H-bonds between Cl− and urea decreases overall with the loading of alcohol and effect is more pronounced beyond a concentration of 0.4. Self-diffusion values for choline, Cl− and urea were found to be increased significantly upon increase in concentration of alcohol from 0.6 to 0.8. Overall, our simulation points to the interplay and interactions between the chloride ions and the solvents in determining the structural and transport properties of choline chloride–based DES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of paclitaxel (PTX) in clinical practice has been limited by its inadequate solubility in water. Although marketed PTX liposomes solve the problem of poor water solubility of PTX, their popularization has still been hindered by their low drug loading content and poor targeted release. Now, zwitterionic liposomes containing choline phosphate (CP) have been developed as a nanocarrier for anticancer therapy. These liposomes have a reversed charge orientation compared to conventional phosphorylcholine (PC) liposomes, and offer improved biocompatibility, bioorthogonality, and enhanced cellular uptake efficiency. Here, we study a redox-triggered PTX liposome (PTX-SS-CP) system based on PTX disulfide CP conjugates (PTX-SS-CP), which were synthesized by introducing PTX into CP by a disulfide bond linker. To verify the consistent size of PTX-SS-CPs, both dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques were employed, and they exhibited a uniform size of 130–180 nm and a very high drug loading content (>30 wt%). The PTX-SS-CPs were evaluated for their anticancer effects through in vitro and in vivo analyses. The results demonstrate that the PTX-SS-CPs exhibit rapid release, high cellular uptake capacity, and improved anticancer efficiency under reductive conditions (GSH), and the PTX-SS-11-CPs showed significantly stronger tumor targeting efficacy and growth inhibition compared to other PTX-SS-CP groups in in vivo studies. The PTX-SS-CP system, which is activated by redox reactions, exhibits a redox-sensitive PTX release mechanism that enhances its antitumor efficacy. This system has the potential to be used as a liposomal PTX delivery system for tumor therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bloodstain age estimation involves measuring time-dependent changes in the levels of biomolecules in bloodstains. Although several studies have identified bloodstain metabolites as markers for estimating bloodstain age, none have considered sex, age-related metabolomic differences, or long-time bloodstain age. Therefore, we aimed to identify metabolite markers for estimating the age of bloodstains at weekly intervals within 28 days and validate them through multiple reaction monitoring. Adenosine 5′-monophosphate, choline, and pyroglutamic acid were selected as markers. Seven metabolites were validated, including five previously reported metabolites, ergothioneine, hypoxanthine, L -isoleucine, L -tryptophan, and pyroglutamic acid. Choline and hypoxanthine can be used to differentiate bloodstains between days 0 and 14 after deposition at weekly intervals, whereas L -isoleucine and L -tryptophan can help distinguish bloodstains between 7 days before and 14 days after deposition. Evaluation of the changes in metabolite levels according to sex and age revealed that the average levels of all seven metabolites were higher in women on day 0. Moreover, the level of ergothioneine was significantly higher in elderly individuals than in young individuals at all time points. In this study, we confirmed the potential effectiveness of metabolites in bloodstains as forensic markers and provided a new perspective on metabolomic approaches linked to forensic science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), the localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid gland (HPTG) allows tailored surgery. Although Four-Dimensional Contrast-enhanced Computed Tomography (4DCeCT) and 18F-choline Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) are reported to be promising second-line imaging procedures, no meta-analysis of their comparison exists. Design: we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to find original papers reporting the head-to-head comparison of 4DCeCT, 18F-choline PET/CT and integrated 18F-choline-PET/4DCeCT. Methods: this systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA. PubMed, CENTRAL, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched until January 2021. Studies comparing the ability of 4DCeCT, 18F-choline PET/CT and 18F-choline PET/4DCeCT to identify HPTG in patients with PHPT were selected. A per patient-based analysis of the three procedures was conducted in all patients (detection rate, DR) and in those with histologically confirmed HPTG (sensitivity). Results: Of the 78 records identified, five articles (153 PHPT patients) published between January the 1st, 2018 and January the 31st, 2021 were included. The pooled DR of 18F-choline PET/CT, 4DCeCT and 18F-choline PET/4DCeCT was 0.86, 0.69, and 0.86, respectively, while their pooled sensitivity was 0.89, 0.77 and 0.93, respectively. The analysis of pooled discrepancy showed that the sensitivity of 18F-choline PET/CT and 18F-choline PET/4DCeCT was higher than that of 4DCeCT by 0.11 and 0.13, respectively, the sensitivity of 18F-choline PET/4DCeCT being 0.06 higher than that of 18F-Choline PET/CT. Conclusions: This meta-analysis suggests that the sensitivity of 18F-choline PET/CT and 18F-choline PET/4DCeCT is higher than that of 4DCeCT, while only a slight difference was observed between 18F-choline PET/CT and 18F-choline PET/4DCeCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Simple and one step synthesis of AuNps-WS 2 QDs composite. • Highly active peroxidase mimetic activity of AuNps-WS 2 QDs. • Stable in wide range of pH and temperature. • Test strip for choline detection in Milk and Human serum. In the current work, we have fabricated a paper test strip for visual assay of choline by using choline oxidase enzyme with H 2 O 2 based on the oxidation product of peroxidase substrate 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) catalyzed by gold nanoparticles decorated WS 2 quantum dots (AuNPs-WS 2 QDs) to appear blue color product. Under a large range of temperature, pH and H 2 O 2 concentration, AuNps-WS 2 QDs exhibit prominent peroxidase-like property. In the presence of oxygen, choline oxidized by choline oxidase which produces H 2 O 2 is colorimetrically measured, at 652 nm. The blue color appears due to biochemical reactions between TMB and AuNps-WS 2 QDs were used as an indication for estimation of H 2 O 2. The proposed scheme is applied for choline detection in concentration range of 1–150 μM in PBS with the 0.086 µM limit of detection. Color variation can be observed visually and this assay is selective, simple and quick. Further portable test kit was fabricated for choline detection in real samples i.e. serum and milk which shows an excellent response towards choline detection. The filter paper test strip changed color intensity based on the concentration of choline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protection of amine groups by amide formation is still among the preferred strategies for multifunctional molecular synthesis despite its waste production, especially the enormous quantities of organic solvents used. In this study, we present a fast, cheap and eco-friendly method for amine group protection involving amide bond formation using choline chloride as a hydrogen bond acceptor and the starting amine as a hydrogen bond donor through the generation of "in situ" amine-based deep eutectic solvents. This novel approach avoids the use of toxic solvents, both during reaction and the work-up phase, thus representing a sustainable alternative to classic amine protection procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensing acetylcholine has been predominantly based on enzymatic strategies using acetylcholine esterase and choline oxidase because of its electrochemical inertness. Electrified liquid–liquid interfaces are not limited to oxidation/reduction processes, and can be utilized to detect non-redox molecules which cannot be detected using conventional solid electrodes. In this study, a disposable micropipette tip based liquid–organogel interface, in the presence/absence of calixarene has been developed as a platform for sensing acetylcholine. We also explored a liquid–liquid interface approach for sensing acetylcholine using a pre-pulled glass micropipette. In both approaches, the configuration, i.e., liquid–organogel and liquid–liquid interface-current linearly increases during the backward transfer of acetylcholine. The simple and facilitated ion transfer of acetylcholine across the liquid–organogel exhibited a linear range of 10–50 μM and 1–30 μM with a detection limit of 0.18 μM and 0.23 μM and a sensitivity of 9.52 nA μM−1 and 9.20 nA μM−1, respectively. Whereas, the detection limit of simple and facilitated ion transfer of liquid–liquid interface using pre-pulled glass micropipette was found to be 0.42 μM and 0.13 μM with a sensitivity of 5 × 10−3 nA μM−1 and 3.39 × 10−2 nA μM−1. The results indicate that the liquid–organogel configuration supported on a disposable micropipette tip without any pre-fabrication is highly suitable for electrified soft interface sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

J. Neurochem. (2012) 122, 672-680. Abstract Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) catalyzes the reaction between choline and acetylcoenzyme A (AcCoA) to form acetylcholine (ACh) in nerve terminals. ACh metabolism has implications in numerous aspects of physiology and varied disease states, such as Alzheimer's disease. Therefore a specific, sensitive, and reliable method for detecting ChAT enzyme activity is of great utility in a number of situations. Using an existing radionuclide-based enzyme activity assay, we have observed detectable ChAT signals from non-cholinergic cells, suggesting a contaminant in the assay producing an artifactual signal. Previous reports have suggested that L-acetylcarnitine (LAC) contaminates many assays of ChAT activity, because of difficulties in separating LAC from ACh by organic extraction. To determine the source of this hypothesized artifact and to rectify the problem, we have developed a paper chromatography-based assay for the detection of acetylcholine and other contaminating reaction products of this assay, including LAC. Our first goal was to develop a simple and economical method for resolving and verifying the identities of various reaction products or contaminants that could be performed in most laboratories without specialized equipment. Our second goal was to apply this separation method in postmortem human brain tissue samples. Our assay successfully detected several contaminants, especially in assays using brain tissue, and allowed the separation of the intended ACh product from these contaminants. We further demonstrate that this assay can be used to measure carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) activity in the same samples, and assays comparing ChAT and CrAT show that CrAT is highly active in neuronal tissues and in neuronal cell cultures relative to ChAT. Thus, the simple chromatography-based assay we describe allows the measurement of specific reaction products separated from contaminants using commonly available and inexpensive materials. Further, we show that ChAT activity is significantly reduced in brain extracts from Alzheimer's disease compared to controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: An optimal fetal supply of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is critical for normal brain development. The relationship between maternal DHA intake and DHA delivery to the fetus is complex and is dependent on placental handling of DHA. Little data exist on placental DHA levels in pregnancies supplemented with the recommended dose of 200 mg/d. Our objective was to determine how prenatal DHA at the recommended 200 mg/d impacts maternal, placental, and fetal DHA status in both normal-weight and high-BMI women compared to women taking no supplements. Methods: Maternal blood, placenta, and cord blood were collected from 30 healthy pregnant women (BMI 18.9–43.26 kg/m2) giving birth at term. Red blood cells (RBCs) and villous tissue were isolated, and lipids were extracted to determine DHA content by LC-MS/MS. Data were analyzed by supplement group (0 vs. 200 mg/d) and maternal BMI (normal weight or high BMI) using two-way ANOVA. We measured maternal choline levels in maternal and cord plasma samples. Results: Supplementation with 200 mg/d DHA significantly increased (p < 0.05) maternal and cord RBC DHA content only in pregnancies complicated by high BMI. We did not find any impact of choline levels on maternal or cord RBC phospholipids. There were no significant differences in total placental DHA content by supplementation or maternal BMI (p > 0.05). Placental levels of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidic acid containing DHA species were higher (p < 0.05) in high-BMI women without DHA supplementation compared to both normal-BMI and high-BMI women taking DHA supplements. Conclusion: Maternal DHA supplementation at recommended doses cord increased RBC DHA content only in pregnancies complicated by higher BMI. Surprisingly, we found that obesity was related to an increase in placental PI and phosphatidic acid species, which was ameliorated by DHA supplementation. Phosphatidic acid activates placental mTOR, which regulates amino acid transport and may explain previous findings of the impact of DHA on placental function. Current recommendations for DHA supplementation may not be achieving the goal of improving fetal DHA levels in normal-weight women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to elucidate the effects and mechanisms of Radix Linderae (RL) extracts on a mouse model of diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD), especially on later decompensated phase. Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (STZ) after 4 weeks of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. DBD mouse models (later decompensated phase) were developed by 12-weeks persistent hyperglycemia and then treated with RL extracts for 4 weeks. During administration, the fasting blood glucose (FBG) test was performed once a week. Four weeks later, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), voided stain on paper (VSOP), and urodynamic alteration were explored. We also performed haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome staining to observe the histology of the bladder. Then, the contractile responses to α, β-methylene ATP, capsaicin (CAP), KCl and carbachol were measured. Moreover, qPCR assay was performed to analyse the bladder gene expression levels of M3 receptors and TRPV1. Results: The diabetic mice exhibited higher FBG, OGTT and urine production, and no substantial alteration was observed after RL treatment. Urodynamic test showed the maximum bladder capacity (MBC), residual volume (RV) and bladder compliance (BC), as well as the decrement of voided efficiency (VE) and micturition volume (MV), remarkably increased in the DBD mice. Furthermore, RL treatment significant improved urodynamic urination, with lower MBC, RV, and, BC, as well as higher VE and MV, as compared with the model groups. The wall thickness of the bladder and the ratio of smooth muscle/collagen remarkably increased, and RL could effectively attenuate the pathological change. The response of bladder strips to the stimulus was also reduced in the DBD mice, and RL treatment markedly increased the contraction. Furthermore, the gene expression levels of M3 receptors and TRPV1 were down-regulated in the bladders of the diabetic mice, whereas RL treatment retrieved those gene expression levels. Conclusions: RL extracts can improve the bladder voiding functions of the DBD model mice in later decompensated phase, and underlying mechanisms was associated with mediating the gene expression of M3 receptors and TRPV1 in the bladder instead of improving blood sugar levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxazolidine derivatives (OxD) are five ring-membered compounds that contain at least one oxygen and nitrogen in their molecular structure. OxD are known due to several therapeutic activities such as anticancer and antibiotic properties. In this paper, we performed a thermodynamic analysis of the mixed films composed by dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), dipalmitoylphosphoethanolamine (DPPE), dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) or L-α phosphatidylcholine (PC) with a novel oxazolidine derivate (OxD). Relevant thermodynamic parameters such as excess areas (ΔAE), excess free energies (ΔG), and Gibbs free energy of mixing (AGmix) were derived from the surface pressure data. The topographical analysis was performed using atomic force microscopy. Based on the calculated values of the thermodynamic parameters, we observed that the miscibility of the mixed films was directly dependent on their composition. DPPG/OxD and DPPE/OxD systems present the best-mixed character at low pressures at OxD molar fraction equivalent to 0.25. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracts of the hypobranchial body of two prosobranchiate molluses of the Muricidae family were examined for their content of choline esters, as well as of precursors and metabolites of these esters. The hypobranchial gland of Concholepas concholepas contained, in addition to large amounts of urocanylcholine (murexine) and senecioylcholine, appreciable amounts of free choline, free urocanic acid and ethyl urocanate. All these compounds, and especially the choline esters, were predominantly located in the dye-secreting area of the hypobranchial gland. As much as 3% of the wet weight of the purple area was accounted for by murexine and seneciocylcholine. The only choline ester found in the hypobranchial body of Thais cholate was senecioylcholiine; derivatives of urocanic acid were lacking. The occurrence of ethyl urocanate in the hypobranchial gland of Concholepas concholepas demonstrates that not only choline but also other alcohols may be esterified by urocanic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diet should contain all of the required nutrients, including vitamins and vitamin-like substances. In the case of their deficiencies in feed components, supplementation should be considered. Choline belongs to vitamin-like substances, which are required for optimal health. Choline is a precursor of betaine, acetylcholine and phospholipids that regulate many biological processes. These substances are necessary for nervous system development. Choline deficiency may lead to liver dysfunctions, associated with excessive accumulation of triglycerides. A significant percentage of dietary choline found in feed components of vegetable origin is not available for swine tissues. The aim of this paper was to present the aspects connected with choline in nutrition of sows and their progeny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The development of green corrosion inhibitors is a challenging task as it has to comply with strict environmental regulations. Ionic liquids (ILs) have recently been proposed as promising corrosion inhibitors. The present paper reports on two ILs designed to act as green and efficient high-temperature corrosion inhibitors. The prepared ILs, namely, choline formate (ChF) and choline acetate (ChA), are composed of biologically active ions. To elucidate their structure and corrosion inhibition effect on mild steel in 5% HCl the ILs were subjected to characterization tests like proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) and Fourier Transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy and corrosion tests like weight loss measurements, potentiodynamic polarization measurements (PDP), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The effectiveness of the inhibition (%IE) increased with increasing concentrations and temperature up to 50 °C. ChF and ChA exhibited the highest inhibition efficacies of 96.9% and 99.5%, respectively at a temperature of 50 °C and concentration of 2 × 10−3 M. Above 50 °C their inhibition performance diminished, displaying an efficacy of 77.6% for ChF and 79.3% for ChA at 80 °C. The results of polarization measurements suggested mixed type behavior of inhibitors, and adsorption followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Furthermore, surface studies like scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) revealed protecting capability of the investigated inhibitors. FT-IR, and Raman spectroscopic studies revealed the adsorption of ILs on the Fe surface, and an ultra-violet visible (UV–vis.) spectroscopy study confirms the formation of Fe2+- ILs complex. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was conducted to study the formation of corrosion products and protective film over the mild steel surface. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were also done to understand the inhibition mechanism of ILs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Cotton with resistance to 2,4‐d choline, glufosinate and glyphosate allows over‐the‐top use of these herbicides for postemergence weed control. Nontransgenic cotton is highly responsive to low rates of 2,4‐d, causing concern among farmers when the herbicide is applied near the crop. Injury to nearby cotton following application of 2,4‐d choline is sometimes blamed on volatilization of the herbicide. RESULTS: A large‐scale experiment was conducted in 2018–2021 to better understand causes of damage to nearby sensitive cotton following an application of 2,4‐d choline plus glufosinate‐ammonium. The herbicides were applied to 0.4 ha in the center of a 4‐ha non‐Enlist cotton field. At 30 min after application, air samplers were established in the treated center and outside the treated area in cardinal directions. The 72‐h cumulative air concentration of 2,4‐d in the swath ranged from 3.3 to 7.1 ng m−3, and most volatile residues (5.0–25.5 ng m−3) were detected in samplers established in the downwind direction directly adjacent to the treated field. Cotton plants in three downwind transects that were covered for 30 min after application were not damaged by 2,4‐d, whereas noncovered plants along the downwind transects were injured. No cotton injury occurred outside the treated area, except in the downwind direction during application even though wind direction changed after application. CONCLUSION: 2,4‐d choline volatilizes, but findings show that the volatilization is not sufficient to damage cotton in the neighboring area following applications, pointing to the importance of applicators understanding wind direction/shift during the application along with proximity of sensitive crops in the downwind direction. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citicoline is the generic name of the pharmaceutical substance that chemically is cytidine-5′-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline), which is identical to the natural intracellular precursor of phospholipid phosphatidylcholine. Following injection or ingestion, citicoline is believed to undergo quick hydrolysis and dephosphorylation to yield cytidine and choline, which then enter the brain separately and are used to resynthesize CDP-choline inside brain cells. Neuroprotective activity of citicoline has been repeatedly shown in preclinical models of brain ischaemia and trauma, but two recent, large, pivotal clinical trials have revealed no benefits in ischaemic stroke and traumatic brain injury. However, the substance seems to be beneficial in some slowly advancing neurodegenerative disorders such as glaucoma and mild vascular cognitive impairment. This paper critically discusses issues related to the clinical pharmacology of citicoline, including its pharmacokinetics/biotransformation and pharmacodynamics/mode of action. It is concluded that at present, there is no adequate description of the mechanism(s) of the pharmacological actions of this substance. The possibility should be considered and tested that, in spite of apparently fast catabolism, the intact citicoline molecule or the phosphorylated intermediate products of its hydrolysis, cytidine monophosphate and phosphocholine, are pharmacologically active. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Phospholipids are important structural and signaling molecules in plant membranes. Some fluorescent dyes can stain general lipids of membranes, but labeling and visualization of specific lipid classes have yet to be developed for most components of the membrane. New techniques for visualizing membrane lipids are needed to further delineate their dynamic structural and signaling roles in plant cells. In this study we examined whether propargylcholine, a bioortholog of choline, can be used to label the major membrane lipid, phosphatidylcholine, and other choline phospholipids in plants. We established that propargylcholine is readily taken up by roots, and that its incorporation is not detrimental to plant growth. After plant tissue is harvested and fixed, a click-chemistry reaction covalently links the alkyne group of propargylcholine to a fluorescently-tagged azide, resulting in specific labeling of choline phospholipids. Results: Uptake of propargylcholine, followed by click chemistry with fluorescein or Alexa Fluor 594 azide was used to visualize choline phospholipids in cells of root, leaf, stem, silique and seed tissues from Arabidopsis thaliana. Co-localization with various subcellular markers indicated coinciding fluorescent signals in cell membranes, such as the tonoplast and the ER. Among different cell types in the leaf epidermis, guard cells displayed strong labeling. Mass spectrometry-based lipidomic analysis of the various plant tissues revealed that incorporation of propargylcholine was strongest in roots with approximately 50% of total choline phospholipids being labeled, but it was also incorporated in the other tissues including seeds. Phospholipid profiling confirmed that, in each tissue analyzed, incorporation of the bioortholog had little impact on the pool of choline plus choline-like phospholipids or other lipid species. Conclusion: We developed and validated a click-chemistry based method for fluorescence imaging of choline phospholipids using a bioortholog of choline, propargylcholine, in various cell-types and tissues from Arabidopsis. This click-chemistry method provides a direct way to metabolically tag and visualize specific lipid molecules in plant cells. This work paves the way for future studies addressing in situ localization of specific lipids in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A deep eutectic solvent composed of choline chloride (ChCl) and urea has been recently introduced as a promising cellulose compatible medium that enables e.g. fibre spinning. This paper clarifies the influence of such a solvent system on the structure and chemical composition of the cellulosic pulp fibres. Special emphasis was placed on the probable alterations of the chemical composition due to the dissolution of the fibre components and/or due to the chemical derivatisation taking place during the DES treatment. Possible changes in fibre morphology were studied with atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Chemical compositions of pulp fibres were determined from the carbohydrate content, and by analysing the elemental content. Detailed structural characterisation of the fibres was carried out using spectroscopic methods; namely X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Raman Spectroscopy. No changes with respect to fibre morphology were revealed and negligible changes in the carbohydrate composition were noted. The most significant change was related to the nitrogen content of the pulp after the DES treatment. Comprehensive examination using spectroscopic methods revealed that the nitrogen originated from strongly bound ChCl residuals that could not be removed with a mild ethanol washing procedure. According to Raman spectroscopic data and methylene blue adsorption tests, the cationic groups of ChCl seems to be attached to the anionic groups of pulp by electrostatic forces. These findings will facilitate the efficient utilisation of DES as a cellulose compatible medium without significantly affecting the native fibre structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past few decades, great conceptual and technological advances have been made in the field of toxicology, but animal model-based research still remains one of the most widely used and readily available tools for furthering our current knowledge. However, animal models are not perfect in predicting all systemic toxicity in humans. Extrapolating animal data to accurately predict human toxicities remains a challenge, and researchers are obligated to question the appropriateness of their chosen animal model. This paper provides an assessment of the utility of the methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet fed animal model in reflecting human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and the potential risks of adverse drug reactions and toxicities that are associated with the disease. As a commonly used NASH model, the MCD model fails to exhibit most metabolic abnormalities in a similar manner to the human disease. The MCD model, on the other hand, closely resembles human NASH histology and reflects signatures of drug transporter alterations in humans. Due to the nature of the MCD model, it should be avoided in studies of NASH pathogenesis, metabolic parameter evaluation, and biomarker identification. But it can be used to accurately predict altered drug disposition due to NASH-associated transporter alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New cellulose solvent based on choline hydroxide/urea (ChOH/Ur) deep eutectic solvent (DES) was developed. The ChOH/Ur DES has a promising solubility for cellulose compared to ChCl-based DESs. ChOH/Ur DES with ca. 11 wt% water can dissolve at least 9.5 wt% cellulose with the degree of polymerization (DP) of 926 within 30 min. Compared to the ionic liquids, the temperature window of ChOH/Ur is wide and close to room temperature. The ChOH/Ur DES also showed more tolerance to water than ionic liquid, which can save energy in preparation and usage. The physical and chemical properties of DES and cellulose solution were investigated. The ChOH/Ur DES system is a non-derivatizing solvent for cellulose. The preliminary rheological results suggest that the dynamics of cellulose solution in ChOH/Ur system is similar to that of salt-free polyelectrolyte solutions. The degradation of cellulose during the dissolution and storage of the cellulose solution is limited. After 7 days of storage at 40 °C, the DP of the regenerated cellulose remained at about 80% of the raw material. The ChOH/Ur is recyclable without the loss of solubility of cellulose. In conclusion, the ChOH/Ur DES system is a promising green solvent platform for preparing regenerated cellulose materials and could be used as a media for cellulose chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on impact of rising marine feed costs on aquaculture, highlighting the shift towards plant and animal byproducts in fish diets due to the scarcity of fishmeal and fish oil. Topics include the role of plant-derived feedstuffs in aquaculture, the importance of amino acids for fish health; and the challenges of balancing amino acid profiles in fish diets to ensure nutritional adequacy.

Spilanthol is a major N-alkylamide constituent of Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen with diverse pharmacological properties. We recently showed the applicability of NADES (natural deep eutectic solvents) for the green extraction of spilanthol. However, the purification of targets from NADES poses a challenging step due to their non-volatility. A simple green method to retrieve spilanthol with minimal instrumental effort was devised, fractioning NADES (choline chloride/methylurea, choline chloride/1,2-propanediol, choline chloride/citric acid) and dry ethanolic extracts by SPE on C18 material, eluting merely with ethanolic solutions. The relative distribution of spilanthol and organic adulteration in SPE fractions were detected by HPLC-DAD, followed by scale-up, quantification and purity determination in an NMR-based approach. Isocratic elution with 52% ethanol (v/v) proved suitable in all experiments. The three purest 10 mL fractions combined yielded 12.21 mg spilanthol at 71.65% purity from NADES extract ChCl/P (choline chloride/1,2-propanediol, molar ratio 1:2, +20% m/m water). Ethanolic extract samples showed purities ranging from 77.27 to 80.27% in combined raw fractions. For all samples, purity increased by removing non-soluble substances from organic solutions. Pooled NADES extract fractions showed 89.71% in final samples, ethanolic extracts 87.25 to 91.93%. The highest purities of individual fractions per extract were 89.23 to 94.15%. This cheap and simple purification process is promising to acquire spilanthol for research purposes or as a sample preparation step before HPLC on a semi-preparative to preparative scale, as the substance is highly priced and scarcely available on the market. Organic solvents can be reused, and preliminary scale-up possibilities are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a complex disease that can also affect the younger population; however, it is responsible for a relatively high mortality rate of children and youth, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Besides that, lipidomic studies in this age range are scarce. Therefore, we analyzed blood serum samples from young patients (12 to 35 years) with bone sarcoma (osteosarcoma) and compared their lipidomics to the ones from the control group of samples, named healthy control (HC group), using NMR and LC-MS techniques. Furthermore, differences in the lipidomic profiles between OS patients with and without metastasis indicate higher glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and glycerophospholipid (GPL) levels in osteosarcoma and increased cholesterol, choline, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and glycerols during the metastasis. These differences, detected in the peripheral blood, could be used as biomarkers for liquid biopsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the content of the nutrient choline in foods and obtaining the required amount from the diet are crucial. One way to measure choline in foods is by converting choline esters to free choline via acid hydrolysis, followed by quantifying the total choline, as adopted by the AOAC method (AOAC-Choline); however, certain choline esters are difficult to hydrolyse. Here, we investigated various acid hydrolysis conditions to establish a reliable method for determining the total choline in foods by detecting free choline using highly sensitive and selective mass spectrometry. Hydrolysis in 0.055 mol/L HCl for 8 h in an autoclave (121 °C) was found to be optimal for the hydrolysis of choline esters in various foods. Twenty-four foods, including grains, seed, vegetables, fruits, mushroom, algae, fish, meats, beverage, processed foods, and egg, were measured. The trends in the total choline content were consistent with previous reports; however, the choline content was 10–20% higher than that measured using AOAC-Choline. Therefore, re-evaluation of the total choline content in foods using our constructed method is recommended. This reassessment will allow for a more reliable determination of choline intake for maintaining health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]